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A
New Classification of Human
Tooth Forms With Special

Reference to a New System of

Artificial Teeth

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S., L.D.S.

Published by

The DENTISTS' SUPPLY CO.

220 WEST 42d ST., NEW YORK
Reprinted from Dental Digest
 Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
Open Knowledge Commons

http://www.archive.org/details/newclassificatioOOwill
A NEW CLASSIFICATIO:^^OF HUMAN" TOOTH FOKMS;
WITH SPECIAL REFEKENCE TO A NEW
SYSTEM OF ARTIFICIAL TEETH.

By J. Leoi^ Williams, D.D.S., L.D.S.

"It is only what happens that matters."

Three years ago I presented before this Society the outline of a

scheme for a system of artificial teeth, and a plea for a new order of
things in dental prosthesis. I had but little material evidence to lay
before yon in support of the contentions advanced, for that was impos-
sible. But I had something in the nature of a vision, in which I
saw an important branch of our professional service redeemed from the
low and almost contemptible position it has long remained in. Some-
thing of that vision I must have been able to get before you, for the
substance of it met with your unqualified approval and you passed a
strongly worded resolution giving official expression to that approval
and asking the manufacturers to take up the work I had outlined and
proceed with it along the lines I had formulated.
Such an undertaking, at that time, must have seemed hazardous
to the manufacturer. It called for a very heavy initial outlay. There
was nothing in the work that could be patented and no way in which
the pioneer in the new field could be protected from the unfair competi-
tion which imitation, without initial outlay, would make possible.
But in spite of these unfavorable conditions we were fortunate
enough to find a manufacturing company with sufficient faith, cour-
age and enterprise to take up and carry out the work in a liberal
spirit; and to-day I come before you again to announce the early
completion of our long labors.
The whole scheme which I laid before you is not completed
in its entirety, but there is, we believe, quite sufficient evidence to
offer of so great an advance in this field as to make the old order
forever intolerable, and thus to place upon you the obligation to so
encourage the manufacturer that he will carry all phases of the work
through to its final consummation.
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

And now, at the very outset of my lecture, I should like to make

it perfectly clear that this system of standardizing tooth forms is

not offered to the dental profession as a mere improvement on what

has preceded it. It is not an old building with a redecorated interior
and a new facade. It is a new structure throughout. Its foundations,
I believe, are well and truly laid on a solid basis of scientific fact,
with a superstructure designed in accordance with a principle of
unity, without which good art is impossible. And when our work has
been carefully examined, when its full scope and the measure of its
achievement shall have been clearly seen and understood, I think
the universal query will be the one often propounded on the comple-
tion of some important undertaking having for its main object a
practical benefit to humanity, "Why was this not done before?" The
logic and reason of a completed work is so frequently self-evident that
we cannot avoid asking that question. But in doing so we overlook
the tremendous power of the psychology of habit, the great difficulty
in getting outside ourselves for a point of view, and the comforting
feeling of ease in following lines of least resistance. It brings no
sense of effort or fatigue to take a thing for granted. It is in the
overcoming of these psychical conditions that the would-be reformer
often finds his greatest task. And that is saying more than a little in
this instance, for the material conditions have sometimes presented a
formidable front. But the knowledge that every difficulty removed
and every obstacle surmounted has contributed something toward
placing the finished work on a higher level than it would otherwise
have reached is a very gratifying reflection.

-^ <fe fe

In an ancient book in which there are many wise sayings it is

written: "To everything there is a season, and a time to every pur-
pose under the heavens;
a time to kill and a time to heal; a time
to break down and a time to build up." To-night I shall address
myself solely to the former of those two functions. I have to under-
take, in the short space of an hour or so, to break down the old sys-
tem of prosthetic dentistry.^
From the standpoint of the reasonableness and force of the proofs
at hand, the task seems to me not a difficult one, but I should be a
very poor student of human nature if I had not discovered that it
is far easier to convince a man's reason than it is to break up the

established routine of his bad habits in craftsmanship as in many other

things.

^Only the first half of this paper, the part devoted to destructive criticism, was read on
the date above mentioned. The latter part of the article was read on March 10.
 "A I^Tew Classification of Tooth Foems"

However, I am greatly encouraged in my belief that the bad

old customs of practice in dental prosthesis are about to receive a
rude shock by my knowledge of the fact that in no coimtry in the
world are inferior methods, systems and machines so quickly dis-
carded or "scrapped" the moment their inferiority to something new
is demonstrated and established, as here in America. American busi-
ness men found out long ago that it is the truest economy and the
surest way to success to throw away an inferior method of produc-
tion, or a method which produces an inferior article, the instant better
methods are discovered. That policy has made Americans the great-
est leaders in the business world. It has sent all the nations of the
earth here to learn and copy American methods, and to-day you may
find those methods being put into effect in the remotest corners of
the world. So strong and vital is this influence of American progress
that Gugiielmo Ferrero, the distinguished Italian historian, says "it
is the one idea that has taken deep hold of the European masses

during the last fifty years." It has certainly created a new outlook
and a new spirit in the world. It has made men more self-reliant
and given them a greater confidence in their own inherent capacity
to subdue the stubborn and apparently antagonistic forces of ISTature
to human will. It is in that American spirit which says, in the
language of the people, "The best we can have is none too good," that
I have come here to-day to ask you to discard, to throw away, to utter-
ly destroy and obliterate a system of prosthetic dentistry that has ex-
isted far too long, and to establish in its place something more in
keeping with the reputation for progress and scientific achievement
and character that our country enjoys in other fields throughout the
world.
^ *% '^

Dr. Ebersole, in a stirring and eloquent call, published in the

Dental Summary last January, warned you that dentistry was not
keeping in the van of American progress. If thatis true in any

degree of dental practice as a whole, then it is most emphatically true

of dental prosthesis. And on that point I believe there are no two
opinions.
To remedy the present deplorable condition of things in this
field the first important step is to find out the cause or causes of this
condition. In my judgment, the chief cause is to be found in the

false basis of the present methods and theories for the selection of
porcelain teeth and it is, as I have indicated, principally with this
theme that I shall deal this evening.
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

I believe that the chief reason why prosthetic dentistry has fallen
so low in the estimation of the profession is that most dentists have

an instinctive feeling that with such teeth as have heretofore been

supplied, no amount of effort on their part would produce satisfactory
scientific and artistic results. I wish, therefore, to try and make it
clear why the present system is weak and poor. I want to point
out its imperfections and fallacies, its dogmatic assumptions that
have no foundations, its ignorance of scientific facts and artistic prin-
ciples, so that there may be no qualms of conscience, no shadow of
regret in saying good-bye to it. This will take a little more of your
time than you are accustomed to give to listening to a paper or lecture.

But I ask you to remember that the occasion is a little unusual.

You are not often asked to listen to reasons why you should make a
complete and radical change in an important branch of practice.
Two great defects have characterized the manufacture of arti-
ficial teeth from the date of their invention do\vn to the present time,

a conventionalized or generalized tooth form, devoid of definite char-

acter, and the absence of any system of classification, or any funda-
mental principle or central idea on which the work is based. This
statement applies with equal force to the shapes of the incisors and
the masticating surfaces of the bicuspids and molars.

'^ '^ '^

There are very definite reasons why artificial teeth should have
continued to remain, for such a long period in the history of dentistry,
of a defective and unnatiural character and without systematic ar-
rangement. It was hardly possible to have any satisfactory classifica-
tion of natural teeth, neither was it possible to have fine, natural,
artistic forms of artificial teeth without a knowledge of the primary
forms of natural teeth. That statement may sound somewhat curi-
ous to you, but I hope to make it quite clear, presently, that the pri-
mary forms human teeth have, hitherto, not been known. Like
of
old friends, whom we sometimes meet and pass on the streets when
our minds are preoccupied, they have been seen and not recognized.^
But to produce a perfect system of artificial teeth there is re-
quired not only an intimate knowledge of all the facts of ISTature, but
also familiarity with the principles of design through which a har-
mony of related parts, that is often absent in ISTature, may be secured.

SMany examples could be adduced to show that long observation does not always result
in accurate perception. Herbert Spencer, at different periods in his life, held three distinct
opinions about the color of shadows, each one, as he says, "based on years of observation.
And his final recognition of what he regarded as the exact truth was due to a suggestion he
got while reading a popular work on optics.
 "A !N'ew Classificatioit of Tooth Fokms"

This very essential qualification for tlie production of artificial teeth

seems to have been entirely overlooked.
As a matter of fact, no serious attempt has ever before been
made to investigate any portion of this field with scientific thorough-
ness and accuracy. All the honors in dentistry have been reserved
for other departments, with the result that many men who have na-
tional reputations in what is called operative dentistry, make a mighty
poor showing when they turn their hands to dental prosthesis.
Whether or not the reason for this is the one I have suggested, it

is, nevertheless, certain that this branch of practice presents a far

knowledge
finer opportunity for the exercise of artistic skill, scientific
and sound judgment than is to be found in any other phase of den-
tistry. If any one has any doubts on that point I hope he will reserve
his final opinion until he has heard the full "argument for the plain-
tiff."

<^ ^ -^

You will, I think, be able to see more clearly the relation and
significance of the facts presented if I state specifically the main
objects I have in view in this paper. attempt to destroy all
I shall
belief in temperamental forms of teeth, for I regard this as one of
the most fundamental errors in the present system. I shall try to
show that while there are slight variations in the teeth of different
peoples, there is no such thing as racial types of teeth. I hope to
convince you that the oft repeated statement that Nature always pro-
duces teeth in harmony with face and feature is a mistake due to
lack of careful observation. And I expect to prove that it is impos-
sible to produce a scientific and satisfactory system of artificial teeth
by simply copying sets of natural teeth.
Let us begin then, with the subject of temperamental classifica-

tion of teeth. And let me note at the outset that some of our best
writers on dental prosthesis say quite frankly that they make use of
this theory for lack of a better.

In his excellent book, recently published, my good friend. Dr.

Wilson, of Cleveland, has introduced a brief resume of the theory,
but I think I discover evidences that he is not altogether satisfied with
it. Other writers, after admitting that there are great variations
within the limits of the normal, afterwards say that with few excep-
tions the forms and contours of the teeth are harmonious with those
of the body, but they give us neither principles nor facts on which
such a statement is founded.
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

One author savs further that "it is difficult, in some cases, to de-
cide positively to which variety (of temperament) a special case be-
longs . . . K^ot infrequently the indications are even contradic-
tory . . . and no rule can he given that will not fail in numerous
instances." I submit that a theory of this character is much more
likely to mislead than guide the student and beginner, and that it
would have been better to drop it altogether in dentistry, as was done
in other branches of science long ago. But this course has not been
taken, and the theory still has some ardent and dogmatic advocates.
I am sure you will agree, therefore, that it is better to subject the
claims of this teaching to a thorough critical examination before put-
ting forward the new classification.

'fe -^ ^
Let us first glance at the great, authoritative modern works of
reference, to see what they have to say on the subject of temperament.
Our first effort is a little disappointing.
We open the Encyclopaedia Britannica at the place where the
word should be, but we do not find it. It is completely ignored. We
consult the Xew American Encyclopaedia of Science and do not fare
much better. The word is there, it is true, but used in a sense that
connotes nothing of the physical or mental characteristics of human
beings. It simply has reference to certain technical matters about
musical instruments. Gould's Dictionary of Medicine says that the
word is spoken of as a vague term or a term vaguely applied. This
authority further says that although the original doctrine has long
since lost its sigTiificance, it is permissible to use it in describing pre-
disposition to types of mental action : and that is the manner in which
it issometimes used by good modern writers.* Jonathan Hutchinson,
F.R.S., with whose work on the teeth you are all familiar, made a
careful examination of the claims of the temperamentalists and here
is his verdict: "As yet I fear we must say that the labors of the

physiognomist and those of the students of temperament have been

alike disappointing. Whoever will set himself the task of attempt-
ing to classify a given number of individuals according to their tem-
peraments will, I think, soon find himself baffied."
The simple truth of the matter is that this whole theory of tem-
perament has been completely discredited and entirely abandoned by

*Dr. E. B. Taylor, F.R.S., author of an important work on Anthropology, says: "Anthro-

pology finds race-dififerences most clearly in stature and proportions of limbs, conformation of
the skull and the brain within, characteristics of features, skin, eyes and hair, peculiarities of
constitution, and mental and moral temperament." The italics are mine. Dr. Keane, one of
the very greatest authorities in Anthropology, applies the word "temperament" solely to psy-
chical qualities.

6
 ;

'"A 'Nnw CiiAssiFiCATioisr or Tooth Foems"

all scientific men of standing except a few of those who rule over
the destinies of dentistry. And for them I fear that a mere reference
to authorities, however eminent, will hardly be sufficient. We shall
have to go a little deeper into the matter, to completely satisfy them.
But before getting down to the real work of proof, let us have a side-
long glance at those pretentious tables of temperamental classifications
with their air of exhaustive research and minute discrimination, which
figure so prominently in our textbooks on prosthetic dentistry.
You are all familiar with the results of the researches of Dr.
Black and Mr. Charles Tomes into the question of comparative hard-
ness or softness of teeth. You know that working quite independ-
ently they both reached the conclusion that the variation in the hardness
and softness of teeth was a negligible quantity. The differences are
so small as to be a matter of no importance. But if we turn to those
tables in our textbooks on prosthetic dentistry which profess to give the
temperamental characteristics of teeth, we find the so-called lymphatic
teeth, and combinations of the lymphatic, bilious and nervous teeth,
described as "soft and brittle" ; ''soft and frail" "soft and weak"
;

"soft and sensitive" ; "mixture of flinty and chalky" "soft, weak and
;

chalky," etc., etc.

