Paulson Letter Names Sounds
Paulson Letter Names Sounds
Paulson Letter Names Sounds
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educators.
Approachestoalphabetteachingvarygreatlywithrelativelylittle
WhattheResearchSaysabout knowledgeabouttheimpactofthesevariousmethodsofinstruction
AlphabetLearningInYoungChildren (Piasta &Wagner,2010a).
LucyHartPaulson,EdD,CCCSLP
PlainTalk,2017
Anunansweredquestion EarlyLearningStandards
EarlyLearningStandardsorGuidelinesacrossthestateshavearange
WhatarethefactorsthatunderpinhugeLetter ofletterlearningexpectationfromsometoaspecificnumber(e.g.
NamingKnowledgedifferencesobservedamong rangingfrom10to20).
prereadersandevenbeginners? NewlyrevisedHeadStartstandards(2015)haveincreasedtheletter
JeanFoulin,2005 learningbenchmarkto:
18uppercaseletternames
15lowercaseletternames
knowsthesoundsassociatedwithseveralletters
CommonCoreReadingStandards: CommonCoreReadingStandards:
KindergartenFoundationalSkills KindergartenFoundationalSkills
1. Printconcepts:Demonstrateunderstandingoforganizationand 3. Phonicsandwordrecognition:Knowandapplygradelevelandword
featuresofprint: analysisskillsindecoding words
a.Followwordsleftright,topbottom,pagepage a.Demonstrateknowledgeof1:1lettersoundcorrespondences
b. Recognizespokenwordsrepresentwrittenwordswithspecificletter b. Associatelong/shortsoundswithcommonspellingsfor5major
sequences vowels
c. Usespacesbetweenwords c. Readcommonhighfrequencywordsbysight
d.Nameallupperandlowercaseletters d. Distinguishbetweensimilarlyspelledwordsbyidentifyingsoundof
lettersthatdiffer
Definitions
Earlyliteracy learningisdefinedasthetime Narrow Windowfor
periodfrombirthtosixyearsofage(Robyak,Masiello, AlphabetLearning
Trivette,Roper&Dunst,2007).
Earlyreadingandwriting occurin
kindergartenintotheearlyelementarygrades. Flooreffectsinpreschoolchildren
EarlyChildhoodistheperiodfrombirth Ceilingeffectsinstudieswitholderchildren
throughage8.
(Ouellette&Haley,2013)
Agenda AlphabetKnowledge
A Researchfindingsonletterlearning Understandingofletterforms,namesand
correspondingsounds
B Characteristicsoflettersthatmay Measuredby
Recognition: askthestudenttofindtheletterM
facilitatelearning Production:showtheletterMandaskthe M
C Researchonletterlearningandteaching studenttonametheletterand/orsound
Writing:askthestudenttowritetheshapeofthe
letterM
(NationalEarlyLiteracyPanel,2008)
EarlyIdentificationofReadingDisabilities:
PredictingLaterReadingDevelopment WithinanRTIFramework
Ascreeningbatteryinkindergartenof:
The bestTWOpredictorsofreading
Letternamefluency
achievementfromearlykindergartento2nd
Phonemicawareness(soundmatching)
gradeare:
RapidNaming
Phonemicawareness(soundisolation)
Nonword repetition
Letternameknowledge
Accuratelyidentifiedgoodandpoorreaders
attheendof1st grade.
(NationalEarlyLiteracyPanel,2008;NationalReadingPanel,2000)
(Catts,Nielsen,Bridges,Liu,&Bontempo, 2015)
TransitionfromEarlyLiteracy
toEarlyReadingandWriting BidirectionalRelationship
AlphabeticPrinciple Phonics
Phonologicalskillsmaybethe
Alphabet Phonemic Lettername catalystforletternameto
Knowledge Awareness
cat
andsound Phonological soundknowledge
processing beingabletosegmentthe
cat knowledge
/k////t/ soundsinletternamesb
cat into/b//i/
(Piasta &Wagner2010b)
LetterNamingAbilities... LetterKnowledge...
