8 8

SACCHIDANANDA SAMARTHA SADGURU SHRI SAINATHA KRIPA

INDIAN GENIUS IN
TALAPRASTARA

AKELLA MALLIKARJUNA SARMA

Violinist,
Retd. Principal, Govt. College of Music & Dance,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

SAI SANNIDHI SANGITA PUBLICATIONS,

10-283/9/1/1, Vasantapuri Colony (VPC-200), Malkajgiri,
HYDERABAD-500 047, Andhra Pradesh.

8 8
INDIAN GENIUS IN TALAPRASTARA
by Akella Mallikarjuna Sharma

Akella Mallikarjuna Sharma

No part of this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the author.

First Edition, 2001.

Price: Rs. 300/- US $ 20 (Packing & postage extra)

Laser type setting & printing by :

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Other works of this author :

* Talaprastara Ratnakaramu (Telugu)
* Talaprastara of Nihshanka
Sharngadevas Sangita Ratnakara (English)
* Sangita Svararaga Sudha (Telugu/English)
* Systematisation of Talaprastara Details
of Deshi Talas (English)
"Mah mah p dhy ya, R rabh a a" Phone : (0821) 567891
Dr. R. Sathyan r ya a, M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Litt., Trayi Lak mi, 9th Cross,
D.Litt. (Hon)., F.R.A.S., M.S.A., Jayanagar, MYSORE - 570 014,
I.C.T.M., F.A.S.I., F.A.M.R. India.
Date : 01-03-2001

FOREWORD

Every culture may be finally analysed into an irreducibly small number of concepts and
values which distinguish it from its compeers. The multiple modes of expression of a given culture
are alternative routes to its self expression and result by the variation, recurrence and permutation
of the self same concepts and values at different points in the spatiotemporal co-ordinates of the
culture. These last therefore operate in every such mode of expression at two levels : 1) in their
foundational, original form at the roots and 2) in their transformed forms which are immediate to
the specific expression at the level of stimulation, motivation and articulation. Thus its theory consists
of a never-changing infrastructure and an ever-changing superstructure. Music, like all art is a
growing, dynamic organism. Its discipline is descriptive, not prescriptive.

In any discipline involving human endeavour, the aim of theory is to provide a matrix and
apparatus which 1) comprehends the entirety of practice 2) explains the empirical data, facts,
functioning and techniques underlying such practice and 3) predicts future events and trends. This
is true of the arts also. Art experience, in its autonomy can neither be translated nor extrapolated.
But the different art reveal some common attributes in their symbolic material and in their modi
operandi. Also, in its heteronomy, art experience is ramified into several aspects and disciplines.
Therefore, the study of such experience admits of a reductionistic analysis and an interdisciplinal
approach.

Among the many interdisciplinal correlates of music, mathematics and metre (prosody) may
be mentioned in the context of the present work. Mathematical techniques, especially permutation
and combination are found applied in both Sa ng ta and Chanda h stra in an elaborate and
perfected state for well over a thousand years. The genius of these theorists lies in 1) enunciating
the rules in an aphoristic, yet lucid and unambiguous style 2) developing schemes of comprehensive,
yet compact schemes of tabulation 3) reducing such schemes to the simplest arithmatical operations
and 4) revealing highly pragmatic applications for such purely theoretical techniques.

Permutation refers in mathematics to a scheme or tabulation of systematic arrangement of a

set of things in every possible order; it also refers to any one such arrangement i.e., any one
possible order of arrangement of a given number of things taken from a given number. This has

i
been known in India as prast ra (lit. extension, expansion) from about two thousand years. In
metrics (Chandah stra) it signifies a representation or enumeration of all the possible combinations
of a certain given number of laghus (short syllables) and gurus (long syllables) in a metre. Though
prast ra is a general mathematical concept, it is probable that music borrowed it and its cognate
concepts and techniques from metrics. The science of metrics has developed in India six theoretical
tools to exact knowledge of the various mathematical aspects of metres under the collective name
a -pratyaya. They enable the student to determine the prosodial type to which a given metrical
form belongs, its serial number in a scheme of systematic tabulation, the number of meters which
are possible or may be derived from each type, their exact forms etc. These tools are prast ra,
na a, uddi a, ka-dvy di-la-ga-kriya, s nkhyana and adhvay ga. Of these, prast ra means the
expansion of a prototype metrical structure into every possible variation according to principles of
permutation. Thus, the vedic metrical prototypes from ukta to utkrti containing 1,2,3,4............26
syllables per each of four feet respectively have 2,4,8,16,32...........67108864 possible different
arrangements respectively. G yatri, for example with six syllables for foot has sixty-four
permutations. Each of these is also called prast ra. Prototypes with more syllables than 26 are
called M l vrttas. Eight kinds of prast ra viz., suchi, m ru, pat ka, samudra, vipar tasamudra,
p t a, alm li and vipari ta alm li are described in Chandah stra. These are alternative routes
to permutation.

The method of finding out the actual form or arrangement given its serial number in the
tabulation is called Na a. For example, which is the metre corresponding to serial number 355799
(out of a total of 10458576) in the prototype Krtichandas (containing 20 syllables per foot).
Na a enables to find out that it is composed of gllglglllgllgllglglg (1=laghu, g=guru) i.e., the
Utpalam la metre. Uddi a pratyaya is the reverse of this. It enables us to find out the serial
number of the metre in the tables if its composition is given. Thus, if the foregoing composition of
Utpalam la metre is given, Uddi a enables to find out that its serial number in the prast ra tables
is 355799. The next two pratyayas are classificatory in scope. ka-dvy di-la-ga-kriya teaches
us to determine the number of permutations in a given prototype containing 1,2,3................laghus.
If the total number of syllables is 'n', then the number of permutations containing gurus would be
correspondingly n-1, n-2, n-3........... Thus, this method enables us to break up the total number
of permutations into those containing given numbers of its components. It is thus possible to say
that in the Ushnik metre (containing 7 syllables per foot) there are metrical structures one each
containing all laghus or all gurus, 7 containing one laghu or six laghus, 21 containing two or five
laghus and 35 containing three or four laghus, thus totalling 128. This may also be expressed thus
: the number of permutations containing 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0 gurus or laghus are 1, 7, 21, 35, 35,

ii
21, 7 and 1 respectively. S nkhyana pratyaya enables the student to find out the number of
permutations of samavrtta, ardhasama or vi amavrttas possible in a given prototype, its predecessor
or successor. Adhvay ga is not, in reality, a pratyaya of metrics but is concerned with spatial
computation. It answers the question, assuming uniform spacing in both writing and gaps, what is
the space required to write horizontally a given metre?

Indian music is indebted to Chanda h stra for numerous models. The following among
others may be mentioned: the concepts and relative proportions of temporal units laghu, guru and
pluta; rhythm structures without a t a frame as in t na in Karn aka music; syllabic triads
(Var aga a) such as ma-ga a are employed (m tr ga a) structural units are found used in early
and medieval music compositions; elaborate rules were framed for the use of specific single or
double ga as at the beginning of the composition with promise of desirable fruits and warning of
undesirable effects accompanying such usage. Many songs were named after the metre in which
they were prescribed to be set e.g., hayal la, krauncapada, rya, dvipatha, kalahamsa, t aka,
jhampa a, paddh di etc., prast ra techniques are used from very early times in tabulating uddha
and k a t nas, m rcana, m lakartas in Karn aka music and in the d i-t as. Musicology has
adapted corresponding techniques from Chanda h stra to accommodate specific situation and
requirements.

In the context of t a only five pratyayasn viz., prast ra, sa nkhya, na a, uddi a and p t a
are found adequate. Their connotations correspond to those in Samsk rita metrics. A known
arrangement of the a gas (druta, laghu, guru, pluta and rarely k kap da, and in the modern context
anudruta) fixed in number and order, is taken as a prototype. The structure and total time span of
such a prototype is thus fixed and constant. Permutations of this are then obtained (and tabulated)
by systematic replacement of an anga (structural unit) by a progressively smaller one until in the
final permutation the prototype is reduced to only (an appropriate number of ) the lowest a nga
(i.e., druta (in ancient parlance) or anudruta(in modern parlance) in Karn aka music. Theoretical
texts have described the following pratyaya varieties; prast ra, sa nkhya, na a, uddi a, p t a,
sarvap t a, drutam ru, drutam ru-na a, drutam ru-uddi a, laghum ru, laghum ru-na a,
laghum ru-uddi a, gurum ru, gururm ru-na a, gurum ru-uddi a, plutam ru, plutam ru-na a,
plutam ru-uddi a, sa m y gam ru, kha n a-prast ra and akha n a-prast ra. The theory of
t aprast ra continued to be actively studied in India till comparatively recently. For instance,
Sudh kala a adds in 1350 A.D. the prast ra genre called kalita in his Sang t pani ats r ddh ra;
Pa n ar ka Vi hala adds the varieties of pratyaya called m l prast ra, viparita na a-uddi a,
drutah ra na a-uddi a as well as na a-uddi as above and below medial forms in his
Nartananirnaya; Lak m n r ya a extends the pratyayas to anudruta and vir ma in his

iii
Sa ng tas ry daya; P l ri G vindakavi extends prast ra to the five laghu-j tis in his
T ada apr aprad pika. Authors such as K.V. Sr niv sa Iyyeng r, Taccu r Singar c rya Brothers
and Tenugup a Venka arama ayya in the beginning of the 20th century have revealed familiarity
with the t apratyaya.

The T apratyaya has been trasmitted not only in more or less continuous textual tradition
as mentioned above, but also in oral tradition. Because of the distancing of the latter from the
original perspective, it has been preserved in isolation by individual musicians anonymously. An
instance of this is the Late Uppalap ti Ankaiah who preserved the key to prast ra and fornunately
taught it to Sang ta Vidw n Ake a Mallik rjuna arma. He thus prevented its passing into oblivion.
It would be a service to our musical traditions to find out such persons, bring to light their isolated
knowledge, restore it to its total perspective and benefit from such knowledge by contemporisation.

In the pretext of 'melodiousness' and popularity, scholarship in the practice of music is being
unfortunately allowed to wane at the present time. Technique, virtuosity and scholarship, when
mastered and applied with effortless ease and grace promote excellence and highest creative
activity in music. Individual caprice, eccentricity and mannerisms should not be confounded with
genius or brilliance. Genius assumes a deep and broad base of profound, continuous, conscious
learning which is intensified and sublimated to the subconscious level.

When viewed in the light of the foregoing, the work of Sang ta Vidw n Ake a Mallik rjuna
arma gains a special significance. He is a pioneer in the modern studies of t apratyaya and is
indeed a genius of our times. With indefatigable zeal, patience and perseverance, with indomitable
determination, with a total, single-minded devotion and dedication ri arma has unravelled the
mysteries of the t apratyaya in such minute detail that he has been able even to correct some
inaccuracies in exposition and fact of great authors of the past. He has clearly shown the enduring
relevance of these pratyayas in the form of many applications to the practice of music (and dance).
He deserves the congratulation, admiration, respect and gratitude of every one who is interested
in the promotion of the highest ideals of Indian music and Indian culture.

Indian culture is a garden; Indian music is a San tana Tree therein; the quality and quantity
of its flowers and fruits depend on how deep, strong and far-reaching are its roots. ri arma has
done much to deepen and strengthen these hoary roots and is worthy of emulation.

I hope that this scholarly work - which needs to be studied slowly, steadily and patiently -
will be welcomed with enthusiasm by discerning musicians, musicologists and music lovers.

R. Sathyan r ya a

iv
 PREFACE
Fine arts play a very important role in promoting the human culture and progress. They
chasten the human minds and help them to lead fuller and happier lives. Life will become dull,
insipid, un-interesting and bereft of all charms if fine arts are not allowed to prosper and grow.

Among the fine arts, while the visual arts like painting, sculpture and architecture appeal
through the medium of the eye, the poetry and music appeal through the medium of ear.

According to the ancient Sanskrit l ka:

<<Tyou un no
LNo EszYwo>>
"Music and poetry are the two breasts of Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning. Whereas
music pleases the moment one hears it, poetry gives pleasure only after one contemplates on it".

Music is the language of emotion. In the history of human culture music is the earliest and
finest of the Fine Arts. Music is of universal appeal influencing scholar and the lay person alike.
Music is a veritable elixir and has the unique capacity of giving one the much needed tranquility
and the mental peace.

Music is both art (Ka a) and a science ( stra). Its study and practice results in the
development of the intellectual and the soul. According to the l ka:

<<uT| tz| tr \t:

LNTyo ur Yo|T| t>>
"gifts, holy sacrifices and prayers lead to the realisation of Dharma, Artha and Kama, the
three-fold desires. But musical knowledge alone is capable of bestowing the fruits of all the four
Puru rthas: Dharma, Artha, K ma and M k a" and according to the l ka:

<<ymt onr: uo \uo ut:

orz zqT uXZuo>>
"One who is well-versed in V na-play, one who is an adept in varieties of rutis and who is
an adept in T a; they all attain salvation without effort".

Music has played great part in the life of the Indian people and has entered the hearts of all
people by being the instrument through which religion and philosophy have pervaded the land.
Whether in drama, dance or on the concert stage, in the home, in the temples, in the fields and in
the lives of the peasant, the king or the householder, music gave richness to our civilisation and
culture.

In the systems of music of the world, while the western solfa system had the heritage of
nearly 1000 years, the Indian solfa system, being the oldest upon earth, had the heritage of more
than 4000 years. The famous Kudimiam lai inscriptions on music were written in 7th Century
A.D.

Great musicians carried on their traditions for which we must be grateful to the Indian rulers
and other noble men. In South India this tradition has fortunately survived in a greater measure
v
than any where else in the country because almost every child was taught the beautiful compositions
of our great composers and this helped them to appreciate music. Thus, while great musicians, on
one hand, strived hard to pass on the cultural heritage of the compositions of great composers to
the next generations, great scholars, on the other hand, strived hard to record them in the books
written by them to pass on the traditional techniques of the Sacred Fine Art, Music to the next
generations.

According to the Saint composer, Ty gar ja (1767-1847), the first and revered as the
greatest of the musical Trinity:

<<Tyo r {Ptz - QuT - Euto>>

--knowledge of the science of music conduces to Bliss Divine. Beethoven (1770-1827),
the great composer of Europe called music a revelation higher than all science and philosophy.

The student of mathematics will find the practical application of many of the concepts, series,
progressions and formulae of mathematics, in music. The primordial scale of Indian music was
found to take notes of correct and well recognised musical intervals. In the same manner there is
an order of rhythm in all things pertaining to nature. There is rhythm in the movements of stellar
bodies. There is rhythm in the pulse of the hand. In music all the rhythmical forms have been
originated on accurate mathematical basis.

It is the duty of every loyal Indian citizen to take proper steps to keep this sacred Fine Art,
Music in tact and to pass on to the next generations in the same manner like our ancestors.

While R ga and T a are the two main divisions of Indian Music containing its own lak a na
of each the T a, in its Lak a n a, consists of ten elements which are "T ada apr as". K la,
M rga, Kriya, A ga, Graha, J ti, Ka a, Laya, Yati and Prast ra.

<<z|u o oz owN o
ott{ u o owz>>
As mentioned above by the Jaina Monk, V can c rya Sudh kala a in his Sanskrit work
namely "Sa g t pani ats r ddh ra" - 22nd l ka-Chapter-II-written in 1350 A.D., among the
ten elements the tenth element, Prast ra, though many are not aware of it, is the only source of all
the rhythmical forms of universe. In fact, all kinds of rhythmical forms could be obtained only by
this element and all these rhythmical forms are having serial numbers of origin and basing upon
these serial numbers of origin only the authenticity of any rhythmical form could be identified.

For example in the T as of Karn aka-music :

41 is the serial number of di-t a (422),
3 -do- R paka-t a (24),
21 -do- Triputa-t a (322),
193 -do- Jhampa-t a (712) and
3 -do- Trisra-r paka-t a (23)

vi
 and in the T as of Hindust ni-music :
2057 is the serial number of T nt l or Trit l (484),
1 -do- Jhapt l (253),
67 -do- D dra(6),
649 -do- kt l (4422),
517 -do- D ptcandi (374),
529 -do- Dam r (554),
547 -do- A -caut l (2444) and
1053 -do- Gaja-Jhampa (474).
But, while furnishing these serial numbers of T as, there is every scope of furnishing incorrect
serial numbers if the author does not take proper care by checking them thoroughly. So, to avoid
the embarrassment of furnishing any incorrect serial number for any T a, many authors of books
on music have very conveniently skipped off these serial numbers but furnished many T as of
their own fancy even without any serial numbers which lead to the different versions of T gas
for a single T a and vice-versa.
In the annals of our music literature P r vad va of 13 century was the first person to furnish
serial numbers for nearly 50 T as (furnished in the end of this book) in his book,
"Sa g tasamayas ra(Sanskrit)" out of which 10 numbers are found incorrect. The second book is
"G yakal canam (Telugu)" written and published in 1902 by Tacc r Si gar c rya Bros., in which
around 160 T as (furnished in the end of this book) are furnished along with new names, serial
numbers and T gas out of which around 50 numbers are found incorrect. The incorrectness
of these above serial numbers is found with the help of the easy method "Uddi a" of this element,
Prast ra. In all other books no such serial numbers are furnished and in the absence of these serial
numbers there is no scope of determining the authenticity of any T a cited in them.
In 1957, having come across several tables with figures in the T a chapter of
"G yakal canam", even without any definitions, and somehow guessing, by intuition, the latent
treasure thereof I had a deep desire to bring out, what had been hitherto in dark, into light with
indefatigable spirit. My pursuit since 1957 to find a person having profound knowledge in this
subject, ended successfully in 1963 when I found an exponent on this chapter of T a in Late
Uppalap i A kaiah who was my colleague. He expressed his deep anguish for not having cared
and bestowed any interest to learn much more about this in his teens from his father who could
taught him only different modes of permutation of T a-prast ra. He was very kind enough to
teach me the various modes of permutation and affectionately showered his blessings upon me for
my success in this Him layan task of expounding all the hidden clues of this element. Later, though
I have gone through many of the ancient and recent publications written in Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil,
Hindi and English wherein, unfortunately, no clues were revealed clearly, I was unable to understand
even one hundredth of the original matter; but in my continued research, only by the grace of the
Almighty, the top clue of "NA A" flashed in my mind on 6-9-1969 and then after all the other
clues followed suit.
I am very grateful to Late Prof. P.S mbam rty who advised me to compile my research
papers into the form of a book and also blessed me with an invaluable Fore-word to the first
Telugu version, 'T aprast ras gara'.

vii
 I am thankful to ri Dw ram Bh van r yana R o, who had very carefully gone through this
book with great interest and enthusiasm and gave his precious opinion to the Telugu version.
I shall ever be grateful to :
Late Uppalap i A kaiah, my beloved Guru in this subject.
My beloved parents Late ke a Aswatthan r ya a M rty and Smt. Kanakam who taught
me this Sacred Fine Art, Music and encouraged me.
My wife, Chi. Sow. ke a K m wari, for her inspired co-operation given althrough my
extensive research work.

Sri Cherukupally P r nanda arma for the pains taken in giving a shape to this book both
in Telugu and English versions.

Sri K.L.N r ya a and ri M.S.N. arma for their co-operation in translating the Prast ra
portion of Sa g ta Ratn kara,
"Mah mah p dhy ya, Ra trabh a a" Dr. R.Sathyan r ya a, the internationally reputed
musicologist, who has incessantly been extending his very kind helping hand in so many ways like
coining the title in English for this work as 'Permutative genius in T a (-prast ra) in Indian Music',
consenting to include his English translation of Nartananir aya in this book, writing the 'Foreword'
with his unfathomable depth of knowledge etc., which I could never forget and

In compliance to Late Prof. P.S mbam rthy's advice I could compile my research material
on this topic in the form of a book during 1970 itself. But, since then, I have been adding on much
more valuable material obtained in my research re-writing and re-tuning this book in 1974, 1982,
1984, 1985 (the year of publication of the first Telugu version by A.P. Sangeeta Academy) 1987,
1988, 1989, 1992 (the year of publication of the first English version by the Telugu University,
Hyderabad) 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001.

Any lapses occurred in course of explaining this unfamiliar and intricate subject may kindly
be adjudged with an open mind and intimated to me for correction in the next edition.

I happily welcome those persons who inform and enlighten me about points relating to this
element, Prast ra, if any, for incorporating them in the future editions.

Hyderabad ke a Mallik rjuna arma

Date : 01-06-2001 Author

viii
 PROLOGUE

In our ancient books on Music ten elements are mentioned in the T a-chapter and they are
1.K la 2.M rga 3.Kriya 4.A ga 5.Graha 6.J ti 7.Ka a 8.Laya 9.Yati and 10.Prast ra. In this
book, I intend to deal with the tenth element i.e., Prast ra, giving, however, brief definitions of the
remaining nine elements about which some differences of opinion are prevailing.
To define briefly, Prast ra means the process of making different permutations and
combinations of the T gas on a systematic basis, avoiding iteration. Categorising according to
the number of A gas utilised in the process of the permutation, there are two kinds of modes of
permutation mentioned in the ancient treatises. They are 1.Catura ga-prast ra in which only four
A gas, namely Druta, Laghu, Guru and Pluta are used in the process of permutation of the A gas
pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only and 2.Pa nc ga-prast ra where in only five A gas, namely
Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru and Pluta are used in the process of permutation of the A gas other
than Catura ra-j ti. In those days K kap da was forbidden from usage, it being an A ga to be
rendered without producing any sound. But this omission does not seem reasonable as the then
authors themselves have mentioned in their books T as like Si hanandana having 128-units which
includes one K kap da, Prithviku n ali having 268-units including two K kap das, Indrakun ali
having 384 units including one K kap da and also some other T as along with K kap da. As
such, keeping the mathematical importance of K kap da in view, this is now included in the
processes of Catura ga and Panc ga-prast ras and thus transformed Panc ga and a a ga-
prast ras respectively only are prescribed in this book. Details are worked out and given applying
Panc ga-prast ra to the A gas of only Catura ra-j ti and a a ga-prast ra to the A gas of all
J tis including Catura ra-j ti. Apart from these kinds of modes of permutation another mode of
permutation called 'Sa yukt ga-prast ra' which is of recent past and so vast that in addition to
all the permutations derived in the processes of Panc ga and a a ga-prast ras, innumerable
other permutations also derive in the process of this permutation, is also furnished, (Now, this is
being called ' a ga-prast ra', but it is not correct. This name ' a ga-prast ra' is proper
if this process of permutation is applied to the A gas pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only; and this
name should have to be changed whenever the J ti is changed. The correct name of this mode of
permutation is 'Sa yukt ga-prast ra' as interlaced A gas written one above the other are also
used in this process of permutation).
The figures of all the different tables in this book are worked out upto 12-units and furnished.
If necessary, further figures may be obtained following the respective procedure.
To make this very rare and complicated topic easy to the readers a number of examples are
furnished in detail wherever necessary. The vital aspects, Na a, Uddi a and Kalita, of this element,
which are very interesting and useful at all times and which have never been elaborated clearly in
any book, are furnished in detail, with the help of more than hundred different examples to make
them easy to understand, digest, assimilate, remember and follow to the reader. For ready reference

ix
the Sanskrit versions of the relevant portions of prast ra pertaining to Sa g ta Ratn kara (97
l kas starting from 312th to 408th of T dhy ya) and Nartananirnaya (35 l kas starting from
196th to 230th of T aprakarana) are also furnished in this book along with free English translation
and the major reforms made accordingly by the author in the different old texts.
In the annals of music literature, till now, only two books, Sa g tasamayas ra (12th century)
and G yakal canam (1902), in which serial numbers, having natural link with the series of A gas,
are furnished, are found. Those T as also are furnished in this book along with the correct versions,
wherever necessary.
UTILISATION : This element of prast ra is highly useful for not only percussionists but also
vocalists and instrumentalists. This helps the musicians to prove the authenticity of any rhythmical
form with the help of its serial number and in obtaining all the different mathematical combinations
to use them in practical music. There are two kinds of prast ras:

1. Prast ras having scientific origin which can also be rendered (all the T as having the
same value of J ti for all the constituent A gas and devoid of Sa yukt gas come under this
category. Example : 35 T as etc.).

2. Prast ras having scientific origin but cannot be rendered (all the prast ras containing
Sa yukt gas also in combination with two or more A gas like Druta-vir ma or Laghu-druta or
Pluta-laghu-druta-vir ma or K kap da-dvi-druta etc., written one above the other and also having
different value of J ti for the constituent A gas, come under this category. Example : arabhanandana
T a etc.).

In Sa yukt ga-prast ra in the process of permutation of an A ga of sixteen-units

(K kap da-laghu-vir ma of Trisra-j ti-3; K kap da of Catura ra-j ti-4; Pluta-vir ma of Kha a-
j ti-5; Guru-dvi-druta of Divya-sa k r a-j ti-6; Guru-druta of Mi ra-j ti-7; Guru of Mi ra-
sa k r a-j ti-8; Laghu-tri-druta-vir ma of Sa k r a-j ti-9; Laghu-tri-druta of D ya-sa k r a-
j ti-10; Laghu-dvi-druta of Mi ra-d ya-sa k r a-j ti-12; Laghu of D ya- uddha-sa k r a-j ti-
16-either of them pertaining to 16-units only) 32,768 varieties of prast ras only derive and they
include the prast ras 6595 of Catura ra-j ti pertaining to Panc ga-prast ra, 12975 of Trisra-j ti
5294 of Catura ra-j ti, 3221 of Kha a-j ti, 2412 of Divya-sa k r a-j ti, 2031 of Mi ra-j ti,
1834 of Mi ra-sa k r a-j ti, 1727 of Sa k r a-j ti, 1668 of D ya-sa k r a-j ti, 1617 of
Mi ra-d ya-sa k r a-j ti and 1598 of D ya- uddha-sa k r a-j ti pertaining to a a ga-
prast ra. It will be interesting and colourful if some of these varieties of rhythmical forms are
translated and sung in Swara-improvisions. Some examples of them are furnished here.

In each of the following combinations the series of units is furnished in the first line along with
its serial number in the right extreme, the corresponding Mrda ga-j ti in the second line which
could be repeated thrice to utilise it as 'Mukt yi or Tih i' and the corresponding notation in the last
three lines which could be sung in Swara-improvisation.

x
APPLICATION OF THE COMBINATIONS :

The notation of the following combinations is set to Sama-graha Pallavi of the Kriti
"Sar jada an tri- ankar bhara a-r ga- di-t a- y ma stry" in which each one of them starts
from the 5th Kriya in the medium tempo and starts from the 3rd Kriya in slow tempo.