'^ '^ '^

I shallshow you presently that all so-called temperamental char-

acteristics must have arisen in racial characteristics. With that fact
in view, the question, "Do those races from which the so-called lym-
phatic, bilious and nervous temperaments have arisen have teeth that
are markedly more soft and frail than the sanguine races ?" need only
be asked to see the utter absurdity of the whole business stand revealed,
even without the classical work of Black and Tomes to prove it.
Then take the indications as to shape and size. We are told that
the teeth of a bilo-nervous person are "medium large" and "long and
often narrow" in shape, while the nervo-bilious teeth may be "large
or small" and "broad or long." Is that the sort of instruction a dental
student requires to enable him to produce harmonious relations be-
tween tooth form and facial contour ? If you were given a blank form
of face of a definite size and of the oval type, let us say, and required
to describe the character of the features necessary to produce an har-
monious whole, would you say that the mouth might be short or long,
the nose large or small, the eyes near or widely separated ? In all the
wearisome contradictory and irrelevant details of these tables there is
never a hint of fundamental principle on v/hich a student could take
his stand for the exercise of his taste and judgment,

7
 J. Leox Williams, D.D.S.

Many vou will remember that in the paper which I read here
of
three years ago I pointed out that there was really no foundation for

the theory of tempersimental forms of teeth. I exliibited photographs

of individuals of precisely the same temperaments, according to the
rules of the theory, but showing teeth widely different in shape. Since
then text books on prosthetic dentistry have appeared in which this
theory is given a prominent place. But even more significant, per-
haps, is the prominence given to this theory in the recently issued
catalogues of two of the oldest and most prominent manufacturers of
artificial teeth. I say ''more significant" because the prominent manu-
facturers have the best of reasons for making it their business to know
the general trend of belief and opinion in the profession.
In the latest catalogue of one of the largest and oldest firms in
England we find illustrations of the three sets of teeth in the lower
row of Illustration Xo. 1, and at the bottom of the pages on which
they are sho^vn we read "The dentures illustrated above are distinct-
ly typical of the temperaments described by Spurzheim," and then,
as though to specially emphasize the statement that these particular
teeth are distinctly typical/' they add that ''it must be remembered
'^'^

that a pure type is seldom met with, the majority of the cases being
combinations of the features of more than one temperament." The
temperaments represented in the three dentures I have selected are
supposed to be the "sanguine," the "bilious" and the "nervous." I
will ask you to look very closely at the central incisors, always the
most characteristic teeth in any given set. and see if you can detect
the very least typical difference. The teeth are not only of one type,
but they are very nearly indistinguishable as to form and size. Except
as to color, there is not a ghost of a reason why these sets should not
all change places.
'^ '^ '^
A representative American firm has also published illustrations
of teeth designed for the pure temperaments, as shown in the upper
row of ^o. 1.
illustration
Please compare the corresponding t%^es of the two manufactur-
ers. Xo comment from me is necessary, and I will make none, except
to say that these teeth are not made by firms whose reputation is ever
called in question. They are firms which are rightly and justly jeal-
ous of the high reputation they have honorably earned. But can you
look at the specimens of these two companies, each claiming its own
work as typical, and each so widely dift'erent from the other as to
make comparison positively grotesque, without thinlving that it is about
time we heard the last of temperamental classification of teeth; that

8
 SANOUISI-IOUS

CM? fBSflP f!RW

Illustration No. 1

Lower row, three sets from a well-known English manufacturer supposed to be

of teeth
typical of the temperaments described by Spinzheim. All three sets are of one type, but very
nearly of one form of that type.
The upper row shows three sets made for these same temperaments by a long-established
American manufacturer. Each form is so different from the form of the English manufacturer
for the same temperament as to make comparison diificult.

Illustration No. 2

Two skulls of unlike form with teeth identical in type and size. No relation between form
or size of skull and the form or size of teeth.
 "A IsTew Classification of Tooth Eoems"

it is about time we began looking for something a little more scientific

as a basis for tooth form, and may
say so, about time that
also, if I
some one designated and officially indorsed by the profession, to ex-
press their views and wishes, took a hand in the designing of artificial
teeth?
There are several phases of this theory of temperament, but they
all overlapmore or less. This may sometimes cause an unavoidable
appearance of redundance in the proofs brought against these different
phases. And I fear that this fault of redundance, or perhaps it might
more correctly be called repetition, will appear more or less through-
out the paper. There is so much that is entirely new and foreign to
all former teaching in my paper, that it has seemed to me often neces-

sary to present the same facts from more than one point of view.
One writer on the subject of temperament says: "In these tem-
peramental differences, no single sig-n is more sig-nificant than is to
be found in the physical characteristics of the teeth their size, shape,
color, density and alignment being as much an index as is the distinc-
tive complexion, the color of the eyes, hair, etc." A little farther
down the page it is said: "The law of harmony thus found in ISTature
between the teeth and other physical characteristics requires " etc.,
etc. And once more: "The careful observation and recording of these
co-relations would go far toward making prosthetic dentistry an exact
science." Here we have three variations of an assumption that iSTature
always produces teeth that in form and size are in perfect harmony
with the face and the individual features of the face. We often meet
this assumption in our text books and in magazine articles. On what
is it founded ?

^ '^ '%
have never heard anyone assert that all the other features of
I
every human face were in perfect harmony. The most of us have
seen many faces on which we would pass the observation of old Omar

Khayyam if the "sorry scheme of things" were entrusted to us "would
we not shatter it to bits and then remould it nearer to our heart's
desire ?" The great teacher of science, Haeckel, is almost brutal in
his remarks on this point. He says in his "Evolution of Man" : "If
we compare the face of the long-nosed ape with that of abnormally ape-
like human beings, the former will be admitted to represent a higher
stage of development. There are still people among us who look especially
to the face for the 'image of God in man.' The long-nosed ape would
have more claim to this than some human individuals one meets." Is
there anything more evident to us as we walk up and down the streets
or stand in any place where our fellow mortals congregate, than the

9

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

incongruities of Nature? Even the most fortunate would probably

not be willing to give an absolutely unqualified receipt in full to Na-
ture on taking a critical survey of himself in his mirror. Why, then,
shouldwe assume that Nature always produces teeth in perfect har-
mony with face and features? Why should they be an exception to
the almost universal rule to the contrary in other particulars The only 'i

explanation I can suggest for this strange inconsistency is that an accept-

ance of the temperamental theory made it necessary. It is, in fact, a
phase of that theory. And when we have once given our unreserved
consent to a theory it is astounding how completely oblivious we
become to the most obvious facts. Let me put a few of the facts bear-
ing on this question before you. Here is a photograph of two skulls
(Illustration No. 2). You will observe that the difference in general
contour is very marked. But the teeth, you see, are identical in size and
type. If either set is in perfect harmony with size and contour of face,
the other set cannot possibly be so.
Here more (Illustration No. 3), a very wide and a very
are two
narrow skull. Think what a striking difference there must have been
in the facial contour of the two individuals those skulls represent. But
you see the widest and shortest teeth are in the long, narrow skull. And
here (Illustration No. 4) are two more from the Andaman Islands
both skulls from the same race. Here again the smaller skull has the
larger teeth. Note also that they are not of a different type.

'^ '^ '^

Here we have four skulls (Illustration No. 5) so nearly alike in
size and contour that a single set of teeth would be just as suitable for
one as another of them, but look at the difference in the natural teeth.
At least three of those must be examples of disharmony. glance at A
the teeth demonstrate the mistakes of Nature. I could
is sufficient to

take up the whole evening in showing you examples of this sort,

but as further proof on this point will appear incidentally when I
am considering other phases of my subject, I will not dwell longer
on it now. Unless someone can advance good and satisfactory reasons
for believing that Nature is more solicitous about the harmonious
relations of our dental organs with other features than she is about
those of our eyes, ears or noses, we will conclude that the subject is al-
ways open to the intelligent criticism of an artist in teeth.
The advocates of the temperamental theory always assume that
when a man and a woman of opposite temperaments mate, the off-
spring will be a blend of the two temperaments. To a certain limited
extent this may sometimes be the case, but more frequently we see a
juxtaposition, so to say, of the salient features of both parents. This

10
 Illustration No. 3. The widest and shortest teeth are in the narrow skull

Illustration No. 4. Two skullsfrom the Andaman Islands. The smaller skull has the larger teeth
and of different type, than the other
 "A N^EW CLASSIFICATIOISr OF ToOTH FoKMs"

might been known either from observation or from a knowledge

]iave
of the more recent researches in heredity.
The works of Mendel, Weissman, Galton, Thomson, Bateson and
others have made it clear that certain characters are dominant in one
parent and other characters in the other. One child may inherit the
general facial peculiarities of the father, and the complexion, color
of eyes and hair, and the teeth of the mother. In another child these
conditions may be reversed. In Sicily, that old battle ground of the
races, where the blood of the blue-eyed, fair-haired followers of JSTor-
man Roger has mingled with that of the Arabs, I ha,ve often seen just
such effects of this crossing of types as I have mentioned, and one may
see in Ireland people with black hair, dark skin and blue eyes.^
What is the value of the temperamental theory of tooth form in
instances like these?

Wfe <<fe <^

And now, moment the basis on which the whole
consider for a
theory rests. founded on the idea of four groups or classes of
It is
individuals called the pure temperamental types and known as the
sanguine, the nervous, the bilious and the lymphatic, in accordance
with the alleged dominance of the physiological functioning of the
blood, the nerves, the bile, or the lymph. What do the advocates of
this theory mean by the dominance of these systems ? Obviously but
one thing can be meant, and that is that the action of the heart or
the liver or the lymphatic system or the nervous system is stronger or
dominant in the individuals characterized by these terms. People of
the sanguine temperament should show a stronger action of the heart,
those of the bilious temperament greater activity of the liver and
people of the nervous temperament should be distinguished by greater
intellectual achievements and brain power generally.
Well, I have a large collection of photographs of some of the most
eminent persons of this country and Europe and I find that all forms
of faces and physical characteristics are included among the ablest
and most intellectual people of the world.

^Broca and Thurnam, in the Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, describe a group of
sixteen ancient skulls, nearly all perfect, found in France at Nogent-les-Vierges. Three of
them are described as the dolichocephalic skulls of Aryan stock, eight as the brachycephalic
of Mongolian origin and five as a cross of the two. These latter had the high, narrow fore-
head of the long headed race, while the middle and occipital regions of the skulls had the
width and fulness of the round headed race.
Thomson, in his fine work, "Heredity," says: "A white man of considerable intellectual
ability marries a negro woman of great physical beauty and strength: the result may be has
been a mulatto, who inherits some of his father's intellectual virtue and some of his mother's
physical strength." Again, "If a tall variety of (sweet) pea be crossed with a dwarf, all the
offspring are tall, and among their offspring in turn three-fourths are tall and one-fourth
dwarf, but none between the two." The italics are mine.
Thomson further says, when speaking of Mendel's law: "Experimental work has driven
home the conception of unit characters . . . that are inherited independently.

11
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

But it may be pertinent to ask who lias ever made any experi-
ments of a severely scientific character to prove that the action of the
heart is stronger in so-called sanguine persons, or the liver more active
in bilious persons, or the brain larger in the alleged nervous tempera-
ment ? Who has ever conducted such experiments to prove anything
about temperament as indicative of physical characteristics ?
Who has ever determined the temperament of a negro or an Arab ?
Are the individuals of all races except Europeans, alike in their phys-
ical and psychical characters ? If not, what physical peculiarities in a
Chinaman, a native of iiustralia or a Hindoo correspond to those al-
leged to be indicative of the nervo-sanguine temperament in an Ameri-
can?
Who has ever got together, even a dozen people of one tempera-
ment, selecting them by their alleged physical temperamental peculiar-
ities witliout looking at their teeth, and then examined the teeth to
see if they were all alike or of one type ?
If that simple experiment had ever been made it would have
been seen that this pretentious structure (the temperamental theory)
is as frail as a house of cards and as empty as a soap bubble. A recent

writer in the Edinburgh Review says: ''The greatest discovery ever

made in philosophy was that the way to discover whether a thing is
present is to look and see. It was proclaimed by Aristotle in the an-
cient world and by Francis Bacon in the modern world." The extent
to which that simple rule is neglected is one of the astounding things
of life. ^ ^ ^

And now let me lay before you the final and crushing proofs of
the utter futility and fallacy of this theory.
What is the origin of those physical characteristics that are called
temperamental? You have on the screen pictures from life in which
are represented the three great races from which it is believed all the
modern peoples of the earth have arisen. The black race is represent-
ed by the South African Medicine Man; the yellow Mongolian race
by the group of Chinese; and the Caucasian peoples by the blue-eyed
ISTorwegian bride. The three distinct types of skulls, long, broad and
medium, most characteristic of distinct races, are also represented in
these three types.
Away back in neolithic, or even in paleolithic times, there were

two races in Europe the long-headed or dolichocephalic type, and
the broad or round heads, the brachycephalic type.*'

''Professor Duckworth, of Cambridge, England, writing of the Krapina skull, says: "It is
shown that early paleolithic man presents examples of skulls both of brachy-cephalic and
dolicho-cephalic proportions."

12
 "A ^EW Classification of Tooth Foems"

The Caucasian race is, possibly, a later evolutionarj development.

The portraits I have just shown may be taken as the modern
representatives of those ancientBroadly speaking, the fair
races.
races, and, to a large extent, the yellow races, are found in ISTorthern
and Central Europe and Asia, while the darker races occupy the
Equatorial and southern regions. From the mingling of those light
and dark races, the working of the principle of variation, and the modi-
fying effects of climate and general environment, there has arisen all
the racial or temperamental characters that the widely varied inhabi-
tants of the earth exhibit.
There are many theories and there is much speculation about these
ancient races, but all theories and all known facts are in agreement

on the point of the meeting and mixing of dolichocephalic and brachy-

cephalic races in Europe in prehistoric times.
It is a very fascinating theme, but we cannot dwell upon it now,
and the main facts are all that is necessary to our purpose in tracing
the origin of temperament. What we really know beyond controversy
is that everything denoted by the term temperament must have arisen
in or originated from race. We can see clearly enough that most of
the peculiarities described as sanguine must have been transmitted by
the Caucasian race, while the bilious features were inherited from the
dark races, and the Mongols have most of the distinctive traits called
"lymphatic."
'^ '^ '^

If we now open
a book such as Stewart's on "Our Temperaments,"
the latest and best work on the subject that I have seen, and find
portraits of such individuals as those now shown on the screen, we
know that the physical or so-called temperamental characters which
they present did not arise spontaneously and without cause. The im-
mediate ancestors of that man with red hair and blue eyes were not
natives of Africa. The parents of that swarthy individual with dark
complexion and black eyes and hair were not full blooded Swedes or
I^orwegians; and we can predict with reasonable certainty that there
is a Mongolian strain in that so-called lymphatic person with the

pipe who looks so comfortable and altogether satisfied with himself.

In other words, we can discover no special trait or characteristic in
these individuals who are supposed to be representative of the differ-
ent temperaments, that is not even more clearly shown in the repre-
sentatives of the great races which were exhibited a moment ago. In
fact, the only difference is that these temperamental types are further
removed, by crossing, from their racial origin. The real significance
of the term "pure temperamental" is that the individual instance

13
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

shows, in a mixed race, an unusual reversion to the dominant racial

type. The mixed temperaments are simply the result of the mingling
of the blood of different races, somewhat modified, in the event of mi-
gTation, by changed environment.
If, therefore, there is such a thing as a sanguine type of tooth
or a bilious type of tooth, they must have originated in the sanguine
and bilious races. If there are special, characteristic, temperamental
forms of teeth, there must have been racial forms from which they
were derived. There is no possibility of evading the logic of that
conclusion. And I think it has always been assumed by our profession
that there are racial forms of teeth. I thinlc you will find many refer-
ences in our literature to this supposed fact.
Now, a racial form of toothmust mean a distinctive form pecul-
iar to a race. But if I am able to show you that there is no such
thing as a racial form of tooth, if I can prove beyond all possibility
of doubt that there are certain primary forms of teeth which are,
in their general type characteristics, common to all races, light and
dark, ancient and modern, savage and civilized, then I submit that
even the unreasonable minority will have to agree that all belief in
a temperamental type of tooth must go.
There are certain differences as to size and small differences in
proportion of width to length in teeth of the same general type in
different races, but as to essential differences in type, there are none.