Thereisarelationshipbetweenearlyletter
Inpreschoolandkindergartenisawellestablished knowledgeandlaterliteracyskills,independentof
predictorofchildrenslaterliteracyskills (NationalEarly
childrensage,socioeconomicstatus,IQ,orother
LiteracyPanel,2008)
emergentliteracyskills,suchasorallanguageand
Forexample,whenassessedatages3.5years,4.5years,
phonologicalawareness.
and5.5yearswasthemostconsistentpredictorof2nd
gradewordreadingandspellingdisabilities. (Puolakanaho et (National Early Literacy Panel, 2008)
al.2007)
LetterNameKnowledge LetterNamesSounds
LNKatentryintokindergartenwasthebest Letternamesserveasanentrypointintolearningletter
individualpredictorofKreadingachievementand soundsandunderstandingthealphabeticprinciple.
secondbestafterphonemesegmentationinfirst Childrenextractthesoundcuesinletternames(e.g.,CV
gradereadingachievement. /b/inBorVC/f/inF).
LNKallowschildrentobridgethegapbetween Evidenceforthiscanbefoundintheinventedspellingsof
visualcuestrategytophoneticcuestrategyinearly youngchildren(e.g.,rforare,yt forwhat,etc.)
literacy. (Bailet,etal.,2009;Evansetal.,2006;Foulin,2005;Piatsta &Wagner,
2010b;Treiman,Tincoff,Rodriguez,Mouzaki,&Francis,1998)
LNKcontributestophonemicsensitivity.
(Foulin,2005)
ChallengesofLetterLearning LetterProperties
Consonantorvowel
Letternamesarearbitraryanddesignatedbyculturalconvention. Mannerofarticulation
Lettershapesaresimilarandeasilyconfused. Sound/symbolassociations(i.e.,BvsC)
Manylettershavedifferentupperandlowercaseforms. Agewhenaspeechsoundistypicallyproduced
Confusabilityoflettershapeand/orpronunciationwithotherletters
Letternamesgenerallysoundsimilar.
Frequencyinprintmaterials
(Adams,2013)
Letternamestructure
Letternametosoundfacilitationeffect
(Piasta &Wagner,2010b)
WhatsinaLETTER? SimilarLooking
Graphicshape
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff
Name
Sound Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Recognitionrate Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss
Eachhasacontributionand
allmustbeconsideredseparately.
Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Upper/LowerCaseContrasts VisualShapeCharacteristics
Straight i l
SAME SIMILAR DIFFERENT Curved Cc Jj Oo Ss U
StraightIntersectionsEFH I L Tt
CurvedIntersectionsBDGPQa bdefg hmnpqru
DiagonalIntersectionsAKMN(R)VWXYZkvwxyz
FoundationsofWritingDevelopment VisualContrasts
Childlearntoprintlettersbyfirstimitatinggeometricshapesbeginningwith:
E/F b/d/p/q
2years verticalstrokes
2years horizontalstrokes M/N/W m/n/u
3 years circles P/R
4years cross TheseareonestoNOTteach
5years square
C/G togetheratfirst.
Later,thesecontrastsmaybe
5years triangle O/Q importanttohighlight.
(Feder &Majnemer,2007)
InitialphonemeofthelettersNAME
correspondstothelettersSOUND.
Consider:V,CV,VC,inconsistentmatch,
nomatch andinterference
// / / // /ah/
Sortthelettersintothesecategories.
Letter NametoSoundConnection
V CV VC Inconsistent No LetterLearningOutcomes
Match Match Letternameknowledge
Lettersoundknowledge
Letternamefluency
Lettersoundfluency
Letterwriting
LetterInterference
(Piasta,Petscher,&Justice,2012)
LetterLearningatHome FactorsthatInfluenceLetterLearning
Letterpositioninalphabet
Astudylookingatlettertalkathome:
Moreofafocusonlettersinwords recency andprimacyeffect
Lessofafocusonlettersounds Acrophonic properties
Shapedistinctions
(Robins,Treiman,&Rosales,2014)
Ratesofexposure
(Jones,Clark,&Reutzel,2012)
25 MeanforLetterNameand
LetterSoundResponses LetterName,LetterSoundsandPhonologicalAwareness:
20 AnExaminationofKindergartenChildrenAcross
(Paulson,Emmett,&Reynolds,2013) 20
17 LettersandofLettersAcrossChildren
15 15
12 12 Task Mean SD Range
10 10
7.5 8.7 U/CNames 23.1 4.9 226
5 5.6
4.6 3.6 L/CNames 19.5 6.1 126
1.3 1.5
0 0.4
0.1 L/CSounds 15.1 8.1 026
3;003;05 3;063;11 4;004;05 4;064;11 5;005;05
Uppercase Lowercase Sounds (Evans,Bell,Shaw,Moretti,&Page,2006)
TeachingLetterKnowledge TeachingLetterKnowledge
Acomparisonofalphabetinstructioninpreschool curriculashows:
Somedonotmakementionofexplicitinstructionofletters Letteroftheweekinstructionisbasedontradition
InstructioninABCorder Ittakes26weeksfortocoverthealphabet.