In the series of units :

'1' denotes Anudruta,
'2' denotes Druta,
'3' denotes Laghu of Trisra-j ti or Druta-vir ma of other remaining j tis,
'4' denotes Laghu-vir ma of Trisra-j ti or Laghu of Catura ra-j ti or Dvi-druta of other remaining
j tis and
'5' denotes Laghu-druta of Trisra-j ti or Laghu-vir ma of Catura ra-j ti or Laghu of Kha a-
j ti or Dvi-druta-vir ma of other remaining j tis.
In M ida ga-jati : 't' should be pronounced as 'ta'(o); 't' as ' a'(b); 'k' as 'ka'(N); 'k' as
'ki'(uN); and 'd' as 'dhi'. (u)

In notation :

's' stands for 'sa' ()

'r' stands for 'ri or re' (u z)

'g' stands for 'ga' (T)

'm' stands for 'ma' ()

'p' stands for 'pa' ()

'd' stands for 'dha' () and

'n' stands for 'ni' (u)

's' carries '1-unit' and 'S' '2-units' of time

xi
1. 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 32037
t; d; t; d, t k t k t
; ; ; n, n d
; ; n; d, n d p
; n; d; p, g m p d n

2. 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 32110
t d, t d, t d, t, t k t k t
, n, d p, d, n d
, n d, p m, p, n d p
n, d p, m g, m, g m p d n

3. 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 - 23406
t d, t d, t d, t d, t d, t
r s, g r, m g, p m, d p, m
g r, m g, p m, d p, n d, p
m g, p m, d p, n d, n,

4. 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 32768
t k t t k t t k t t k t k t k t
n n d n d n d
n n d n d p d p n d p
n d n d p d p m p m g m p d n

5. 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 31988
t k d; t k t d; t k t k t
; n; n d
n; n d; n d p
n d; n d p; g m p d n

6. 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 32248
t k t d, k t t k d, t k t k t
g m p m, r g m p m, s r g m p
m p d p, g m p d p, r g m p d
p d n d, m p d n d, g m p d n

7. 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 - 30688
t k t k t d, k t t k d, t k t
r g m p d p, g m p d p, g m p
g m p d n d, m p d n d, m p d
m p d n n, p d n s n, p d n

xii
8. 1 2 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 - 31710
t d, t k d, t k t d, k t t k
p d, m p d, g m p d, r g m p
d n, p d n, m p d n, g m p d
n , d n , p d n , m p d n

9. 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 - 1 - 24048
k t t k d, t k t d, t k d, t
r g m p d, g m p d, m p d, p
g m p d n, m p d n, p d n, d
m p d n , p d n , d n s, n

10. 1 1 5 - 1 1 5 - 1 1 - 25028
t k d;; t k d;; t k
r g m;; g m p;; m p
g m p;; m p d;; p d
m p d;; p d n;; d n

11. 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 - 25544
t k t d,; t k t d,; t k
s r g m,; r g m p,; m p
r g m p,; g m p d,; p d
g m p d,; m p d n,; d n

12. 2 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 - 27567
d, t k d, d, t k d, d, t k
s, r g m, r, g m p, g, m p
r, g m p, g, m p d, m, p d
g, m p d m, p d n, p, d n

13. 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 - 31728
k t t k d, k t t k d, k t t k
p m g r g, d p m g m, r g m p
d p m g m, n d p m p, g m p d
n d p m p, n d p d, m p d n

14. 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 32508
t k d, k t t k d, t k k t t k
g m p, g r g m p, m g r g m p
m p d, m g m p d, p m g m p d
p d n, p m p d n, d p m p d n

xiii
15. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 - 28608
t k k t t k d, k t t k d, t k
g r s r g m p, s r g m p, m p
m g r g m p d, r g m p d, p d
p m g m p d n, g m p d n, d n

16. 3 2 - 3 2 - 3 2 - 1 - 21141
d; t, d; t, d; t, t
g; r, m;g, p; m, p
m; g, p; m, d; p, d
p; m, d; p, n; d, n

17. 2 3 - 2 3 - 2 3 - 1 - 19027
t, d; t, d; t, d; t
g, r; m, g; p, m; p
m, g; p, m; d, p; d
p, m; d, p; n, d; n

18. 2 1 2 - 2 1 2 - 2 1 2 - 1 - 23255
d, t d, d t d, d, t d, t
s, g r, r, m g, g, p m, p
r, m g, g, p m, m, d p, d
g, p m, m, d p, p, n d, n

19. 1 2 2 - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2 - 1 - 22198
t d, t, t d, t, t d, t, t
s g, r, r m, g, g p, m, p
r m, g, g p, m, m d, p, d
g p, m, m d, p, p n, d, n

20. 1 1 3 - 1 1 3 - 1 1 3 - 1 - 20084
t k d; t k d; t k d; t
s g r; r m g; g p m; p
r m g; g p m; m d p; d
g p m; m d p; p n d; n

21. 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 - 24312
t k t d, t k t d, t k t d, t
s g r r, r m g g, g p m m, p
r m g g, g p m m, m d p p, d
g p m m, m d p p, p n d d, n

xiv
22. 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 - 29128
, t k d ;, t k d ;, t k t
, s r g ;, r g m ;, g m p
, r g m ;, g m p ;, m p d
, g m p ;, m p d ;, p d n

23. 1 1 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 3 - 1 1 1 - 29648
, t k t d; t k t d; t k t
, s r g m; r g m p; g m p
, r g m p; g m p d; m p d
, g m p d; m p d n; p d n

24. 1 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 - 30168
, t k d, d, t k d, d, t k t
, s r g, m, r g m, p, g m p
, r g m, p, g m p, d, m p d
, g m p, d, m p d, n, p d n

25. 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 32768
, t k t k t t k t k t t k t k t
, s r g m p r g m p d g m p d n
, r g m p d g m p d n m p d n
, g m p d n m p d n p d n

xv
 IMPORTANT TECHNICAL - TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS & SIGNS

1. 'A' - 'U' - Anudruta - AP - Anudruta-permutation

or AEP - Anudruta-ending-permutation
' ' ADP - Anudruta-devoid-permutation
ACP - Anudruta-containing-permutation
AAEP - All-anudruta-ending-permutation

2. 'D' - 'O' - Druta - DP - Druta-permutation

DEP - Druta-ending-permutation
DDP - Druta-devoid-permutation
DCP - Druta-containing-permutation
ADEP - All-druta-ending-permutation

3. 'L' - 'I' - Laghu - LP - Laghu-permutation

LEP - Laghu-ending-permutation
LDP - Laghu-devoid-permutation
LCP - Laghu-containing-permutation
ALEP - All-laghu-ending-permutation

4. 'G' - 'S' - Guru - GP - Guru-permutation

GEP - Guru-ending-permutation
GDP - Guru-devoid-permutation
GCP - Guru-containing-permutation
AGEP - All-guru-ending-permutation

5. 'P' - ' ' - Pluta - PP - Pluta-permutation

PEP - Pluta-ending-permutation
PDP - Pluta-devoid-permutation
PCP - Pluta-containing-permutation
APEP - All-pluta-ending-permutation

6. 'K' - '+' - K kap da - KP - K kap da-permutation

KEP - K kap da-ending-permutation
KDP - K kap da-deviod-permutation
KCP - K kap da-containing-permutation
AKEP - All-k kap da-ending-permutation

7. UEP - Unit(s)-permutation
UEP - Unit(s)-ending-permutation
UDP - Unit(s)-devoid-permutation
UCP - Unit(s)-containing-permutation

xvi
8. IAEP:- Identical-a ga-ending-permutation
9. BL:- Proxies of the bottom line
10. ILL:- Proxies of the immediate lower line
11. UL:- Proxies of the upper line
12. SL:- Proxies of the same line
13. 'S':- Sa khya:- The total number of prast ras obtained in the process of permutation.
14. 'M' :- Mah p t a :- The total number of A gas used in the process of permutation.
15. SM-figure:- The total of the figures of both Sa khya and Mah p t a together.
16. SF:- In Panc ga, a a ga and Sa yukt ga-prast ras Druta, Anudruta and figure '1' are
the inferior (least) ones respectively and all the remaining are superior ones. In a series of
A gas of a prast ra the inferior A gas are originated by the un-deducted figures of Sa khya.
The total of the figures of Sa khya which are successfully substracted and originated superior
A gas is called 'Superiors' - figure', and this is used in Uddi a.
17. MN- The exact middle number of the prast ras for the odd-number of Sa khya and the
Anul ma-serial-number of the prast ras of the last prast ra of the first - half for the even -
number of Sa khya is called the prast ra of the 'Midmost-number or mid - number (MN)'
and this should always be excluded while counting the upper or lower numbers of prast ras
of the MN. This is of two kinds and they are :
(i) Madhyar pa-uparisthita: the prast ra above the MN.
(ii) Madhyar pa-adhahsthita: the prast ra below the MN.
18. Prast ra :- Process of permutation.
19. Catura ga - prast ra :- Quadrivalent - permutation
20. Panc ga - prast ra :- Pentavalent - permutation
21. a a ga - prast ra :- Hexavalent or Sexivalent - permutation
22. Sa yukt ga - prast ra :- Synaptic - permutation
23. Akha a - prast ra :- General - permutation
24. Kha a - prast ra :- Divisional - permutation
25. H na - prast ra :- Devoid - permutation
26. Yukta - prast ra :- Containing - permutation
27. Anul ma - prast ra :- Obverse - permutation
28. Vil ma - prast ra :- Reverse - permutation
29. General-key-rule: While writing 'Sa khya' of all the tables of general permutation and for
the lowest-lines of all the tables of A gas of divisional permutation figure '1' should invariably
be written to the left of the extreme left house.
30. Proxies :- In this element of Prast ra several tables containing figures are to be written
which furnish the details of various innumerable prast ras obtained in the process of
permutation. But to avoid the laborious process of permutation, certain easy methods are
explained to write these figures basing upon the figures of particularly specified preceding
houses (but not of the succeeding houses at all), which classify and represent the Anudruta-
ending-permutations (AEPs), Druta-ending-permutations (DEPs), Laghu-ending-
permutations (LEPs) and so on, thus classifying the prast ras basing upon the T gas

xvii
 remaining in the extreme right of each prast ra. The numbers of these specified preceding
houses, which here-in-after are called 'PROXIES', play an indispensable role in this element.
In Pa nc ga-prast ra where in only five T gas ie., Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and
K kap da are used in the process of permutation, there are only five 'Proxies' viz., 1,2,4,6
& 8 representing the respective A ga-ending-permutations of the above five A gas
respectively (it may be noted that A gas pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only could be permuted
in Panc ga-prast ra wherein Druta is the least A ga) and in a a ga-prast ra wherein all
the six A gas i.e., Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta & K kap da are used in the process
of permutation the six 'Proxies' representing the respective A ga-ending-permutations of
these above six A gas are :-
1- 2 - 3 -06 - 9 - 12 - for Trisra-j ti,
1- 2 - 4 -08 - 12 - 16 - for Catura ra-j ti,
1- 2 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - for Kha a-j ti,
1- 2 - 7 - 14 - 21 - 28 - for Mi ra-j ti and
1- 2 - 9 - 18 - 27 - 36 - for Sa k r a-j ti and
in Sa yukt ga-prast ra, where in addition to these above six A gas, the other synaptic
A gas are also used, all the preceding consecutive houses are 'Proxies'. While 1&2 are
common to all modes of permutation it should be remembered that in Panc ga-prast ra all
the remaining proxies are multiples of '2', in a a ga-prast ra, all the remaining proxies are
the multiples of '3' in Trisra-j ti, '4' in Catura ra-j ti, '5' in Kha a-j ti, '7' in Mi ra-j ti and
'9' in Sa k r a-j ti and in Sa yukt ga-prast ra all the numbers serially and consecutively
are the 'Proxies' and always the specific mention of these above figures, '2,3,4,5,7,9 & 1'
indicates the relation of the concerned respectively. If needed the relevant details of all other
Vi a-j tis, Divya-sa k r a-j ti (6), Mi ra-sa k r a-j ti (8), D ya-sa k r a-j ti (10),
Mi ra-d ya-sa k r a-j ti (12) and D ya- uddha-sa k r a-j ti (16) could also be
obtained basing upon the multiples of their respective proxies in the same manner.
31. Un-deducted proxy : This is of two kinds.
(a) At the starting point of the process of deducting the respective proxies, either in the
beginning or in the middle of the process, if any proxy could not be subtracted from the
remainder, being a figure bigger than the remainder, such figure is called the 'un-deducted-
proxy' (udp-Apatita-Euoo), by which we always get the least A ga only.
(b) Immediately, after a successful subtraction of a proxy, if the immediate next consecutive
proxy is not subtracted from the remainder, being a figure bigger than the remainder, such
figure is called the 'left-off-proxy' (lop-Visarjita-uu\|o), by which we will not get any A ga
at all.
32. Indicative figures of the examples : In this book while furnishing the examples of various
problems of Na a, Uddi a and Kalita, several questions relating to different permutations
are furnished along with their respective methods of answering them to make all these
problems easy to understand. Application of these figures pertaining to those permutations
are given here under :

xviii
 Akha a- Kha a- Particulars
prast ra prast ra
(Nos. of the figures)
1 1 Indicative number of the mode of permutation
(i.e., 2,3,4,5,7,9 & 1)
2 2 Unit-value of the permutation in figures
_ 3 Proxy-number of the table concerned which
represents the respective A ga
_ 4 Devoid or containing numbers of the respective A gas
3 5 Sa khya
4 6 Serial numbers of the prast ra for Na a or Kalita
OR
Series of the A gas of the prast ra for Uddi a
Example : Akha a-prast ra :- 2-12-632-1---Among them the first figure '2' represents the
Panc ga-prast ra, the second figure '12' represents the 12-Druta-permutation, the third
figure '632' represents the respective Sa khya and the last figure '1' represents the 1st prast ra,
Kha a-prast ra :- 2-12-1-0-29-12------ Among them, the first figure 2, as above, indicates
the Panc ga - prast ra, the second figure '12', as above, indicates the 12-Druta-permutation,
the third figure '1' indicates the first-proxy of Druta, the fourth figure '0' indicates the Druta-
devoid-permutations, the fifth figure '29' indicates the Sa khya of the Druta-devoid-
permutations of 12-DP and the sixth figure '12' indicates the 12th prast ra.
33. Groups of combinative A gas :- In the table of the combinative A gas vertical lines should
be drawn to each of the independent A gas and also to the combinations of two, three, four,
five and six A gas. In respect of these groups of combinative A gas while there are '1' group
ending with Druta, '2' with Laghu, '4' with Guru, '8' with Pluta and '16' with K kap da, thus
doubling each time making a total of (1+2+4+8+16=) '31' pertaining to the Panc ga-
prast ra there are '1' group ending with Anudruta, '2' with Druta, '4' with Laghu, '8' with
Guru, '16' with Pluta and '32' with K kap da, thus doubling each time making a total of
(1+2+4+8+16+32=) '63' pertaining to the a a ga -prast ra. This total number varies
each time in respect of Sa yukt ga prast ra depending upon the requirement of units.
These details are furnished in the 'List of Combinative-a gas' of this book.
34. '' :- In the places needed the figures of the lower lines are indicated with a small horizontal
(-) line beneath the figure.
35. Anul ma and Vil ma serial numbers:- In order to obtain the corresponding serial number
from Anul ma-serial-number to Vil ma-serial-number or vice-versa of Sa khya, subtract
the question number of the prast ra from the respective Sa khya and add figure '1' to the
remainder.
36. A gas and figures:- To make the matters more easier to the reader to follow and understand,
the details of Sa yukt ga-prast ra are furnished in terms of figures which could be
transliterated into A gas if needed.

lelelel

xix
 CONTENTS
Page
Fore-word by Dr.R. Sathyan r ya a i
Preface v
Prologue v
Important technical terms, abbreviations & signs xvi
Contents xx
List of Tables, Diagrams etc., xxii

CHAPTER-1
TEN ELEMENTS OF T L
1.1 K la ... ... 1
1.2 M rga ... ... 1
1.3 Kriya ... ... 2
1.4 A ga ... ... 3
1.5 Graha ... ... 3
1.6 J ti ... ... 3
1.7 Ka a ... ... 4
1.8 Laya ... ... 4
1.9 Yati ... ... 4
1.10 Prast ra ... ... 4

CHAPTER - 2
PRAST RA
2.1 Modes of prast ra ... ... 7
2.2 Divisions of prast ra ... ... 7
2.3 Rules for the process of prast ra ... ... 8
2.3.1. Akha a - prast ra ... ... 9
2.3.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra ... ... 9
2.3.1.2. Vil ma-prast ra ... ... 9
2.3.2. Kha a - prast ra ... ... 10
2.4 Tables of A gas and their application ... ... 10

CHAPTER - 3
APPLICATION OF PRAST RA

3.1 Pa nc ga-prast ra ... ... 15

3.1.1. Akha a - prast ra ... ... 15
3.1.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra ... ... 15
3.1.1.2. Vil ma-prast ra ... ... 15
T.1. Table of general permutations ... ... 16
1. Sa khya ... ... 16
2. Mah p t a ... ... 16
3.1.2. Kha a - prast ra ... ... 17
3.1.2.1. H na-prast ra ... ... 17
3.1.2.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra ... ... 17
3.1.2.1.2. Vil ma-prast ra ... ... 18

xx
 3.1.2.2. Yukta-prast ra ... ... 18
3.1.2.2.1. Anul ma-prast ra ... ... 18
3.1.2.2.2. Vil ma-prast ra ... ... 19
T.2. Table of Druta (Druta-m ru) ... ... 20
T.3. Table of Laghu (Laghu-m ru) ... ... 22
T.4. Table of Guru (Guru-m ru) ... ... 23
T.5. Table of Pluta (Pluta-m ru) ... ... 23
T.6. Table of K kap da (K kap da-m ru) ... ... 24
T.7. Table of Combinative-a gas (Sa y ga-m ru) ... ... 24

3.2 a a ga-prast ra ... ... 30

3.3 Sa yukt ga-prast ra ... ... 31
CHAPTER-4
NA A, UDDI A & KALITA
4.1 Na a ... ... 34
4.2. Uddi a ... ... 62
4.3 Kalita ... ... 73
CHAPTER-5
RELEVANT OLD SANSKRIT TEXTS FOLLOWED BY FREE ENGLISH
TRANSLATION
5.1 Sanskrit text of T aprast ra from Sa g ta
Ratn kara written by Nih a ka S r gad va ... ... 86
5.1.1. Free English translation ... ... 89

5.2 Sanskrit text of T aprast ra from Nartananir aya

written by Pa ar ka Vi tthala ... ... 94
5.2.1. Free English translation ... ... 95

CHAPTER - 6
T LA PRAST RA-A CRITIQUE
6.1. Details of treatises ... ... 98
6.2. Modes of permutation ... ... 100
6.3. Allocation of divisions of prast ra ... ... 101
6.4. Rules of the process of prast ra ... ... 102
6.5. The process of arriving at the figures of tables ... ... 102
6.6. P t a and Mah p t a ... ... 102
6.7. Akha a-na a & Uddi a ... ... 104
6.8. Akha a-kalita ... ... 104
6.9. Table of Druta (Druta-m ru) ... ... 105
6.10. Table of Combinative-a gas (Sa y ga-m ru) ... ... 105
6.11 Kha a-na a, Uddi a & Kalita ... ... 105
6.12. S a gas - A critique ... ... 111

CHAPTER-7
T LAS WITH SERIAL NUMBERS
T as furnished with serial numbers ... ... 115
7.1 T as furnished in 'Sa g ta Samayas ra' ... ... 116
7.2 T as furnished in 'G yakal canam' ... ... 118
Glossary to the technical - terms ... ... 164

xxi
 LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAMS ETC.

Page

1. Division of prast ra 6
2. Proxies of different modes of permutation 13
3. Proxies of different tables 14
4. Examples of Na a, Uddi a & Kalita 32
5. Kalita-8 DP-Brief version 74
6. Kalita-8 DP-Detailed version 75
7. Kalita-8 DP-Brief & detailed versions 76
8. Kalita-12 DP-DDP-Brief version 79
9. Kalita-12 DP-DDP-Detailed version 79
10. Kalita-12 DP-DDP-Brief & detailed versions 80
11. Kalita-8 DP-2 DCP-Brief version 83
12. Kalita-8 DP-2 DCP-Detailed version 83
13. Kalita-8 DP-2 DCP-Brief & detailed versions 84
14. Modified version of Catura ga-akha a-prast ra 103
15. Modified version of Catura ga Druta-m ru 106
16. List of Combinative-a gas 107
17. Samud y nga-m ru of G yakal canam 109
18. Modified version of Sa y ga-m ru 110
19. Table of General - permutation - Trisra-j ti-Pa nc ga-
said to have been written by Sy ma S stry himself. 113
20. Serial numbers of 35 T as 114
21. Examples of different permutations 124
22. Tables of different permutations 139

olplplolololo

xxii
 CHAPTER - 1
TEN ELEMENTS OF T LA
In South Indian Music the chapters of R ga and T a are very complex and elaborate.
Between them, the system of T a is more difficult and complicated. It is unparalleled in any
system of music in the world. The various time measures used by all the nations of the world put
together form only a small fraction of the innumerable varieties of rhythm used in South Indian
Music.
The T a is divided into ten elements and they are : 1.K la 2.M rga 3.Kriya 4.A ga 5.Graha
6.J ti 7.Ka a 8.Laya 9.Yati 10.Prast ra

1.1. K LA (N)
This element is defined as the mode of measuring the duration of Kriya i.e., any act used to
demonstrate or manifest the time quantity. It connotes the (uniform) speed with which the musical
(or dance) event is executed over each division of the T a cycle. Such speed i.e., the rate at
which elements of a musical (or dance) event occur per unit time, is said to be first, second, third
etc., depending on whether the event is executed at the initial, doubled or quadrupled rate i.e.,
whether the same event is executed in a given duration or in half or quarter of the original duration.
Thus K la (musical speed) changes by progressive doubling.
The unit time for reckoning K la is M tra. In order to accommodate elastic use and subjective
variation, the M tra is given in stra a flexible definition.
1. The M tra is taken as the total duration of uttering the five short syllables 'Ka, Ca, a, Ta
and Pa'.
"Panca-laghu- ak ar cc ra - mita m tr ha kathyat " - r gad va's Sa g ta Ratn kara,
5.16.
This value is adopted in M rga T as. Since Laghu (short) syllables are involved, the span
is called Laghu. This also is approximately of the duration of a second.
2. It is equated to 'Nim ak la' i.e., the time required to close and open the eyes naturally.

"Nim ak l m tra H h" - Ka nidhi (commentary of Kallin tha) on r gad va's Sa g ta

Ratn kara, 5.15. (Gods are called 'Animi as' because they do not blink; others are 'Nimi as'
because their eyes open and close).
This is taken roughly equal to a second and so M tra roughly corresponds to the objective
duration of a second.
3. In D i T as, however, the Laghu had a variable value; its M tra could be of 4,5 or 6 units.
This was finally standardised to a duration of a 4 units and is so used. This Laghu is hence
called Catura ra while the one of three units is called Trisra.
1.2. M RGA (T|)
M rga means extent or measure. It measures the magnitude of the organs of T a such as
Druta, Laghu etc. Its measuring device is M tra or K la. It is not merely the total quantity of time
but must include Kriya i.e., the act of performing T a also. In other words K la, which is of the

1
form of a group of Kriyas is M rga. The word M rga is appropriate to this vital element because
it indicates the root taken in time to arrive at the destination by manipulation of other elements.
Acyutar ya prescribed 8, 4, 2 & 1 M tra-durations respectively for the M rgas, Dak i a,
V rtika, Citra and Citratara. He further described the durations of Druta and Anudruta respectively
for Citra-tama and Ati-citra-tama M rgas.
1.3. KRIYA (uN)
Kriya is the manual act used to demonstrate or manifest the quantity of each organ, the
structure and the quantity of the Cycle ( varta) of a T a which are borne in the mind for their
physical manifestation. Kriyas are separately described for M rga and D i T as. These are
divided into sounded (Sa abda) and silent (Ni
H h abda) Kriyas. Beat, finger snapping, clapping are
examples of the former while counting, waving of the hand are examples of the latter.
I. M rga-kriyas :

(a) Nih abda-kriyas :

H
1. v pa : Counting of the time duration by folding the fingers of the hand facing
upwards.
2. Ni kr ma : Counting of the time duration by unfolding the fingers of the hand facing
down-wards.
3. Vik pa : Moving the hand towards right.
4. Prav a : Bringing it back.
(b) Sa abda-kriyas :
1. Dhruva : Producing sound with the thumb and the middle-finger.
2. amya : Striking on the right-hand palm with the left-hand palm.
3. T a : Striking on the left-hand palm with the right-hand palm.
4. Sannip ta : Clapping with both the hands facing each other.
II. D ya-kriyas :

(a) Ni
H h abda-kriyas :
1. Sarpi i : Moving the hand towards left like a flag with the palm facing downwards.
2. Kr a : Moving it towards right.
3. Padmini : Bringing it downwards towards the front side.
4. Visarjita : Waving it outwards turning the palm upwards.
5. Vik ipta : Bringing it towards self closing-in the fingers.
6. Pat ka : Raising the hand upwards like a flag.
7. Patita : Bringing it down like a flag.

2
(b) Sa abda-kriya :
1. Dhruvaka : A beat of the hand.
1.4. A GA (ET)
A ga means organ. This element describes the structure of the T a in terms of the various
divisions each of which is marked by an account of beat. The A ga of T a also means the number
and order of its structural units. These are Anudruta containing single-unit duration, Druta having
double-unit duration; and while Laghu carries varying duration basing upon the unit-values of J ti,
other remaining Guru, Pluta and K kap da carry 2, 3 & 4 times of the duration of Laghu
respectively.
1. Anudruta : "U" is the sign of Anudruta. This should be rendered with the help of D ya-
kriya, Dhruvaka and its synonyms are Ardhacandra, Vya njana, Anun sika, Avyakta and
Vir ma.
2. Druta : "O" is the sign of Druta. This should be rendered with the help of Dhruvaka and
Visarjita of D ya-kriyas and its synonyms are Ardham tra, Vy ma, Bindu, Valaya, Vrtta
and Kham.
3. Laghu : "I" is the sign of Laghu. This should be rendered with the help of Dhruvaka followed
by counting fingers for maintaining the different units of time of J ti and its synonyms are
M tra, Sara a, Hrasva, Ka a and ara.
4. Guru : "S" is the sign of Guru. This should be rendered with the help of Dhruvaka and Patita
each followed by counting fingers for maintaining the units of time of J ti and its synonyms
are Dvim tra, Vakra, K a, Yama a and D rgha.
5. Pluta : " " is the sign of Pluta. This should be rendered with the help of Dhruvaka, Sarpi i
and Kr a each followed by counting fingers for maintaining the units of time of J ti and its
synonyms are Sam dbhava, D pta, Trya ga and Trim tra.
6. K kap da : "+" is the sign for K kap da. This should be rendered with the help of Sarpi i,
Kr a, Pat ka and Patita, it being an absolute Ni H h abda-a ga, each followed by counting
fingers for maintaining the units of time of J ti and its synonyms are Hamsap da, Ni
H h abda,
Caturlaghu and Caturm tra.
1.5. GRAHA (T)
Graha is the position of attack i.e., mutual relation between the commencement of the T a
cycle and the commencement of the melody line. This is of two kinds. It is said to be Sama if both
positions of commencement coincide i.e., if the melody line commences at the commencement of
the T a cycle itself. It is said to be Vi ama otherwise. This is again of two kinds. It is An gata if
the melody line commences after the T a cycle has commenced. It is At ta if the melody line
commences first.
1.6. J TI (\uo)
J ti defines the quantity of the T a cycle by defining the quantity of Laghu. There are five
Laghu-j tis. They are : Trisra, Catura ra, Kha a, Mi ra and Sa k r a and have the time quantities
of 3, 4, 5, 7 & 9 units respectively. Rarely other Laghu-j tis such as Divya-sa k r a, Mi ra-

3
sa k r a, D ya-sa k r a, Mi ra-d ya-sa k r a and D ya- uddha-sa k r a containing 6, 8,
10, 12 & 16 units respectively are also used. Synonyms of all these ten J tis are Svarga-laghu (3),
Manu ya-laghu (4), D ya-laghu (5), Hamsa-laghu (7), Citra-laghu (9), Divya-laghu (6), Simha-
laghu (8), Var a-laghu (10), V dya-laghu (12), and Karn aka-laghu (16) respectively. The
different units of Laghu-j tis should be maintained by counting fingers of the same hand followed
by the starting Kriya.