^ ^ ^
When I began my work of investigating the forms of human
teeth at the Eoyal College of Surgeons, in London, it was with the
belief that there were racial types of teeth. I had no doubt about it.
I had so often seen statements to that effect that I simply assumed
that it was true.^ And when I did not succeed in finding any form of
tooth characteristic of race I concluded that my failure was due to
race admixture. Even with the most sincere desire and the strongest
determination to find out the truth, still what we have been taught,
our inherited beliefs, will continue to haunt us for a long time, like
unhappy ghosts who see their continued existence endangered and fight
for it with all their might. I pursued this study for nearly a year,
and during that time I was accumulating a great store of individual
human teeth. The largest lot that reached me from any one source

"I had particularly expected to find strongly marked differences between the teeth of the
dolichocephalic skulls of the peoples descended from the Aryan stock and those of the
brachycephalic skulls representing the ancient Mongolian races. I also expected to find that
the teeth of remote insular groups, such as the Andamans, Fijians and Tasmanians, would
present strongly marked typal features.

14
 ;

"A !N"ew Classificatioit of Tooth Forms"

came from University of Pittsburgli by the kindness of Profes-

tlie

sor Friesell. for this interest and generous action on his part I
But
doubt if the discovery I am about to lay before you would have been
made. One day it occurred to me that it v^ould be a good idea to
begin sorting and arranging the central incisors into groups. (I had
long seen that these were the most characteristic of human teeth.) As
I proceeded in the work it became evident, after a time, that I was
accumulating three very strongly marked groups with a larger num-
ber partaking more or less of the combined features of those three
groups, but generally with the features of one or other of the three
groups dominant in every individual tooth. When I had finished ar-
ranging my incisors in this way I again went to the Museum of the
Eoyal College of Surgeons to see what light this discovery would
throw on further study there. I w^as more than a little surprised to
find these three types of teeth in almost every group of skulls which
contained a dozen, or even less, with the incisor teeth intact. My long
search for something fundamental had been rewarded. I had at last
got
what I was after the key to tooth form. All along I had seen
that there were different types of teeth in all the different races, but
the co-relation of these different forms had never struck me until I
went there with the knowledge of what to look for. That is generally
the way with all discovery. We walk unsuspectingly over gold mines
and oil wells if we do not know how to look for them. When I saw
clearly that these three types of teeth existed in all races, I knew
instantly that I had got Nature's secret of design in human teeth,
and I knew that it would now be possible to beat her in her own work
for jSTature, working more or less blindly, makes endless mistakes,
as I have previously indicated, while we, working intelligently, can
avoid those mistakes. I saw that the existence of three types of teeth
was the fundamental fact in human tooth form and that every con-
ceivable form of human tooth could be evolved from those three types,
and I knew that it would be possible to design beautiful and anatomi-
cally correct forms of teeth if I ever saw a human tooth again.

^ t^ t^

Let us now examine in detail the proofs of the statements that

JSTature produced three typal forms of teeth in all races and modeled
all teeth upon these three. You have on the screen a photograph
(Illustration ISo. 6) representing a small but representative selection of
the three primary forms or types of human teeth. In all reference to
them they will be designated as Class I, II, and III. Class I is character-
ized by the parallel or nearly parallel lines which represent the proximal

15
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

surfaces of these teeth for half or more than half of their length from
their incisal edges. In Class II these lines converge so markedly that
they would meet in most instances, at a point near the end of the root.
These converging lines are sometimes nearly straight, but usually
there is a very slight convexity of the mesio-proximal surface and a
slight concavity of the distal surface. Class III, which I regard as
the most beautiful form of human teeth, and which has rarely if ever
before been used as a model for artificial teeth, is characterized by a
delicate double-curved line on its disto-proximal surface and some-
times, though less frequently, on the mesial surface. All of the sur-
faces and angles of teeth of this class are more rounded and graceful
than in either of the other two classes. The specimens shown in this
photograph represent the most severe or typal shapes of what I call
the primitive forms of human teeth. My reason for the use of the
word "primitive" will appear later. All of the other teeth in any
given set partake of the features of the central incisors but to a much
less marked degree. But in this respect the natural teeth of a given
set are not always in harmony. The crossing of races or some other
harmony of line of the different teeth
cause often disturbs the perfect
in a set, and you may sometimes find centrals of one class and laterals
and canines of another. But usually the harmony is more or less
perfectly preserved. In designing artificial teeth we can, of course,
always maintain a proper harmony throughout and thus improve on
IN^ature. The succeeding photographs will show you laterals (Illustra-
tion 'No. T) and canines arranged in the order of the three classes. As
I have intimated, the class characteristics are not so marked in these
teeth as in the centrals, but you will have no diSiculty in seeing in any of
the groups something of the special features of each type. In this
photograph you see the effects of crossing the types. There is more
or less blending of the primitive forms, although in nearly every in-
stance the dominance of one type or another can be perceived. Prob-
ably the majority of teeth in all mixed races are of this character.

^ 'ife fe

We wiU now pasS to an examination of the teeth of some of the

more important civilized and savage races of ancient and modern
times, in which I shall show you that the three types or classes of
teeth I have illustrated and described are to be seen in the skulls of
all these otherwise widely divergent peoples. In this first exhibit,
the skulls will all be shown in groups of three, thus presenting in one
view the three primitive forms of teeth in each race. We will begin

^ith three skulls from a savage race of to-day the Sandwich Islanders

16
 Illustration No. 6
Three classes of centrals. Class I upper row; Class II middle row; Class III lower row

Illustration No. 7. Three classes of laterals. Arranged like centrals above


"A ISTew Classification of Tooth Forms"

(Ulustration ISTo. 8). The shape of the skulls differ markedly, but this
difference in skull shape has no necessary relation to the different forms
of teeth. We
have here the three primary forms of human teeth very
clearly shown. We have the square tooth with parallel sides in skull ]^o.
1, the pyramidal shaped tooth with its converging lines in JSTo. 2, and

an ideal specimen of Class III, with its beautiful curves in skull No.
3.

As you would expect, not all of the teeth in the different groups
of skulls which I shall exhibit are such perfect examples of the severer
forms of the three classes. Probably perfect examples could always
be found if one had a sufficiently large number of skulls at command.
The surprising thing is that even in a small collection of skulls, often
less than a dozen, I have always been able to find fairly good represen-
tatives of the three classes, but I believe that the more severe typal
forms are more frequently found in those races in which there has
been the least crossing.
The next view* is of three Javanese skulls.^ Here the centrals in
Class III have been slightly modified toward the oval form: Class II
is well represented by the pyramidal shaped teeth in skull ISTo. 2, and

'No. 1 shows a very good example of Class I.

Here we have three skulls from another ancient civilized race
the Chinese. No. 1 shows a slightly modified form of the typal tooth,
but ISTos. 2 and 3 are excellent representatives of their respective
classes.

<fe *% -^
The next group shows two skulls of the modern German. I was
unable, in the small collection of skulls at my command, to find a
good example of No. 3 in this series. It should be said that the photo-
graphs, in many instances, do not show the characteristics of the dif-
ferent forms of teeth as clearly as they would be seen in handling the
skulls.
Three modern Greek skulls are shown in this view 1 and 2
very good examples of their class, ]^o. 3 somewhat modified in the
direction of 2,
Skulls of modern Hindoos all excellent specimens of their re-
spective types.
Three strongly marked forms of Patagonian teeth l^o. 1 very
slightly modified toward the oval shape; ITo. 2 typical and ISTo. 3 an
interesting modification in which the line of double curve appears on
both mesial and distal surface.

*It is not possible to reproduce here all the slides shown.

^I do not think that these skulls represent the true aboriginal natives of Java. They
are probably those of a mixed race.

17
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

A group from the New Hebrides. IsTos. 2 and 3 are perfect ex-
amples of their classes, while No. 1 is slightly modified in the direc-
tion of Class III. Notice the wide divergence in shape of these skulls.

These are three Spanish skulls. I had a rather poor collection

to select from in this group. But they are interesting in their way.
They all represent modifications of the three primitive forms of teeth
and might be called secondary types with the primary form dominant
in each specimen. No. 3 is especially interesting as it represents a
form of tooth of decided character frequently met with. The con-
verging lines of the type are somewhat rounded or curved, the mesial
line always more sloping than the distal. There is nearly always slight
overlapping with this form of central.

French skulls. Classes II and III well represented. Class I shows a

coarse modification of the typal form.

These three from the West coast of Africa all fine characteristic

examples, although No. 3 is somewhat marred by the filing of the

centrals.

Three specimens from Italy. Nos. 1 and 3 typical. No. 2 modi-

fied.

A group from the Fiji Islands (Illustration No. 9). Please observe
that when the teeth are not all good examples of the primary forms of
their class, yet the variation in form is so great as to completely upset
the theory of a racial type of tooth.

Two Kaffir skulls. Perfect examples of classes. The next two

and three groups of skulls are, in some ways, the most interesting in
the entire collection shown you to-night. The natives of Australia
(Illustration No. 10), Tasmania (Illustration No. 11) and New South
Wales represent the lowest type of human beings of modern times. The
skulls of these savageshave many points of resemblance to the Anthro-
poid Apes. Here, if anywhere, you might expect to find a racial form
of tooth. But just observe the difference in the shape of these skulls and
teeth. With the exception of the teeth of the ancient Egyptians, these
low Australian savages exhibit the characteristics of the three primitive
forms or types of teeth more clearly than any others in the groups
I have shown. No. 3 is, I believe, regarded as one of the greatest
Museum of the Royal College of Sur-
anatom-ical treasures of the
geons. shows more intimate relationship with the Anthro-
It probably
poid Apes than any other modern skull. It was received from Aus-
tralia just as I was finishing this work of investigation and was photo-
graphed for the first time for me.

18
 Illustration No. 8. Sandwich Islanders, showing three classes of teeth
In all the following illustrations, Class I is shown on the left and Class III on the right

Illustration No. 9. Fiji Islanders varying tooth forms in same race

 "A JSTew Classificatiojst of Tooth Forms"

The group in this series that I shall show you (Illustration

last
ISTo. 12)from that very interesting ancient race, the Egyptians of the
is

III and TV dynasties a period dating more than 2,000 years before
Moses led the Children of Israel out of Egypt. We are back in the
Bronze Age at the dawn of what we call civilization, the time of the
Troy of the Iliad and before the Great Pyramid was built. It was a piece
of great good fortune to have found three such perfect skulls from this
far distant era, showing so perfectly the three primary types of teeth.
They are each ideal specimens of their class. The teeth in skull IsTo.
1 answer perfectly to the description given in our text books of the
sangTiine type of tooth, but I believe all authorities are agreed that
those ancient Egyptians did not have light hair or blue eyes or a
ruddy, light skin. There is evidently a mistake somewhere perhaps
it is the fault of the Egyptians. But the forms of teeth shown in the
other two skulls have never been observed by any advocate of the
temperamental theory of classification. ]^ew temperaments will have
to be invented for them.
Suppose the teeth in all three of these skulls had been, as might
easily have happened, of type I, a strong tooth full of character. Would
it not have been said that here was the typical racial tooth form of

the ancient Egyptians ? This mistake concerning racial types of teeth

has gTown out of insufficient critical observation.

'^ '^ '^

I think a little diversion from our main theme, just to relieve the
mental tension for a moment, may you
be acceptable. The most of
probably know that these ancient Egyptian kings had what you might
call supplementary names
a sacred name, and also, at least, some-
times, a name taken or given them for some accomplishment and
characteristic quality. ISTow the name of one of the kings of the period
represented by these skulls was Sneferu or Snefru. According to
one eminent authority the English interpretation of his sacred name
was "he who makes good." That expression, you see, is not quite so
modern as you may have thought it. And Snefru also had another
name bestowed upon him for his prowess in dealing with his enemies.

He was known as "the wielder of the big stick" that expression, too,
was not invented yesterday. To prove to you that I am not romanc-
ing in this matter I show you a picture of Snefru that is sculptured
on the rock walls of the Wady-Maghara near Sinai. There he stands,
club in hand, over his fallen foe.

19
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

To exliibit in another striking way how teeth of the different

types or chisses run through all the widely divergent races, I have
arranged a few photographs in pairs. The full meaning of what I
have to show you will be more vividly presented if 1 exliibit before
each group of teeth, portraits of individuals of the race represented
by the skulls You will thus have in mind at the
showing the teeth.
moment wide divergence of races in which there
a clear picture of the
is a substantial identity of tooth form.*

And I may as well mention right here that the practical signifi-
cance of these facts is that they demonstrate and prove that a system
of artificial teeth designed with a knowledge of all the facts about the
human teeth is equally suitable for all the races of the earth. It
covers the whole held and that has never been done before.
Our first group is a native of the JSTew Hebrides and a modern
Spaniard. At seems almost incredible that any two
first thought it

individuals of races so far apart in racial characters should have teeth

that are practically identical. But the two skulls now sho^vn on the
screen prove to you that such is the fact. The centrals and laterals
in both are of precisely the same type.

Hfe ^ '^
Wehave shown here a Hindoo and a Javanese as widely diver-
gent in outward appearance as the Spaniard and the New Hebridean.
But when we look at the skulls of representatives of these two races
we find again identity of tooth form. The teeth of the Javanese are
slightly worn, but they are otherwise the same in form and size.
In this view we have a native Australian and a woman of Ger-
many. It is not necessary to call attention to the striking contrast
of these faces.
But what about the teeth in these two examples? You see a
striking difference in the size and form of the skull, but the teeth are
identical in type both being fine specimens of Class II.
A modern Chinese and a Patagonian.
Here also the teeth in both skulls are
of Class II, but in this in-
stance those of the Patagonian are slightly larger, the laterals markedly
so.

In these two portraits we probably have as strong a contrast in

physiognomy as could be found in any two human races that have ever
inhabited our earth. In looking at this portrait of one of the last of
the Tasmanians, a race that has only recently become extinct, one
cannot fail to be struck with the striking resemblance of the nose and
mouth to those same features in the chimpanzee.
*It is impossible to here reproduce these photographs of individuals.

20
 Illustration No. 10. Natives of Australia

Illustration No. 11. Natives of Tasmania

Illustration No. 12. Ancient Egyptians, showing three primary tj'pes of tooth forms
 Illustration No. 13

Eight skulls of unlike size and form. All exhibit teeth of Class III. The form and size ot
the teeth bear no relation to the form or size of the skull.
Nationalities from left to right are:
Australian, Sandwich Islander, Ancient Egyptian, Kaffir, Chinese, African Savage, New
Hebridean, Hindoo.
 "A New CLASsiFiCATioisr or Tooth Forms"

But wlien we look at the skulls from these two races we see that
in the teeth all contrast has disappeared. Here, indeed, we have the
one physical touch of l^ature that makes the whole world not only
akin, but of one family. I shall have time to show you but one more
illustration of the identity of tooth form in different races, but in this

group I will give three examples a Kaffir, an Egyptian and a native
of the Sandwich Islands.
You see a striking difference in sizeand shape of skull, but identity
in type of tooth, and but very little difference in size.
Let me now call your attention to two views which present a still
stronger proof of the fallacy of the racial type theory.
You have on the screen a photograph of eight skulls (Illustration
"No. 13), representing eight different races as different in physiognomy,
^hape and size of skull and general race characters as it is possible to find.
The central incisors are all of one type Class III
the form of tooth
that has never before been observed. In this next view you have nine
more skulls (Illustration ISTo. 14), all from different races, and in these
you have another distinct type of tooth, that of Class I with slight varia-
tions, and this form also, you see is common to all the races.
While the view of a considerable number of skulls is before you
I will once more ask you to note the fact mentioned several times,
during the course of this lecture, that ]N"ature does not always produce
a definite type of tooth for any given form of skull.