Instructionbasedonletterfrequency Somelettersareeasiertolearnthanothers.
Instructioninlettersoundonly Somechildrenalreadyknowsomeletters.
Instructioninlowercaseletters Repetitionandpracticearerequiredforlearning.
(Justiceetal.,2006;Piasta &Wagner,2010b)
(Justiceetal.,2006)
MetaAnalysisofAlphabetLearningandInstruction MetaAnalysisofAlphabetLearningandInstruction
Instructioninalphabetknowledgehasmodest effectsizes. Whyonlymodesteffectsizes?
Letternameinstructionledtosignificantimpactsonlettersound Alphabetlearningmayrequiresignificantamountsofrotememorizationand
knowledge. repeatedpractice.
Lettersound(only)instructionledtolettersoundlearning(notletter Letternameandsoundinstructionwereembeddedinabroaderliteracy
program.
namelearning).
Childrenhaveopportunitiestolearnaboutlettersinothersettings.
Instructioningreaterdurationwasmoreeffective.
Thismayreflectourcurrentabilitytoteachalphabetknowledgeintheearly
Smallgroups(comparedto1:1tutoring)wasmoreeffective. literacyperiod.
(Piasta &Wagner,2010a)
(Piasta &Wagner,2010a)
StrategiesforTeachingAlphabetKnowledge Considerthesecycles:
1. Explicitlessonformatincludesteachermodelingandguided 1. Ownnameadvantage
practicefor: Learningadvantageforinitialletterinchildrensnames
2. Upper andlowercaseletternameidentification Highlymotivatingandresponsivetodevelopmentalneeds
3. Lettersoundidentification 2. Alphabetorderadvantage
4. Recognizingtheletterintext Learningadvantageforalphabetsequence
Serialeffectswithadvantageforbeginningandending
5. Producingtheletterform
(Jones,Clark&Reutzel,2012)
(Jones,Clark&Reutzel,2012)
3. Letternamesoundrelationship 5. Consonantacquisitionorder
Learningadvantageforletterswithsoundconnectionandforletters Learningadvantageofdevelopmentalspeechsound
withsinglesound acquisition
Teachesearlierdevelopedsoundsbeforelaterdeveloping
Mayspendlesstimeonletterswithsoundconnectionsandmoreon
sounds
moredifficultletters
6. Distinctivevisualfeaturesinwriting
4. Letterfrequency
Learningadvantagebasedondistinctivefeaturesinwritten
Learningadvantageforenvironmentalexposure letterform
Teachesfocusonlettersintext Teachingemphasizesdistinctivefeaturesbetweensimilar
letters
(Jones,Clark&Reutzel,2012) (Jones,Clark&Reutzel,2012)
PreliminaryResults Whatdowereallyknow?
Letterperdayinstructionin9to12minutelessons Letternameknowledgeprecedeslettersoundsknowledge andboth
5weekstopresent26letternamesandsounds areimportant.
7possibledistributedreviewcyclesthroughouttheschool ThereareWIDEdevelopmentalrangesandanarrow windowof
year development.
Instructionaltimecanfocusmoreefficientlyonletternames Manycharacteristicsinfluenceletterlearning.
andsoundsthataremoredifficulttolearn. Explicitinstructionhaslargereffectsizesthanembeddedinstruction.
Results showedasignificantdecreaseinthenumberof Alphabetlearningmostlikelyrequiressignificantamountsofrote
kindergartenersbenchmarkedatrisk. memorizationandrepeatedpractice.
(Jones,Clark&Reutzel,2012) Multicomponentinstructioniseffective.
References
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Adams,M.J.(1990).Beginningtoread,thinkingandlearningaboutprint. Cambridge,MA.:MITPress.
Bailet,L.,Repper,K.,Piasta,S.&Murphy,S.(2009).Emergentliteracyinterventionforprekindergarteners atriskforreadingfailure.
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