1.7. KA A (Np)

Ka a defines the quantity of time possesses by the entire cycle or varta of a T a. While
the original quantity of such time is called. "Yath k ara" or " ka-ka a", twice of its quantity is
called "Dvika a" and twice of the quantity of "Dvi-ka a" is called "Catu ka a". Dvi-ka a and
Catu ska a are made use in M rga-t as in terms of Gurus only.
1.8. LAYA ()

Laya may be roughly translated as tempo which describes the speed of the melody line. It
is of 3 kinds : Druta, Madhya and Vilambita i.e., fast, medium and slow respectively. Sometimes
these tempi themselves are further sub-divided into the following 9 varieties, the names of which
are self-descriptive :

Vilambita -vilambita, Madhya -vilambita, Druta -vilambita

-do- -madhya -do- -madhya -do- -madhya

-do- -druta -do- -druta -do- -druta

1.9. YATI (uo)

Yati is roughly translated into English as 'Caesura'. It consists of forming different patterns in
melodic or word flow by arranging the pauses in various ways. This was done in two methods : (i)
manipulating the slow, middle and fast tempi in such a way as to arrive at the desired pattern and
(ii) arranging the T a organs of different sizes (heavy, light etc.) in such a way as to obtain the
required pattern. They are different approaches to the same aspect.

Early treatises describe three Yatis : Sama, r t vaha and G puccha. In Sama-yati the
density of flow is uniform in word or melody. In r t vaha-yati it commences small but gradually
enlarges like a river. G puccha (lit.cow's tail) is the opposite i.e., flow begins large but tapers off
at the end. Later treatises add three more : Mrda ga-yati having heavy A gas at the middle and
lighter A gas at the ends. This is also called 'Yavamadhya'. The opposite of this is called 'Pip lika
or V damadhya'. If two tempi frequently recur in a repeating T a-cycle, it is said to be Kharj rika-
yati. In Vi ama-yati there is no discernible pattern in the arrangement of tempi or organs.
1.10. PRAST RA (o)

Rhythmical forms are innumerable and they all are the derivatives of this element, Prast ra,
in which T gas are permuted into all possible combinations in a systematic process to avoid
repetition.
Taking the number of different T gas used in the process of permutation into account the
modes of permutation are divided into four kinds and they are : 1.Catura ga-prast ra 2.Panc ga-

4
prast ra 3. a a ga-prast ra and 4.Sa yukt ga-prast ra. Each one of these modes of permutation
has two main divisions namely 1.Akha a-prast ra and 2.Kha a-prast ra among which Kha a-
prast ra has two sub-divisions namely 1.H na-prast ra and 2.Yukta-prast ra. All these divisions
consist of two different processes of prast ra namely 1.Anul ma-prast ra and 2.Vil ma-prast ra
and two key-figures namely 1.Sa khya and 2.Mah p t a, which are the total number of prast ras
and the total number of T gas used in the process of permutation respectively.
Even without adopting the laborious process of permutation there are very interesting easy
methods to obtain the above two key-figures of Sa khya and Mah p t a and also to obtain the
'series of T gas of a particular serial number of prast ra in question', the 'serial number of a
prast ra in question containing a particular series of T gas' and the 'total number of all the
different T gas used upto a particular serial number of prast ra in question' which are named
as 'Na a, Uddi a and Kalita' respectively.
This element helps in obtaining the full details of all the various prast ras many of which are
highly useful also in Swara-improvisation.

yeyeyeyeyey

5
 1. DIVISIONS OF PRAST RA

PRAST RA

SA YUKT GA-PRAST RA

A A GA-PRAST RA

PANC GA-PRAST RA
U O II S S +
CATURA GA-PRAST RA

PA NC GA-PRAST RA

AKHA A-PRAST RA KHA A-PRAST RA

H NA YUKTA
PRAST RA PRAST RA

ANUL MA VIL MA
PRAST RA PRAST RA

SA KHYA MAH P T LA

6
 Chapter - 2
PRAST RA
Prast ra, the tenth element of rhythm, is more exhaustive and complicated than the remaining
nine elements. Prast ra means permuting the T gas or figures into all possible combinations
and each and every conceivable rhythmical form is derived from this element. Thus, this becomes
the encyclopaedic element of rhythm.
2.1. MODES OF PRAST RA
Depending upon the number of A gas used in the process of permutation, the modes of
prast ra are divided into four kinds.
1. Catura ga-prast ra : In this process of permutation four A gas, Druta, Laghu, Guru and
Pluta are used. This kind of permutation is prescribed for permuting the A gas pertaining to
Catura ra-j ti only, it being the even number. Catura ga-prast ra is mentioned in the ancient
books like Sa g ta Ratn kara and Sa g ta Darpa a.
2. Panc ga-prast ra : (a) In this process of permutation five A gas namely, Anudruta, Druta,
Laghu, Guru and Pluta are used. This kind of permutation is prescribed for permuting the
A gas pertaining to all the J tis containing odd numbers i.e., Trisra, Kha a, Mi ra and
Sa k r a. In addition to the above mentioned Catura ga-prast ra, this Panc ga-prast ra
is also mentioned in books like T ada apr aprad pika.
Note : The above two modes of Catura ga and Pa nc ga-prast ras are devoid of K kap da
(sound -less A ga) and the below mentioned three modes of Panc ga-prast ra, (b)
a a ga-prast ra and Sa yukt ga-prast ra are containing of K kap da. The figures of all
the tables of this book are calculated for these three modes of permutation given below and
if the figures of the above two modes are also desired the figures pertaining to K kap da of
them should be excluded.
(b) In this process of permutation five A gas namely Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da
are to be used and this kind of permutation is prescribed for permuting the A gas pertaining
to Catura ra-j ti only. This is only an addition of K kap da to the above mentioned
Catura ga-prast ra.
3. a a ga-prast ra : In this process of permutation all the six A gas namely Anudruta, Druta,
Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da are to be used. This process could be applied for permuting
the A gas of all the J tis consisting of the even and odd numbers alike. This too is an
addition of K kap da to the above mentioned Panc ga-prast ra (a) having been extended
to Catura ra-j ti also.
4. Sa yukt ga-prast ra : In this process of permutation, in addition to the usual six A gas
i.e., Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da, various other combinations of
two or more of these six A gas, formed by interlacing and writing one above the other, are
also used. The synonyms of this mode of permutation are 'Mi ram ga-prast ra and
Mi rit ga-prast ra'.
2.2. DIVISIONS OF PRAST RA
This element, prast ra has two main divisions and they are : 1.Akha a-prast ra (synonyms:
Nija-prast ra and Sarva-prast ra) in which A gas should be permuted following some stipulated

7
rules and regulations and 2.Kha a-prast ra in which A gas should be permuted following the
same rules as in Akha a-prast ra but observing some restrictions like devoid of a particular
A ga. Among them Kha a-prast ra has two sub-divisions and they are : 1.H na-prast ra in which
permutation should be made devoid of a particular A ga and 2.Yukta-prast ra in which permutation
should be made containing of a particular number of a particular A ga. The process of permutation
of all the above divisions is of two kinds and they are 1.Anul ma-prast ra in which the process of
permutation should be made in obverse order and 2.Vil ma-prast ra in which the process of
permutation should be made in reverse order.
Under all the above divisions various and innumerable prast ras derive upon mathematical
basis and to precisely know the details of all those prast ras two key-figures namely Sa khya and
Mah p t a are prescribed which represent the total number of the prast ras and the total number
of all the different A gas used in the process of permutation respectively.
There are very interesting easy methods to obtain the above two key-figures of Sa khya
and Mah p t a even without adopting the laborious process of permutation. Also there are three
more very important and useful easy methods named as Na a, Uddi a and Kalita by which
answers for 'the series of A gas of a particular number of prast ra in question', 'the serial number
of a prast ra containing a particular series of A gas in question' and 'the total number of all the
different A gas used in the process of permutation upto a particular number of prast ra in question'
could respectively be obtained very easily even without adopting the laborious process of
permutation.
Among them while Na a and Uddi a could be answered with the help of Sa khya, Kalita
could be answered with the help of both Sa khya and Mah p t a.
2.3. RULES FOR THE PROCESS OF PRAST RA
In order to easily understand and follow the process of permutation let us recollect the unit's
column, tenth's column etc., as is taught in general mathematics. These columns are counted and
read from the right towards left. For example, in the number 987654321, the figure:
'1' is in the units' column,
'2' is in the tenths' column,
'3' is in the hundreds' column,
'4' is in the thousands' column,
'5' is in the ten-thousands' column,
'6' is in the lakhs' column,
'7' is in the ten-lakhs' column,
'8' is in the crores' column,
'9' is in the ten-crores' column,
Note : For the purpose of permutation the A gas should always be cited and written only
from right towards the left observing the above columns.
Some rules and regulations are to be followed to write all the possible permutations and
combinations serially to avoid iteration and they are prescribed hereunder :

8
 2.3.1. AKHA A-PRAST RA
(General-permutation)
2.3.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra (obverse-permutation) :
1. The value of any prast ra should be cited in number of the least (inferior) A gas only occurring
in a particular mode of permutation and for the value of such prast ra, minimum possible
number of A gas only should be written in the 1st prast ra, carefully observing the relevant
rules and restrictions, if any. If two or more A gas are to be written in the 1st prast ra they
should be written anti-clockwise only in descending order of value from right to left of the
1st prast ra.
2. If there is more than one A ga in the prast ra, the permutable A ga at the extreme left should
at first be permuted.
3. If the A gas in the extreme left are so minute that they cannot further be permuted, the
immediate next permutable A ga to their right only should be permuted.
4. To permute an A ga write down the immediate lower A ga in value than of the upper A ga
in the same column.
5. After writing down the lower A ga than of the upper A ga, for the remainder, a suitable
independent A ga should be written to the left of the A ga already written. For this remainder,
if two or more A gas are to be written they should be written anti-clockwise only in
descending order of value to the left of the A ga already written.
6. If there are A gas to the left of the upper A ga the remainder-value of the permuted A ga
should be added to the total value of all the left-side A gas and a suitable A ga should be
written to the left of the A ga already written and if two or more A gas are to be written for
this total value they should be written anti-clockwise to the left of the A ga already written
in descending order of value.
7. The A gas, if any, which are at the right of the A ga being permuted, should be brought
down and written as they are in the same columns.
8. Carefully observing the relevant rules and restrictions, if any, the process of permutation
should be continued until all the A gas become so minute that none of them could further be
permuted.
9. Among all the prast ras the total value of all the A gas of each prast ra should always be
one and the same.
2.3.1.2. Vil ma-prast ra (reverse-permutation) :
Note : In Vil ma-prast ra the process of permutation of A gas should be made just in the
reverse order of Anul ma-prast ra mentioned above and this could easily be understood by
writing the Anul ma-prast ras in reverse order successively one below the other from the
last one to the first one.
1. In the 1st prast ra all the A gas of inferior value should only be written to the value of the
prast ra and in this process if different A gas are to be written they should always be written

9
 anti-clockwise i.e., from right to left, in ascending order of value carefully observing the
restrictions, if any.
2. From left to right the second of the A gas should only be permuted in reverse order into
possible superior A gas.
3. To permute an A ga in reverse order the immediate superior A ga should always be written
below the inferior A ga i.e., Druta below Anudruta, Laghu below Druta, figure '2' below '1',
figure '3' below '2' and so on following the restrictions, if any.
4. If the value of the superior A ga to be written exceeds the value of its upper A ga, including
the total value of its preceding A gas, without permuting this upper A ga, the next A ga of
its right should only be permuted.
5. After writing the superior A ga below the inferior A ga if the total value of the above inferior
A ga, including its preceding A gas, exceeds the value of the superior A ga one or more
least (inferior) A gas should be written for the difference of value anti-clockwise to the left
of the superior A ga, carefully observing the restrictions, if any.
6. All the A gas which are at the right side of the inferior A ga being permuted in reverse order
should always be brought down and written as they are in their respective columns.
7. This process of permutation in reverse order should always be continued until all the A gas
of the prast ra become possible superior ones.
8. Among all the prast ras the total value of all the A gas of each prast ra should always be
one and the same.
2.3.2. KHA A-PRAST RA
(Divisional-permutation)
The process of Kha a-prast ra should also be made following the same rules of Akha a-
prast ra mentioned above but observing some restrictions like devoid or containing a particular
A ga. This is of two kinds and they are namely 1. H na-prast ra(Devoid-permutation) in which
the process of permutation should be made devoid of a particular A ga and 2.Yukta-prast ra
(Containing-permutation) in which the process of permutation should be made containing a particular
number of a particular A ga as furnished in the examples.
2.4. TABLES OF A GAS AND THEIR APPLICATION
The detials of the two key-figures, Sa khya and Mah p t a of all modes of permutation are
furnished in this book in the 'Tables of different permutations' at the end of this book. Among them
the tables from :
(a) 1st to 7th belong to Panc ga-prast ra (Catura ra-j ti)
(b) 8th to 15th belong to a a ga-prast ra (Trisra-j ti)
(c) 16th to 22nd belong to a a ga-prast ra (Catura ra-j ti)
(d) 23rd to 28th belong to a a ga-prast ra (Kha a-j ti)

10
 (e) 29th to 33rd belong to a a ga-prast ra (Mi ra-j ti)
(f) 34th to 38th belong to a a ga-prast ra (Sa k r a-j ti)
(g) 39th to 52nd belong to Sa yukt ga-prast ra (all J tis)
In each group of tables, except for Sa y ga-m ru, for the remaining tables of general-
permutation and for all the horizontal-lowest-lines of the tables of independent A gas, write the
number of houses upto the required permutation in terms of the number of the least A gas and for
all the upper-lines, gradually reducing the number of houses corresponding with their respective
proxies for each upper-line, from the left extreme. For example, for 12 DP, the horizontal-lowest-
lines of all the tables should consist of 12 houses and for the tables of Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta
and K kap da the number of houses of each upper-line, should gradually reduce equal with the
number of their respective proxies i.e., 1, 2, 4, 6 & 8 from the left extreme.
In each page of these tables the serial numbers given in thick bold type at the top of the
vertical lines denote the unit-value of each respective permutation in number of the respective
least (inferior) A ga (Drutas in respect of Panc ga-prast ra, Anudruta in respect of a a ga-
prast ra and the general units in respect of Sa yukt ga-prast ra). The respective figures of
Sa khya and Mah p t a are given below in the respective houses in bold and small types of
figures respectively. In each group of tables while the first table furnishes the particulars of Akha a-
prast ra, all the other remaining tables furnish the particulars of Kha a-prast ra.
In each group of tables in the first 'Table of General permutations' the figures in the top
horizontal line are the respective figures of Sa khya and Mah p t a shown in bold and small
types of figures respectively and in the subsequent lower houses the numbers of the A gas containing
are furnished in detail of which the grand total of each vertical line forms the figure of the respective
Mah p t a. For example in the first table of Panc ga-prast ra the vertical line having the bold
figure '8' in the top indicates the 8-Drutas-permutation (8-DP) in which K kap da stands in the
first permutation and in which there are 61 permutations (Sa khya) in total containing of 299
A gas (Mah p t a) and as per the figures of the subsequent lower lines there are :
180 Drutas (total of the 1st proxies - 33 + 147 = 180)
91 Laghus (total of the 2nd proxies - 19 + 72 = 91)
22 Gurus (total of the 4th proxies - 6 + 16 = 22)
5 Plutas (total of the 6th proxies - 2 + 3 = 5)
1 K kap da (total of the 8th proxies - 1 + - = 1)
--- striking the grand-total of 299 A gas of Mah p t a.
In each group of tables, in the last table which is called Sa y ga-m ru or Table of
combinative A gas, the figures of each horizontal line are the total numbers of permutations
(Sa khya) consisting the A ga or combinations of A gas written at the top of the vertical line. For
example, in the 7th table of Panc ga-prast ra from left towards right as per the general vertical
line having the thick bold figure '8' which denotes the 8-Druta-permutation there are bold type
figures, 1, 1, 32, 1, 5, 3, 0, 12, 3, 2 & 1 which are the total numbers of permutations (Sa khya)
pertaining to Druta, Laghu, Druta-Laghu, Guru, Druta-Guru, Laghu-Guru, Pluta, Druta-Laghu-
Guru, Druta-pluta, Laghu-pluta and K kap da respectively as per the A ga or combination of
A gas written at the top of the respective vertical line and the small type of figures, 8, 4, 189, 2,

11
25, 9, 0, 48, 9, 4 & 1 indicate the total numbers of the A gas (Mah p t a) containing of the
above permutations respectively.
Apart from the first and last tables of each group of tables each other table furnishes the
details of a particular A ga. In these tables while each vertical line, usually, belongs to a certain
unit-value of permutation as per the thick bold type of figures written at the top, bold and small
types of figures of each horizontal line furnish the details of Sa khya and Mah p t a respectively
consisting a particular number of a particular A ga as per the bold type of figure written at the
extreme right. For example, as per the 2nd 'Table of Druta' of Panc ga-prast ra the vertical line,
wherein the thick bold type of figure '8' is written at the top, pertains to 8-Drutas-permutation and
from bottom to top the bold type of figures 8, 0, 25, 0, 20, 7, 0 & 1 and the respective small type
of figures, 20, 0, 107, 0, 115, 0, 49, 0 & 8 are the figures of Sa khya and Mah p t a respectively
pertaining to the permutations Devoid-of-druta, containing 1-Druta, 2-Drutas, 3-Drutas, 4-Drutas,
5-Drutas, 6-Drutas, 7-Drutas and 8-Drutas as per the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 indicated
in the extreme right of each horizontal line respectively from bottom to top of the table.
In the same manner the figures of all the tables should be applied and understood.

olplplo

12
 2. THE FIRST AFNGAS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF PERMUTATION

e ga
Paancaan

Units S
E aEdaenga Saemyuktaan
e ga Units

2 3 4 5 7 9 3 4 5 7 9

1 O U U U U U U U U U U 1

2 I O O O O O O O O O O 2

3 OI I UO UO UO UO I 3

4 S UI I OO OO OO I 4

5 OS OI UI I UOO UOO I 5

6 So S OI UI OOO OOO S 6
H
H H
7 OoS US UOI OIL I UOOO S I 7

H
8 + OS S UOI UI OOOO S S 8
H
9 O+ oS US OOI OI I oS S I 9
H H
10 I+ UoS OS S UOI UI oS S S 10
H H
11 OI+ OoS UOS US OOI OI oS S S 11
H
H
12 S+ + oS OS UOOI UOI + oS S 12

13
 3. PROXIES OF DIFFERENT TABLES

Prast ra Panc nga - Catura ra Sa a nga - Trisra Sa a nga - Catura ra Sa a nga - Kha n a Sa a nga- Mi ra Sa a nga- Sa nk r n a Sa myukt nga- All j tis
Akha n a - prast ra 1 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 6 9 12 1 2 4 8 12 16 1 2 5 10 15 20 1 2 7 14 21 28 1 2 9 18 27 36 1 2 3 4 5 6

ILL
ILL

ILL

ILL

ILL
ILL
ILL

Sl.No.of - Line SL SL SL SL SL SL SL
the table
1 - BL- - - 2 4 6 8 - - 2 3 6 9 12 - - 2 4 8 12 16 - - 2 5 10 15 20 - - 2 7 14 21 28 - - 2 9 18 27 36 - - 2 3 4 5 6

UL - 1 - 2 4 6 8 1 - 2 3 6 9 12 1 - 2 4 8 12 16 1 - 2 5 10 15 20 1 - 2 7 14 21 28 1 - 2 9 18 27 36 1 - 2 3 4 5 6

2 - BL - - 1 - 4 6 8 - 1 - 3 6 9 12 - 1 - 4 8 12 16 - 1 - 5 10 15 20 - 1 - 7 14 21 28 - 1 - 9 18 27 36 - 1 - 3 4 5 6

UL - 2 1 - 4 6 8 2 1 - 3 6 9 12 2 1 - 4 8 12 16 2 1 - 5 10 15 20 2 1 - 7 14 21 28 2 1 - 9 18 27 36 2 1 - 3 4 5 6

3 - BL - - 1 2 - 6 8 - 1 2 - 6 9 12 - 1 2 - 8 12 16 - 1 2 - 10 15 20 - 1 2 - 14 21 28 - 1 2 - 18 27 36 - 1 2 - 4 5 6

UL - 4 1 2 - 6 8 3 1 2 - 6 9 12 4 1 2 - 8 12 16 5 1 2 - 10 15 20 7 1 2 - 14 21 28 9 1 2 - 18 27 36 3 1 2 - 4 5 6

4 - BL - - 1 2 4 - 8 - 1 2 3 - 9 12 - 1 2 4 - 12 16 - 1 2 5 - 15 20 - 1 2 7 - 21 28 - 1 2 9 - 27 36 - 1 2 3 - 5 6

UL - 6 1 2 4 - 8 6 1 2 3 - 9 12 8 1 2 4 - 12 16 10 1 2 5 - 15 20 14 1 2 7 - 21 28 18 1 2 9 - 27 36 4 1 2 3 - 5 6

5 - BL - - 1 2 4 6 - - 1 2 3 6 - 12 - 1 2 4 8 - 16 - 1 2 5 10 - 20 - 1 2 7 14 - 28 - 1 2 9 18 - 36 - 1 2 3 4 - 6

UL - 8 1 2 4 6 - 9 1 2 3 6 - 12 12 1 2 4 8 - 16 15 1 2 5 10 - 20 21 1 2 7 14 - 28 27 1 2 9 18 - 36 5 1 2 3 4 - 6

6 - BL - - 1 2 3 6 9 - - 1 2 4 8 12 - - 1 2 5 10 15 - - 1 2 7 14 21 - - 1 2 9 18 27 - - 1 2 3 4 5 -

UL - 12 1 2 3 6 9 - 16 1 2 4 8 12 - 20 1 2 5 10 15 - 28 1 2 7 14 21 - 36 1 2 9 18 27 - 6 1 2 3 4 5 -
14
 Chapter - 3
APPLICATION OF PRAST RA
3.1. PANC GA-PRAST RA
In this mode of Pa nc ga-prast ra five A gas, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da
should be used in the process of permutation and this is prescribed for permuting the A gas of
Catura ra-j ti only.
3.1.1. AKHA A-PRAST RA
3.1.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra : Example : 4-DP (4-Drutas-permutation)
1st prast ra : As per rule No.1 write Guru in the units' column (S).
2nd prast ra : As per rule No.4, just below the Guru of the units' column write one Laghu and as
per rule No.5 write another Laghu in the tens' column (II).
3rd prast ra : Write one Druta in the tens' column as per rules Nos.2 & 4, write another Druta in
the hundreds' column as per rule No.5 and one Laghu in the units' column as per rule
No.7.(00I).
4th prast ra : Write one Druta in the units' column as per rules Nos. 3 & 4, one Laghu in the
tens' column and one Druta in the hundreds' column as per rule No.6 (0I0)
5th prast ra : Write one Druta in the tens' column as per rules Nos. 3 & 4, one Laghu in the
hundreds' column as per rule No.6 and one Druta in units' column as per rule No.7 (100).
6th prast ra : Write one Druta in the hundreds' column as per rule No.4, another Druta in the
thousands' column as per rule No.5 and one Druta each in tens' and units' columns as per
rule No.7 (0000).
By now as per rule No.8 the process of permutation of 4-DP is over resulting in six kinds of
prast ras, in total. In all these varieties the total value of A gas is '8' as per rule No.9. Among
these six prast ras, the 1st prast ra is Gurvanta-prast ra, 2nd and 3rd are Laghvanta-prast ras,
4th, 5th and 6th prast ras are Drut nta-prast ras and the last one is called 'Sarva-drut nta-prast ra
(All-durta-ending-permutation-ADEP)'.
3.1.1.2. Vil ma-prast ra : Example : 4-DP
1st prast ra : As per rule No.1 write four Drutas in the thousands', hundreds', tens' and units'
columns respectively (0000).
2nd prast ra : As per rules Nos.2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the hundreds' column and as per rule
No.6 write Druta in each of the units' and tens' columns (I00).
3rd prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the tens' column, write Druta in the
hundreds' column as per rule No.5 and write another Druta in the units' column as per rule
No.6 (0I0).
4th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the units' column and write Druta each
in tens' and hundreds' columns as per rule No.5 (00I).

15
5th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the tens' column and write another
Laghu in the units' column as per rule No.6 (II).
6th prast ra : As per rules Nos.2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the units' column (S).
As per rule No.7 this Guru is the only possible superior A ga of 4-DP and as per rule No.8
all these six permutations carry the same value of 4-DP.
In the same manner the process of all modes of permutation should be followed. More
examples are furnished at the end of this book.
T.1. TABLE OF GENERAL - PERMUTATIONS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 6 10 19 33 61 108 196 350 632
1 3 7 16 34 72 147 299 596 1182 2316 4517
Key-rules :
1. Sa khya : The total of all the existing 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th proxies which represent
the Drut nta-prast ras, Laghvanta-prast ras, Gurvanta-prast ras, Plut nta-prast ras and
K kap d nta-prast ras respectively, should be written (refer table-1).
Example : At the first instance write the figure '1' to the left of the extreme left house as per
the general key-rule mentioned in the 'Important technical-terms, abbreviations & signs'.
No. of the 1st 2nd 4th 6th 8th
Total
house Proxy Proxy Proxy Proxy Proxy
1 1 - - - - 1
2 1 1 - - - 2
3 2 1 - - - 3
4 3 2 1 - - 6
5 6 3 1 - - 10
6 10 6 2 1 - 19
7 19 10 3 1 - 33
8 33 19 6 2 1 61
9 61 33 10 3 1 108
10 108 61 19 6 2 196
11 196 108 33 10 3 350
12 350 196 61 19 6 632

In the above manner write the figures of 'Sa khya' of all the tables pertaining to all the other
modes of permutation using the respective proxies.

2. Mah p t a : The total of all the existing 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th proxies of both
'Sa khya and Mah p t a' should be written. While doing so, the figure '1' to the extreme left of
Sa khya, which is written as per the general key-rule, should also be taken into account even if its
corresponding figure of 'Mah p t a' does not exist.