*% '^ *<&

During life, the individuals which these skulls represent must

have presented a great variety of facial contours. But observe how
many of the central incisors in these widely varying skulls are alike or
nearly so. Look at that upper row of four skulls. The teeth are
identical in type and nearly so in size. But what a contrast in the
skulls, especially in 1448 and 398, and again you see the smaller skuU
has slightly larger teeth.
Some of you may be thinking that I specially selected these speci-
mens from a very large collection of skulls. But I did not I took what I
;

already had in hand for other purposes. They are simply different
groupings of those which were first shown on the screen.
Again I say the proof that Nature produces no perfect harmonies
of relationship in the different parts of organisms is to be seen on
every hand. It is before our eyes all the time.

In bringing forward so many of these contradictions of Nature,

I may seem to be introducing an unnecessary confusion. But what I
am really trying to do is to bring order out of confusion. And in any

21
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

event I think it always much better to know and face all of the
is

important facts in any problem, but I hope no one will take the demon-
strations and facts I have just presented as warranting the conclusion
that natural teeth are always so imperfectly adapted to face and fea-
tures, that this relationship may be neglected. That would be as far
from the truth as the assumption that l^Tature always produces a per-
fect harmony between teeth and face. The important point which
contains the gist of the whole matter is simply this: there is such a

considerable minority of cases in all mixed races, especially in all

widely divergent races in which crossing has recently occurred, in
which there is more or less disharmony in the relation of features,

that would be a disastrous mistake either to found a system of arti-

it

ficial teeth on the assumption that all natural teeth are in harmony

with the organism, or to conclude that in edentulous cases no improve-

ment over the natural teeth which the patient had is ever possible.
More than that, I will say that anyone who wall take the trouble
to examine and compare forty or fifty skulls from almost any race will
be forced to the conclusion that if he wishes to follow Nature blindly
in the matter of adapting teeth to facial contour he has a fairly wide
range of choice in making his selection. It would probably express
an important truth to say that ligature seems to be always striving to
reach or realize harmony, but rarely achieving a perfect success, and
sometimes going very wide of the mark. The great variety of incon-
sistencies in J^ature emphasizes in a most striking manner the para-
mount importance of finding some fixed principle of harmony between
tooth form and facial contour. Art must supply us with that which
Nature has failed to give us. What we have to do is to study closely
the majority of instances in which an approximation to harmony is
seen, and from the knowledge thus gained to deduce the general prin-
ciples on which the highest possible degree of success may be based.
No clear, definite statement of such principles is to be found anywhere
in our literature.

'^ '^ '^

The one important fact we have established up to this point is

that there are three types of teeth common to all races.
I have no need to labor this point of identity of tooth form in
different races or to press for conclusions in the least, beyond what the
facts will fully warrant, but I submit that I have destroyed the last
vestige of a belief in a racial type of tooth. And along with the
passing of that belief there must disappear also the theory of a tem-
peramental type of tooth. My summary of the whole matter is this:

22
 Illustration No. 14

Nine skulls of different races and unlike size and contour, all with teeth of Class I. The
form and size of the teeth bear no relation to the form or size of the skull.
from left to right are:
Nationalities
Spanish, Sandwich Islanders, New Hebridean, German, Javanese, Hindoo, Fiji Islander,
Italian, Ancient Egyptian.
 "A [N'ew CiiAssiFiCATioisr OP Tooth Tokms"

That as a working theory it has always been so vague in statement and

indeterminate in application that it has never taken any serious hold
upon dentists and is practically a dead letter with more than nine-
tenths of the profession; that to teach a theory which no one really
practices or understands is immoral, because it leads directly to a
disbelief in any scientific basis for prosthetic dentistry; that if there
had ever been any real desire to undertake a practical application of
the theory it would not have been possible to do so because no manu-
facturer of artificial teeth has ever made any successful attempt to
comply with the demands of the theory; and lastly, that the theory
has absolutely no foundation in scientific fact, because it is fully and
incontrovertibly demonstrated that any given forms of teeth are not
peculiar to any race, neither do they bear any necessary relation to
the shapes or sizes of skulls. In all races there is community o typal
tooth form. Small variations in size and small variations in propor-
tion of width to length there certainly are in the teeth of different
races, but the three types or classes are present and distinct in all the
races I have examined. In fact, one of the most interesting things to
me in the course of this investigation has been to see how the three
types everywhere persist through the small variations observable in
the teeth of different races.

'^ *<& *%

Although just a little aside from our main subject, I think it will
you to have a glance at a few prehistoric skulls (Illustration ^o.
interest
16). The three now shown, reading from your left to your right, are
known to anthropologists as the man of La-Chapelle-aux-Saints, a typical
skull of the very ancient J^eanderthal race, the Coombe Capelle man,
representing the Aurignacian race, and the "old man
of Cro-Magnon," a
representative of the race of the same name. Their estimated ages
range from 25,000 to 150,000 years. I believe no prehistoric skull
has been discovered with an over bite of the upper incisors. The two
shown on the right, have the edge-to-edge bite.
you see, The third
one, the man must have been a very aston-
of La-Chapelle-aux-Saints,
ishing and savage looking creature with a very projecting muzzle, huge,
flat nose, enormous eye sockets and heavy supra-orbital ridges. Ob-
serve that his teeth were nearly all lost from loosening and decay.
This skull is also from the Cro-Mag-non race. ISTotice the great depth
of the lower jaw and the size of the central incisors, which are fine

^Keane, in his table of Ethnology, describes the teeth of the negro races as large (macro-
dont), those of the Mongols and native Americans as medium (mesodont) and the Caucasian
teeth as small (microdont). But the teeth of the mixed races range through all these sizes.

23
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

specimens of Class I. I have another skull of the same race in which

the teeth are of a totally different type approaching Class III with
rather small and very beautifully modeled teeth.
The next and the following one* show a peculiarity or a
slide
specialization of the teeth of the Xeanderthal race,which enables us
to recognize this ancient people whenever teeth of this type are dis-
covered.
This peculiarity is twofold fusion of the roots and enor-
mous size of pulp cavity.
This photograph shows the efforts of three different artists, all
trained anthropologists, to represent different types of prehistoric races.
Let me now call your attention to another discovery I have made,
in relation to what has already been shown, that is not only interest-
ing to us as dentists, but has also proved to be of deep interest to
anthropologists and workers in other scientific fields. The significance
of this discovery is that it traces the origin of these three types of teeth
back to a time antecedent to the advent of humanity. When I had
made thorough examination of the teeth of the lowest and most primi-
tive races, finding everywhere the three distinct forms, it occurred
to meone day that the teeth of the anthropoid apes might throw some
light on this question of origin of types. You now have on the screen
a photograph (Illustration ISTo. 16) of three skulls of the orang-outang.
I have selected these as representing the group of anthropoid apes be-
cause the teeth in these three skulls were the most unworn and perfect
available at the moment, but the facts are the same with reference to
the gorilla (Illustration jSJ'o. 17) and the chimpanzee (Illustration 'No.
18).
% '^ <^

You we have here the three types of teeth that

will observe that
we have seen in the races shown, but, as you would expect, the
all

characteristics of each are rather more strongly marked than in the

genus Homo. You have the central incisor with parallel sides, the-
representative of Class I, the incisor with sharply converging sides of
Class II, and the one with the fine double curve on its distal side and
the generally rounded form which is the special feature of Class III.
If there is any temperamental sig-nificance in these forms of teeth in
the anthropoid apes, I should be glad to have it pointed out.
Another very significant fact in this connection is that in the
anthropoid apes the variation in the proportion of width to length
of the central incisors in Class I is very marked, some being very
short and others very long, while in the other t^vo classes this varia-
tion is very slight. Exactly the same thing is true of himian teeth.
'These illustrations are not available for use at the time this book goes to press.

24
Illustration No. 13. Prehistoric skulls. Xeander that at the left
 "A 'New Classificatiojst of Tooth Foems"

It is for this reason that Class I, in our system, has a series of three
lengths with five sizes to each length, while the forms in the other
two classes are produced in series of sizes only, or with but slight
variation in proportion of width to length.
Whatever the ancestral form may be from which man and the
anthropoid apes have descended, or ascended, it is plain that we have
here one of the most striking homologies that has been discovered. It
is an especially interesting evidence of relationship because it is one
of Owen's classical examples of homology and analogy.^
The teeth are still functional in both man and the apes. It is
clear, therefore, that the origin of the three types of human teeth can
be traced back into what the old-fashioned orator was fond of refer-
ring to as "thedim mists of antiquity." We have reached something
fundamental here that is of very great importance in our work. Man
has three types of teeth because they have been bequeathed to him
from his simian ancestors, just as he has five fingers and five toes, be-
cause they have been passed on to him from the early amphibians.
You now understand why I call the three severe types or classes of
human teeth the "primitive" forms.

'^ '^ '^

It may interest you to know that this discovery of the funda-
mental types of teeth in man and the anthropoid apes as shown in,
these photographs, has been submitted to quite a number of the fore-
most scientific men of the United States and Europe, among whom
I may mention Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, President of the Amer-
ican Museum of ISTatural History, Professor Schafer of Edinburgh,
President of the British Association of Science for 1912; Professor
Keith, Hunterian Lecturer at the Poyal College of Surgeons, and
author of "Types of Ancient Man" Dr. Woodward, of the ISTatural
;

History Museum, South Kensington; Dr. A. Russell Wallace, co-

discoverer with Darwin of the principle of ISTatural Selection, and
Prof. Ernst Haeckel, of the University of Jena, admittedly the great-
est authority who has ever lived in matters of comparative morphology
in man and the lower animals. It was of Professor Haeckel's great
work on morphology that Huxley said: "It is one of the greatest pro-
ductions in the history of science." And Darwin said that if he had
read Haeckel's "Comparative Morphology" before he began the "De-
scent of Man," that book would never have been written.

^""The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat; they are both fore-limbs of similar structure
and development; they are both organs of true flight; they are at once homologous and analo-

gous." Owen.
"When two or more structures, organs or specialized parts, in one and the same organism,
or in several organisms, show a deep resemblance in their architecture and also in their
manner of development, they are said to be homologous. Now, the evolutionary

. . .

suggestiveness of homologies is indisputable." Evolution, by Thomson and Geddes.

25
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Very interesting comments have been made and no word of criti-

cism has been passed on what seems to be the inevitable conclusion of
the facts shown in my photographs. But as the discovery was in the
field of comparative morphology it was Professor Haeckel's opinion
that I particularly desired.
I think the letter conveying that opinion to me is sufficiently

characteristic and interesting to warrant publication.

He says:
Jena, 6, 1, 1913.
Dk. Leon Williams^
London.
Dear Sir. Your
observations on the three different types of
the upper central incisors are very interesting, and mainly the fact
that the same three characteristic types occur also in the orang-outang
and in other anthropoid apes. In my opinion this fact is another
new and convincing proof for the near relationship between man and
the anthropoid apes, and for the phylogenetic theories that both have
been derived from one and the same common ancestor. First, the

fact that these three types in physiological relationship of little

value
are so distinctly developed in three morphological directions,
seems to me an important proof that the way of phylogenetic diver-
gence of characters is the same in man and in the anthropoid apes.
Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) Ernst Haekel.

"With what admirable clearness and conciseness Professor Haeck-

el's masterful mind has gone straight to the mark in that letter.
Three forms or types of teeth have no special physiological signifi-
cance, as he says. One type is as good as another for purposes of
mastication. But the morphological meaning conveys the story of
man's origin, and so becomes one of the most fundamental facts about
human teeth. x\nd on that fundamental fact is established the new
classification.^^
I have several times intimated during the course of this paper
that the makers of artificial teeth have never had any scientific guid-
ing principle either for classification or design. Let me finish with
that subject now, and I will then take up the constructive part of my
work. What have the manufacturers done when they have wished to
produce a new pattern of their so-called natural form teeth? They

""In connection withthe skull, I may speak of the teeth-organs which have a peculiar
value, and whose resemblances and differences of number, form and succession,
classificatory
.taken as a whole, are usually regarded as more trustworthy indicators of affinity than any
-others." Man's Place in Nature, Huxley. The italics are mine.

26
Illustration No. 16. Skulls of orang-outang, showing three primary tooth forms

Illustration No. 17. Three types in skulls of gorilla

Illustration No. 18. Chimpanzee Skulls

 "A 'N:ew Classification" of Tooth Foems"

have looked about until tiiej found what they considered a particu-
larly attractive looking set of teeth, either in a skull or in the mouth
of some living person, and have then copied this set of teeth as well
as they could. Well, that work is a long step in advance of the old
products of the tooth factories. But for whom are those teeth suit-
able in artificial dentures ? On the assumption that in iSTature a set
of teeth is in perfect harmony with the face and features, that par-
ticular set of teeth could not possibly be in perfect harmony with a
different face. But I have called your attention to the fact that should
always have been obvious to us, viz., that in ISTature there is rarely
more than approximations to harmony and often such a lack of har-
mony that the grotesque is suggested.^'

'^ '^ '^

If the set of teeth copied was not in harmony with the skull or
the face in which they were found, what suggestion has ever been
made for their harmonious use? When the manufacturer wishes to
produce another mould he finds another set of teeth, and for a third
mould a third set of teeth, and so on, ad infinitum. As the minute
variations in natural teeth are probably only limited by the number
of people dead and living and to be born, is there any good reason
why the manufacturers should not go on to the end of time produc-
ing new moulds of teeth? And have they not always acted on that
principle ? Have not all the companies in existence been turning out
new moulds of teeth steadily for nearly a century? Working accord-
ing to their present plan, is there any reason why they should ever
stop? What is the relation between the teeth of one manufacturer
and another? There is none except when they copy each other's
patterns, which they frequently do. ISTor is there any ordered rela-

tion between the teeth of any one manufacturer. The end of all this
is a chaos of confusion doubly confounded, a vast heterogeneous mass
of artificial teeth in which no real artistic principle has been em-
bodied. The present method, even at its highest and best, that is to
say, when natural teeth are copied as closely as possible, is an artis-
tic failure, because a work of art cannot be produced by baldly copy-
ing ISTature.
Let me repeat here and emphasize what I have said in a former
paper on this subject, that while all art work must be founded on the
most intimate, penetrating and thorough study of Mature that it may
be true to life, yet truth to life means much more than an indiscrimi-

^In the so-called Natural-form teeth on the market I have noticed that certain natural defects
have been copied which make a perfect anatomical occlusion impossible.

27
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

nate coiisideratiou and acceptauce of a mere welter of facts. It

means the appreciation and understanding of the relative value of
facts, and the power or faculty of discriminating between what is of
small value and what is important, characteristic, relevant, line, all
that is really vital to the subject. And that statement fairly intro-
duces the whole problem in the constructive part of our work, which
we now approach. The heart of that problem is such a thorough
mastery of all know what it
the facts of Nature as will enable us to
is that gives character in our work and what from it; what
detracts
makes it beautiful or what causes it to look ugly or commonplace.
Out of the vast confusion and imperfection of Nature we have
to isolate, so far as we can, the pure elements of truth and beauty in
tooth form, and impress those elements into our service in the work
of designing a system of artificial teeth. We have to attempt what
every artist undertakes when he seeks to give expression to a more
or less ideal conception he has formed after long study and com-
munion with ^Nature.