16
 Example :
1st Proxy 2nd Proxy 4th Proxy 6th Proxy 8th Proxy
No. of the
Total
house S M S M S M S M S M

1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1
2 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 3
3 2 3 1 1 - - - - - - 7
4 3 7 2 3 1 - - - - - 16
5 6 16 3 7 1 1 - - - - 34
6 10 34 6 16 2 3 1 - - - 72
7 19 72 10 34 3 7 1 1 - - 147
8 33 147 19 72 6 16 2 3 1 - 299
9 61 299 33 147 10 34 3 7 1 1 596
10 108 596 61 299 19 72 6 16 2 3 1182
11 196 1182 108 596 33 147 10 34 3 7 2316
12 350 2316 196 1182 61 299 19 72 6 16 4517
In the above manner write the figures of 'Mah p t a' of all the tables pertaining to all the
other modes of permutation using the respective proxies.
3.1.2. KHA A-PRAST RA
3.1.2.1. H na-prast ra :
3.1.2.1.1. Anul ma-prast ra : Example : Druta-devoid-permutation (DDP) of 8-DP.
Note :- Since this is exclusively the process of DDPs each and every permutation should
be devoid of Druta.
1st prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra since the 1st prast ra is devoid of Druta write the
same in the 1st prast ra (+).
2nd prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra since the 2nd prast ra is also devoid of Druta
write the same in the 2nd prast ra (I ).
3rd prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra if the Laghu which is in the tens' column of 2nd
prast ra is further permuted it results in two Drutas which is contrary to the main principle of
arriving at any prast ra devoid of Druta. So, without permuting the Laghu which is in the
tens' column, the Pluta which is in the units' column should only be permuted by writing one
Guru in the units' column and another Guru in the tens' column as per rule No.6 (SS).
4th prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra as per rules Nos. 4 & 5 write one Laghu each in
the tens' and hundreds' columns and write Guru in the units column as per rule No.7 (IIS).
5th prast ra : Further permuting the Laghus in the hundreds' and tens' columns of the 4th prast ra
results in writing Drutas. So, the Guru in the units' column should only be permuted and thus

17
 write one Laghu in the units' column as per rule No.4 and write one Pluta in the tens' column
as per rule No.6 ( I).
6th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (ISI).
7th prast ra : Further permuting the Laghu in the hundreds' column of 6th prast ra results in
writing Drutas. So, avoiding it, the Guru in the tens' column should only be permuted and
thus write one Laghu in the tens' column as per rule No.4, write one Guru in the hundreds'
column as per rule No.6 and write another Laghu in the units' column as per rule No.7 (SII).
8th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra and no further permutation should be made as it
results in contrary to the main principle of avoiding Drutas (IIII).
3.1.2.1.2. Vil ma - prast ra : Example : DDPs of 8-DP
1st prast ra : As per rule No.1 write Laghus in each of the units', tens', hundreds' and thousands'
columns equal to the value of 8-DP (IIII).
2nd prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the hundreds' column and write one
Laghu each in the units' and tens' columns as per rule No.6 (SII).
3rd prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the tens' column, write Laghu in the
hundreds' column as per rule No.5 and write another Laghu in the units' column as per rule
No.6 (ISI).
4th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Pluta in the tens' column and write Laghu in the
units' column as per rule No.6 ( I).
5th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the units' column and write Laghu each
in the tens' and hundreds' columns as per rule No.5 (IIS).
6th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the tens' column and write another Guru
in the units' column as per the rule No.6 (SS).
7th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Pluta in the units' column and write Laghu in the
tens' column as per rule No.5 (I ).
8th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write K kap da in the units' column (+).
As per rule No.7 this K kap da is the possible superior A ga of 8-DP and as per rule No.8
all these eight prast ras carry the same value of 8-DP.
3.1.2.2. Yukta-prast ra :
3.1.2.2.1. Anul ma-prast ra: Example: Two-druta-containing-permutations (2-DCPs) of 6-DP.
Note :- As this is the process of 2-DCPs each and every prast ra should invariably contain
two Drutas.
1st prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra, if a Pluta is written at the first instance this prast ra
becomes absolutely devoid of Druta which is contrary to the principle and so to make it 2-
DCP write one Guru in the units' column and one Druta each in the tens' and hundreds'
columns (OOS).
2nd prast ra : According to Akha a-prast ra, as per rule No.4 the Guru in the units' column
should be permuted and a Laghu should be written in the units' column but later, as per rule
18
 No.6 since writing a Guru results in contrary to the principle, write one Laghu each in the
units' and tens' columns and one Druta each in the hundreds' and thousands' columns (OOII).
3rd prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (OIOI)
4th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (IOOI)
5th prast ra : Further permuting the Laghu in the thousands' column is contrary to the principle
as it results in writing more number of Drutas, as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 the Laghu in the units'
column should only be permuted and thus write Druta, Guru and Druta in the units', tens'
and hundreds' columns respectively (OSO).
6th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (OIIO).
7th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (IOIO).
8th prast ra : Since it is contrary to the principle to permute the Laghu in the thousands' column
as it results in writing more number of Drutas permute the Laghu which is in the tens' column
only and write one Druta in the tens' column and one Guru in the hundreds' column as per
rules Nos. 4 & 6 and write another Druta in the units' column as per rule No.7 (SOO).
9th prast ra : Write as in Akha a-prast ra (IIOO).
This process of permutation should not be continued as it is contrary to the principle.
3.1.2.2.2. Vil ma-prast ra : Example : 2-DCPs of 6-DP.
1st prast ra: As per rule No.1 write Druta in each of the units' and tens' columns and write
Laghu in each of the hundreds' and thousands' columns (IIOO).
2nd prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the hundreds' column and write Druta
each in the units' and tens' columns as per rule No.6 (SOO).
3rd prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the tens' column, write Druta and Laghu
in the hundreds' and thousands' columns respectively as per rule No.5 and write Druta in the
units' column as per rule No.6 (IOIO).
4th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the hundreds' column, write Druta in the
thousands' column as per rule No.5 and write Druta and Laghu in the units' and tens' columns
respectively as per rule No.6 (OIIO).
5th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Guru in the tens' column, write Druta in the
hundreds' column as per rule No.5 and write another Druta in the units' column as per rule
No.6 (OSO).
6th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the units' column and write Druta each
in tens' and hundreds' columns and Laghu in the thousands' column as per rule No.5 (IOOI).
7th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the hundreds' column, write Druta in the
thousands' column as per rule No.5 and write Laghu and Druta in the units' and tens' columns
respectively as per rule No.6 (OIOI).
8th prast ra : As per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 write Laghu in the tens' column, write Druta each in
the hundreds' and thousands' columns as per rule No.5 and write another Laghu in the units'
column as per rule No.6 (OOII).

19
9th prast ra : To make it 2-DCP write Guru in units' column as per rules Nos. 2, 3 & 4 and
write Druta each in the tens' and hundreds' columns as per rule No.5 (OOS).
As per rule No.7 this is the series containing the possible superior A gas without violating
the restriction of 2-DCP and as per rule No.8 all these nine permutations carry the same
value of 6-DP.
The above method should be applied to all the other modes of permutation also.
T.2. TABLE OF DRUTA (DRUTA-M RU)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 0 3 0 9 0 25 0 66 0 165
2 0 9 0 33 0 107 0 321 0 903
2
1 0 2 0 5 0 12 0 28 0 62 0
1 0 4 0 13 0 38 0 104 0 268 0 1
1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 15 0 29
0 1 0 3 0 8 0 20 0 47 0 107 0
Key-rules :
Lowest-line :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 1st proxy, it being the
table of the 1st A ga, should be written (refer table-2).
Note:- As per the general key-rule mentioned in the 'Important technical terms, abbreviations
& signs' write figure '1' to the left of the extreme left house.

No. of the 2nd 4th 6th 8th

Total
house Proxy Proxy Proxy Proxy

1 - - - - 0
2 1 - - - 1
3 0 - - - 0
4 1 1 - - 2
5 0 0 - - 0
6 2 1 1 - 4
7 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 1 8
9 0 0 0 0 0
10 8 4 2 1 15
11 0 0 0 0 0
12 15 8 4 2 29

20
2. Mah p t a : The total of the respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a', except
the 1st proxies, they being the houses of 1st A ga, should be written.

No. of the 2nd Proxy 4th Proxy 6th Proxy 8th Proxy
Total
house S M S M S M S M

1 - - - - - - - - 0
2 1 - - - - - - - 1
3 0 0 - - - - - - 0
4 1 1 1 - - - - - 3
5 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0
6 2 3 1 1 1 - - - 8
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0
8 4 8 2 3 1 1 1 - 20
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 8 20 4 8 2 3 1 1 47
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 15 47 8 20 4 8 2 3 107

Upper-lines :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies of the same line, except the 1st proxy
from the immediate lower-line, should be written.
First upper-line of 1-DCPs :

No. of 1st Proxy of 2nd 4th 6th 8th

Total
the house the lower line Proxy Proxy Proxy Proxy

1 1 - - - - 1
2 0 - - - - 0
3 1 1 - - - 2
4 0 0 - - - 0
5 2 2 1 - - 5
6 0 0 0 - - 0
7 4 5 2 1 - 12
8 0 0 0 0 - 0
9 8 12 5 2 1 28
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 15 28 12 5 2 62
12 0 0 0 0 0 0

21
2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 1st proxies from the immediate lower-line, should be written.

No. of the 1st Proxy of 2nd 4th 6th 8th

Total
house the lower line Proxy Proxy Proxy Proxy

S M S M S M S M S M

1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1
2 0 0 - - - - - - - - 0
3 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 4
4 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - 0
5 2 3 2 4 1 1 - - - - 13
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0
7 4 8 5 13 2 4 1 1 - - 38
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0
9 8 20 12 38 5 13 2 4 1 1 104
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 15 47 28 104 12 38 5 13 2 4 268
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

In the above manner, basing upon their respective proxies the figures of 'Sa khya and
Mah p t a' should be written for all the other remaining tables.

T.3. TABLE OF LAGHU (LAGHU-M RU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 7 12 21 34 56 90 145
1 4 9 16 29 54 101 182 322 560 965
1
1 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 16 24 35 53
1 2 3 5 9 16 27 45 74 121 195 314
0
Key-rules :
Lowest-line :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 2nd proxy, it being the
table of 2nd A ga, should be written (refer table-3).
2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 2nd proxies, they being the houses of 2nd A ga, should be written.
Upper-lines :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 2nd proxy from the
immediate lower-line, should be written.

22
2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 2nd proxies from the immediate lower-line, should be written.

T.4. TABLE OF GURU (GURU-M RU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 5 10 20 38 73 136 255
1 4 13 34 82 184 399 836 1719
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 14 23 40 67 114 192 325
1 3 7 15 30 59 113 215 403 750 1382 2531 0
Key-rules :
Lowest-line :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 3rd proxy, it being the
table of 3rd A ga, should be written (refer table-4).

2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 3rd proxies, they being the houses of 3rd A ga, should be written.
Upper-lines :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 3rd proxy from the
immediate lower line, should be written.

2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 3rd proxies from the immediate lower-line, should be written.

T.5. TABLE OF PLUTA (PLUTA-M RU )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 5 10 22 44 89
1 4 13 34 86 202 461 1
1 1 2 3 6 10 18 31 56 98 174 306 542
1 3 7 16 34 71 143 286 562 1096 2114 4054 0
Key-rules :
Lowest-line :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 4th proxy, it being the
table of 4th A ga, should be written (refer table-5).
2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 4th proxies, they being the houses of 4th A ga, should be written.
Upper-lines :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 4th proxy from the
immediate lower-line, should be written.

23
2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 4th proxies from the immediate lower-line, should be written.

T.6. TABLE OF K KAP DA (K KAP DA-M RU)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 5 10 22
1 4 13 34 86
1
1 1
1
2
3
3
7
6
16
10
34
19
72
33
147
60
298
106
592
191
1169
340
2282
610
4431
0
Key-rules :
Lowest-line :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 5th proxy, it being the
table of 5th A ga, should be written (refer table-6).

2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 5th proxies, they being the houses of the 5th A ga, should be written.
Upper-lines :
1. Sa khya : The total of the existing respective proxies, except the 5th proxy from the
immediate lower-line, should be written.

2. Mah p t a : The total of the existing respective proxies of both 'Sa khya and Mah p t a',
except the 5th proxies from the immediate lower-line, should written.

T. 7. TABLE OF COMBINATIVE A GAS (SA Y GA-M RU)

The details of the series of both individual A gas and the interbred combinations of different A gas of
all modes of permutation under systematic groups are furnished in the 'List of Combinative a gas'.
Among them basing upon the series of combinations furnished in the above table pertaining to Pa nc ga-
prast ra the table of combinative A gas i.e.. Sa y ga-m ru has to be written (refer table-7).
Key-rules :
1. Sa khya :
A. For the vertical lines of IAEPs (Identical-a ga-ending-permutations) of individual A gas write
the figure "1" in each of the houses pertaining to the respective proxy and its multiples of the A ga
concerned.
B. For the vertical lines consisting the combinations of two A gas or more the total of the existing
upper proxies representing the respective A gas of the same vertical line besides the corresponding
serial figures of the vertical lines pertaining to the respective interbred combinations like IAEPs of
double-a ga combinations, duplets of triple-a ga combinations, triplets of quadruple-a ga
combinations, quadruplets of quintuple-a ga combinations, quintuplets of sextuple-a ga
combinations and so on, should be written.

24
Example:
1. D-line : The total number of ADEPS (All-druta-ending-permutations) is furnished in this line
and as per rule No.A write figure '1' only in each house consecutively since the
proxy of Druta is '1'.
2. L-line : The total number of ALEPs is furnished in this line and as per rule No.A write figure
"1" only in each of the 2nd house of this line since the proxy of Laghu is '2'.
3. DL-line : The total number of prast ras derived from the interbred combinations of Druta and
Laghu i.e., combination containing either Druta-Laghu or Laghu-Druta, is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st
and 2nd proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both Druta
and Laghu.
1st house : Being the 1st house of which the upper proxies of the same vertical line
are absent, write the total of the figures of the 1st house of the vertical lines of IAEPs
of both Druta (1) and Laghu (1) thus arriving at a grand total (1+1) 2.
2nd house : Write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st proxy (2) representing
Druta of the same vertical line (2nd proxy is absent) besides the corresponding 2nd
figures (being the 2nd house) of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both Druta (1) and
Laghu (0) thus arriving at a grand total (2+1+0=)3.
3rd house : Write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st (3) and 2nd (2)
proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same vertical line besides
the corresponding 3rd figures (being the 3rd house) of the vertical lines of IAEPs of
both Druta (1) and Laghu (1) thus arriving at a grand total (3+2+1+1=)7.
4th house : Write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st (7) and 2nd (3)
proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same vertical line besides
the corresponding 4th figures (being the 4th house) of the vertical lines of IAEPs of
both Druta (1) and Laghu (0) thus arriving at a grand total (7+3+1+0=)11.

No. of the Upper figure of Sl. figure of

Total
house 1st 2nd ADEP ALEP

1 - - 1 1 2
2 2 - 1 0 3
3 3 2 1 1 7
4 7 3 1 0 11
5 11 7 1 1 20
6 20 11 1 0 32
7 32 20 1 1 54
8 54 32 1 1 87
9 87 54 1 1 143
10 143 87 1 0 231

In the same manner figures upto the required prast ra of the same line and also for the other
vertical lines pertaining to the combinations of two A gas or more could be written.

25
4.G-line : The total number of AGEPs is furnished in this line and as per rule No. A write figure
'1' only in each of the 4th house of this line since the proxy of Guru is '4'.
5.DG-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta and Guru is furnished in this
line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st and
4th proxies representing Druta and Guru respectively of the same vertical line besides
the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of the IAEPs of both Druta and
Guru.
6.LG-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Laghu and Guru is furnished in
this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 2nd
and 4th proxies representing Laghu and Guru respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of the IAEPs of both
Laghu and Guru.
7.P-line : The total number of APEPs in furnished in this line and as per rule No.A write figure
'1' only in each of the 6th house since the proxy of Pluta is '6'.
8.DLG-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta, Laghu and Guru is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the existing upper 1st, 2nd and 4th
proxies representing Druta, Laghu and Guru respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of DL. DG and LG.
No. of the Upper figure of Sl. figure of Total
house 1st 2nd 4th DL DG LG
1 - - - 2 2 2 6
2 6 - - 3 3 0 12
3 12 6 - 7 4 3 32
4 32 12 - 11 5 0 60
5 60 32 6 20 9 7 134
6 134 60 12 32 13 0 251

1st house : Being the 1st house as no upper proxies in the same vertical line are
existing write the total of the figures of each of the corresponding 1st house (being
the 1st house) of the vertical lines of DL (2), DG (2) and LG (2) thus arriving at a
grand total (2+2+2=)6.
2nd house : Write the total of the existing upper 1st proxy (6) representing Druta of
the same vertical line (2nd proxy is absent) besides the figures of each of the
corresponding 2nd house (being the 2nd house) of the vertical lines of DL (3), DG
(3) and LG (0) thus arriving at a grand total (6+3+3+0=)12.
3rd house : Write the total of the existing upper 1st (12) and 2nd (6) proxies
representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same vertical line besides the figures
of each of the corresponding 3rd house (being the 3rd house) of the vertical lines of
DL (7), DG (4) and LG (3) thus arriving at a grand total (12+6+7+4+3=)32.
4th house : Write the total of the existing upper 1st (32) and 2nd (12) proxies
representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same vertical line besides the figures

26
 of each of the corresponding 4th house (being the 4th house) of the vertical lines of
DL (11), DG (5) and LG (0) thus arriving at a grand total (32+12+11+5+0=) 60.
5th house : Write the total of the existing upper 1st (60), 2nd (32) and 4th (6)
proxies representing Druta, Laghu and Guru respectively of the same vertical line
besides the figures of each of the corresponding 5th house (being the 5th house) of
the vertical lines of DL (20), DG (9) and LG (7) thus arriving at a grand total
(60+32+6+20+9+7=)134.
In the same manner the figures upto the required prast ra and also of the other lines pertaining to
the other combinations of A gas could be written.
9.DP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta and Pluta is furnished in this
line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st and
6th proxies representing Druta and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line besides
the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of the IAEPs of both Druta and
Pluta.
10.LP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Laghu and Pluta is furnished in
this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 2nd
and 6th proxies representing Laghu and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of the IAEPs of both
Laghu and Pluta.
11.K-line : The total number of AKEPs is furnished in this line and as per rule No.A write figure
'1' only in each of the 8th house since the proxy of K kap da is '8'.
12.DLP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta, Laghu and Pluta is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the existing upper 1st, 2nd and 6th
proxies representing Druta, Laghu and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of DL, DP and LP.
13-DK-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta and K kap da is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 1st
and 8th proxies representing Druta and K kap da respectively of the same vertical
line besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both
Druta and K kap da.
14.GP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Guru and Pluta is furnished in this
line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 4th and
6th proxies representing Guru and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line besides
the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both Guru and
Pluta.
15.LK-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Laghu and K kap da is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 2nd
and 8th proxies representing Laghu and K kap da respectively of the same vertical
line besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both
Laghu and K kap da.

27
16.DGP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta, Guru and Pluta is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the existing upper 1st, 4th and 6th
proxies representing Druta, Guru and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of DG, DP and GP.
17.DLK-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Druta, Laghu and K kap da is
furnished in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the existing upper 1st,
2nd and 8th proxies representing Druta, Laghu and K kap da respectively of the
same vertical line besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of DL,
DK and LK.
18.LGP-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Laghu, Guru and Pluta is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the existing upper 2nd, 4th and 6th
proxies representing Laghu, Guru and Pluta respectively of the same vertical line
besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of LG, LP and GP.
19.GK-line : The total number of the interbred combinations of Guru and K kap da is furnished
in this line and as per rule No.B write the total of the figures of the existing upper 4th
and 8th proxies representing Guru and K kap da respectively of the same vertical
line besides the corresponding serial figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of both
Guru and K kap da.
In the same manner the figures of all the other tables of combinative A gas could be written.
2. Mah p t a:
A. For the vertical lines of IAEPs of individual A gas write figures serially in ascending order of
value, starting from figure '1' and onwards towards Mah p t a under each figure '1' of Sa khya
of each and every A ga leaving away the zeros, if any, in-between.
B. For the vertical lines pertaining to the combinations of two A gas or more the total of both
Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing upper proxies representing the respective A gas of the
same vertical line besides both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding serial houses of
the vertical lines pertaining to the respective interbred combinations like IAEPs of double-a ga
combinations, duplets of the triple-a ga combinations, triplets of the quadruple-a ga combinations,
quadruplets of the quintuple-a ga combinations, quintuplets of the sextuple-a ga combinations
and so on should be written.
1.D-line : As per rule No.A write figures serially in ascending order of value starting from
figure '1' and onwards under each figure '1' of Sa khya.
2. L-Line : As per rule No.A write figures serially in ascending order of value starting from
figure '1' and onwards under each figure '1' of Sa khya leaving away the zeros in-
between.

3. DL-line : As per rule No.B write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing
upper 1st and 2nd proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively of the same
vertical line besides both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding serial
figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of Druta and Laghu.
1st house : Being the 1st house of which the upper proxies of the same vertical line
are absent, write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of each of the
corresponding 1st figures (being the 1st house) of the vertical lines pertaining to

28
 IAEPs of both Druta (1+1=2) and Laghu (1+1+=2) thus arriving at a grand total
(2+2=4).
2nd house : Write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing upper
1st proxy (2+4=6) representing Druta of the same vertical line (2nd proxy is absent)
besides the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding 2nd figures
(being the 2nd house) of each of the vertical lines pertaining to IAEPs of Druta
(1+2=3) and Laghu (0+0=0) thus arriving at a grand total (6+3+0=9).
3rd house : Write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing upper
1st (3+9=12) and 2nd (2+4=6) proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively
of the same vertical line besides the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the
corresponding 3rd figures (being the 3rd house) of each of the vertical lines pertaining
to IAEPs of Druta (1+3=4) and Laghu (1+2=3) thus arriving at a grand total
(12+6+4+3=)25.
4th house : Write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing upper
1st (7+25=32) and 2nd (3+9=12) proxies representing Druta and Laghu respectively
of the same vertical line besides the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the
corresponding 4th figures (being the 4th house) of each of the vertical lines pertaining
to IAEPs of Druta (1+4=5) and Laghu (0+0=0) thus arriving at a grand total
(32+12+5+0)=49.
Upper figure of Sl. figure of Total
No. of the 1st - 2nd ADEP - ALEP
house S M S M S M S M

1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 4
2 2 4 - - 1 2 0 0 9
3 3 9 2 4 1 3 1 2 25
4 7 25 3 9 1 4 0 0 49
5 11 49 7 25 1 5 1 3 102
6 20 102 11 49 1 6 0 0 189
7 32 189 20 102 1 7 1 4 356
8 54 356 32 189 1 8 0 0 640
9 87 640 54 356 1 9 1 5 1153
10 143 1153 87 640 1 10 0 0 2034

In the same manner figures upto the required prast ra and also of other lines pertaining to the
other combinations of A gas could be written.
4. G-line : As per rule No.A write figures serially in ascending order of value starting from
figure '1' and onwards under each figure '1' of Sa khya leaving away the zeros in-
between.
5. DG-line : As per the rule No.B write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing
upper 1st and 4th proxies representing Druta and Guru respectively of the same

29
 vertical line besides both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding serial
figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of Druta and Guru.
6. LG-line : As per the rule No.B write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing
upper 2nd and 4th proxies representing Laghu and Guru respectively of the same
vertical line besides both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding serial
figures of the vertical lines of IAEPs of Laghu and Guru.
7. P-line : As per rule No.A write figures serially in ascending order of value starting from
figure '1' and onwards under each figure '1' of Sa khya and leaving away the zeros
in-between.
8. DLG-line : As per rule No.B write the total of both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the existing
upper 1st, 2nd and 4th proxies representing Druta, Laghu and Guru respectively of
the same vertical line besides both Sa khya and Mah p t a of the corresponding
serial figures of the vertical lines of DL, DG and LG.
Upper figure of Sl. figure of
No. of the
1st - 2nd - 4th DL - DG - LG Total
house
S M S M S M S M S M S M

1 - - - - - - - 4 2 4 2 4 18
2 6 18 - - - - - 9 3 9 0 0 48
3 12 48 6 18 - - 7 25 4 16 3 9 148
4 32 148 12 48 - - 11 49 5 25 0 0 330
5 60 330 32 148 6 18 20 102 9 45 7 25 802
6 134 802 60 330 12 48 32 189 13 73 0 0 1693

In the same manner figures upto the required prast ra of the same line and also for the other
vertical lines pertaining to the other combinations could be written.
3.2. A A GA-PRAST RA
In this mode of the a a ga-prast ra all the six A gas i.e., Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta
and K kap da are used in the process of permutation. While Druta is the inferior (least) A ga in
Panc ga-prast ra the Anudruta is the inferior A ga in this a a ga-prast ra. So, in this mode of
permutation the process of permutation should always be continued on the lines of Pa nc ga-prast ra
until all the A gas become the inferior A gas, Anudrutas. Hence this last prast ra is called AAEP (All-
anudruta-ending-permutation). This mode of permutation should be applied to all the j tis i.e.,
Trisra,Catura ra, Kha a, Mi ra and Sa k r a j tis, and all the required figures of all the different
tables could be obtained basing upon the respective proxies (refer the 'Important technical-terms,
abbreviations and signs ' furnished in the beginning of this book) representing the six A gas respectively.
Relevant tables and examples pertaining to the process of permutation of Akha a and Kha a-
prast ras are furnished at the end of this book.
If needed the relevant details of all other Vi a-j tis (6, 8, 10, 12 & 16-units) also could be
obtained basing upon the multiples of the respective proxies in the same manner.

30
 3.3. SA YUKT GA-PRAST RA
In the process of the Sa yukt ga-prast ra, in addition to the usual six A gas i.e., Anudruta,
Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da, various other combinations of two or more of these six
A gas, formed by interlacing and writing one above the other, are also used. The synonyms of this
mode of permutation are 'Mi ram ga-prast ra' and 'Mi rit ga-prast ra'. In this process of
permutation, while following, as usual, the general rules of permutation, write an A ga lesser by one unit
than the above. In this mode of permutation an interlaced A ga should instantaneously be prepared, if
necessary (like 'Tri-druta-vir ma' for the value of 7-units in Sa k r a-j ti or 'Laghu-dvi-druta' for the
value of 9-units in Kha a-j ti or 'Pluta-dvi-druta-vir ma' for the value of 26-units in Mi ra-j ti).
While, in the other modes of permutation the process of permutation is applied with the A gas basing
upon their respective j tis, independent or interlaced A gas for any number of units could be framed
and used in this process of permutation. To make this process of permutation easier to understand
numerals i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc., only are used and, if needed, they could be transtliterated into
independent or interlaced A gas according to the requirement of units.
Important-note : In this mode of permutation Vir ma is not used in the sense of its textual
tradition, but it is equated to one-unit of time appended to another T ga.
Proxies : The figures of all the preceding houses are the proxies in this mode of permutation. In
this mode of permutation tables should be prepared for 1-unit, 2-units, 3-units and so on for each and
every unit in ascending order of value and the respective unit-number of that particular table is the proxy
of that table which should be taken into account from the immediate lower-line for writing the figures of
the upper-lines only (but not for the lowest-lines at all).
Relevant tables and examples pertaining to the process of permutation of Akha a-prast ra and
Kha a-prast ra are furnished at the end of this book.

bvbvbvb

31
 4. EXAMPLES OF NA A, UDDI A & KALITA
Note : Follow item No.32 of the 'Important technical-terms, abbreviations & signs.'
Sl. Particulars Na a Uddi a Kalita
No.

A. AKHA A-PRAST RA

1. Akha a-anul ma- 2-12-632-1, 385; 3-11-565-318; 2-12-632-I0 II; 3-12-1059-SIOU; 2-8-61-50.
4-12-543-148; 5-12-377-170; 4-12-543-I0I0; 5-12-377-UIIU;
7-12-271-113; 9-12-243-2; 1-8-128-67. 7-12-271-UOUUOUUOU;
9-12-243-OUOUOUOU;
1-12-2048-2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1.

2. Akha a-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita- 2-6-19-6; 2-5-10-2. 2-6-19-SI; 2-5-I0-I0I.

3. Akha a-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-6-19-8; 2-5-10-4. 2-6-19-I0000; 2-5-10-I000.

4. Akha a-vil ma- 2-12-632-632. 2-12-632-I0 0I.

5. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita- 2-5-10-2. 2-7-33-S000.

6. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-7-33-12. 2-5-10-0II.

B. KHA A-PRAST RA

7. Kha da-hina-anul ma- 2-12-1-0-29-12,16; 2-10-2-0-24-2,7; 2-12-1-0-29- , IS,SISI, +II. 2-12-1-0

1-9-1-0-21-1,6,12,19; 1-7-2-0-21-18. -29-20.

8. Kha da-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita- 2-12-1-0-29-3; 2-8-1-0-8-2. 2-8-1-0-8-ISI.

9. Kha da-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-12-1-0-29-1; 2-8-1-0-8-3. 2-12-1-0-29-+S.

32
Sl. Particulars Na a Uddi a Kalita
No.

10. Kha da-hina-vil ma- 2-12-1-0-29-18. 2-12-1-0-29-ISIS.

11. Kha da-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita- 2-8-1-0-8-2. 2-12-1-0-29-ISIS; 2-8-1-0-8-I .

12. Kha da-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-12-1-0-29-8. 2-12-1-0-29-S I; 2-8-1-0-8-SII.

13. Kha da-yukta-anul ma- 2-8-1-2-25-2,3,5,9,12,15,17,18,20,23,24; 2-9-1-1-28-I0 , S0S, S0II; 2-8-1-2-

2-8-2-1-21-3,8,13,18; 2-8-4-1-20-4,9; 2-8-1-2-25-0I0S; 3-10-1-1-32-SIU; 25-20
2-10-6-1-22-5, 11; 2-12-8-1-22-5,11; 1-8-1-1-26-2 3 1 2; 4 3 1.
3-10-6-1-26-17; 4-8-4-1-20-16;
5-10-2-1-29-8; 7-12-2-1-31-11;
9-9-1-5-21-10, 17; 1-8-1-1-26-7,9,
11,14,16; 1-7-2-1-26-12, 17.

14. Kha da-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita- 2-8-1-2-25-4; 2-9-1-1-28-7. 2-9-1-1-28-0 I.

15. Kha da-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-8-12-25-7; 2-9-1-1-28-9. 2-8-1-2-25- 00.

16. Kha da-yukta-vil ma- 2-8-1-2-25-21. 2-8-1-2-25-00SI.

17. Kha da-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita 2-8-1-2-25-9. 2-9-1-1-28-SSO.

18. Kha da-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita- 2-9-1-1-28-11. 2-9-1-1-28-S0S.

33
 Chapter - 4
NA A, UDDI A & KALITA
In order to avoid the Himalayan task of undertaking the processes of all the permutations for
which a human life is too short some very interesting and important easy methods are furnished in this
chapter to obtain (a) the series of A gas of a particular number of prast ra in question, (b) the serial
number of a particular prast ra in question containing a particular series of A gas and (c) the details of
all the A gas used upto a particular number of prast ra in question with the help of some figures. They
are named as 'Na a, Uddi a and Kalita' respectively which are elaborated hereunder along with the
relevant rules and examples.
4.1. NA A
The easy method of obtaining the series of A gas of a prast ra containing a particular serial
number in question with the help of the figures of 'Sa khya' is called 'Na a '.
RULES FOR ANSWERING NA A
1. Write the 'Sa khya' line of figures upto the required units of permutation.
2 (a) Anul ma-na a : Subtract the question number from the Sa khya and later from the
remainder subtract the respective proxies consecutively.
(i) Anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a : Add the Vil ma-question-number to the
MN and for the odd-numbers of Sa khya further subtract figure 1 and later from
the last remainder subtrct the respective proxies.
(ii) Anul ma-madhyar pa-adha H hsthita-na a : From the MN subtract the Anul ma-
question-number and for the odd-numbers of Sa khya further subtract figure 1
also later from the last remainder subtract the respective proxies.
(b) Vil ma-na a : Subtract figure 1 from the question-number and later from the remainder
subtract the respective proxies.
(i) Vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a: From the MN subtract the Vil ma-question-
number and also figure 1 and later from the last remainder subtract the respective
proxies.
(ii) Vil ma-madhyar pa-adha H hsthita-na a : Add the Anul ma-question-number to the
MN and subtract figure 1 and later from the last remainder subtract the respective
proxies.
3. If the first proxy is not subtracted write the A ga of the first proxy and the same process should
be continued until a proxy is subtracted.

4. For the successful subtraction of the 1st proxy consider the non-subtraction of the 2nd proxy
only, for the successful consecutive subtraction of the 1st & 2nd proxies consider the non-
subtraction of the 4th proxy only, for the successful consecutive subtraction of the 1st, 2nd &
4th proxies consider the non-subtraction of the 6th proxy only and for the successful consecutive
subtraction of the 1st, 2nd, 4th & 6th proxies consider the non-subtraction of the 8th proxy
only thus considering only the non-subtraction of the last proxy and leaving it off write the Anga
of it and start again fresh the process of subtraction by subtracting the relevant proxies of the un-
subtracted-proxy. In the absence of the remainder no figure is needed to be left off. In respect

34
 of the table of 1-unit of Sa yukt ga-kha a-prast ra the house of 'zero' also, along with its
succeeding proxy, should be taken into account.
5 (a) After getting (i) an un-deducted proxy or (ii) a left-off proxy further A gas should be
written basing upon the respective proxies of such un-deducted or left-off proxy by
subtracting them consecutively starting process again from the beginning and carefully
observing the relevant rules and restrictions, if any, in writing the A gas.
(b) For the upper-lines of the tables of all A gas sometimes, if carefully observed, A gas of
higher value should have to be written than the A ga probable for the subtraction of two or
more proxies of the same line or for the subtraction of the figure '1' of the extreme left,
either independently or consecutively along with other proxies.
(c) A gas should always be written by subtracting the existing respective proxies only but
carefully observing the relevant rules and restrictions, if any.
6 (a) In all modes of permutation for answering Na a of Akha a-prast ra, if either the
remainder or proxy or both are not existing, one or more inferior (least) A gas should only
be written to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra.
(b) In all modes of permutation for answering Na a of Kha a-prast ra, for all the tables of
A gas, except the tables of the lowest A gas, one or more lowest A gas should only be
written for the lowest-lines and for the upper-lines, either the lowest A ga or the A ga of
that particular table or both, should be written anti-clock-wise, in ascending order of value,
irrespective of the number of the A gas to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra. While
doing so the relevant rules and restrictions, if any, should be observed in writing the A gas
to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra.
(c) In Panc ga-prast ra for answering Na a of Kha a-prast ra, for Druta-m ru, which
is the table of the inferior (lowest) A ga, one or more Laghus, Laghu being the next immediate
higher A ga than Druta, should only be written for the lowest-line as this is the line containing
only DDPs (Druta-devoid-permutations). For the upper-lines, as Druta plays a dual role
of both the lowest A ga of that mode and the A ga of that particular table as well, either
Druta or Laghu or both should be written, in ascending order of value, irrespective of the
number of the A gas, to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra.
(d) In a a ga-prast ra for answering Na a of Kha a-prast ra, for Anudruta-m ru, which
is the table of the inferior (lowest) A ga of that mode, one or more Drutas, Druta being the
next immediate higher A ga than Anudruta, should be written for the lowest-line, as this is
the line containing only ADPs (Anudruta-devoid-permutations). For the upper-lines, as
Anudruta plays a dual role of both the lowest A ga of that mode and the A ga of that
particular table as well, either Anudruta or also with Druta or also with Laghu, should be
written, in ascending order of value, irrespective of the number of A gas, to fill-in the
deficit value of the prast ra. Besides, it should be well remembered that one or more
Laghus also have to be written, if found necessary, for both the lowest and upper-lines of
this table of Anudruta.
(e) In Sa yukt ga-prast ra for answering Na a of Kha a-prast ra, for the table of one-
unit ( ka-anudruta-m ru), which is the table of the lowest-unit of that mode and in which
the house of the 'zero' also, along with its succeeding proxy, should be accounted for
writing the relevant A gas one or more A gas of 2-units, they being the immediate higher
A gas than the A gas of 1-unit, should be written for the lowest-line, as this is the line
35
 containing only 1-UDPs (one-unit-devoid-permutations). For the upper-lines, as the A ga
of one-unit plays a dual role of both the lowest A ga of that mode and the A ga of that
particular table as well, A gas of 1-unit or 2-units or both should be written, in ascending
order of value, irrespective of the number of the figures, to fill-in the deficit value of the
prast ra. Besides, it should be well remembered that one or more A gas of 3-units also
have to be written, if found necessary, for the lowest and upper-lines of this table.

7 (a) In all modes of permutation, in respect of the upper-lines of the table of any A ga, other
than the lowest, if the process of subtraction continues upto the lowest-line, further A gas
should always be written as per the key-rules governing the lowest-line only.

(b) In all modes of permutation, for the upper-lines of the very first table of the lowest A ga,
if the process of subtraction continues upto the lowest line and any figure of that line cannot
be subtracted, one lowest A ga should be written at the first instance and further A gas be
written later as per the key-rules governing the lowest-line only.
EXAMPLES
A. AKHA A-PRAST RA

1. Akha a-anul ma-na a :

1. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 1st prast ra of 12-DP of Panc ga-
prast ra? (2-12-632-1)
To write the 'Sa khya' of Panc ga-prast ra, the total of the existing figures of the preceding
1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th houses, which are the fixed respective proxies of Panc ga-prast ra,
should always be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the
required 12-DP (refer table -1).

Now as per rule No.2 (a), subtract the question number '1', from the 'Sa khya' figure '632' of
12-DP as the question number belongs to the 12-DPs and the remainder (632-1) is '631'.

Now, from the above remainder '631', the respective proxies (the figures of the preceding 1st,
2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th houses i.e., first-1st proxy, second-2nd proxy, third-4th proxy, fourth-6th
proxy and fifth-8th proxy of the figure '632', the 'Sa khya' of 12-DP) should consecutively be
subtracted as this figure '632' is only the combination of all these five proxies. So, accordingly,
from the above remainder '631', the first - 1st proxy '350' (631-350=281), the second-2nd
proxy '196' (281-196=85), the third-4th proxy '61' (85-61=24) and the fourth-6th proxy '19'
(24-19=5) could consecutively be subtracted, as per rule No.4 write the fifth consecutive A ga
(1st-Druta, 2nd-Laghu, 3rd-Guru, 4th-Pluta and 5th-K kap da), K kap da, in total, and leave
away the fifth-8th proxy '6' (as this figure '6' could not consecutively be subtracted from the last
remainder '5', being a figure bigger than the remainder, this figure '6' becomes the figure to be
left-off, after obtaining the A ga, K kap da).
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), we have to start the process of subtraction again from the beginning
by consecutively deducting the respective preceding proxies of the above left-off proxy and
accordingly, from the remainder '5', the first-1st proxy '3' (5-3=2) and the second-2nd proxy '2'
(2-2=0) of the above left-off proxy '6', could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4,
as two proxies could consecutively be subtracted, write the third consecutive A ga, Guru.

36
 Till now we have obtained K kap da and Guru. Now, as no remainder is left and as also the
total value of K kap da and Guru together is tallied with the value of 12-DP, the process of
subtraction is over and thus the series of a gas of this 1st prast ra of 12-DP consists of 'S+'.
2. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 385th prast ra of 12-DP? (2-12-632-385)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
Now, as per rule No.2 (a), the remainder (632-385) is '247'.
Later, as per rule No.3, as the first -1st proxy '350', being a figure bigger than the above remainder
'247', could not be subtracted from the remainder, write Druta of the same first-1st proxy.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), we have to start the process of subtraction again from the beginning
by consecutively deducting the respective preceding proxies of the above un-deducted proxy
and accordingly from the above remainder '247', the first-1st proxy '196' of the above un-
deducted proxy '350' could only be subtracted (247-196=51) and as per rule No.4, as only one
proxy could be subtracted, write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu and leave away the second
-2nd proxy '108' of the above un-deducted proxy '350' (had '108' also been subtracted
consecutively along with '196', we would have got the third consecutive A ga, Guru, for the
consecutive subtraction of two proxies, but, as '108' could not consecutively be subtracted,
being a figure bigger than the last remainder '51', this '108', has become the figure to be left-off).
Now, again as per rule No.5(a), we have to start the process of subtraction again from the
beginning by consecutively deducting the respective preceding proxies of the above last left-off
proxy. But, accordingly, from the last remainder '51', as even the first - 1st proxy '61' of the
above left-off proxy '108' could not also be subtracted being a figure bigger than the remainder,
as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Druta of the same first - 1st proxy.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), we have to start the process of subtraction from the beginning
by consecutively deducting the respective preceding proxies of the above last un-deducted proxy
and accordingly now, from the last remainder '51', the first-1st proxy '33', of the above un-
deducted proxy '61' could be subtracted (51-33=18) and as per rule No.4, as only one proxy
could be subtracted, write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu and leave away the second -
2nd proxy '19' of the above un-deducted proxy '61'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), we have to start the process of subtraction again from the
beginning by consecutively deducting the respective preceding proxies of the above last left-off
proxy, and accordingly now, from the last remainder '18', the first-1st proxy '10' (18-10=8), the
second-2nd proxy '6' (8-6=2) and the third-4th proxy '2' (2-2=0) of the above left-off proxy
'19' could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4, as three proxies could consecutively
be subtracted, write the fourth consecutive A ga, Pluta. Till now, we have obtained Druta, Laghu,
Druta, Laghu and Pluta consecutively. Now, as no remainder is left and as also the total value of
all these above A gas together is tallied with the value of 12-DP, now the process of subtraction
is over and the series of this 385th prast ra of 12-DP consists of ' IOIO'.
3. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 318th prast ra of 11-AP of Trisra-j ti of
a a ga-prast ra? (3-11-565-318)
To write the 'Sa khya' of Trisra-j ti of a a ga-prast ra the total of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th
and 12th proxies should be written and as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the
required permutation (refer table-8).

37
 As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (565-318) is '247'.
From this remainder '247', the first-1st proxy '302' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-1st proxy.
As per rule No.5(a), from the above remainder '247', the first-1st proxy '162' of the above un-
deducted proxy '302', could only be subtracted (247-162=85) and as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '86'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '85', the first-1st proxy '46' (85-
46=39), the second -2nd proxy '25' (39-25=14) and the third-3rd proxy '13' (14-13=1) of the
above left-off proxy '86', could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the fourth
consecutive A ga, Guru, leaving away the fourth-6th proxy '2'.
Again, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above left-
off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive
A ga, Druta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O S O U'.
4. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 148th prast ra of 12-AP of Catura ra-j ti
of a a ga-prast ra? (4-12-543-148)
To write the 'Sa khya' of Catura ra-j ti of a a ga-prast ra the total of the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th,
12th and 16th proxies should be written and as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto
the required permutation (refer table -16).
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (543-148) is '395'.
From this above remainder the first-1st proxy '306' could only be subtracted (395-306=89)
and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the second-2nd
proxy '174'.
Later, as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '89', the first - 1st proxy '98' of the left-off
proxy '174', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-
1st proxy.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '89', the first-1st proxy '56'
(89-56=33) and the second-2nd proxy '31' (33-31=2) of the above un-deducted proxy '98',
could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Laghu,
leaving away the third-3rd proxy '10'.
Later, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '2', the first-1st proxy '6' of the above
left-off proxy '10' and again the first-1st proxy '3' of the previously un-deducted proxy '6', thus
two first-1st proxies could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write two
A gas, Anudrutas of the first-1st proxy consecutively.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the remainder '2', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above last un-
deducted proxy '3', could be subtracted (2-2=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive
A ga, Druta. Till now, three Anudrutas, two Drutas and one Laghu are obtained, whose total
value amounts to '11-units' and this is one-unit lesser than the value of 12-AP which is of '12-
units'. So, as per rule No.6 (a), to fill-in the deficit value of the above one-unit, write one more
inferior (lowest) A ga, Anudruta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'U O U U
I U O'.

38
5. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 170th prast ra of 12-AP of Kha a-j ti of
a a ga-prast ra? (5-12-377-170)
The respective proxies of Kha a-j ti of a a ga-prast ra are the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th, 15th
and 20th proxies and as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the required permutation
basing upon the above proxies (refer table-23).
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (377-170) is '207'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '220' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first 1st-proxy.
Later, as per rule No.5(a), from the remainder '207', the first-1st proxy '129' (207-129=78) and
the second-2nd proxy '75' (78-75=3) of the above un-deducted proxy '220', could consecutively
be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the
third - 5th proxy '15'.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), from the remainder '3', the first-1st proxy '9' of the above left-off
proxy '15', could not be subtracted and again the first-1st proxy '5' of the previously un-deducted
proxy '9' also could not be subtracted i.e., two first-1st proxies '9 & 5' respectively of the above
left-off proxy '15' and un-deducted proxy '9', could not consecutively be subtracted and as per
rule No.3 write two A gas, Anudrutas of the first-1st proxy consecutively.
Later, again as per rule No.5(a), from the remainder '3', the first-1st proxy '3' of the above last
un-deducted proxy '5' could be subtracted (3-3=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta.
Now, as per rule No.6 (a), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra, write two more inferior
A gas, Anudrutas. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'U U O U U I U'.
6. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 113th prast ra of 12-AP of Mi ra-j ti of
a a ga-prast ra ? (7-12-271-113)
The respective proxies of Mi ra-j ti of a a ga-prast ra are the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 14th, 21st and
28th representing Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da respectively and as per
rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the required permutation basing upon the above
proxies (refer table-29).
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (271-113) is '158'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '164' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-1st proxy.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), from the above remainder, the first-1st proxy '99' of the above un-
deducted proxy '164', could be subtracted (158-99=59) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '60'.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '59', the first-1st proxy '36' (59-
36=23) and the second-2nd proxy '22' (23-22=1) of the above left-off proxy '60' could
consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Laghu,
leaving away the third-7th proxy '2'.

39
 Now, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
left-off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive
A ga, Druta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O I O U'.
7. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 2nd prast ra of 12-AP of Sa k r a-j ti of
a a ga-prast ra ? (9-12-243-2)
The respective proxies of Sa k r a-j ti of a a ga-prast ra are the 1st, 2nd, 9th, 18th, 27th
and 36th which represent the Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta, and K kap da respectively
and as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the required permutation basing upon
the above proxies (refer table-34).
As per rule No.2 (a) remainder (243-2) is '241'.
From this above remainder the first-1st proxy '149' (241-149=92) and the second-2nd proxy
'91' (92-91=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive
A ga, Laghu, leaving away the third-9th proxy '3'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-off
proxy '3', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Anudruta of the first -1st
proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5(a), from the remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
undeducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O U I'.
8. What is the series of figures pertaining to the 67th prast ra of 8-UP of Sa yukt ga-
prast ra ? (1-8-128-67)
The respective proxies of Sa yukt ga-prast ra are the figures of all the preceding houses and
as per rule No.1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the required units of permutation basing
upon all the preceding proxies (refer table-39).
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (128-67) is '61'.
From this above remainder the 1st proxy '64' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write
the A ga of one-unit or figure '1' of the 1st proxy.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the remainder '61', the 1st proxy '32' (61-32=29), the 2nd
proxy '16' (29-16=13), the 3rd proxy '8' (13-8=5) and the 4th proxy '4' (5-4=1) of the above
un-deducted proxy '64' could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the fifth
consecutive A ga containing five units or figure '5' leaving away the 5th proxy '2'.
Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the remainder '1', the 1st proxy '1' of the above left-off proxy '2'
could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga containing
two-units or figure '2'. Thus the series of unit-values of this prast ra is '2 5 1'.

2. Akha a-anul ma-madhyarupa-uparisthita-na a :

9. What is the series of A gas of the 6th Vil ma-prast ra of 6-DP from the prast ra of the
MN ? (2-6-19-6)
As per rule No.1 write down the 'Sa khya' upto the required 6-DP (refer table -1).

40
 As 'Sa khya' of 6-DP is of odd-number '19' the prast ra of the 'midmost-number (MN)' is
Anul ma-10.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) the Vil ma-serial -number '6' should be added to MN '10' (6+10=16)
and for the odd-number of 'Sa khya' figure '1' should also be subtracted from the above total
'16' (16-1=15).
The above remainder '15' is the SF (Superior-a gas'-figure). As per rules of Na a this SF '15'
gives out the series 'S I' of 6-DP and this is the answer.
10. What is the series of A gas of the 2nd Vil ma-prast ra of 5-DP from the MN ?
(2-5-10-2)
As per rule No.1 write down the 'Sa khya' upto the required 5-DP (refer table-1).
As 'Sa khya' of 5-DP is of even number '10' the MN is Anul ma-5.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) the question-number '2' should be added to the MN '5' (2+5=7).
The above total '7' is the SF. As per Na a this figure gives out the series '1O1' of 5-DP and this
is the answer.

3. Akha a-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-na a :

11. What is the series of the 8th Anul ma-prast ra of 6-DP from the MN? (2-6-19-8)
As per rule No.1 write down the 'Sa khya' upto the required 6-DP (refer table-1).
As 'Sa khya' of 6-DP is of odd-number '19' the MN is Anul ma-10.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) the question-number '8' should be subtracted from the MN '10'
(10-8=2) and for the 'Sa khya' of odd-number further subtract figure '1' also from the above
remainder (2-1=1) which is the SF. As per Na a this figure gives out the series '1OOOO' of 6-
DP and this is the answer.
12 . What is the series of the 4th Anul ma-prast ra of 5-DP from the MN? (2-5-10-4)
As per rule No.1 write down the 'Sa khya' upto the required 5-DP (refer table-1).
As 'Sa khya' of 5-DP is of even-number '10' the MN is Anul ma-5.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) the question number '4' should be subtracted from the MN by which the
remainder (5-4=) '1' is the SF. As per Na a this figure gives out the series '1OOO' of 5-DP and
this is the answer.

4. Akha a-vil ma-na a :

13. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 632nd prast ra of 12-DP of Panc ga-
prast ra? (2-12-632-632)
As per rule No.1 write down the Sa khya upto the required 12-DP (refer question-1). Now, as
per rule No.2 (b) subtract figure '1' from the question number '632' (632-1) and the remainder is
'631'. Later follow as in Akha a-anul ma-na a.

41
5. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a :
14. What is the series of A gas of the 2nd Vil ma-prast ra from the MN pertaining to the
5-DP? (2-5-10-2)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya 10
is the even number the last permutation of the first-half of the 10 permutations i.e., the 5th
permutation is the MN.
As per rule No.(b) (i) subtract the question number from the MN (5-2 =3) along with figure 1
and the last remainder is (3-1=) 2.
From the above remainder 2, as the first-1st proxy 6 and again its first-1st proxy 3 could not
consecutively be subtracted write two first Angas i.e., two Drutas as per rule No.3 and continue
the process.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), basing upon the un-deducted last proxy 3 the process continues
and accordingly, from the above remainder 2, as the first-1st proxy 2 could be subtracted
(2-2=0) write the second A ga, Laghu as per rule No.4.
Later, write one Druta in the left extreme of the permutation to fill in the deficit value of the
prast ra permutation as per rule No.6(c). Thus, this prasta ra contains O I O O in the series of
Angas.

6. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita--na a :

15. What is the series of A gas of the 12th Anuloma-prast ra form the MN pertaining to the
7-DP? (2-7-33-12)
an
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya 33
is the odd number the 17th permutation is the MN.
As per rule No.(b)(ii) add the question-number to the MN (12+17=29) and subtract figure 1
and the remainder is (29-1=) 28.
From the above remainder 28, as the first-1st proxy 19 could be subtracted (28-19=9) write
the second consecutive Anga, Laghu as per rule No.4 and leave off the second-2nd proxy 10
to continue the process.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), basing upon the above left-off proxy 10 the process continues and
accordingly, from the last remainder 9, the first-1st and second-2nd proxies could consecutively
be subtracted (9-6=3-3=0) write the third consecutive A ga, Guru as per rule No.4.
Later, write one Druta in the left extreme of the permutation to fill in the deficit value of the
permutation as per rule No. 6(c). Thus this prast ra contains O S I in the series of Angas.
B. KHA A-PRAST RA

7. Kha a-hina-anul ma-na a :

16. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 12th DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-12)
To write the figures of 'Sa khya' of Panc ga-prast ra the total of the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th
proxies should be written and for the lowest-line of Druta-m ru the total of the above proxies,
except the 1st proxy, it being the lowest devoid line of the first table of Druta, should be written.

42
 Now, as per rule No. 1 write the figures of 'Sa khya' upto the required permutation (refer
table -2).
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (29-12) is '17'.
From the above remainder, the second-2nd proxy '15' could be subtracted (17-15=2) and as
per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru, leaving away the third-4th proxy '8'.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '2', the second-2nd proxy '4' of the above
left-off proxy '8', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the second consecutive
A ga, Laghu.
Now, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '2', the second-2nd proxy '2' of the
above un-deducted proxy '4', could be subtracted (2-2=0) and as per rule No.4 write the third
consecutive A ga, Guru.
Later, as per rule No. 6(c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and to make it Druta-devoid-
permutation (DDP) write one Laghu and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of
''ISIS".
17. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 16th DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-16)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (29-16) is '13'.
From the above remainder the second-2nd proxy '15' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), from the above remainder '13', the second-2nd proxy '8' (13-8=5)
and the third-4th proxy '4' (5-4=1) of the above un-deducted proxy '15' could consecutively be
subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the fourth consecutive A ga, Pluta, leaving away the
fourth-6th proxy '2'.

Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the second-2nd proxy '1' of the
above left-off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the third
consecutive A ga, Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'S I'.
18. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 2nd LDP of 10-DP? (2-10-2-0-24-2)
To write the figures of 'Sa khya' for the lowest line of Laghu-m ru, the total of all the proxies of
Panc ga-prast ra, except the second-2nd proxy, it being the lowest devoid line of the second
table of Laghu, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required
permutation (refer table -3).
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (24-2) is '22'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '16' (22-16=6) and the third-4th proxy '5' (6-5=1)
could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the fourth consecutive A ga, Pluta,
leaving away the fourth-6th proxy '2'.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above left-off
proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga,
Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'S '.

43
19. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 7th LDP of 10-DP? (2-10-2-0-24-7)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (24-7) is '17'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '16' could be subtracted (17-16=1) and as per
rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru, leaving away the third-4th proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '3' and its first-1st proxy
'2' of the above left-off proxy '5' could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write two A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5(a), from the above remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
last un-deducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the third
consecutive A ga, Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of ' S O O S'.
20. What is the series of unit-values pertaining to the 1st 1-UDP of 9-UP? (1-9-1-0-21-1)
To write 'Sa khya' for the Sa yukt ga-prast ra the total of the figures of all the preceding
houses, which are proxies, should be written and for the lowest-line of the table of one-unit the
total of all the proxies, except the 1st proxy, being the lowest devoid line of the first table of one-
unit, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required permutation.
(refer table-40)
As per the rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-1) is '20'.
From the above remainder the 2nd proxy '8' (20-8=12), the 3rd proxy '5' (12-5=7), the 4th
proxy '3' (7-3=4), the 5th proxy '2' (4-2=2), the 6th proxy '1' (2-1=1) and the 7th proxy '1' (1-
1=0), thus six proxies, could consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e) as it
amounts to eight houses, including the houses of the 1st proxy and the last zero, write the figure
'9' of 9-units. Thus the series of this prast ra consists of '9'.
21. What is the series of unit-values of the 6th 1-UDP of 9-UP? (1-9-1-0-21-6)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-6) is '15'.
From the above remainder the 2nd proxy '8' (15-8=7) and the 3rd proxy '5' (7-5=2) could
consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos.4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to three houses, write
the figure '4' of 4-units leaving away the 4th proxy '3'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '2', the 2nd proxy '1' (2-1=1) and the 3rd
proxy '1' (1-1=0) of the above left-off proxy '3', could consecutively be subtracted and as per
rules Nos.4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to four houses, write the figure '5' of 5-units. Thus the series
of this prast ra consists of '5 4'.
22. What is the series of unit-values of the 12th 1-UDP of 9-UP? (1-9-1-0-21-12)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-12) is '9'.