'^ -^ *%

When that little group of French artists known as ''The Bar-

bizon School" were living together on the borders of the forest of
Fontainebleu, someone asked Millais one day which tree he thought
the most beautiful, from the artistic point of view. After a few mo-
ments' consideration, he replied: "The one that harmony with
is in
its surroundings." A
fundamental principle in art was never more
finely stated. Exactly the same language may be used to express the
relationship between tooth form and face. That tooth is most beau-
tiful for any face which is in most perfect harmony with it. Very
well, then we have to determine, if we can, just what it is that con-
stitutes this harmony. Is it entirely a matter of taste and individual
judgment, or is there a principle involved which may be demonstrated
so that all may see and benefit by it ?
Here, as always, we must go to ISTature, not to copy baldly every-
thing that we find, but to discover the essential thing. Everyone
who has had any experience in this field knows that if he were to
place a set of oval teeth in the mouth of a person who had a very
square face, or a set of long teeth in a very short face, the dishar-
mony or falseness would be glaringly evident. Even the novice in
dentistry would almost instinctively select a square tooth for a square
face, and a short tooth for a short face. But why are the straight
lines of a square tooth in harmony with a square face, and the curved
lines of an oval tooth in harmony with an oval face ? If we can dem-

28

"A IsTew Classification of Tooth Eoems"

onstrate the application of a principle in an obvions case, then we

may he able to apply it when the conditions are somewhat more
also
complex or obscure. I can hardly repeat too frequently that the whole
problem is purely an art problem, because that very important fact
has never been sufficiently recognized. ISTow, in all works of art,
whether of drawing, painting, sculpture or architecture, harmony or
balance is secured in two ways, or by the application of two rules
by parallelism and by opposition of line and curve, and usually by
the combination of the two. Excluding color for the moment, that
is the most fundamental thing in all art work. The severe, classic
beauty of a Greek temple is secured almost wholly by the parallel lines
of the columns, which are not quite parallel or quite straight. And
those upward shooting lines also constitute the chief element of beauty
in the more ornate Gothic cathedral of later times. The beauty of
the Apollo Belvedere or the Venus de Milo is entirely founded on
the balance or opposition of curved lines, and a painting by Turner
or Claude or any other great master owes its artistic merits, so far
as composition is involved, entirely to the balance of both straight
and curved lines.

-^ '^ -^

The principal laws of harmony in all art work involving out-

line may
be briefly stated as follows: Lines that are parallel or
nearly so are harmonious; lines that converge or diverge must have
other lines, shorter or less in number, set in opposition to them to
produce harmony. Curved lines running in a similar direction are
harmonious, but branching or diverging curved lines also require
opposition lines to complete their harmony.
Those laws or rules are just as applicable to the designing and
use of artificial teeth as to building a temple or carving a statue.
They are the only rules by means of which a high degree of success
may be reached in the adaptation of tooth form to facial contour, and
their application is perfectly simple and free from ambiguity, as we
shall see presently.
During all the time that I was laying before you proofs of the
fallacy of the theory of temperamental tooth form, of the theory of
racial tooth forms, of the idea that jSTature always produces harmoni-
ous tooth forms, and the notion that the way to produce a system, or
rather, the absence of a system, in the making of artificial teeth is to

copy natural sets of teeth while I was presenting all of those proofs,
I was, at the same time, by use of the facts those proofs contain,
building up a system of classification founded not on imaginary dis-

29
 J. Leon Williaims, D.D.S.

tinctions but on scientific realities. The facts that disprove the tem-
peramental theory are the facts on which the new classification is
based.
Weare now in a position to gather np the somewhat scattered
threads of our proofs and arguments and to show their true signifi-
cance in the real work of desig-ning a new system of artificial teeth.
As a solid basis for that, we have established a new classification for

natural teeth in the three primitive forms shown and the secondary
and other forms produced by the crossing of these primary forms.
In those three primary forms of teeth we have all the elements of
design necessary for producing an indefinite number of varieties of
artificial teeth. But an indefinite number are not required. On the
contrary, we require comparatively few forms, for the reason that
there are but few types of human faces.
Referring, as I understood, to this subject, one of the eminent
gentlemen who discussed the paper which I read here in December,
expressed the opinion that perhaps the last word in artificial teeth
had not yet been said. Well, heaven forfend that the last word on
any subject be said by us. That would leave our successors in the
unenviable position of having nothing to say.

^ '^ '^

But let us examine, a little, that expression "the last word" with
reference to certain phases of the Trubyte System of teeth. What is

the distinguishing feature of this new system ? The forms of the teeth
and the fundamental, scientific principles on which they have been
worked out? While the "last word" can never be said on any sub-
ject, yet you have all heard of ultimate facts in nature. These ulti-
mate facts, once discovered, remain ultimate facts forever. More may
be learned about the far reaching significance of these facts, but noth-
ing can ever be learned which will upset them or in any way change
their essential meaning.
The law an ultimate fact of nature. The turn-
of gravitation is

ing of the earth on its We may go on forever learn-

axis is another.
ing more about these great truths, but no further discovery will ever
change the essential fact. ISTow in form in nature there are certain
ultimate facts. The square is one, the equilateral triangle is another
and the circle is a third. You can never get anything more square
than an area bounded by four equal sides, the four corners of which
are right angles.
You can never get anything more round than an area described
by a line every point ofwhich is equidistant from a fixed center. These

30
 "A ITew Classification of Tooth Tokms"

are ultimate facts. So this discovery which I have made of three

primary forms of teeth is one of those ultimate facts of nature. That
form of central incisor which approaches most closely to the square
must always stand as the typal tooth in that class, and that form
which has the straightest and most converging lines and a section of
which consequently most closely approximates an equilateral triangle
must, necessarily, always stand as the typal form in Class II. Like-
wise that tooth in Class III, which embodies most of the elements of
the circle will always be the representative typal tooth in that class.
I submit that there is no getting away from the logic of that proposition.

Illustration No. 19

The three simple forms from which all other forms are made

If anyone can find a squarer tooth or a more pyramidal-shaped

tooth or a tooth with more marked curves in its proximal lines than
those I have exhibited as specimens of the three classes, he will not
injure my discovery or the classification founded on it. On the con-
trary, he will further confirm and make it more positive. So far,
then, as the classification of human teeth is concerned, this is the last
word in the sense that a statement of ultimate facts, and the
it is

designing of artificial teeth for all future time must be based on those
ultimate facts. When the mind has once grasped an essential truth
it can never let go of it. Other manufacturers may bring out teeth
shaped like those in the Trubyte System without attempting to classify
them, but just to the extent that they are not classified they will be

31
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

inconvenient for the dealer to handle and the dentist to select and
order. To produce artificial teeth on any other than the three-form
basis is to present the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out.

'^ '^ '^

In the elements of design we have in the three primary types of

natural teeth, we see what a perfect means we have for producing
artificial teeth of all forms necessary for the most complete harmonious
relations with every type of human face. When we come to analyze
these elements of design, we find that they are very simple, but, as I
have said, capable of an indefinite number of beautiful combinations.

Illustration No. 20

Elements of design, separated

You have on the screen a picture of these elements of design,

separated or analyzed as a few curved and straight lines, and combined
as one of the typical forms of our classification. Let us see how by
slight variations of those few lines we can produce every conceivable

form of human tooth and you will see that we produce our varia-
tions after the method of JSTature
by crossing the typical forms.
I told you in a former paper that all the fundamental principles
of art and design could be applied to the making of artificial teeth.
Now what does a competent artist do when he has it in mind to design
a fine picture? He decides on the subject and general plan of his
painting, and then proceeds to make many careful studies of all the
elements which are to appear in the finished work. When it comes to
the final composition of the picture, he probably makes several trials
before he gets that perfect balance of line and mass that satisfies him.

32
 "A l^Ew Classification of Tooth Foems"

That is precisely the method that has been employed in designing

all these forms of teeth. The suggestions for most of the designs have
come from natural teeth. The first step has always been to make a
number of accurate studies or drawings of the outlines of those nat-
ural teeth most closely resembling the intended form. First the cen-
trals, then the laterals and canines, and last, the lower incisors are

all laid out so that all can be seen at once and compared. There will
be some lines that balance, that are harmonious, and others that are
discordant. The problem is precisely that of designing a good com-

Illustration No. 21

Elements of design, partly assembled

position harmony of line and mass, and that

to secure perfect is not
an easy matter in an object as a tooth. When it comes
so small to the
carving, several are sometimes discarded before the satisfactory result
is reached.
'^ '^ '^

All variations in the models of artificial teeth designed for the

different types of face are produced by slightly varying the curvature
and balance of line of those few simple elements of design in accord-
ance with the contour of face for which the tooth is designed. But
the knowledge of how to do that in the best and most artistic manner
possible can only be acquired, as all other artistic knowledge is, by
much experiment and by long and concentrated study of human teeth
and human faces.
33
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

The aim, in designing artificial teeth, should always be to main-

tain character in the tooth by keeping its typal or class features dom-
inant. The most uninteresting and unattractive tooth is one in which
the characteristics of all three of the primary types have become so
blended that it has no distinction. It is characterless. This whole
subject can be illustrated and demonstrated in a few moments by dia-
grams or outline drawings.

Illustration No. 22 shows perfectly accurate outline drawings

of specimens of natural teeth of the three primary classes. You will
remember that when I was showing the teeth of the orang-outang I
called your attention to the great variation in the proportion of width
to length shown in the teeth in Class I. The lower row in the view
on the screen illustrates this point again, and I will ask you to keep it

in mind when I come to describe the system of constructing porcelain

teeth.

Illustration No. 22. Variations in three primary types

The teeth in the other two rows have all been drawn to the same
length, but the proportional width has been preserved. By the cross-
ing of these three types, N^ature has produced every form of human
tooth that has existed, through all the ages down to the present time.
In the very nature of things, some one of those forms or variations will
be better adapted to or more harmonious with a given type of face
than another. But we have seen that iSTature exercises no very fine
discrimination in adapting tooth form to facial contour. That means
that the vast majority of her variations in teeth are of no particular
artistic value. They can be discarded or ignored so far as a system
34
 "A Nnw Classification of Tooth Forms"

Illustration No. 23
Typal forms numbered. Modifications of those forms by blendings shown beside typal forms.

E nr. lo M. nn, w:

A< A

(D.

Illustration No. 24

35
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

of teeth for edentulous cases is concerned, and the forms that are pro-
duced can be far more perfectly adapted to characteristic facial outline
than any except the few rare triumphs of Nature.

'^ '^ '^

The facts that I am most desirous of getting clearly before you

are that this system is a perfectly natural one, and that all the meth-
ods by means of which it has been worked out are no other than such
modifications of N^ature's own methods of working as will lead us
more directly and quickly to our desired end, and in that end give us
more uniformly perfect results than are ever found in Nature. In
methods and in results it is a perfected artistic compendium of all of
Nature's work in teeth.

Our position in this matter of design, in relation to one who pro-

duces artificial teeth by simply copying natural ones, may very justly
be likened to that of the breeder of animals or the producer of new
and improved forms of fruit. We are no longer blind followers of
Nature, imitating her defects, but intelligent selectors of principles
and utilizers of her secret processes. We eliminate defects. We se-

cure harmony. The finished results are, in very truth, more natural
than any set of natural teeth because harmony is the very first essential

of naturalness. We
become the master of Nature instead of being her
servant. We utilize everything that is vital and significant and elim-
inate all that detracts from perfection. Our one aim in all our work
is the establishment of harmony between outline or form of tooth and

outline of face. And we achieve that by the proper balance and curve
of line in the tooth, in relation to the type of face for which it is

designed.

If I state the problem in another way you will see at once that it

is so. If the size and contour of a tooth is exactly right for a given
face, then the harmony is perfect. But the "contour" of a tooth is
only another name for the balance of line and curve in the tooth. If
the lines and curves of the tooth balance or are in harmony with the
lines and curves of the face, then the highest degree of perfection at-

tainable has been reached. And we shall see that there is no difficulty

in achieving that perfect result in all edentulous cases. Let us, then,
now take up the consideration of the relations of typal tooth forms to

36
 "A ]^EW Classification of Tooth Forms"

facial contours. And in order to make the application of our new

principle perfectly plain, we will begin witli the outline diagrams of the
four chief types of faces. (Illustration ISTo. 25.)

These outline diagrams show only the strong main lines of the
faces, and thus we shall be able to see quickly and clearly the relation
of tooth form to these lines.

'^ fe fe

All of the best writers that I know on the subject of physiognomy

are agreed that there are but three well marked classes or types of
human faces the square, the oval and the tapering. But I think one
strong type of face has been overlooked by all writers on the subject.
It is the form which shows a greater width below the eyes than above.
The whole lower part of the face is round and rather heavy, and the
forehead is usually dome-shaped. I call this the ovoid face because
it resembles the form of skull to which that name has been given. ISTo

form of tooth has ever been made that is well adapted to this shape
of face, but those of Class III in our system are perfectly suited to it.

These four types of faces have several modifications which we shall

consider as we proceed.

In the square face and in its principal modifications, that is to

which are parallel or nearly so, we secure
say, in all faces the sides of
perfect harmony with the teeth of Class I.

If the face is typical or severe in its squareness, then we must use

teeth the central incisors of which are parallel on their proximal sides.
But the great majority of square faces is not of this type. Usually
there is a slight converging of the lines from the forehead to the chin,
and the teeth should therefore have lines which converge slightly toward
the neck.*

The oval face is the result of a slight rounding of the angles of

the square face. Exactly the same modification of the square tooth
produces the oval tooth.

Again, in the ovoid face, our tooth outline follows the general
contour of the face. The characteristic of this type of face, you will

*Iia all that we have to say abotit tooth form, it is always to be understood that we are
speaking of the upper central incisors. It is these teeth that are the chief factor in deter-
mining harmony with the face, and they also govern the type of all other teeth in the set.

37
 J. Leox WrLUAits, D.D.S.

Tapering face.
Ovoid face.

IDasbation No. 25

38
 ''A Xe-^ Classiticatiox of Tooth Fokms"

remember, is the width., ro-andiiess and heaviness of the lower part.

This is the special feature of the teeth in Class lU. The general
character of the tooth of this class and the flow of all its lines corre-
spond perfectly with the ovoid face. In all of the foregoing illustra-
tdons harmony is secured by parallelism of tooth outline and face out-
line.

Illustration No. 26. The six upper an:eriors in the three primary forms

The tapering face has a wider range of variation than any of the
other types. It begins as a slight departure from the square face by
the convergence of the cheek lines toward the chin and it presents
every gradation of change from this to the extreme convergence seen
in the very pointed chin.

In all faces of this character the lines of the proximal surfaces of

the upper central incisors run in opposition to the lines of the face.
If the lines of the face converge but little toward the chin the proxi-
mal lines of the teeth should converge but little toward the neck of the
tooth.

The amount of line convergence in the face governs the amount

in the teeth. accompanied by rather full,
If this line convergence is

round cheeks, then the disto-proximal surface of the upper centrals

should also be rounded or convex. In selecting teeth for the tapering
face of any degTee, you have only one principle to keep in mind, so
far as tooth form is concerned, and that is tliat the contour lines of
yotir upper incisors must be, in a general way, the reverse of what

39
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

they are in the face. The obsen-ance of this rule will always give vou
perfect harmony the harmony of opposition of line.