44
 From the above remainder the 2nd proxy '8' could be subtracted (9-8=1) and as per rules
Nos.4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to two houses, write the figure '3' of 3-units leaving away the 3rd
proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the 2nd proxy '2' of the left-off proxy '5',
could not be subtracted and as per rule No. 3 write figure '2' of the 2nd proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the 2nd proxy '1' of the above un-
deducted proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e) as it amounts to
three houses, including the houses of zero and the omitted first-1st proxy, write figure '4' of 4-
units. Thus the series of this prast ra consists of '4 2 3'.
23. What is the series of unit-values of the 19th 1-UDP of 9-UP? (1-9-1-0-21-19)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-19) is '2'.
From the above remainder the 2nd proxy '8' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write
figure '2' of the 2nd proxy.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '2', the 2nd proxy '3' of the above un-
deducted proxy '8' could not also be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write one more figure '2' of
the 2nd proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '2', the 2nd proxy '1' (2-1=1) and
the 3rd proxy '1' (1-1=0) of the above un-deducted proxy '3' could consecutively be subtracted
and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to four houses, including the houses of zero and the
omitted 1st proxy, write the next consecutive figure '5' of 5-units. Thus the series of this prast ra
consists of '5 2 2'.
24. What is the series of unit-values of the 18th 2-UDP of 7-UP? (1-7-2-0-21-18)
To write 'Sa khya' for the lowest-line of the table of '2-units' the total of all the preceding
consecutive proxies, except the 2nd proxy, being the lowest devoid line of the second table of 2-
units, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required permutation.
(refer table-41)
As per the rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-18) is '3'.
From the above remainder three 1st proxies '12, 7 & 4' could not consecutively be subtracted
and as per rule No.3 write the figure '1' three times.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '3', the 1st proxy '2' (3-2=1) and the 3rd
proxy '1' (1-1=0) of the above un-deducted last proxy '4', could consecutively be subtracted
and as per rules Nos.4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to three houses, including the omitted 2nd proxy,
write the figure '4' of 4-units. Thus the series of this prast ra consists of '4 1 1 1'.

8. Kha a-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a :

25. What is the series of A gas of the 3rd Vil ma-prast ra from the MN pertaining to the
DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-3)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

45
 As Sa khya of the DDP of 12-DP is odd-number '29' the MN is '15'.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) add the question-number '3' to the MN '15' (15+3=18) and being odd-
number of Sa khya, further subtract figure '1' also from the above total (18-1=17). The remainder
'17' is the SF which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'I S I S'.
26. What is the series of A gas of the 2nd Vil ma-prast ra pertaining to the DDP of 8-DP
from the MN? (2-8-1-0-8-2)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the DDP of 8-DP is of even-number '8' the MN is Anul ma-4.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) add the question-number '2' to the MN '4' (2+4=6) and the total figure
'6' is the SF which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'I '.

9. Kha a-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-na a :

27. What is the series of A gas of the 1st Anul ma-prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to
DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-1)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the DDP of 12-DP is of odd-number '29' the MN is '15'.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) subtract the question-number '1' from the MN '15' (15-1-14) and being
odd-number of Sa khya further subtract figure '1' also from the above remainder (14-1=13).
The remainder '13' is the SF, which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'S I'.
28. What is the series of A gas of the 3rd Anul ma-prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to
the DDP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-0-8-3)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the DDP of 8-DP is of even-number '8' the MN is Anul ma-4.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) subtract the question number '3' from the MN '4' (4-3=1). The remainder
'1' is the SF, which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'S I I'.

10. Kha a-hina-vil ma-na a :

29. What is the series of A gas of the 18th DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-18)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (b) subtract figure '1' from the question-number (18-1=17).
Later, follow as in Na a and obtain the answer series 'I S I S'.

11. Kha a-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a :

30. What is the series of A gas of the 2nd Vil ma-prast ra from the MN pertaining to the
DDP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-0-8-2)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya 8
is the even number the last permutation of the first-half of the 8 permutations i.e. the 4th permutation
is the MN.
46
 As per rule No. 2 (b)(i) subtract the question number from the MN (4-2=2) along with figure 1
and the last remainder is (2-1=) 1.
From the above remainder 1 as the second 2nd-proxy 4 and again its second-2nd proxy 2
could not consecutively be subtracted write two Laghus consecutively as per rule Nos.3, 5(a), 3
and continue the process.
Later, as per rule No. 5(a), basing upon the un-deducted last proxy 2 the process starts again
and accordingly, from the above remainder 1, as the second-2nd proxy 1 could be subtracted
(1-1=0) write the third consecutive Anga, Guru as per rules Nos. 5(a) & 4. Thus this prast ra
contains S I I in the series of Angas.

12. Kha a-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-na a :

31. What is the series of A gas of the 8th Anuloma-prast ra form the MN pertaining to the
DDP of 12-DP? (2-12-1-0-29-8)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya of
the DDP of 12-DP is of odd-number 29 the MN is 15.
As per rule No.2 (b)(ii) add the question-number to the MN (8+15=23) and subtract figure 1
of which the remainder is (23-1=) 22.
From the above remainder as the second-2nd proxy 15 could be subtracted (22-15=7) write
the third consecutive A nga, Guru and leave away the third-4th proxy 8 as per rule No.4 to
continue the process.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder
an 7, as the second-2nd proxy 4, third-4th
proxy 2 and fourth-6th proxy 1 could consecutively be subtracted (7-4=3-2=1-1=0) write
the fifth consecutive A ga, K kap a da as per rule No.4. Thus, the series of this prasta ra consists
of +S.

13. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-na a :

32. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 2nd 2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-2)
The total of all the proxies of Panc ga-prast ra, except the first-1st proxy from the immediate
lower line, it being the first table of Druta should be written for the upper-lines of Druta-m ru and
now as per rule No.1 write the figure of 'Sa khya' upto the required permutation. (refer
table-2)

As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (25-2) is '23'.

From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' (23-12=11) and the second-2nd proxy
'9' (11-9=2) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive
A ga, Guru, leaving away the third-4th proxy '3'.
Now, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '2', the lower first-1st proxy '2' of the above
left-off proxy '3', could only be subtracted (2-2=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu.

47
 Later, as per rule No.6 (c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it 2-DCP,
two inferior A gas, Drutas should be written. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of
'O O I S' (refer the permuted examples furnished at the end of this book).

33. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 3rd 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-3)

As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

As per rule No.2(a) the reminder (25-3) is '22'.

From the above remainder the lower first -1st proxy '12' (22-12=10) and the second-2nd proxy
'9' (10-9=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive
A ga, Guru, leaving away the third-4th proxy '3'.

Later, as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the lower first-1st proxy '2' of the above
left-off proxy '3' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the first A ga, Druta.

Now, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the lower first-1st proxy '1' of the
above un-deducted proxy '2', could be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu.

Later, as per rule No.6 (c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it
2-DCP write one Druta and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O I O S'.

34. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 5th 2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-5)

As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (25-5) is '20'.

From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could be subtracted (20-12=8) and as
per rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy
'9'.

Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '8' the lower first-1st proxy '5' (8-5=3) and
the second-2nd proxy '3' (3-3=0) of the above left-off proxy '9', could consecutively be subtracted
and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru.

As per rule No.6 (c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it 2-DCP write
two inferior A gas, Drutas. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O O S I'.

35. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 9th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-9)

As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (25-9) is '16'.

From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could be subtracted (16-12=4) and as
per rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy
'9'.

48
 Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '4', the lower first-1st proxy '5' of the above
left-of proxy '9', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga of the first-1st
proxy, Druta.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '4', the lowest first-1st proxy '2' (4-
2=2) and the second-2nd proxy '2' (2-2=0) of the above un-deducted proxy '5', could
consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru.
As per rule No.6(c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it 2-DCP write an
inferior A ga, Druta and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O S O I'.
36. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 12th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-12)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (25-12) is '13'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could be subtracted (13-12=1) and as
per rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy
'9'.
Now, as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '5' of the above left-off
proxy '9' could not be subtracted and also again the first-1st proxy '2' of the previously un-
deducted proxy '5' could not be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 3&7 (b) write two inferior
A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Now, as per rules Nos.5(a) and 7(b), from the last remainder '1', the second-2nd proxy '1' of the
above last un-deducted proxy '2' of the lowest-line, could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule
No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of
'S O O I'.
37. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 15th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-15)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (25-15) is '10'.
From this above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the A ga of the first-1st proxy, Druta.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a), from the above remainder '10', the lowest first-1st proxy '4' (10-
4=6) and the second-2nd proxy '5' (6-5=1) of the above un-deducted proxy '12', could
consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru, leaving
away the third-4th proxy '2'.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest first-1st proxy '1' of the
above left-off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu.
Now, as per rule No. 6(c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it 2-DCP
write an inferior A ga, Druta and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O I S O'.
38. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 17th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-17)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
49
 As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (25-17) is '8'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the A ga of the first-1st proxy, Druta.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '8', the lowest first-1st proxy '4' of the
above undeducted proxy '12', could be subtracted (8-4=4) and as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '4', the lowest first-1st proxy '2' (4-
2=2) and the second-2nd proxy '2' (2-2=0) of the above left-off proxy '5', could consecutively
be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru.
Now, as per rule No. 6(c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it 2-DCP
write an inferior A ga, Druta and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O S I O'.
39. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 18th 2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-18)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (25-18) is '7'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the A ga of the first-1st proxy, Druta.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '7', the lowest first-1st proxy '4' of the un-
deducted proxy '12', could be subtracted (7-4=3) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Later, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '3', the lowest first-1st proxy '2' of the
above left-off proxy '5', could be subtracted (3-2=1) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '2'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest first-1st proxy '1' of the
above left-off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and again as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Laghu.
Later, as per rule No.6 (c), to fill in the deficit value of the prast ra and also to make it
2-DCP write an inferior A ga, Druta and thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of
'OIIIO'.
40. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 20th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-20)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (25-20) is '5'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the A ga of the first-1st proxy, Druta.
Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '5', the lowest first-1st proxy '4' of the
above un-deducted proxy '12', could be subtracted (5-4=1) and as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.

50
 Now, again as per rule No.5(a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest first-1st proxy '2' of the
above left-off proxy '5', could not be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 3 & 7 (b) write the A ga
of the first-1st proxy, Druta.
Later, as per rules Nos. 5 (a) and 7 (b), from the last remainder '1', the lowest second-2nd proxy
'1' of the above un-deducted lowest proxy '2', could be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write
the third consecutive A ga, Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'SOIO'.
41. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 23rd 2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-23)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (25-23) is '2'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' and its lowest first-1st proxy '4' could
not consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 3 and 7 (b) write two A gas of the first-
1st proxy, Drutas.
Later, as per rules Nos.5 (a) and 7 (b), from the above remainder '2', the lowest second-2nd
proxy '2' of the above un-deducted last proxy '4' could be subtracted (2-2=0) and as per rule
No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru.
Now, as per rule No.6(c), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra write the inferior A ga, Laghu,
of the lowest line.Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'I S O O'.
42. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 24th 2-DCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-1-2-25-24)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (25-24) is '1'.
From the above remainder the lower first-1st proxy '12' and its lowest first-1st proxy '4' could
not consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos.3 and 7(b) write two A gas, Drutas of the
first-1st proxy.
Later, as per rules Nos.5(a) and 7(b), from the above remainder '1', the lowest second-2nd
proxy '2' of the above un-deducted last proxy '4', could not be subtracted again and as per rule
No.4 write the A ga, Laghu of the same second-2nd proxy of the lowest line.
Now, again as per rules Nos.5 (a) and 7 (b), from the above remainder '1', the second-2nd
proxy '1' of the above un-deducted lowest proxy '2' could , now, be subtracted (1-1=0) and as
per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Guru. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra
consists of ' S I O O'.
43. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 3rd 1-LCP of 8-DP? (2-8-2-1-21-3)
To write the 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Laghu-m ru, the total of all the proxies of Panc ga-
prast ra, except the second-2nd proxy, it being the second table of Laghu, from the immediate
lower line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required permutation
(refer table-3).
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-3) is '18'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '12' (18-12=6) and the lowest second-2nd proxy
'5' (6-5=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive
A ga, Guru, leaving away the third-4th proxy '3'.
51
 Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-off
proxy '3', could not be subtracted and as per rule No. 3 write the A ga of the first-1st proxy
which is Druta.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
undeducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and per rule No.4 write the second consecutive
A ga, Laghu.
Later, as per rule No.6 (b), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra write an inferior A ga, Druta.
Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'OIOS' (refer the permuted examples furnished
at the end of this book).
44. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 8th 1-LCP of 8-DP? (2-8-2-1-21-8)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-8) is '13'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '12' could be subtracted (13-12=1) and as per
rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the lowest second-2nd proxy
'5'.
Now, as per rules Nos.5 (a) 7 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '3' and again its
first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-off proxy '5', could not consecutively be subtracted and as
per rule No.3 write two A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
undeducted last proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos. 4 & 7 (a) write the
A ga, Guru of the third consecutive proxy, as the second consecutive A ga, Laghu should not be
written, being the lowest devoid line of Laghu-m ru. Thus the series of a gas of a gas of this
prast ra consists of 'SOOI'.
45. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 13th 1-LCP of 8-DP? (2-8-2-1-21-13)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-13) is '8'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '12' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Druta of the first-1st proxy.
Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '8', the first-1st proxy '7' of the above
undeducted proxy '12', could be subtracted (8-7=1) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the lowest second-2nd proxy '3'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2'of the above
left-of proxy '3', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Pluta of the first-
1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the un -
deducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos.4 & 7 (a) write the third
consecutive A ga, Guru, as the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, should not be written, being
the lowest devoid line of Laghu. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'S O I O'.

52
46. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 18th 1-LCP of 8-DP? (2-8-2-1-21-18)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-18) is '3'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '12', its first-1st proxy '7' and again its first-1st
proxy '4' thus three first-1st proxies could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write three A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Later, as per rule No. 5(a), from the above remainder '3', the first-1st proxy '3' of the above un-
deducted last proxy '4', could be subtracted (3-3=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu.
Now, as per rule No.6 (b), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra write three inferior A gas,
Drutas. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O O O 1 O O O'.
47. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 4th 1-GCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-4-1-20-4)
To write the figures of 'Sa khya' for the upper lines of Guru-m ru, the total of all the proxies of
Pa nc ga-prast ra, except the third-4th proxy, being the third table of Guru, of the immediate
lower line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same up to the required
permutation. (refer table-4).
As per rule No. 2(a) the remainder (20-4) is '16'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '10' (16-10=6) and the second-2nd proxy '5' (6-
5=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga,
Guru, leaving away the lowest third-4th proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '3' and again its first-
1st proxy '2' of the above left-off proxy '5' could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write two A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted last proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No. 4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Laghu. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'I O O S'.
48. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 9th 1-GCP of 8-DP ? (2-8-4-1-20-9)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (20-0) is '11'.
From the above remainder, the first-1st proxy '10' could be subtracted (11-10=1) and as per
rule No.4, write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-off
proxy '5', could not be subtracted and as per rule No. 3 write the A ga, Druta of the first-1st
proxy.
Later, again as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted proxy '2' could , now, be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 4, 5 (b) & (c) write Guru
as it should be 1-GCP.

53
 Now, as per rule No. 6 (b), to fill - in the deficit value of the prast ra write one Druta and thus the
series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O S O I'.
49. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 5th 1-PCP of 10-DP ? (2-10-6-1-22-5)
To write the figures of 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Pluta-m ru, the total of all the proxies of
Pa nc ga-prast ra, except the fourth-6th proxy, being the fourth table of Pluta, of the immediate
lower line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required
permutation. (refer table-5)
As per rule No. 2(a) the remainder (22-5) is '17'.
From the above remainder, the first-1st proxy '10' (17-10=7), the second-2nd proxy '5' (7-
5=2) and the third-4th proxy '1' (2-1=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4
write the fourth consecutive A ga, Pluta, leaving away the lowest fourth-6th proxy '6'.
Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '3' and again the first-
1st proxy '2' of the above left-of proxy '6' could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rules
Nos.3 & 7(a) write two A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted last proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos.4 & 7(a) write the
second consecutive A ga, Laghu. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'I O O '.
50. What is the sereis of A gas pertaining to the 11th 1-PCP of 10-DP? (2-10-6-1-22-11)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (22-11) is '11'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '10' could be subtracted (11-10=1) and as per rule
No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-off
proxy '5' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Druta of the first - 1st
proxy.
Later, again as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos.4,5 (b) & (c) write
Pluta as it should be 1-PCP.
Later, as per rule No. 6 (b), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra write one Druta and thus the
series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O O I'.
51. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 5th 1-KCP of 12-DP ? (2-12-8-1-22-5)
To write the figures of 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of K kap da-m ru, the total of all the
proxies of Pa nc ga-prast ra, except the fifth-8th proxy, being the fifth table of K kap da, of
the immediate lower line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the same upto the
required permutation. (refer table -6)
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (22-5) is '17'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '10' (17-10=7), the second-2nd proxy '5' (7-5=2)
and the third-4th proxy '1' (2-1=1) could consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos.4, 5
(b) & (c) write K kap da as it should be a 1-KCP and leave away the lowest fifth-8th proxy '6'.

54
 Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '3' and again its first-1st
proxy '2' of the above left-off proxy '6' could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rules
Nos.3 & 7 (a) write two A gas, Drutas of the first-1st proxy.
Now, again as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted last proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos.4 & 7 (a) write the
second consecutive A ga, Laghu. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'I O O +'.
52. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 11th 1-KCP of 12-DP? (2-12-8-1-22-11)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (22-11) is '11'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '10' could be subtracted (11-10=1) and as per rule
No. 4 write the second consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Later, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above left-
off proxy '5' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Druta of the first-1st
proxy.
Now, again as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted proxy '1' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos. 5 (b) & (c) write
K kap da as it should be a 1-KCP.
Later, as per rule No. 6(b), to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra write one Druta. Thus the
series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O + O 1'.
53. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 17th 1-GCP of 10-AP of Trisra-j ti ?
(3-10-6-1-26-17)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Guru-m ru pertaining to Trisra-j ti of a a ga-prast ra,
the total of all the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 9th and 12th proxies, except the fourth-6th proxy, being the
fourth table of Guru, of the immediate lower-line should be written and now, as per rule No. 1
write the figures upto the required permutation. (refer table-12)
As per rule No. 2(a) the remainder (26-17) is '9'.
From the above remainder, the first-1st proxy '12', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-1st proxy.
Later, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the above remainder '9', the first-1st proxy '5' (9-5=4), the
second-2nd proxy '2' (4-2=2) and the third-3rd proxy '1' (2-1=1) of the above un-deducted
proxy '12', could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No. 4 write the fourth consecutive
A ga, Guru, leaving away the lowest fourth-6th proxy '4'.
Now, as per rules Nos.7(a) & 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the
above left-off proxy '4', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Anudruta
of the first-1st proxy.
Later as per rule No. 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above un-
deducted proxy '2' could be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the second consecutive
A ga, Druta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O U S U'.

55
54. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 16th 1-LCP of 8-AP of Catura ra-j ti?
(4-8-4-1-20-16)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Laghu-m ru pertaining to Catura ra-j ti of a a ga-
prast ra, the total of all the 1st, 2nd, 8th, 12th and 16th proxies, except the third-4th proxy,
being the third table of Laghu, of the immediate lower line, should be written and now, as per rule
No.1 write the same upto the required permutation. (refer table-19)
As per rule No.2(a) the remainder (20-16) is '4'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '10' and again its first-1st proxy '5' could not
consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No. 3 write two A gas, Anudrutas of the first-1st
proxy.
Later, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '4', the first-1st proxy '2' (4-2=2) and the
second-2nd proxy '1' (2-1=1) of the above un-deducted last proxy '5', could consecutively be
subtracted and as per rule No.4, write the third consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the
lowest third-4th proxy '2'.
Now, as per rules Nos.7 (a) & 5(a) from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the
above left-off proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'O I U U'.
55. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 8th 1-DCP of 10-AP of Kha a-j ti ?
(5-10-2-1-29-8)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Druta-m ru of Kha a-j ti of a a ga-prast ra, the
total of all the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th proxies, except the second-2nd proxy, being the
second table of Druta, of the immediate lower-line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1
write the same upto the required permutation. (refer table-25)
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (29-8) is '21'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '20' could be subtracted (21-20=1) and as per
rule No.4 write the second consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the lowest second-2nd
proxy '5'.
Now, as per rules Nos.7 (a) & 5 (a), from the last remainder '1' the first-1st proxy '4' of the
above left-off proxy '5', its first-1st proxy '3' and again its first-1st proxy '2', thus three first-1st
proxies, could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write three A gas, Anudrutas
of the first-1st proxy.
Later, as per rules Nos.5 (a) & 7 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the
above un-deducted last proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No. 4 write the
third consecutive A ga, Laghu, as in this table of Druta the Druta and its second-2nd proxy are
omitted for the lowest-line being the line of DDPs. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra
consists of 'I U U U O'.
56. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 11th 1-DCP of 12-AP of Mi ra-j ti ?
(7-12-2-1-31-11)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Druta-m ru of Mi ra-j ti of a a ga-prast ra, the
total of all the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th proxies, except the second-2nd proxy, being the

56
 second table of Druta, of the immediate lower-line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1
write the same upto the required permutation. (refer table-31).
As per the rule No.1 (a) the remainder (31-11) is '20'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '22' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-1st proxy.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '20', the first-1st proxy '15' (20-15=5)
and the second-2nd proxy '4' (5-4=1) of the above undeducted proxy '22' could consecutively
be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the third consecutive A ga, Laghu, leaving away the
third-7th proxy '3' .
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '2' of the above
left-off proxy '3', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Anudruta of the
first-1st proxy.

Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta.

Later, as per rule No.6 (b), write the lowest A ga, Anudruta to fill-in the deficit value of the
prast ra. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of 'UOUIU'.
57. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 10th 5-ACP of 9-AP of Sa k r a-j ti?
(9-9-1-5-21-10)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of Anudruta-m ru of Sa k r a-j ti of a a ga-prast ra,
the total of all the 2nd, 9th, 18th, 27th and 36th, except the first-1st proxy, being the first table
of Anudruta, of the immediate lower-line, should be written and now, as per rule No.1 write the
same upto the required permutation. (refer table-35)
As per the rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-10) is '11'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '15' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write the A ga, Anudruta of the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '11', the first-1st proxy '10' of the
above un-deducted proxy '15', could be subtracted (11-10=1) and as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '5'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '4' of the above
left-off proxy '5' its first-1st proxy '3' and again its first-1st proxy '2', thus three first-1st proxies,
could not consecutively be subtracted and as per the rule No.3 write three A gas, Anudrutas of
the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted last proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta.
Now, as per rule No.6 (d), write an Anudruta, the lowest A ga, to fill-in the deficit value of the
prast ra and also as it should be a 5-ACP. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists of
'UOUUUOU'.

57
58. What is the series of A gas pertaining to the 17th 5-ACP of 9-AP of Sa k r a-j ti?
(9-9-1-5-21-17)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (21-17) is '4'.
From the above remainder the first-1st proxy '15', its first-1st proxy '10' and again its first-1st
proxy '6', thus three first-1st proxies, could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3
write three A gas, Anudrutas of the first-1st proxy.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '4', the first-1st proxy '3' of the
above un-deducted last proxy '6', could be subtracted (4-3=1) and as per rule No.4 write the
second consecutive A ga, Druta, leaving away the second-2nd proxy '3'.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
left-off proxy '3', could not be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the A ga, Anudruta of the
first-1st proxy.
Now, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the first-1st proxy '1' of the above
un-deducted proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the second
consecutive A ga, Druta.
Later, again as per rule No.6 (d), write an Anudruta, the lowest A ga, to fill-in the deficit value of
the prast ra and also as it should be a 5-ACP. Thus the series of a gas of this prast ra consists
of 'UOUOUUU'.
59. What is the series of unit-values of the 7th 1-UCP of 8-UP? (1-8-1-1-26-7)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of the table of '1-unit' the total of all the preceding consecutive
proxies, except the 1st proxy, being the first table of one-unit, of the immediate lower-line,
should be written and as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required permutation. (refer
table-40)
As per the rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-7) is '19'.
From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '8' (19-8=11) and the 2nd proxy '8' (11-8=3)
could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the next consecutive figure '3'
leaving away the 3rd proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '3', the lowest 1st proxy '2' of the above left-
off proxy '5' could be subtracted (3-2=1) and as per rule No.4 write the next consecutive figure
'2' leaving away the 2nd proxy '2'.
Later, again as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest 1st proxy '1' of the above
left-off proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4 write the next consecutive
figure '2'.
Now, as per rule No.6 (e) write figure '1' to fill in the deficit value of the prast ra. Thus the series
of a gas of this prast ra consists of '1 2 2 3' (refer the permuted examples furnished at the end
of this book).
60. What is the series of unit-values of the 9th 1-UCP of 8-UP? (1-8-1-1-26-9)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

58
 As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-9) is '17'.
From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '8' (17-8=9) and the 2nd proxy '8' (9-8=1)
could consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.4 write the 3rd consecutive figure '3'
leaving away the 3rd proxy '5'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest 1st proxy '2' of the above left-
off proxy '5' could not be subtracted and as per rule No. 7 (b) write the figure '1' of the 1st proxy.
Later, again as per rules Nos. 7 (b) & 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the 2nd proxy '1' of the
above undeducted proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it
amounts to three houses, including the zero and 1st proxy, write the figure '4' of 4-units. Thus the
series of this prast ra consists of '4 1 3'.
61. What is the series of unit-values of the 11th 1-UCP of 8-UP? (1-8-1-1-26-11)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-11) is '15'.
From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '8' could be subtracted (15-8=7) and as per rule
No.4 write the figure '2' leaving away the 2nd proxy '8'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the above remainder '7', the lowest 1st proxy '3' (7-3=4), the
2nd proxy '2' (4-2=2) and the 3rd proxy '2' (2-2=0) of the above left-off proxy '8' could
consecutively be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to four houses,
including the house of zero, write the figure '5' of 5-units.
Later, as per rule No. 6 (e) write the figure '1' to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra. Thus the
series of this prast ra consists of '1 5 2'.
62. What is the series of unit-values of the 14th 1-UCP of 8-UP? (1-8-1-1-26-14)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-14) is '12'.
From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '8' could be subtracted (12-8=4) and as per rule
No.4 write the figure '2' leaving away the 2nd proxy '8'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '4', the lowest 1st proxy '3' of the above left-
off proxy '8' could be subtracted (4-3=1) and as per rule No. 4 write the figure '2' , leaving away
the 2nd proxy '2'.
Again, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '1', the lowest 1st proxy '1' of the above left-
off proxy '2' could be subtracted (1-1=0) and now, as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to
two houses, including the house of zero, write the figure '3' of 3-units.
Later, as per rule No.6 (e) write the figure '1' to fill-in the deficit value of the prast ra. Thus the
series of this prast ra consists of '1 3 2 2'.
63. What is the series of unit-values of the 16th 1-UCP of 8-UP? (1-8-1-1-26-16)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-16) is '10'.

59
 From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '8' could be subtracted (10-8=2) and as per rule
No.4 write the figure '2' leaving away the 2nd proxy '8'.
Now, as per rule No.5 (a), from the last remainder '2', the lowest 1st proxy '3' of the above left-
off proxy '8' could not be subtracted and as per rule No.7 (b) write the figure '1'.
Later, again as per rules Nos. 7 (b) & 5 (a), from the last remainder '2', the 2nd proxy '1'
(2-1=1) and the 3rd proxy '1' (1-1=0) of the above un-deducted proxy '3' could consecutively
be subtracted and as per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to four houses, including the houses
of zero and the omitted 1st proxy, write the figure '5' of 5-units. Thus the series of this prast ra
consists of '5 1 2'.
64. What is the series of unit-values of the 12th 1-2-UCP of 7-UP? (1-7-2-1-26-12)
To write 'Sa khya' for the upper-lines of the table of '2-units' the total of all the preceding
consecutive proxies , except the 2nd proxy, being the second table of 2-units, of the immediate
lower-line, should be written and as per rule No.1 write the same upto the required permutation.
(refer table-41)
As per the rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-12) is '14'.
From the above remainder the 1st proxy '13' could be subtracted (14-13=1) and as per rule
No.4 write the figure '2' leaving away the 2nd proxy '7'.
Now, as per rules Nos.7(a) & 5 (a), from the last remainder '1', two 1st proxies '4 & 2' of the
above left-off proxy '7', could not consecutively be subtracted and as per rule No.3 write the
figure '1' two times.
Later, as per rule No. 5(a), from the last remainder '1', the 1st proxy '1' of the above un-
deducted last proxy '2', could be subtracted (1-1=0) and as per rule No.4, figure '2' has to be
written. But, as it is contrary to write more than one figure of 2-units, being a single-figure containing
permutation of 2-units, as per rules Nos.5(c) & 6(e), instead of writing figure '2' of 2-units, figure
'3' of 3-units should only be written. Thus the series of this prast ra consists of '3 1 1 2'.
65. What is the series of unit-values pertaining to the 17th 1-2-UCP of 7-UP? (1-7-2-1-26-17)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (a) the remainder (26-17) is '9'.
From the above remainder the lowest 1st proxy '13' could not be subtracted and as per rule
No.3 write the figure '1' of the 1st proxy.
Later, as per rule No. 5 (a), from the above remainder '9', the 1st proxy '6' of the above un-
deducted proxy '13' could be subtracted (9-6=3) and as per rule No.4 write the figure '2' leaving
away the lowest 2nd proxy '4'.
Now, as per rule Nos. 7 (a) & 5(a), from the last remainder '3', the 1st proxy '2' (3-2=1) and the
3rd proxy '1' (1-1=0) of the above left-off proxy '4' could consecutively be subtracted and as
per rules Nos. 4 & 6 (e), as it amounts to '3' houses, including the omitted 2nd proxy, write the
figure '4' of 4-units. Thus the series of this prast ra consists of '4 2 1'.

60
14. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a :
66. What is the series of A gas of the 4th Vil ma prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to the
2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-4)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the 2-DCP of 8-DP is of odd-number '25' the MN is '13'.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) add the question-number '4' to the MN '13' (13+4=17) and being the
odd-number of Sa khya, further subtract figure '1' also from the above total (17-1=16). The
remainder '16' is the SF which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'O S O I'.
67. What is the series of A gas of the 7th Vil ma-prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to the
1-DCP of 9-DP? (2-9-1-1-28-7)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the 1-DCP of 9-DP is of even-number '28' the MN is Anul ma-14.
As per rule No.2 (a) (i) add the question-number '7' to the MN '14' (14+7=21). This total '21'
is the SF, which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'S O S'.

15. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-na a :

68. What is the series of A gas of the 7th Anul ma-prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to 2-
DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-7)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the 2-DCP of 8-DP is of odd-number '25' the MN is '13'.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) subtract the question-number '7' from the MN '13' (13-7=6) and being
odd-number of Sa khya further subtract figure '1' also from the above remainder (6-1=5). The
remainder '5' is the SF, which, as per Na a, gives out the answer-series 'S O I O'.

69. What is the series of A gas of the 9th Anul ma-prast ra, from the MN, pertaining to 1-
DCP of 9-DP? (2-9-1-1-28-9)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of the 1-DCP of 9-DP is of even-number '28' the MN is '14'.
As per rule No.2 (a) (ii) subtract the question-number '9' from the MN '14' (14-9=5). The
remainder '5' is the SF, which, as per Na a, gives out the answer series 'S S O'.

16. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-na a :

70. What is the series of A gas of the 21st 2-DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-21)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As per rule No.2 (b) subtract figure '1' from the question-number (21-1=20).
Later, follow as in Na a and obtain the answer series 'O O S I'.

61
17. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a :
71. What is the series of A gas of the 9th Vil ma-prast ra from the MN pertaining to the 2-
DCP of 8-DP? (2-8-1-2-25-9)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya of
the 2-DCP of 12-DP is of odd-number 25 the MN is 13.
As per rule No. 2(b)(i) subtract the question number from the MN (13-9=4) along with figure
1 and the last remainder is (4-1=) 3.
From the above remainder, as the first-1st proxy 12 and again its first-1st proxy 4 could not be
subtracted write two Drutas of the 1st proxy as per rules Nos. 3, 5(a), 7(b) & 3 to continue the
process.
Now, as per rule No. 5(a) & 7(b), from the above remainder, as the second-2nd proxy 2 and
the third -4th proxy 1 could consecutively be subtracted (3-2=1-1=0) write the fourth
consecutive Anga, Pluta as per rule No.4. Thus the series of A gas of this prast ra consists of
O O.
18. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-na a :
72. What is the series of A gas of the 11th Anuloma-prast ra from the MN pertaining to
the 1-DCP of 9-DP ? (2-9-1-1-28-11)
As per rule No.1 write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective Sa khya 28
is the even number the last permutation of the first half of the 28 permutations i.e., the 14th
permutation is the MN.
As per rule No. 2 (b) (ii) add the question number to the MN (14+11=25) and subtract figure 1
and the remainder is (25-1=) 24.
an
From the above remainder 24 as the first-1st and second-2nd proxies could consecutively be
subtracted (24-8=16-12=4) write the third consecutive Anga, Guru and leave off its third-4th
proxy 5 as per rule No.4 to continue the process.
Later, as per rule No.5(a), basing upon the above left-off proxy 5 the process starts again and
accordingly, from the last remainder 4, again the first-1st and second-2nd proxies could
consecutively be subtracted (4-2=2-2=0) write the third consecutive A ga, Guru as per rule
No.4.
Now, write one Druta in the left extreme of the permutation to fill in the deficit value of the
permutation and also to make it 1-DCP as per rule No.6(c). Thus, this prast ra contains
O S S in the series of Angas.
4.2. UDDI A
Uddi a is the easy method to obtain the serial number of any prast ra in question containing a
particular series of A gas, basing upon the figures of Sa khya and also applying the same rules governing
'Na a'.
Note : For Uddi=5a the following rule could also be applied.
As per the rules of Na=5a the total of the successfully subtracted proxies should be subtracted
from Sa}khya and the remainder is the answer of Uddi=5a.
As per rules governing 'Na a' the un-deducted proxies always originate the inferior (least) A gas
and the deducted proxies always originate the superior A gas. In a question-series of A gas of a
62
prast ra the total of the proxies which are successfully subtracted and originated superior A gas is the
superiors'-figure (SF).
(a) Anul ma-uddi a : Subtract the SF from the Sa khya and the remainder is the answer-serial-
number.
(i) Anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a : Subtract the MN from the SF and for the
odd-number of Sa khya further add figure 1 and the last figure is the answer-serial-
number.
(ii) Anul ma-madhyar pa-adha H hsthita-uddi a : Subtract the SF from the MN and for the
odd-numbers of Sa khya further subtract figure 1 also and the last figure is the answer-
serial-number.
(b) Vil ma-uddi a : Add figure 1 to the SF and the total is the answer-serial-number.
(i) Vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a : Subtract the SF from the MN and subtract figure
1 also and the last remainder is the answer-serial-number.
(ii) Vil ma-madhyar pa-adha H hsthita-uddi a : Subtract the MN from the SF and add figure
1 and the last figure is the answer-serial-number.

A. AKHA A-PRAST RA
1. Akha a-anul ma-uddi a:
1. What is the serial number of the 12-DP containing 'I O O I' in the series of A gas ?
(2-12-632-I O O I)
Write the figures of Sa khya upto the required permutation (refer table-1).
I O O I
1 (2) 61 (108) 350
33 [196]
10
[3]
Note : In the above figures mentioned just below the A gas the un-deducted proxies, from
which the inferior A gas, Drutas are originated, are shown in small brackets and the proxies,
which are left-off after obtaining the superior A gas, are shown in big brackets and the proxies,
which are successfully subtracted and originated superior A gas are shown without any signs.
SF of the question-series is (350+61+33+10+1=) 455 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-
serial-number is (632-455=) 177.
2. What is the serial number of 12-AP of Trisra-j ti containing 'S I O U' in the series of
A gas? (3-12-1059-S I O U)
As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-8).
S I O U
13 86 302 (565)
7 46 [162]
4 [25]

63
 SF of the question-series is (302+88+46+13+7+4=) 458 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-
serial-number is (1059-458=) 601.
3. What is serial number of 12-AP of Catura ra-j ti containing 'I O I O' in the series of
A gas? (4-12-543-I O I O)

As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-16)
I O I O
3 10 98 306
2 [6] 56 [174]
[18]
SF of the question-series is (306+98+56+10+3+2=) 475 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-
serial-number is (543-475=) 68.
4. What is the serial number of 12-AP of Kha a-j ti containing 'U I I U' in the series of
A gas? (5-12-377-U I I U)

As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-23).
U I I U
9 129 (220)
5 75
[15]
SF of the question-series is (129+75+9+5=) 218 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-serial-
number is (377-218=) 159.
5. What is the serial number of 12-AP of Mi ra-j ti containing 'U O U U O U U O U' in the
series of A gas ? (7-12-271-U O U U O U U O U)
As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-29).
U O U U O U U O U
2 (3) (5) 13 (22) (36) 99 (164)
[8] [60]
SF of the question-series is (99+13+2=) 114 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-serial-number
is (271-114=) 157.
6. What is the serial number of 12-AP of Sa k r a-j ti containing 'O U O U O U O U' in
the series of A gas? (9-12-243-O U O U O U O U)

As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-34)
O U O U O U O U
1 (2) 5 (8) 21 (34) 91 (149)
[3] [13] [56]
SF of the question-series is (91+21+5+1=) 118 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-serial-
number is (243-118=) 125.

64
7. What is the serial number of 12-UP containing '2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1' in the series of A gas?
(1-12-2048-2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1)

As per rule No. 1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. (refer table-39).
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
1 (2) (4) 16 (32) (64) 256 (512) (1024)
[8] [128]
SF of the question-series is (256+16+1=) 273 and as per rule No. (a) the answer-serial-
number is (2048-273=) 1775.

2. Akha a-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :

8. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the series 'S I' of 6-DP from the MN? (2-6-19-S I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of 6-DP is of odd-number '19' the MN is '10'.
S I
3 10
2 [6]
SF of the question-series is (10+3+2=) 15. As per rule No.(a) (i) subtract the MN '10' from
the SF '15' (15-10=5) and being odd-number of Sa khya further add figure '1' also to the
remainder of which the total (5+1=) 6 is the answer-serial-number.
9. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the series 'I O I' of 5-DP from the MN?
(2-5-10-I O I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of 5-DP is of even-number '10' the MN is '5'.
I O I
1 (2) 6
[3]
SF of the question-series is (6+1=) 7. As per rule No. (a) (i) subtract the MN '5' from the SF
'7' of which the remainder (7-5=) 2 is the answer-serial-number.
3. Akha a-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :
10. What is the Anul ma-serial-number of the series 'I O O O O' of 6-DP from the MN?
(2-6-19-I O O O O)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
As Sa khya of 6-DP is of odd-number '19' the MN is '10.

I O O O O
1 (2) (3) (6) (10)
SF of the question series is '1'. As per rule No.(a) (ii) subtract the SF '1' from the MN '10' (10-
1=9) and being odd-number of Sa khya further subtract figure '1' also of which the remainder
(9-1=) 8 is the answer-serial-number.

65
11. What is the Anul ma-serial-number of the series 'I O O O' of 5-DP from the MN?
(2-5-10-I O O O)

As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

As Sa khya of 5-DP is of even-number '10' the MN is '5'.
I O O O
1 (2) (3) (6)

SF of the question series is '1'. As per rule No.(a) (ii) subtract the SF '1' from the MN '5' and the
remainder (5-1=) 4 is the answer-serial-number.

4. Akha a-vil ma-uddi a :

12. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the 12-DP containing 'I O S O I' in the series of
A gas? (2-12-632-I O S O I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
I O O I
1 (2) 61 (108) 350
33 [196]
10
[3]
SF of the question series (350+61+33+10+1=) 455 and as per rule No. (b) add figure '1' to
the SF of which the total (455+1=) 456 is the answer-serial-number.

5. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :

13. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the 7-DP form the MN containing S O O O in the
series of A gas? (2-7-33-S000)
As per rule No.1 of Nas t a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya of the 7-DP is of the odd number 33 the MN is the 17th permutation.
S O O O
3 (6) (10) (19)
2
The SF is (3+2=) 5 and as per rule No. (b)(i) subtract the SF from the MN (17-5=12) along
with figure 1 of which the last remainder (12-1=) 11 is the answer-serial-number.

6. Akha a-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :

14. What is the Anuloma-serial-number of the 5-DP from the MN containing O I I in the
series of A gas? (2-5-10-O I I)
As per rule No.1 of Nas t a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya 10 is the even number the last permutation of the first-half of the 10 permutations i.e.,
the 5th permutation is the MN.
66
 O I I
2 6
[3]
The SF is (6+2=) 8. As per rule No.(b)(ii) subtract the MN from the SF (8-5=3) and add
figure 1 of which the last figure (3+1=) 4 is the answer-serial-number.

B. KHA A-PRAST RA

7. Kha a-hina-anul ma-uddi a :

15. What is the serial number of DDP of 12-DP containing ' S S ' in the series of A gas?
(2-12-1-0-29- S S )
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

Note : It should be noted that the lowest A ga for the lowest-line of Druta-m ru is Laghu as it is
DDPs' line.

2 15
1 8
[4]
SF of the question-series is (15+8+2+1=) 26 and as per rule No. (a) (29-26=) 3is the
answer-serial-number.

16. What is the serial number of DDP of 12-DP containing 'S I S' in the series of A gas ?
(2-12-1-0-29- S I S)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
I S
2 (4) 15
1 [8]
SF of the question-series is (15+2+1=) 18 and as per rule No. (a) (29-18=) 11is the answer-
serial-number.
17. What is the serial number of DDP of 12-DP containing 'S I S I' in the series of A gas ?
(2-12-1-0-29-S I S I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
S I S I
1 (2) 8 (15)
[4]
SF of the question-series is (8+1=) 9 and as per rule No. (a) (29-9=) 20is the answer-serial-
number.
18. What is the serial number of DDP of 12-DP containing '+ I I' in the series of A gas?
(2-12-10-29-+ I I)

67
 As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
+ I I
4 (8) (15)
2
1
SF of the question-series is (4+2+1=) 7 and as per rule No. (a) (29-7=) 22is the answer-
serial-number.

8. Kha a-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :

19. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the DDP of 8-DP from the MN containing I S I in
the series of figures ? (2-8-1-0-8-ISI)
As per rule No.1 of Na s t a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya 8 is the even number the last permutation of the first half of the 8 permutations i.e., the
4th permutation is the MN.
I S I
2 (4)
The SF is 2. As per rule No. (a)(i) after subtracting the SF from the MN (4-2=2) along with
figure 1 the last remainder (2-1=) 1 is the answer-serial-number.

9. Kha a-hina-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :

20. What is the Anuloma-serial-number of the DDP of 12-DP from the MN containing + S
in the series of figures ? (2-12-1-0-29-+S)
As per rule No.1 of Na st a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya 29 is the odd number the MN is the 15th permutation.
+ S
4 15
2 [8]
1
The SF is (15+4+2+1=) 22. As per rule No.(a)(ii) subtract the MN from the SF (22-15=7)
and add figure 1 of which the last figure (7+1=) 8 is the answer-serial-number.

10. Kha a-hina-vil ma-uddi a :

21. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the DDP of 12-DP containing 'I S I S' in the series
of A gas? (2-12-1-0-29-I S I S)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
I S I S
2 (4) 15
[8]
SF of the question series is (15+2=) '17'. As per rule No. (b) add figure '1' to the SF and the
total (17+1=) 18 is the answer-serial number.

68
11. Kha a-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :
22. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the DDP of 12-DP from the MN containing
'I S I S' in the series of A gas? (2-12-1-0-29-I S I S)

As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As Sa khya of DDP
of 12-DP is of odd-number '29' the MN is '15'.
I S I S
2 (4) 15
[8]
SF of question series is (15+2=) '17'. As per rule No. (b) (i) subtract the MN '15' from the SF
'17' (17-15=2) and being odd number of Sa khya further add figure '1' also by which the total
(2+1=) 3 is the answer-serial-number.

23. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the DDP of 8-DP from the MN containing 'I S ' in
the series of A gas? (2-8-1-0-8-I S )

As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As Sa khya of DDP
of 12-DP is of even-number '8' the MN is Anul ma-4.
1
4
2
SF of the questions series is (4+2=) '6'. As per rule No. (b) (i) subtract the MN '4' from the SF
'6' and the remainder (6-4=) 2 is the answer-serial-number.

12. Kha a-hina-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :

24. What is the Anul ma-serial-number of the DDP of 12-DP from the MN containing
'S S I' in the series of A gas? (2-12-1-0-29-S S I)
As per rule No.1 Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As Sa khya of DDP of
12-DP is of odd-number '29' the MN is '15'.
S I
1 8 (15)
4
[2]
SF of the question series is (8+4+1=) '13'. As per rule No. (b) (ii) subtract the SF '13' from the
MN '15' (15-13=2) and being odd-number of Sa khya further subtract figure '1' also by which
the last remainder (2-1=) 1 is the answer-serial-number.
25. What is the Anul ma-serial-number of the DDP of 8-DP from the MN containing
'S I I'in the series of A gas? (2-8-1-0-8-S I I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As Sa khya of DDP
of 8-DP is of even-number '8' the MN is Anul ma-4.

69
 S I I
1 (2) (4)
SF of the question series is 1. As per rule No. (b) (ii) subtract the SF '1' from the MN and the
remainder (4-1=) 3 is the answer-serial-number.

13. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-uddi a :

26. What is the serial number of 1-DCP of 9-DP containing 'I O S' in the series of A gas?
(2-9-1-1-28-I O S )
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
I O
8
12
5
Note : It should be noted that the above Druta and Laghu after Pluta are written only to fill-in the
deficit value of the prast ra.
SF of the question-series is (8+12+5=) 25 and as per rule No. (a) (28-25=) 3is the answer-
serial-number.
27. What is the serial number of 1-DCP of 9-DP containing 'S O S' in the series of A gas?
(2-9-1-1-28-S O S)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
S O S
1 (2) 8
12
[5]
SF of the question-series is (8+12+1=) 21 and as per rule No. (a) (28-21=) 7is the answer-
serial-number.
28. What is the serial number of 1-DCP of 9-DP containing 'S O I I' in the series of A gas?
(2-9-1-1-28-S O I I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
S O I I
1 (2) 4 8
[5] [12]
SF of the question-series is (8+4+1=) 13 and as per rule No. (a) (28-13=) 15is the answer-
serial-number.
29. What is the serial number of 2-DCP of 8-DP containing 'O I O S' in the series of A gas?
(2-8-1-2-25-O I O S)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

70
 O I O S
1 (2) 12
9
[3]
SF of the question-series is (12+9+1=) 22 and as per rule No. (a) (25-22=) 3is the answer-
serial-number.
30. What is the serial number of 1-ACP of 10-AP pertaining to Trisra-j ti containing 'S I U'
in the series of A gas? (3-10-1-1-32-S I U)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
S I U
1 3 (8)
1 [2]
SF of the question-series is (3+1+1=) 5 and as per rule No. (a) (32-5=) 27is the answer-
serial-number.
31. What is the serial number of 1-1-UCP of 8-UP containing '2 3 1 2' in the series of
A gas? (1-8-1-1-26-2 3 1 2)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
2 3 1 2
1 (3) 8
[8]
SF of the question-series is (8+1=) 9 and as per rule No. (a) (26-9=) 17is the answer-serial-
number.
32. What is the serial number of 1-1-UCP of 8-UP containing '4 3 1' in the series of A gas?
(1-8-1-1-26 - 4 3 1)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
4 3 1
1 3 (8)
[2]
SF of the question-series is (3+1=) 4 and as per rule No. (a) (26-4=) 22is the answer-serial-
number.

14. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :

33. What is the Viloma-serial-number of the 1-DCP of 9-DP from the MN containing
O I in the series of A gas ? ( 2-9-1-1-28-O I )
As per rule No.1 of Na s t a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya 28 is the even number the last permutation of the first-half of the 28 permutations
i.e., the 14th permutation is the MN.
O 1
4 8
5 [12]
2

71
 The SF is (8+4+5+2=) 19. As per rule No. (a) (i) subtract the MN from the SF and the
remainder (19-14=) 5 is the answer-serial- number.

15. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :

34. What is the Anuloma-serial-number of the 2-DCP of 8-DP from the MN containing
O O in the series of A gas ? (2-8-1-2-25- OO)
As per rule No. 1 of Nas t a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As the respective
Sa khya 25 is the odd-number the MN is the 13th permutation.
O O
2 (4) (12)
1
The SF is (2+1=) 3 . As per rule No. (a)(ii) subtract the SF from the MN (13-3=10) along
with figure 1 and the last remainder (10-1=) 9 is the answer-serial-number.

16. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-uddi a :

35. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the 2-DCP of 8-DP containing 'O O S I' in the
series of A gas? (2-8-1-2-25-O O S I)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.
O O S I
5 12
3 [9]
SF of the question series is (12+5+3=) '20'. As per rule No. (b) add figure '1' to the SF and the
total (20+1=) 21 is the answer-serial number.

17. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a :

36. What is the Vil ma-serial-number of the 1-DCP of 9-DP from the MN containing 'S S
O' in the series of A gas? (2-9-1-1-28-S S O)

As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation. As Sa khya of 1-
DCP of 9-DP is of even-number '28' the MN is Anul ma-14.
S S O
1 4 (8)
[2]
SF of the question series is (4+1=) '5'. As per rule No.(b) (i) subtract the SF '5' from the MN
(14-5=9) and also substract figure 1 from the remainder by which the last remainder (9-1=) 8
is the answer-serial-number.

18. Kha a-yukta-vil ma-madhyar pa-adhahsthita-uddi a :

37. What is the Anuloma-serial-number of the 1-DCP of 9-DP from the MN containing
'S O S' in the series of A gas? (2-9-1-1-28-S O S)
As per rule No.1 of Na a write Sa khya upto the required permutation.

72
 As Sa khya of 1-DCP of 9-DP is of even-number '28' the MN is '14'.
S O S
1 (2) 8
12
[5]
SF of the question series is (8+12+1=) '21'. As per rule No.(b) (ii) subtract the MN '14' from
the SF (21-14=7) and add figure '1' to the remainder by which the last figure (7+1=) '8' is the
answer-serial-number.
4.3. KALITA
'Kalita' is the easy method for obtaining the full particulars of all the A gas used in the process of
permutation up to the required prast ra in question avoiding the laborious process of the permutation.
There are two methods in it. In the first method of brief analysis the figures of both Sa khya and
Mah p t a have to be utilised and in the second method of detailed analysis the figure of either Sa khya
or of both Sa khya and Mah p t a have to be utilised. The full details in which these two methods are
elaborated are furnished hereunder along with suitable examples and diagrams for easy understanding.
A. AKHA A-PRAST RA :

1. Akha a-anul ma-kalita:

1. Give the particulars of all the A gas occurring upto the 50th prast ra of 8-DP (2-8-61-50).
In the mode of Panc ga-prast ra the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th proxies represent Druta, Laghu,
Guru, Pluta and K kap da respectively and the particulars of both Sa khya and Mah p t a
should be written upto the required prast ra as in the table '1'.
According to this table, at the outset, it could be understood that as per the:
1st proxy there is/are 33 DEPs along with 147 A gas,
2nd -do- 19 LEPs -do- 72 -do-
4th -do- 6 GEPs -do- 16 -do-
6th -do- 2 PEPs -do- 3 -do-
8th -do- 1 KEP -do - -do-
--- thus totalling to '61' prast ras along with '299' A gas.
These '61' permutations starting with K kap da (+) in the first permutation in the process of
Anul ma-prast ra could be analysed in the following manner.
(a) As per the Sa khya '1' of the corresponding 8th KEP proxy, as its corresponding Mah p t a
does not exist, it should be understood that there is only '1' KEP with a single A ga i.e., K kap da
(had there been any figure of Mah p t a beneath this Sa khya figure '1' there would have been
the union of some other A ga also along with this K kap da).
(b) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '2' and its Mah p t a '3' of the correspond-
ing 6th PEP proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '2' Plutas which are in the right
extreme end of these '2' PEPs, there are '3' other A gas also thus totalling to (2+3=) '5' A gas in
all these '2' PEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are only '5' Plutas in all these '61'
prast ras. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in these '2' PEPs, there

73
 5. KALITA - 8 DP(61) - BRIEF VERSION

8-1 K 6-2 P 4-6 G 2-19 L 1-33 D

2-1 L 1-2 D 4-1 G 2-5 L 1-10 D

6-1 P 4-5 G 2-22 L 1-44 D

6-2 P 4-10 G 2-44 L 1-91 D

are '2' Plutas as per the Sa khya '2' of this 6th PEP proxy, '1' Laghu as per the Sa khya '1' (no
Mah p t a) of the corresponding 2nd LEP proxy and '2' Drutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=)
'2' of the corresponding 1st DEP proxy of the same PEP proxy --- thus striking the total to
(2P+1L+2D=) '5' A gas.
(c) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '6' and its Mah p t a '16' of the corre-
sponding 4th GEP proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '6' Gurus which are in the
right extreme end of these prast ras, there are '16' other A gas also, thus totalling to
(6+16=) '22' A gas in all these '6' GEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '22'
Gurus only in all these '61' prast ras. According to the detailed analysis, it may also be noted
that, in these '6' GEPs, there are '6' Gurus as per the Sa khya '6' of this 4th GEP proxy, '1' Guru
as per the Sa khya '1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 4th GEP proxy, '5' Laghus as per
the SM-figure (2+3=) '5' of the corresponding 2nd LEP proxy and '10' Drutas as per the SM-
figure (3+7=) '10' of the corresponding 1st DEP proxy of the same GEP proxy ---- thus striking
the total to (6G+1G+5L+10D=)'22' A gas.
(d) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '19' and its Mah p t a '72' of the corre-
sponding 2nd LEP proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '19' Laghus which are in
the right extreme end of these prast ras, there are '72' other A gas also thus totalling to (19+72=)
'91' A gas in all these '19' LEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are only '91'
Laghus in all these '61' prast ras. According to the detailed analysis, it may also be noted that, in
these '19' LEPs, there are '19' Laghus as per the Sa khya '19' of this 2nd LEP proxy, '1' Pluta
as per the Sa khya '1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 6th PEP proxy, '5' Gurus as per
the SM-figure (2+3=) '5' of the corresponding 4th GEP proxy, '22' Laghus as per the SM-figure
(6+16=) '22' of the corresponding 2nd LEP proxy and '44' Drutas as per the SM-figure (10+34=)
'44' of the DEP proxy of the same LEP proxy ---- thus striking the total to
(19L+1P+5G+22L+44D=) '91' A gas.
(e) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '33' and its Mah p t a '147' of the corre-
sponding 1st DEP proxy, it should be understood that, apart from these '33' Drutas which are in
the right extreme end of these prast ras, there are '147' other A gas also thus totalling to (33+147=)