If I have now made clear the fundamental governing principle

in the relation of facial contour to tooth form, we will rapidly pass in
review a few photographs of the more striking and distinctive types
of faces. (Specimens were shown on the screen.)

'^ '^ '^

We will first examine the forms of teeth best suited to the square
face and itsimmediate modifications, the shorter and longer face of
the same type. I am taking these all together in three groups for a
special reason. When we were looking at the teeth of the orang-
outang you will remember I told you that teeth of the square type,
or those with parallel sides, varied more in proportion of width to
length than any others, and I added that as the same fact was observ-
able in faces I had designed a special series of teeth to meet these
conditions. This series is known as Forms 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Class I as
now shown on the screen (Illustration Xo. 27). As all of the faces are
of the same general type, differing only in proportion of width to length,
so the teeth are of one type differing only as the faces do. The teeth are
not of the most severe typal form. There is a very slight convergence of
the proximal lines and a slight convexity of the disto-proximal surface.
The reason for that is few faces of the most
that there are but very
severe, square, tvpal form and even for these the forms of teeth shown
would be perfectly suitable. But there is a very great nimiber and a
wide range of faces showing slight modification of the square type.
It is to meet that wide range of face found in nearlv all countries
that this series of teeth has been designed. There are five sizes to each
form, except Form 4, in which the extremely large form is unnecessary.
I will ask your close attention for a few moments while I point out to
you what it means to have a series of teeth of one model like this. In the
first place, there is a very wide range of face in the long, medium and

short varieties of the square type for which this series is perfectly suited.
But its usefulness and convenience extends much beyond that. You
have all had the experience of finding the exact t}^e of tooth you
wanted for a given case, but in a larger or smaller size than the case
demanded, and you know the feeling it has given you to find that 'the
model tooth you wanted was not made in any other size than the one
you could not use. Well, that situation can never occur in the system
of teeth now suggested. JSTo form will ever be brought out in one

size only. That seems to me to be about the most senseless feature

that can be charged to the old regime.

40
 "A jSTew Classification of Tooth Foems"

CLASS I MOULDS
(Illustrations show form but not sizes.)

Form 1. The long modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds IC, ID, IE, IF, IH.

Form 2. The medium long modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2H.

Form 3. The short modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3H.

Form 4. The feminine modification.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F.

Form S. Oval modification.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 5C, 5D, 5E, SF, 5H.

Illustration No. 27

41
 J. Leojst Williams, D.D.S.

Square face long. Square face long.

Class I, Form 1. Class I, Form 1.

Square face medium. Feminine square.

Class I, Form 2. Class I, Form 4.

Square face short. Oval face, a modification of the square.

Class I, Form 3. Class I, Form 5.

Illustration No. 28

42
 "A JSTew CLAssiFiCATioisr OF Tooth Foems"

In this particular series we have five sizes in each group, except

Form 4, which has four sizes. But there is more than that in it. In all
cases for partial plates the absorption following extraction makes it
necessary to use a tooth longer than the adjoining natural one, yet you
should have a tooth of the same general type. Suppose it is a case in
which one central of the short series, iSTo. 3, is missing. The space to
be filled demanding a longer tooth of this type, you simply pass from
Form 3 to Form 2 and find exactly what you require. If your standing
natural central should be of medium length then you pass from 2 to 1 to
get what you want. !N'ow, if you will think for a moment what it means
to have such a range of selection in a form of tooth for a great variety
of the type of face most frequently met, you will, I think, see that
this one series of 24 sets is far more valuable for a dentist to
keep in stock than twenty times that number of the heterogeneous
moulds without system or relation as formerly made, not to mention
any of the other very important points of superiority of the new models.
The short tooth of Form 3 is, of course, for the type of short face,
shown in Illustration ISTo. 28. Form 2 is for faces of medium length,
and Form 1 is for the long faces.
The arch of the teeth in the upper jaw of the short and medium
square faces is the segment of a larger circle than would be required
for any other type of face. There is but little overlap of the upper
incisors in this type of face and when the teeth become worn the bite
is nearly square, especially in the short face. In the long face there is
usually some overlapping of the centrals or laterals.

-^fe '^ %
Illustration 'No. 28 shows the first modification of the square face
in the direction of the oval. It is, perhaps, more frequently met with in
the United States than in any other form. Teeth of Form 2, Class I,

are also perfectly suited for the male face of this type, but for the
feminine face I have designed and carved Form 4, Class I. The
greatest possible care was given to the modelling of this group of teeth
and they have been designed to produce a perfect harmony with one
of the finest types of the feminine face in America and England. Slight
overlapping of laterals adds to the beauty and naturalness of appear-
ance. The general appearance of the arch is the same as in the square
face, but is a little more rounded at the front. They have a slight round-
ing of the mesial and distal incisal angles. Slight overlapping of the
centrals is nearly always found in the finest specimens of natural teeth
of this type.
In the tapering form of face the female type is the most deli-
cate, and by many considered the most artistic form of feminine

43
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

beauty. It is a type of face frequently found in Italy. Women with

faces of this type were usually selected by the great Italian masters
as models for their representations of the Madonna, and it is worthy
of note that this is the type of face depicted by the great English por-
trait painters of the late eighteenthcentury as that of the famous
beauty, Emma, LadyHamilton, All of the teeth in Class II, except
Form 1, have been designed for this form of face. The masculine
face of this type, with converging lines, often presents very strong

Tapering face long. Tapering face.

Class II, Form 1. Class II, Form

Tapering face long. Tapering face.

Class II, Form 3. Class II, Form 4.
Illustration No. 29

features. The lines of the cheek, from the malar bones to the lower
jaw, although couA'-erging considerably towards the chin, are very
straight and firm. For this type of face the teeth of Form 1, Class II,
have been made. There is no overlapping of the teeth in the strong-
est type of face of this class.

44
 "A ;N'ew Ci^ssification of Tooth Foems"

For tlie shorter tapering female faces in this class forms have
been designed, and also for the medium and longer tapering faces.
In all of these types, particularly those with the sharper form of face,
with a somewhat pointed arch, there is often more or less overlapping
of both centrals and laterals, but especially centrals.

On page 44 are two of the long tapering faces which are, I be-
lieve, much more frequently found in England and some parts of Italy
than in Germany or the United States, although many of the old iSTew
England stock had long faces. The teeth best suited to this type of
face will be rather long, with converging proximal lines such as are
seen in forms of Class XL We sometimes find in faces of this type,
in England, a rather short upper lip. In such cases, and, in fact, in
all cases where we find a short upper lip combined with prominence
of jaw, I think it better always to use short teeth or those of medium
length.

But teeth with tapering proximal sides should be selected for all
variations of the tapering face. The duplication and reversal of the
lines of the face in the shorter lines of the teeth produces an effect of
balance and harmony which a trained artist would perceive and under-
stand in a moment. If the face is long and only slightly tapering,
then the teeth of Form 1, Class I wiU give a good effect. In all taper-

ing faces with rather full cheeks the teeth in Class III are also per-
fectly suitable. Harmony is produced with these teeth, as with those
of Class II, by contrast or reversal of line.

<% 'fgf -^

Illustration ]^o. 30 is the type of face to which I have given the

name "ovoid," and for which the teeth in Class III have been specially
made. The greatest width of the face, as I have already pointed out, is
in the region of the malar bones. But the entire lower part of the face

is heavier than in any other type. The cheeks are full, round, and thick.

Women with these facial characteristics are sometimes spoken of as

belonging to the voluptuous type. The beautifully curved outlines and

generally rounded character of the teeth in Class III will give the
most harmonious and satisfactory effects in faces of this t}^e.

45
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Slight depression of the laterals gives that proiniiieiice to the

canines which is form of this face. With
in keeping with the strongest
the more and refined type of face of this class there should be
delicate
overlapping of the laterals. The arch, as you see, is rounder than in
any other type.

Ovoid face. Ovoid face.

Class III, Form 1 Class III, Form 2

Ovoid face. Ovoid Face.

Class III, Form 3 Class III, Form 4
Illustration No. 30

I have shown you how the bolder forms of teeth in the present
system are adapted to the typal forms of faces. The general appli-
cation of the system to modifications of the typal faces can best be

46
"A !N"ew Classification or Tooth Forms'^

CLASS II MOULDS
(Illustrations show form but not sizes.)

Form 1. Class II.

A severe, nearly typal form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds IL, IM, IN, IP, IR.

Form 2. Class II.

Slightly modified by crossing with Class III.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 2L, 2M, 2N, 2P, 2IL

Form 3. Class II.

Slightly modified by crossing with Class I.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 3L, 3M, 3N, 3P, 3R.

Form 4. Class II.

Modified by Class III, a little more than Form 2.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 4L, 4M, 4N, 4P, 4R.
Illustration No. 31

47
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

seen bj exhibiting the table of dassilication, (pages 49 to 61), in which

will appear the whole system in one view.

This table of classification presents three classes founded on the

three primitive types of natural teeth. Each class contains modifications

of the primary types corresponding with the variations in the types of

faces. The forms most closely resembling the primitive forms in
natural teeth, are most suitable for the strong, characteristic or typal
forms of faces. In nearly all faces which result from the crossing of
types we shall find one or other type dominant. Any given face will
approximate to the square, the oval, the tapering or the ovoid form.

We shall therefore determine the dominant factor and select our teeth
accordingly. Each section of the table represents a series of sizes

of one form of tooth. The teeth in any one section are called a
series, the only difference in all the teeth in a series being that of
size. They are all precisely the same form, but in sizes to match vari-

ations in size of faces of the same type. This is an entirely new fea-

ture in the manufacture of artificial teeth. How often we have had

the experience of fixing upon a certain shape of tooth, but which was
either too large or too small for our purpose, only to find that no other
size of that model was made. That, to my mind, has always been one
of the most incomprehensible inconsistencies of the old order of things.
Three or four sizes in each series will meet nine-tenths of the demands.
While on this subject of size of teeth perhaps I had better say that I
think the chief determining factor in adapting size of teeth to face
should be size of external mouth, opening and other features rather
than general size of face. Small teeth in a mouth with large opening,
no matter what the size of face may be, will always look hideous.

You are beginning to see now the comprehensiveness, the complete-

ness and the simplicity of this scheme of classification. In this series

of tables you have an arrangement that banishes all uncertainty and

guesswork. A patient comes to you for artificial teeth. You first de-

termine in what class the face belongs. If it is not a pure type you
decide on the dominant feature and determine that it is a modifica-

tion of the square, the oval, or the tapering face. You then select your
teeth on precisely the same principle. If it is a square face just pass-

( Continued on page 62.)

48
 Classification Table
Trubyte Teeth
CLASS I

MODIFICATIONS OF THE SQUARE TYPE

FIVE FORMS IN GRADED SIZES

WHEN DIMENSIONS ARE NOT GIVEN THE SIZES ARE IN PREPARATION.

AI,!^ DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILUMETERS.
Similar dimensions in plain vulcanite pin teeth; combination sets with individual diatoric
posteriors, and combination sets with molar blocks.

FORM 1. The Long Modification of the Square Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 1. The long modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds IC, ID, IE, IF, IH.

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

CLASS I.

FORM 2 Medium Long, Souare.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 2. The medium long modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2H.

UPPERS

Mould
 "A N"ew Classification of Tooth Forms"

CI.ASS I.

FORM 3Short Square.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 3. The short modification of the square form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 311.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

CLASS I.

FORM 4 The Feminine Modification of The Square Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 4. The feminine modification.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

"A 'New Classification^ of Tooth Foems"

CLASS I.

FORM 5 The Oval Modification of The Square Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 5. Oval modification.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 5C, SD, 5E, 5F, 5H.

UPPERS
 J. Leok" Williams, D.D.S.

CI.ASS II.

MODIFICATIONS OF TAPERING TYPE

FOUR FORMS IN GRADED SIZES

FORM 1.
The Severe Modification of The Tapering Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 1. Class II.

A severe, nearly typal form.

Sizes from small to large from moulds IL, IM, IN, IP, IR.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

"A 'Nbw Classificatiojst of Tooth Toems"

CLASS II.

FORM 2 Second Modification of The Tapering Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 2. Class II.

Slightly modified by crossing with Class III.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 2L, 2M, 2N, 2P, 2R.

UPPERS

Mould
No.


J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

CLASS IL
FORM 3 The Third Modification of The Tapering Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 3. Class II.

Slightly modified by crossing with Class I.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 3L, 3M, 3N, 3P, 3R.

UPPERS

Mould

^A ]S[ew CLAssiFiCATio:sr of Tooth Foems"

CI. ASS II.

Form 4. The Fourth and Softest Modification of the

Tapering Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 4. Class II.

Modified by Class III, a little more than Form 2.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 4L, 4M, 4N, 4P, 4R.

UPPERS

Mould
No.


J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

CLASS III.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE OVOID TYPE

FOUR FORMS IN GRADED SIZES

FORM 1 The Severe Modification of The Ovoid Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 1. Class III.

Sizes from small to large from moulds IT, lU, IW, IX, lY.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

"A ISTew Classification of Tooth Foems"

CIvASS III.

FORM 2 The Second Modification op The Ovoid Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 2. Class HI.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 2T, 2U, 2W, 2X, 2Y.

UPPERS

Mould
No.


J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

CLASS III.

FORM 3 The Third Modification of The Ovoid Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 3. Class III.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 3T, 3U, 3W, 3X, 3Y.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

"A ISTew Classification of Tooth Foems"

CI.ASS III.

FORM 4 The Softest Modification of The Ovoid Type.

Illustration represents form but not sizes.

Form 4. Class III.

Sizes from small to large from moulds 4T, 4U, 4W, 4X, 4Y.

UPPERS

Mould
No.

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

ing into the tapering form, you select a tooth with slightly converging
proximal lines and your harmony is perfect. Each set of teeth in a

series is numbered and the length and width of the centrals and com-
bined width of the six upper fronts is given on one line opposite the
number. You therefore have under your eye every condition for giv-
ing you exactly what you want. All the old wearisome, vexing search
among the miscellaneous collections of the trays is ended. You work
quickly, positively, accurately, artistically, as scientific men should.

-^ *% *%

All of the teeth in Class III are in an entirely new field, as models
of this beautiful type have never been made by any manufacturer be-

fore. And so far as my knowledgemodel in Class II

goes, only one

has ever before been produced. By classifying and systematizing the

work I have therefore given you a far wider range of tooth-form than
you have ever had before, and with comparatively few forms.

And thus, you see, for the old vague, complex and bewildering
effort at instruction in the adaptation of teeth to certain hypothetical
temperamental conditions, which nobody ever understood because they
never existed, we substitute a few simple, clear, positive rules, based
on a fundamental esthetic principle. And the essence of that principle
is the direct adaptation of tooth form to facial contour. A square tooth
for a square face an oval tooth for an oval face an ovoid tooth for an
; ;

ovoid face, and teeth with proximal lines converging toward the neck
for the tapering faces with lines converging toward the chin.

While the improvements in the outline forms and proportions of

which I have been speaking are fundamental improvements in the new
forms of teeth, because they strike at the very foundation of good
prosthesis, it has been possible to incorporate into the anteriors of the
new teeth other improvements, some of which have long been asked
for by the dental profession. I shall refer to these under the head-
ings of:

IMPEOVED LABIAL SUEFACES AKD IMPEOVED COLOEINGS.

Many a dentist who has had difficulty in making a satisfactory

restoration of a lost natural tooth, even when the artificial tooth has

62
 "A I^Tew Classificatiost of Tooth Fokms"

seemed of the riglit size, form and color, has been at a loss to account
for the difficulty, and has attributed it to the difference in appearance
between the natural tooth and the porcelain.

The fact has been that the porcelain tooth reflected the light in

a different way than the natural tooth did, because the natural tooth
presented a slightly roughened labial surface which diffused the light,
while the porcelain tooth presented a smooth surface which did not
diffuse it. (It should be noted here that some natural teeth have smooth
labial surfaces, but they seem to be in the minority, and are not as

pleasing in color as those with rougher surfaces.)

-^ -^ *%

I the labial surface of an upper central which is beautiful in color

and softness be carefully examined, it will be seen to present very deli-

cate longitudinal striations due to the succession of calcification of the

ameloblasts or enamel cells. These striations have a very constant pat-
tern which is horizontally across the labial surface of the tooth, by a

series of compound curves. The striations undergo regular changes in

form and size in different parts of the tooth.

These striations work very important color effects in the appear-

ance of the teeth. They soften the high lights which would other-

much brilliancy from certain

wise be reflected with parts of the tooth,

and which would often make the teeth a point of too strong light to

harmonize well with the rest of the face. They soften the shadows,

which would otherwise be too deep. They do this by breaking up the

waves of reflected light so that they are not returned to the eye in
that rhythmical succession given by polished surfaces. The result is

that the whole surface of the tooth is rendered considerably softer

than it would otherwise be.

JSTot only is this surface of the tooth rendered softer, but careful
experiments with optical instruments seem to show that the whole
outline of the tooth is given a softer appearance by this diffusion of
light.

63
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

The methods iu use for the commercial production of porcelain

teeth have not permitted the reproduction of labial surfaces which could
diffuse the reflected light in the manner just referred to. We have had
strong developmental grooves and occasional cross grooves, possibly
intended to represent deficient calcification. Otherwise the labial sur-
faces have been smooth.

The result of the smoothness of porcelain labial surfaces has been

that the light from them has not been diffused and softened. The high
lights have been strong and the shadows deep. The outlines have been
always clearly defined. And when placed beside natural teeth of even
like form and color, they have presented, to the observing eyes, differ-
ences which have often made them unsatisfactory. The general com-
ment was that the teeth looked "too glassy."

'^ '^ '^

This matter of diffusing the reflected lights and giving Trubyte

teeth more natural appearances has received the most exacting atten-
tion, with the result that the labial surfaces of Trubyte teeth present

enamel markings which are anatomically correct in form and which

soften the reflected high lights and shadows in the same way the natu-
ral teeth do.

This softening of the lights and shadows changes the whole appear-
ance of the teeth, so that they seem to be of a different porcelain or
texture from similar teeth not so softened.

This improvement, which I have passed over in few words, is of

the very greatest value to the prosthetic worker who wishes to render

his patient a high type of serviceand receive a proper fee therefor.

When these moulds are produced in facings and crowns, the full force
of the improvement will be apparent to all.

The incorporation of these enamel markings, in correct form, has

been a task of great difficulty. It has been necessary to perfect a new
and improved method of mould making, and this has demanded almost
two years of constant labor.

COLOE liJf AETIFICIAL TEETH.

If the knowledge of form in natural and artificial teeth has been

in a chaotic condition there has hardly been sufficient scientific knowl-

64
 "A E"e-w Classification of Tooth Foems"

edge of color in teeth to justify the use of the word "chaotic" or any
other adjective concerning it. We have known practically nothing and
certainly nothing practical about the right use of color in porcelain
teeth.

As time went on and I became more and more absorbed in the

study and investigation of tooth form and in the practical working out
of the results of my investigation in carving models for the Trubyte
System, it became apparent that some one else would have to take up
this matter of analyzing the color of different types of natural teeth

and adapting the results obtained in this branch of our work to the

new system of artificial teeth.

Dr. Clapp kindly offered to take this work off my hands, and he
entered upon this very difficult task with the earnestness and deter-
mination that he puts into everything that he undertakes.

This work, under his direction, has now been in progress for
nearly two years, and the first results are being embodied in the

Trubyte system of teeth.

^ -^ *<fe

Many progressive dentists here in America and others in Europe

had, for years, been calling attention to the unnatural coloration of
artificial teeth, but no one had ever suggested any standard of color

and no one had ever determined what the actual colors are in human
teeth. This, then, was the arduous task Dr. Clapp took upon himself.
He had first to determine the actual primary and secondary colors in
natural teeth, and he had then to discover or invent a method of stand-
ardizing the results of this investigation so as to secure a practical
application of the knowledge gained to the coloration of artificial teeth.

He was fortunate at the outset in being able to secure the services

of one of the world's greatest commercial color experts. With

his aid,

the colors in a large number of sets of natural teeth were

carefully

analyzed and recorded in exact terms. The secondary and tertiary col-
charts, and finally
ors were worked out, and the whole thing reduced to
to paintings representing the exact depth of color in different teeth and

the distribution of that color.

65
 '' .

J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

COLOR ANALYSIS

Age 19
Miss D. A. Ht. 5.6" Red Yellow
Wt. 119 lbs.

Eyes 17.5 43.0 16.0

Hair Dead Blac k
Skin 4.1 3.0 .88

UPPERS
f Cervical 1.1 1.4
u , R. Central ,

I Incisal 1.1 1.35

'
f Cervical 1.85 2.9
Lateral 1.85 2.7
\ Incisal
' j Cervical 1.85 3.3
Cuspid 1.9 3.1
\ Incisal
" / Cervical 2.0 2.7
1st bicuspid 2.0 2.6
1 Incisal
" J Cervical
2nd " 2.0 2.3
\ Incisal
/ Cervical
'
1st molar 2.4 3.7
\ Incisal
( Cervical 1.1 1.5
u L. Central ( Incisal 1.1 1.4
Cervical 1.85 2.9
*
Lateral I
t Incisal 1.85 2.5
'
f Cervical 1.95 3.2
Cuspid Incisal 2.0 3.1
\
f Cervical \
'
*
1st bicuspid 2.0 2.7
\ Incisal J

" { Cervical \
2nd " 2.0 2.3
/ Incisal J

" { Cervical I
1st molar. .
2.4 3.6
( Incisal \

LOWERS
/ Cervical 1.0 2.5
L. R. Central \ Incisal 1.0 2.4
'
f Cervical 2.4 3.4
' Lateral 2.3 2.9
\ Incisal
'
f Cervical 2.6 3.3
' Cuspid 2.3 2.7
\ Incisal
{ Cer\acal 1
" 1st bicuspid.. 2.0 2.5
} Incisal j

i Cervical 1.0
L. L. Central
I Incisal

" / Cervical
Lateral
\ Incisal
f Cervical
" Cuspid
\ Incisal
f Cervncal
" 1st bicuspid..
\
\ Incisal J
 "A JSTew Classification- of Tooth Foems"

Depths of colors in the necks of the upper Depths of colors in the incisal halves
anteriors. of
the upper anteriors.
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE DEPTHS OF COLOR
TABULATED ON PAGE 66.
The different depths of color in different parts of a tooth and in different teeth
can be diagrammatically shown in charts like those here reproduced.
The horizontal base line of the charts represents in color. Each of the
parallel horizontal chart lines represents a depth of 1-10 of a unit, upward
from 0.
The line locating the gray in the teeth is drawn solid. That representing the orange
isdrawn in dashes and that representing the yellow, in dots. This set of teeth showed
no other colors. This person's hair is dead black, the eyes are brown, and the
skin showed a good deal of red.
The charts show that the necks of the upper centrals and laterals in this set
exhibit less gray than the cutting edges, but more orange and yellow. The cuspids
exhibit practically the same amount of gray and orange throughout the teeth, but
the necks show more yellow than the cutting edges. This free yellow gives these
cuspids their character.
The necks of one lower central and both lower laterals in this set, exhibit less
gray than the cutting edges, but the necks of the lower laterals exhibit more orange
and yellow. The lower cuspids exhibit practically an even depth of gray through-
out, but much more orange and yellow in the necks. There is a good deal more
orange in the lower cuspids than in the upper cuspids.

Depths of colors in the necks of the lower Depths of colors in the incisal halves of
anteriors. the lower anteriors.
Illustration No. 32

67
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Some work may be understood when I tell

of the difficulty of that
you that has taken two years to gain the necessary information, and
it

that in addition to our own efforts from one to three experts have been
working steadily. They state that they never saw such difficult and
delicate work, nor such exacting taskmasters as we have proven. How
ever, we have gotten at least the greater part of what we want and
have incorporated it into Trubyte Teeth.
Let me set before you some facts regarding the distribution of
Let us take as a shade
colors in different anterior teeth. in which to
work, Twentieth Century shade 7. The color in the upper central will
be found distributed about as it is in the shade tooth, because the
manufacturers seem to have paid pretty close attention to the shading
in the upper centrals, and to have imitated it pretty well. Their error
consists in the fact that they have applied this form of shading to all
the anterior teeth.
The shading of the upper laterals is very much like that of the
upper centrals in depth, but the incisal third of the lateral is darker.
This does not seem quite logical in view of the fact that the incisal
half of this tooth is largely composed of the enamel plates, with only
a small amount of dentine. But I have the analyses, the charts and
the color drawings before me as I write, and they indicate that the
incisal half of the upper lateral has more color than the same portion
of the upper central. It is especially distinguished by the presence
of more gray.

-^ -^ -^

The upper cuspid shows more color than the

cervical half of the
cervical half of theupper central or lateral, while the cuspid shows the
widest variation in individual teeth, and that without any apparent
relation to the color in the incisal halves of the central and lateral.
It has, of course, always been known in a general way, from observa-
tion, that the cuspids were darker than the centrals, but there has
never been any exact knowledge about the conditions of this variation.
The depth of color in the lower anteriors, as compared with the
depths of color in the upper anteriors, differs markedly in different indi-
viduals and apparently in different races. I think a fair statement of
it would be that the colors seen in the upper teeth are slightly deeper
in the lower anteriors. The cutting edges are also generally deeper in
color. This makes the color throughout each tooth in the lower an-
teriors more uniform. The effect of the deeper average of color and
of the uniformity affords a pleasing contrast with the upper teeth.

68
VARIATIONS OF COLOR IN NATURAL TEETH

GRAY

ORANGE

GREEN

VIOLET

Illustration No.
VARIATIONS OF COLOR IN NATURAL TEETH Continued

YELLOW

BLUE

RED

Illustration Xo. 34
 "A ^Ew CLAS.siFiCATio:sr OF Tooth Forms"

These color effects have been achieved in Trubyte teeth by placing

the dentine and enamel bodies in such way as to reproduce the natural
variations. This has been made possible by the translucency of the
porcelain from which these teeth are made.
These colors can be properly placed only by people especially
trained and by allowing them much more time than is required for
shading the ordinary porcelain teeth of commerce. This necessarily
increases the cost of the teeth, but this increase in cost is trifling when
the advantages gained are considered.
The results attained in coloring Trubyte teeth are superior to
those w^hich will ordinarily be accomplished by staining and burning
teeth by the individual dentist. The colors are in the teeth, are the
result of proper placing of the dentine and enamel bodies, and are
under the glaze. The results are an enormous stride in advance of
what has been heretofore commercially offered.
One who has not closely studied the colors in natural teeth can
hardly realizehow delicate and beautiful is the color scheme by which
nature adorns a really fine set of teeth. The primary colors, red, blue
and yellow are, as one who has made a scientific study of color would
expect, found in every human tooth. The blending of these primary
colors produces the secondary colors
the orange, green and violet. It
is very interesting to note the parallelism of form and color in teeth
as elsewhere in nature.
As one or other of the three primary types of form is usually
dominant in every upper central incisor, and to a certain degree in
every human tooth, so one or other of the three primary colors is
generally dominant and a color expert might classify most human teeth
as pink, blue or yellow.

'^ '^ '^

As much the larger proportion of teeth are, in form, the result of

the crossing or blending of the primary forms, so also in color the
blending or mixing of the primary colors produce a great variety of
secondary or intermediate colors in which orange, green and violet
are clearly seen.
It is a rare thing to find two teeth in any given mouth of exactly
the same color. Just as it is rare to find a pair of teeth on different
sides of the mouth of the same shape. It is these slight variations in
form and colorwhich give great beauty, harmony and naturalness to
it is mechanical regularity in form and
a fine set of natural teeth, and
sameness in coloring which make artificial teeth, as they have hereto-
fore been made, so false looking, so unnatural and repulsive.

69
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

As a more detailed account of the results of our investigation

into the color of natural teeth will shortly be published in book form *
and offered to the profession, I shall give here but a brief resume of
this work. The table on page 66 gives a color analysis, according to
the scientific method we have followed, of a single set of natural teeth,
and on the following page will be seen a diagrammatic representation
of the depths of color in the incisors according to the table.
The first three columns in the table show the percentages of the
standard colors used to determine or develop the actual colors in the
tooth which are indicated in the three columns on the right.
WhenI tell you that for every figure set down in those columns
a considerable number of trials with optical apparatus of the most
exacting nature had to be made before the final result was reached,
you will, I think, begin to understand why this work could not be
completed quite as rapidly as some of our impatient confreres thought,
and also why a slight advance in the cost of these teeth has been neces-
sary. Trubyte teeth, as I have said, are "shaded" on the basis of this
investigation into the color of natural teeth. The upper central is
always of the shade on the guide. This is the dominant color of the
set the shading of which is accomplished by varying the depth of this
color. The color in the upper laterals is more evenly distributed
throughout the tooth just as we find it in nature.
The upper cuspids are more deeply shaded in both cervical and
incisal halves than either the centrals or the laterals. The color in the
bicuspids and molars is slightly deeper.
The color in the incisal halves of the lower anteriors is slightly
deeper than in the incisal halves of the uppers.

*% '^ %

For the first time in the commercial history of porcelain teeth they
are now supplied to the dentist of a color closely approximating that
found in natural teeth. The color, being based on nature, gives a far
finer effect than the arbitrary method of hand staining or the still more
imperfect method of selecting a variety of colors from different sets and
assembling them into one.
Dentures made with teeth shaded in this natural way are, artis-
tically, so superior to those made of one shade that a comparison can-
not well be made.
In form, in surface texture and in color the Trubyte System of
teeth has reached such a high standard of achievement that I hope
and believe the finest artistic and mechanical ability in our profession
* Prosthetic Articulation.

TO
 Illustration No. 35

Five Stages of Wearof Natural Teeth: A. Unworn Stage. B. Greatest Efficiency Stage.
C. Reduced Efficiency Stage. D. Much Worn Stage. E. Stage of Extreme Wear. Trubyte
teeth exhibit the stage of wear shown in Figure A
and the depth of bite shown in Figure B.

Illustration No. 36

Figure A shows occlusal surfaces of upper and lower molars ground to articulating form after
method formulated by Dr. Bonwill.
Figure B shows same molars occluded.
Figure C shows longitudinal section of same teeth.
Figure D shows the same occlusal surfaces of the anatomical moulds of the Dentists Supply
Company. These are carved to much more nearly correct anatomical form than were the teeth
of Dr. Bonwill's time.
Figure E shows molars occluded. The longitudinal groove is entirely different in charactei
from that shown in Figure B. The upper buccal cusp does not overhang the lower molar as in
Figure B. The depth of bite in these teeth is only half as great as in those shown in Figure B.
Figure F shows a longitudinal section of the same teeth.
Figure G shows the occlusal surfaces of Trubyte teeth, with the formation for cracking,
tearing and cutting.
Figure H shows Trubyte first molars occluded. n j
Figure I shows a longitudinal section of these teeth. Instead of presenting the flat opposed
surfaces shown in Figure C or the single convex surfaces shown in Figure F, these teeth exhibit
from two to five grooves and from three to six cusps each.
 "A l^Ew Classification of Tooth Foems"

will be aroused by their appearance and stimulated to tbe production

of such results as have never before been known in the history of
dentistry.
TEUBYTE BICirSPIDS AND MOLAES.
And now I come to a part of the paper which describes mechanical
advances of such importance to the dentist and to the patient as a
masticating animal, that, from this point of view also, it will hardly
be possible to exaggerate the advantages of the new teeth. I refer to
the greatly improved forms of the masticating surfaces of the bicuspids
and molars perfected by my associate, Professor Dr. Gysi.
Professor Gysi has established the fact that proper forms of porce-
lain bicuspids and molars cannot be produced by copying natural
teeth, because at no time do the natural teeth present all the charac-
teristics essential to artificial teeth.
It is logical that this should be so. The natural teeth are fixed in
the jaw. In adult life they are capable of a masticating force of from
100 to 300 pounds, with perhaps an average of 150 pounds. In early
life they exhibit deep bites and great efficiency. In later life they ex-
hibit relatively flat bites and require the exercise of great force to
make them efficient.
Artificial teeth on dentures are not firmly fixed in the mouth and
on bridges are less firmly fixed than when each tooth has its own
healthy root. Dentures are believed to be capable of exerting a pres-
sure not greatly in excess of 15 pounds, perhaps 20 or 25 pounds as a
maximum, as compared with the 150 pounds of the natural teeth.
Bridge teeth are capable of exerting less power than individual,
healthy natural teeth.

^ % '^
Artificial teeth, then, with one-tenth the power of the natural teeth,
must discharge the same functions as the natural teeth, or the food
cannot be properly prepared for digestion. They must exhibit shallow
bites in order that the dentures or the bridge may not be subjected to
severe lateral strains. Teeth which will function efficiently and be
stable under such conditions cannot be formed by copying natural
teeth, which were designed to function under very different conditions.
They can be made only by applying engineering principles to the
designing of surfaces which shall function under actual conditions,
just as the engineer designs his bridge for the load it must carry.

In the brief space of time left me, I shall draw your attention to

the application of these engineering principles only for the accomplish-

ment of some of the greater objects sought in Trubyte bicuspids and
molars. The points are:

71
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Proper opening and closing articulation in bicuspids.

Proper sliding articulation in the molars.
High cusps, deep fosssc and sulci with shallow bites.
A large number of properly interacting facets on the occlusal
surfaces of the molars.
Precisely as 1 have followed the general natural form in design-
ing the Trubyte System so Dr. Gysi has based the forms of his masti-
cating surfaces on nature, but he has greatly improved on l^ature in
eflficiency of mastication as I have improved on form.

<fe -% *<&

PEOPEE OPENING AND CLOSING ARTICULATION IN BICUSPIDS.

Artificial bicuspids have heretofore been merely little molars.
They have exhibited the same form of sliding articulation as the
molars. This is anatomically incorrect and deprives the patient of
the benefits to be derived from the very important functions of the
bicuspids. Their functions are to catch, hold, and crack brittle foods,
and to pierce between fibers which have been placed along them and
are being held by the sliding articulation of cuspids and molars.
Bicuspids can discharge these important functions only by exhib-
iting an opening and closing articulation while the cuspids and molars
are in sliding articulation. Trubyte bicuspids exhibit this most impor-
tant form of Articulation.
PEOPEE SLIDING ARTICULATION IN THE MOLAES.
The articulation desired in the molars is from
entirely different
that in the bicuspids. When the teeth in the lower jaw come up
against those in the upper, with food between them, the buccal and
lingual cusps should interdigitate to prevent the escape of solid food,
and as the jaw returns to the position of central occlusion, the opposing
upper and lower cusps should maintain a certain form of sliding
articulation. This form of articulation is very different in character
from that heretofore possible to porcelain molars.
Porcelain molars which have heretofore been offered have articu-
lated by the sliding of one cusp past another. This is effective to a
certain degree, but not sufficiently so to render porcelain teeth efficient
under the small pressure which they can exert. It is necessary to the
maximum of efficiency that each of these cusps should cut across the
opposing cusp in much the same way a barber draws a razor across a
strap, or like the action of the figures shown in Illustration l^o. 38.
This action greatly increases the cutting efficiency of the teeth by
causing each ridge to cut throughout its length, instead of for a short
distance only.

72
 T"

o
Similar cracking action by human bicuspids.
The bone cracking teeth of the dog.

Buccal cusps interdigitate in articulation.

> r ^

Diagrammatic representation of a grain trap. Lingual cusps open to receive seeds and
Same trap in Trubyte bicuspids. grains.

Diagram of tearing action.

Illustration No. 27
 "A jSTew Classificatioit of Tooth Foems"

The formation of cusps for such interaction

is possible only by
the application of engineering principles. I have seen the formulae
and the methods by which Professor Gysi has arrived at these results,
and they are as complicated as the desigTiing of a cantilever bridge.
The action of each part of each tooth has been known before an instru-
ment was taken in hand for the carving. It is the highest form of
praise to say that the resulting teeth are as near to the theoretical
results as anything in porcelain can be. They set up easily and func-
tion efficiently.

It must not be thought that because I have quoted Professor Grysi

as to the application of engineering principles to the formation of
these surfaces, nature's laws have been departed from, and unnatural
forms produced. Such is Nature is the most consum-
not the case.
mate engineer of us all. She adapts her forms to function with the
exercise of the smallest possible force, and with the least disturbance
of parts.

^ -^ '^

The laws which she employed for the formation of the permanent
teethand which made them efficient with the relatively small masticat-
ing force of the child have been employed. The depth of bite has
been reduced so that it is much more shallow than in efficient human
teeth, and only half as deep as in the present anatomical moulds.
The ridges have been arranged to present the longest cutting
action possible and to bring into action a large number of small sur-
food may be more thor-
faces, interacting properly, in order that the
oughly masticated. The forms of these ridges have been carefully
designed by applying the laws exhibited in human teeth at the period
of their greatest masticating efficiency.

I have been asked whether teeth so accurately formed can be set

up by the average dentist. In reply let me say that they can be better
set than any other and less accurate forms. They cannot always or
perhaps often be articulated for individual peculiarities of jaw move-
ment without some small amount of grinding, but this grinding can
be done with the carborundum and glycerine, and will be neither
tedious nor difficult. Little or no grinding with a stone should be
necessary.
IMPROVED FORMATIONS IN CUSPID EDGES.

Both Dr. Gysi and myself have contended from the first that the
highest success in the making of artificial teeth cannot be reached by
baldly copying natural teeth.

73
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

Dr. Gysi makes the same claim from the point of view of efficiency
in mastication. He has originated a phrase that will become classic in
prosthetic dentistry which is that "the problem of restoring mastica-
tion is an engineering problem."
The cutting edges of the cuspids present the most anterior example
of the application of engineering principles. For these edges must be
quite differently formed in porcelain teeth than they are in newly
erupted natural teeth.
IsTatural upper cuspids are often very beautiful in form, and before
wear has mutilated them, present long and often pleasing cusps. These
are the forms which have generally been reproduced in porcelain teeth.
They are the forms which have made it practically impossible to
arrange the upper and lower cuspids properly, without extensive grind-
ing of the edges. Many find this grinding difficult of accomplishment.

The edges of the upper and lower cuspids here shown have been
shaped to function properly. The anterior facet on the edge of the
lower cuspid is always short, so that it may occlude with the distal
facet on the cutting edge of the upper lateral. The mesial facet of the
upper cuspid is usually long, in normal dentures after wear, in order
that this tooth may both occlude and articulate with the lower cuspid,
and that the point of the upper cuspid may pass through the inter-
dental space posterior to the lower cuspid and not climb on the lower.
This one of the most important relations in the articulation of den-
is

tures, and has heretofore been one of the most difficult to attain. The
fact that it may easily be attained with Trubyte teeth will greatly
facilitate the arrangement of these teeth and their efficiency in mastica-
tion.

'^ '^ '^

SUMMARY.
A brief summary of the facts and principles involved in this

system of artificial teeth:

This system is based on the new classification of the natural
1st.

teeth which I have discovered, the essential feature of which is the

three primary or primitive forms of the upper central incisors common
to all races of men and the anthropoid apes.
2d. By the crossing or combining of these primary forms every
conceivable form of human tooth can be produced.
3d. By applying a knowledge of design to the three primary
forms of natural teeth a system of teeth has been produced in which
all the lines and contours of any given set are in more perfect har-
mony and balance than we usually find in Nature.

74
 Food cells are isolated and the cell walls
broken by the rubbing together of the facets.
The rubbing action is diagrammatically shown
by the mortar and pestle in which substances
are pulverized.

Diagrammatic illustration of the cutting ac-

tion exhibitedby opposed ridges and facets in
Trubyte molars. If the point A of the upper
block be carried to the point C of the lower
block, and then the upper block be so moved
as to bring the point B directly over the
point D ot the lower block, each of the
opposed ridges will cut throughout its length
with a drawing motion. This is the longest
and most efficient "cut" possible to these
ridges.

_ks^-^^
Diagrammatic representation of the plan on A. A cross section of Trubyte lower first

which artificial molars have generally been and secondmolars showing five ridges in
shaped in the past. The broad surfaces can- each tooth. B. Ridges and facets in Trubyte
not cut up foods to isolate the cells. They upper and lower molars opposed. C. The
can be approximated only by the exercise of cross sections shown above were made at the
great force. dotted line in this figure.

Illustration No. 38
 "A JSTeW CliASSIFICATION OF ToOTH FoEMs"

4th. As the three primary forms of human teeth are coromon in

all races, therefore a system of artificial teeth founded on these
primary forms is equally suitable for all races of men civilized or
savage.
5th. As investigation shows that there are but a few characteristic
forms of human faces which can all be grouped in a series of a dozen
or less, to which groups all slight variations in form may be referred,
therefore a few forms or types of teeth, very carefully designed and
modeled to harmonize with the more characteristic forms of faces,
are immeasurably better suited to the production of natural and artistic
effects in dental prosthesis than any number of moulds produced
indiscriminately and without any knowledge of the above-mentioned
fundamental facts.
6th. A close study of the relationship of the contour lines of the
teath and face has enabled me to design artificial teeth that will be
found to give more perfect harmony with many faces than did the
natural teeth of that subject, the reason for this being that the laws of
heredity as exhibited in mixed races rarely permits a perfect harmony
in the different features of the body.
7th. The arrangement of this system of teeth into classes and
groups based on jSTature and corresponding with the forms of faces for
which they are designed, both being shown in illustrations placed side
by side, enables the dentist, aided by the very clear and simple table of
classification, to select the teeth best suited for any case with an ease,
economy of time, and certainty of results never before approached.
8th. A method of finishing the labial surfaces of the plaster models
for artificial teeth, and the accurate transfer of this to the moulds in
which the teeth are has been devised with the result that a perfect
cast,
imitation of the surface texture of a fine natural tooth has been secured.
The esthetic value of this one feature of the new system of teeth is suffi-
cient to merit the indorsement of all progressive dentists.
9th. A method of coloring porcelain teeth has been worked out by
methods, based on a color analysis of the finest natural
strictly scientific
teeth, and applied to the Trubyte System of teeth, producing beautiful
natural effects far beyond anything previously accomplished.
10th. My associate in the work of producing the Trubyte System
of teeth. Professor Dr. AHred Gysi, has given years to the study of the
mechanical principles involved in mastication and to all the conditions

necessary in artificial teeth for the highest possible efficiency in the

performance of this function. Basing his work entirely upon nature, as
I have in designing the forms of teeth, he has recognized that the con-
ditions under which mastication must be performed with artificial
teeth are totally different from those which obtain in the use of natural

75
 J. Leon Williams, D.D.S.

teeth. He has therefore adapted the natural cusp, groove and sulci for-
mation in the relations of the upper and lower teeth in such a way as
to secure far greater efficiency in mastication thanwould be possible even
with the finest natural teeth if inserted on plates as artificial dentures.
While the cusps are high and the fossiP and sulci deep in the new teeth,
thus making them very effective in holding, tearing and grinding food,
yet the ''bite" is actually more shallow than in efficient natural teeth
or in other porcelain teeth which manifest even slight efSciency. This
permits easy and comfortable gliding of the upper and lower teeth on
each other in lateral and in backward and forward movements.
With all of these advantages of scientific form and accuracy in all
their features the new teeth will be found, when the dentist is once accus-
tomed to them, more easy to arrange on any form of articulator than any
teeth heretofore made, the perfection of the relations of the upper and
lower teeth showing at once exactly where they should be placed.
Gentlemen, speaking not only for myself, but for all who have
taken part in this work, I am expressing my most sincere convictions,
when I say that no more concentrated and determined effort has ever
been made in the interests of dentistry than that involved in this new
system of artificial teeth.

Scarcely more than the bare results and conclusions could be em-
bodied in this presentation of the subject. A
detailed account of
all the experiments made, of all the scientific work done during the
past four or five years, would fill a large volume.
It has been our firm determination to do this work so well that it
should be done for all time. It has been our desire and intention to set
the standard of prosthetic dentistry so far above the position it has hith-
erto occupied as to make it impossible from this day henceforward for
any self-respecting dentist to continue working in the old ways and
with the old materials.

76
 ]\10LAK BLOCKS.

Dr. Gjsi has invented

a new form of bicuspids
and malars which I feel
sure will be found most
convenient in practical

OCCLUSAL work. He form

calls this
Molar Blocks, because the
^IH^^iiw^**V bicuspids and molars of
each side are joined into a
solid block.
The Molar Blocks dif-
fer in very important ways
CERVICAL^ from the gum blocks to
which many of us have
been accustomed. Those
gum blocks were designed
for occlusion but not for
articulation, and it is

LINGUAL pretty nearly inipossil;)le to

articulate them. These

Molar Blocks are designed
iY1l3> <ti3B to
and
facilitate
end Dr. Gysi
to that
articulation,

has worked out the com-

pensating and lateral
BUCCAL
curves in the occlusal sur-
faces, so that when set in
the occluding position the work of articulating the teeth is already well
advanced.
Dr. Gysi states that it is most advantageous to offer these blocks
in the curves common to the average inclinations of the condyle paths,
because a slight inclination of the entire blocks adapts them to any
greater steepness of curves.
These blocks may be articulated in much less time than single teeth.
It is much easier to perfect the articulation in its finer details, because
single teeth cannot move out of position, and because the proper relations
of the several teeth are already determined.
The occlusal surfaces of these blocks exhibit the same characteristics
as the single teeth and are efficient in the same unusual degree.
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