74
 6. KALITA - 8 DP(61) - DETAILED VERSION

8-1 K 6-2 P 4- `6 2-19 L

1-33 D
G
2-1 L 1-1 D
4-1G 2-2 L 1-3 D
6-1P 4-2 G 2-6 L 1-10 D
1-1 D
2-1L 1-1 D 2-1L 1-2 D
4-1G 2-2 L 1-3 D
1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L 1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L
1-1 D 1-2 D
1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L 2-1 L

1-1 D 1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L
1-1 D

4-1 G 2-3 L 1-6 D

2-1 L 1-2 D 4-1 G 2-2 L 1-3 D

1-1 D
1-1 D 1-1 D 1-2 D
2-1 L 2-1 L 2-1 L
1-1 D 1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L
1-1 D

1-1 D

6-1 P 4-3 G
2-10 L 1-19 D
1-1 D
2-1 L 1-2 D
4-1 G 2-3 L 1-6 D

1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D

2-1 L
2-1 L 1-2 D 1-3 D
4-1 G 2-2 L
1-1 D
1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D 1-2 D
2-1 L 2-1 L 2-1 L

1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L 1-1 D

1-1 D

6-1 P 4-2 G 2-6 L

1-1 D 1-3 D 1- 10
2-1 L 4-1 G 2-2 L
D
1-1 D 1-2 D
1-1 D 2-1 L
2-1 L
1-1 D 1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L
1-1 D

4-1 G 2-3 L 1-6 D

1-1 D 2-1 L 1-2 D 4-1 G 2-2 L 1-3 D

1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L 1-2 D

2-1 L 2-1 L
1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D
2-1 L

1-1 D
1-1 D

75
7. KALITA - 8 DP(50/61) - BRIEF & DETAILED VERSIONS

S K P G L D Total M
8 6 4 2 1
(a) 1 1 - - - - 1 1
(b) 2 - 2 - - - 2
,,
- - - 1 2 3 5
(c) 6 - - 6 - - 6
,,
- - 1 5 10 16 22
(d) 19 - - - 19 - 19
,,
- 1 5 22 44 72 91
28 1 3 12 47 56 119 119
33 - - - - 33 33
,,
- 2 10 44 91 147 180
61 1 5 22 91 180 299 299
(e) (i) 22 - - - - 22 22 22
(ii) - 1 - - 1 2 2
(iii) - - 3 - - 3
- - - 2 5 7 10
(iv) - - - 10 - 10
- - 2 10 22 34 44
(v) - - - - 8 8
- 1 - - - 1
- - 2 - - 2
- - - 1 2 3 14
- - - 5 - 5
- - 1 - - 1
- - - 2 - 2
- - - 1 2 3 11
- - - - 2 2
- - - 1 1 2
- - - 1 1 2 6
22 - 2 8 33 66 109 109
50 1 5 20 80 122 228 228

76
 '180' A gas in all these '33' DEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are only '180'
Drutas in all these '61' prast ras. According to the detailed analysis, it may also be noted that, in
these '33' DEPs, there are '33' Drutas as per the Sa khya '33' of this 1st DEP proxy, '2' Plutas
as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 6th PEP proxy, '10' Gurus as per the SM-
figure (3+7=) '10' of the corresponding 4th GEP proxy, '44' Laghus as per the SM-figure (10+34=)
'44' of the corresponding 2nd LEP proxy and '91' Drutas as per the SM-figure (19+72=) '91' of
the corresponding 1st DEP proxy of the same DEP proxy ---- thus striking the total to
(33D+2P+10G+44L+91D=) '180' A gas.
But, as per the question of Kalita, as we require the details upto the 50th permutation of the
above, besides the details of '1' KEP, '2' PEPs, '6' GEPs and '19' LEPs totalling to (1+2+6+19=) '28'
permutations, the details of the remaining '22' DEPs out of the '33' DEPs are also required. To obtain
the details of these '22' DEPs, from the beginning, '1' PEP as per the 6th PEP-proxy, '3' GEPs as per
the 4th GEP-proxy, '10' LEPs as per the 2nd LEP-proxy and the first '8' DEPs out of the '19' DEPs as
per the 1st DEP-proxy --- thus totalling to (1P+3G+10L+8D=) '22' permutations are to be analysed.
So, now, according to the next part of the analysis, we should understand that there are:
i) '22' Drutas lying in the right extreme end of each of the first '22' DEPs;
ii) '1' Pluta as per the Sa khya '1' of its corresponding 6th PEP-proxy and '1' Druta as per the
Sa khya '1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy --- thus totalling to (1P+1D=)
'2' A gas;
iii) '3' Gurus as per the Sa khya '3' of its corresponding 4th GEP-proxy, '2' Laghus as per the SM-
figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and '5' Drutas as per the SM-figure
(2+3=) '5' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy --- thus totalling to (3G+2L+5D=) '10' A gas;
iv) '10' Laghus as per the Sa khya '10' of its corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy, '2' Gurus as per the
SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy, '10' Laghus as per the SM-figure
(3+7=) '10' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and '22' Drutas as per the SM-figure (6+16=)
'22' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy --- thus totalling to (10L+2G+10L+22D=) '44' A gas.

v) '8' Drutas in the first '8' DEPs out of the '19' DEPs as per its 1st DEP-proxy;

'1' Pluta as per the Sa khya (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy;

'2' Gurus as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy,

'1' Laghu as per the Sa khya (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and '2'
Drutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the same 4th
GEP-proxy;

'5' Laghus in the first '5' LEPs out of the '6' LEPs as per the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy; '1'
Guru as per the Sa khya (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy; '2' Laghus as
per the Sa khya of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy; '1' Laghu as per the Sa khya (no
Mah p t a) of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy; '2' Drutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2'
of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the same 2nd LEP-proxy;

'2' Drutas of the 1st DEP-proxy of the required '2' permutations out of '3' DEPs; '1' Laghu as per
the Sa khya of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and again '1' Druta as per the Sa khya of the
corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the same 2nd LEP-proxy and '1' Druta out of the '2' DEPs as

77
 per the Sa khya of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy and again '1' Laghu as per the Sa khya of
the corresponding 2nd LEP- proxy of the same 1st DEP-proxy -- thus striking the total to
(8D+1P+2G+1L+2D+5L+1G+2L+1L+ 2D+2D+1L+1D+1D+1L=) '31' A gas.

The table and diagram of the above analysis are furnished here.

B. KHA A-PRAST RA

1. Kha a-hina-anul ma-kalita:

2. Give the details of all the A gas occurring upto the 20th DDP of 12-DP (2-12-1-0-29-20)
In the mode of Pa nc ga-prast ra the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th proxies represent Druta, Laghu,
Guru, Pluta and K kap da respectively and for writing the figures of the lowest-line of the
Druta-m ru, the total of the existing proxies mentioned above, except the 1st DEP-proxy being
the lowest-line pertaining to the DDPs should be written as in the table '2'.

According to this table, at the outset, it could be understood that as per the:

2nd proxy there are 15 LEPs along with 47 A gas,

4th -do- 8 GEPs -do- 20 -do-
6th -do- 4 PEPs -do- 8 -do-
8th -do- 2 KEPs -do- 3 -do-
--- totalling to '29' permutations along with '107' A gas.
The '29' permutations starting with 'K kap da-guru (S+)' in the first permutation in the process
of Anul ma-prast ra could be analysed in the following manner:
(a) According to the brief analysis, as per the SM-figure (2+3=) '5' of the corresponding 8th KEP-
proxy, it should be understood that, apart from these '2' K kap das which are in the right
extreme end of each of these prast ras, there are '3' other A gas also thus totalling to (2+3=) '5'
A gas in all these '2' KEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '5' K kap das only
in all these '29' permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in
these '2' KEPs there are '2' K kap das as per the Sa khya '2' of this 8th KEP-proxy, '1' Guru
as per the Sa khya '1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy, '2' Laghus as per
the SM-figure (1+1=)'2' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy of the same KEP proxy --- thus
striking the total to (2K+1G+2L=) '5' A gas.
(b) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '4' and its Mah p t a '8' of the correspond-
ing 6th PEP-proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '4' Plutas which are in the right
extreme end of each of these prast ras, there are '8' other A gas also thus totalling to (4+8=)
'12' A gas in all these '4' PEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '12' Plutas only
in all these '29' permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in these
'4' PEPs, there are '4' Plutas as per the Sa khya '4' of this 6th PEP-proxy, '1' Pluta as per the
Sa khya '1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy, '2' Gurus as per the SM-
figure (1+1=)'2' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy and '5' Laghus as per the SM-figure (2+3=)
'5' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy of the same PEP proxy --- thus striking the total to
(4P+1P+2G+5L=) '12' A gas;
(c) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '8' and its Mah p t a '20' of the 4th GEP-
proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '8' Gurus which are in the right extreme end of
78
 8. KALITA - 12 DP - DDP(29) - BRIEF VERSION

8-2 K 6-4 P 4-8 G 2-15 L

4-1G 2-2 L 2-5 L

6-1 P 4-2 G 8-1 K 6-2 P 4-5 G 2-12 L

8-2 K 6-5 P 4-12 G 2-28 L

9. KALITA - 12 DP - DDP(29) - DETAILED VERSION

8-2 K 6-4 P
4-8 G 2-15 L

4-1 G 2-2 L
4-1 G 2-1 L 6-1 P

2-1 L 2-1 L 2-1 L

4-1 G

2-1 L

6-1 P 4-2 G
8-1 K 2-4 L

2-1 L 2-1 L 2-2 L

4-1 G
6-1 P 4-1 G
2-1 L
2-1 L
2-1 L 4-1 G

2-1 L

8-1 K 6-2 P 4-4 G

2-8 L
2-2 L
2-1 L 6-1 P 4-1 G
4-1 G 2-1 L
4-1 G 2-1 L 8-1 K 6-1 P 4-2 G 2-4 L
2-1 L 2-1 L

2-1 L 2-1 L 4-1 G 2-1 L

2-1 L

2-2 L
6-1 P 4-1 G

2-1 L
4-1 G 2-1 L

2-1 L

79
10. KALITA - 12 DP - DDP(20/29) - BRIEF & DETAILED VERSIONS

S K P G L D Total M
8 6 4 2 1

(a) 2 2 - - - x 2

,, - - 1 2 x 3 5

(b) 4 - 4 - - x 4

,, - 1 2 5 x 8 12

(c) 8 - - 8 - x 8

,, 1 2 5 12 x 20 28

14 3 7 16 19 x 45 45

15 - - - 15 x 15

,, 2 5 12 28 x 47 62

15 2 5 12 43 x 62 62

29 5 12 28 62 x 107 107

(i) 6 - - - 6 x 6 6

(ii) 1 - - - x 1

- - - 1 x 1 2

(iii) - 2 - - x 2

- - 1 2 x 3 5

(iv) - - 3 - x 3

- 1 - - x 1

- - 1 - x 1

- - - 1 x 1

- - - 1 x 1

- - 1 - x 1 8

6 1 3 6 11 x 21 21

20 4 10 22 30 x 66 66

80
 each of these prast ras there are '20' other A gas also thus totalling to (8+20=) '28' A gas in all
these '8' GEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '28' Gurus only in all these '29'
permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in these '8' GEPs,
there are '8' Gurus as per the Sa khya of this 4th GEP-proxy, '1' K kap da as per the Sa khya
'1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 8th KEP-proxy, '2' Plutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=)
'2' of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy, '5' Gurus as per the SM-figure (2+3=) '5' of the corre-
sponding 4th GEP-proxy and '12' Laghus as per the SM-figure (4+8=) '12' of the correspond-
ing 2nd LEP-proxy of the same GEP-proxy --- thus striking the total to (8G+1K+2P+5G+12L=)
'28' A gas.
(d) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '15' and its Mah p t a '47' of the 2nd LEP-
proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '15' Laghus which are in the right extreme end
of each of these prast ras there are '47' other A gas also thus totalling to (15+47=) '62' A gas
in all these '15' LEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '62' Laghus only in all these
'29' permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in these '15'
LEPs, there are '15' Laghus as per the Sa khya '15' of this 2nd LEP-proxy, '2' K kap das as
per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 8th KEP-proxy, '5' Plutas as per the SM-
figure (2+3=) '5' of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy, '12' Gurus as per the SM-figure (4+8=)
'12' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy and '28' Laghus as per the SM-figure (8+20=) '28' of
the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy of the same DEP-proxy --- thus striking the total to
(15L+2K+5P+12G+28L=) '62' A gas.
But, as we require the details upto the 20th permutation of the above, besides the details of '2'
KEPs, '4' PEPs and '8' GEPs totalling to (2+4+8=) '14' permutations, the details of the remain-
ing '6' LEPs only out of the '15' LEPs are needed. So, now, according to the next part of the
analysis, we should understand that there are;
i) '6' Laghus lying in the right extreme end of each of its first '6' LEPs;
ii) '1' K kap da as per the Sa khya of its corresponding 8th KEP-proxy and '1' Laghu as per the
Sa khya of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy of the same KEP-proxy --- thus totalling to
(1K+1L=) '2' A gas;

iii) '2' Plutas as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy, '1' Guru as per the Sa khya
'1' (no Mah p t a) of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy and '2' Laghus as per the SM-figure
(1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy of the same PEP-proxy --- thus totalling to
(2P+1G+2L=) '5' A gas;

iv) '3' Gurus of the '3' GEPs out of the '4' GEPs as per the Sa khya of its corresponding 4th GEP-
proxy;

'1' Pluta as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy;

'1' Guru as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy and '1' Laghu as per the
Sa khya of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy;
'1' Laghu of the '1' LEP out of the '2' LEPs as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 2nd LEP-
proxy and again '1' Guru as per the Sa khya of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy ---- thus
totalling to (3G+1P+1G+1L+1L+1G=) '8' A gas.

81
 The table and diagram of the above analysis are furnished here.

3. Kha a-yukta-anul ma-kalita :

3. Give the details of all the A gas occurring upto the 20th 2-DCP of 8-DP (2-8-1-2-25-20)

In the mode of Panc ga-prast ra the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th proxies represent Druta, Laghu,
Guru, Pluta and K kap da respectively and for writing the figures of the line of 2-DCPs of
Druta-m ru, the total of the existing proxies from the same line and only the 1st DEP-proxy from
the immediate lower-line, should be written as in the table '2'.
According to this table, at the outset, it could be understood that as per the:
1st proxy there is/are 12 DEPs along with 38 A gas,
2nd -do- 9 LEPs -do- 33 -do-
4th -do- 3 GEPs -do- 9 -do-
6th -do- 1 PEP -do- 2 -do-
--- totalling to '25' permutations along with '107' A gas.

These '25' permutations starting with Pluta and two Drutas (O O ) in the first permutation in the
process of Anul ma-prast ra could be analysed in the following manner:

(a) According to the brief analysis, an per the Sa khya '1' and its Mah p t a '2' of the correspond-
ing 6th PEP-proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '1' Pluta which is in the right
extreme end of this prast ra there are '2' other A gas also thus totalling to (1+2=) '3' A gas in
this '1' PEP. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '3' Plutas only in all
these '25' permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted that, in this '1'
PEP, there are '1' Pluta as per the Sa khya '1' of this 6th PEP-proxy and '2' Drutas as per the
SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line --- thus totalling to
(1P+2D=) '3' A gas;

(b) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '3' and its Mah p t a '9' of the correspond-
ing 4th GEP-proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '3' Gurus which are in the right
extreme end of each of these prast ras, there are '9' other A gas also thus totalling to (3+9=)
'12' A gas in all these '3' GEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '12' Gurus only
in all these '25' permutations. According to the detailed analysis, it may also be noted that, in
these '3' GEPs, there are '3' Gurus as per the Sa khya '3' of this 4th GEP-proxy, '6' Drutas as
per the SM-figure (2+4=) '6' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line
and '3' Laghus as per the SM-figure (1+2=) '3' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy --- thus
totalling to (3G+6D+3L=) '12' A gas;

(c) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '9' and its Mah p t a '33' of the corre-
sponding 2nd LEP-proxy, it should be understood that, apart from the '9' Laghus which are in
the right extreme end of each of these prast ras, there are '33' other A gas also thus totalling to
(9+33=) '42' A gas in all these '9' LEPs. Here it is also interesting to know that there are '42'
Laghus only in all these '25' permutations. According to the detailed analysis it may also be noted
that, in these '9' LEPs, there are '9' Laghus as per the Sa khya '9' of this 2nd LEP-proxy, '18'
Drutas as per the SM-figure (5+13=) '18' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate
82
 11. KALITA - 8 DP - 2 DCP(25) - BRIEF VERSION

6-1 P 4-3 G 2-9 L 1-12 D

1-2 D
2-3 L 1-6 D 4-3 G 2-12 L 1-18 D 1-12 D
6-2 P 4-6 G 2-18 L

12. KALITA - 8 DP - 2 DCP(25) - DETAILED VERSION

6-1 P 4-3 G
2-9 L 1-12 D
1-1 D
2-1 L 1-2 D
4-1 G 2-3 L 1-5 D
1-1 D 1-1 D
2-1 L 1-1 D
1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L 1-2 D 1-2 D
2-1 L 1-1 D 4-1 G 2-2 L
1-1 D
1-1 D 2-1 L 1-1 D 1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L
2-1 L 4-1 G

1-1 D 2-1 L 2-1 L

1-1 D 1-1 D 2-1 L

6-1 P 4-2 G 2-5 L 1-4 D

1-1 D 2-1 L 1-1 D 1-2 D 2-2 L

4-1 G 2-2 L 6-1 P 4-1 G

1-1 D 2-1 L 1-1 D

2-1 L 2-1 L
2-1 L 1-1 D 2-1 L 4-1 G
4-1 G
2-1 L
1-1 D 2-1 L 2-1 L

83
13. KALITA - 8 DP - 2 DCP(20/25) - BRIEF & DETAILED VERSIONS

S K P G L D Total M
8 6 4 2 1

(a) 1 - 1 - - - 1

,, - - - - 2 2 3

(b) 3 - - 3 - - 3

,, - - - 3 6 9 12

(c) 9 - - - 9 - 9

,, - - 3 12 18 33 42

13 - 1 6 24 26 57 57

12 - - - - 12 12

,, - 2 6 18 12 38 50

12 - 2 6 18 24 50 50

25 - 3 12 42 50 107 107

(d) (i) 7 - - - - 7 7 7

(ii) - 1 - - - 1

- - - - 1 1 2

(iii) - - 2 - - 2

- - - 2 - 2

- - - - 2 2 6

(iv) - - - 4 - 4

- - 1 - - 1

- - - - 1 1

- - - 2 - 2

- - - 2 - 2

- - - - 2 2

- - - - 1 1

- - 1 - - 1 14

7 - 1 4 10 14 29 29

20 - 2 10 34 40 86 86

84
 lower-line, '12' Laghus as per the SM-figure (3+9=) '12' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy
and '3' Gurus as per the SM-figure (1+2=) '3' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy --- thus
totalling to (9L+18D+12L+3G=) '42' A gas;

(d) According to the brief analysis, as per the Sa khya '12' and its Mah p t a '39' of the corre-
sponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line, it should be understood that, apart from
the '12' Drutas which are in the right extreme end of each of these prast ras, there are '38' other
A gas also thus totalling to (12+38=) '50' A gas in all these '12' DEPs. Here it is also interesting
to know that there are '50' Drutas only in all these '25' permutations. According to the detailed
analysis it may also be noted that, in these '12' DEPs, there are '12' Drutas as per the Sa khya
'12' of this 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line, '12' Drutas as per the SM-figure (4+8=)
'12' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line, '18' Laghus as per the
SM-figure (5+13=) '18' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy, '6' Gurus as per the SM-figure
(2+4=) '6' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy and '2' Drutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2'
of the corresponding 6th PEP-proxy ---- thus totalling to (12D+12D+18L+6G+2D=) '50' A gas.

But, as we require the details upto the 20th permutation of the above, besides the details of '1'
PEP, '3' GEPs and '9' LEPs totalling to (1+3+9=) '13' permutations, the details of the remaining
'7' DEPs only out of the '12' DEPs are needed. So, now, according to the next part of the
analysis, we should understand that there are:

i) '7' Drutas lying in the right extreme end of each of the first '7' DEPs;

ii) '1' Pluta as per the Sa khya '1' of its corresponding 6th PEP-proxy;

iii) '2' Gurus as per the Sa khya '2' of its corresponding 4th GEP-proxy, '2' Laghus as per the SM-
figure (1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and '2' Drutas as per the SM-figure
(1+1=) '2' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line --- thus totalling to
(2G+2L+2D=) '6' A gas;

iv) '4' Laghus of its first '4' LEPs out of the '5' LEPs as per the Sa khya '5' of the corresponding 2nd
LEP-proxy;
'1' Guru as per the Sa khya '1' of the corresponding 4th GEP-proxy, '1' Druta as per the Sa khya
'1' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line; '2' Laghus as per the Sa khya
'2' of the corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy, '2' Laghus as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the
corresponding 2nd LEP-proxy and '2' Drutas as per the SM-figure (1+1=) '2' of the corre-
sponding 1st DEP-proxy of the immediate lower-line; '1' Druta lying in the right extreme end of
the first DEP out of the '2' DEPs as per the Sa khya '2' of the corresponding 1st DEP-proxy of
the immediate lower-line and '1' Guru as per the Sa khya '1' of the corresponding 4th GEP-
proxy --- thus totalling to (4L+1G+1D+2L+2L+ 2D+1D+1G=) '14' A gas.
The table and diagram of the above analysis are furnished here.

KLKLKL

85
 Chapter - 5
RELEVANT OLD SANSKRIT TEXTS FOLLOWED BY FREE
ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Note : Each foot of each l ka is divided into two halves and thus the four halves of each
l ka are named as 'A, B, C & D'.

5.1. Sanskrit Text of T aprast ra from

Sa g ta Ratn kara of Nih a ka r gad va
(T dhy ya : l kas 312 - 408)

T yoo N:
EzDu uo ooz n|u @ ozt: J tW{: Poz uso{u @
uutunz zDutu|o: @@ (1) tWzTtnzDWz o{oo: No @@ (11)
otztns o V ny @ zt oooT|oY ooN: @
oPz b Yzub oNoo: @@ (2) Po Fuo zMo: P u:Wum @@ (12)
oz|Vzz|T|z: o Y @ E{ouuosz zt: uN Fuo wXZuo @
z: zTz QlgoNoo: @@ (3) obPo ozuzXoz @@ (13)
Y Yom zm bzubz wMwN @ zt o z b: Nwoz zo @
LNzuuouuo no zD @@ (4) onPW|o uQznPWouo @@ (14)
ozDoXZz szu @ EnWz o bW ozts zo: @
Tz so z oz uQzo @@ (5) ozn||Wo nuooz o: @@ (15)
Ez on{| zD uu: @ |Yznuoz Vo uoozo @
|ou: N|: ozD V{ T{ @@ (6) GzmNwosz| uotz @@ (16)
oz oz oz Y o oz ozDuo : @ ENwoz| z|m oz uooz wsN @
LNW{ N yon o{: @@ (7) u|oz nuVz T|zo @@ (17)
uoyo|eW{z o|ez: @ Tzozooyz o uooz T: oy zo @
owoy[Y N zTTo: @@ (8) EWz o Tomzo: @@ (18)
uQzuqms{Wzmy uyoz @ Fuo b urz um|o @
YW{ubosoP{: oz @@ (9) F|twTzD Nuo zt: Foytw: @@ (19)
oz V: |z T: |uuN: @ Gub o PgNouo buQzo @
o: |uYznzN{NouV|o{: @@ (10) {W{: uoo{|bz oz z ot: @@ (20)

86
ozWoz oz tub uo: @ z{ NzeWMoy: Sztut: @
t boznWz DnnuY o @@ (21) LN{NNze LNWMozD: WuMoNz o @@ (36)
otz o eWzuoozDnWo: @ zNzezno|ezT uzzo @
: z: oz yozo: @@ (22) zNzeznoo @@ (37)
r mP Gubz uoz @ uzT ztt Y ozo @
Et{ s{N{NWPWooz: @@ (23) tnz uouz: NzeWz|WuMoT{: @@ (38)
NtzDz uztntYoos @ VytN{ NzzNz w: @
WuMos uQztWTPWo @@ (24) |o: Nrz: P |WToz: @@ (39)
uNo uouu| uoz o|ez: @ Tz:WMoz: Nzezuo @
FboouozWz uuQozuuo @@ (25) YoYoNzey: |z: : @@ (40)
Ntozno|e{| ot: @ LNWo ENze: sWuMoT: @
yoz |zt: o: zDuyoz @@ (26) uoyz tWnzneWzuT: @@ (41)
WuMo NwnzboouoNzueN @ zNze: o uoyut uPoz @
oyY on Nzezs oo: : @@ (27) zTzDnzneo|Wo: @@ (42)
uuNzezuo: |ozDsWz\ @ Vsz Trz|: z o Vzo @
{ { ozNze{ ozNWo{ @@ (28) oz: WMoz: `YNzezuo @@ (43)
Eoowoyt{ uz NzeNz uQzo @ on: |o: bbNzezuo o: @
EnWYoN zT PWVo @@ (29) E: WMo{ o bWsz o uz\zo @@ (44)
z nn u{oz zT s W~uMo @ uzTzD: eMo: nWuMo @
zNzez Yoz|TzDuoz @@ (30) oz rzz Tsz z o Tzo @@ (45)
uo uouunWNzo|ez: @ zTz|: Yo: NzeWMo: @
o oz o u H|W~Mo: @@ (31) Fboouo{: Nze{|Mooo: z @@ (46)
oz o NzezDnszDntVo: @ z WMoy |oz uuNzezuoz oo: @
EW: Nz|Ds o{W{z|tPuyoz @@ (32) z e LNNzezz oouozDbz: @@ (47)
u|WMo{ uso{W{: No @ LNNzezuo: Yt uuNzezuoz z @
LNo uutP o ut: @@ (33) WuMo | os{N{Nzuoz z @@ (48)
|oo yoz WuMouso{: : @ E Yow Nzm No: @
oytz tutP o ut: @@ (34) oV: |T: No: @@ (49)
|oo roz oz o @ LNWMou:zNze n : @
HWuMos|WNzTnPu Toz @@ (35) QMo{u|{: Nze{: {nzNWo{: @@ (50)

87
No| TWMozo : Nze zuo:@ oytz ztzt z zzuo: @
o| LNWz YoNze: Eu@@ (51) |oz o: uN o oz : @@ (66)
oWMo{ : `Y eo @ outu: zD WMo: no: @
bNzeotz : bWuMoo @@ (52) P{ zNzeWnz|Moyuoo: @@ (67)
uzT\: Ntzt tV tT t{ @ oz o bW ozts zo: @
T{ { T{ Yzoy otWuN un @@ (53) owoy`Yznoz oz V: @@ (68)
Ezubt tzDzDWzQ @ z Nwos|: n ozs Yzt{ @
En|uoyWo|eo Mo @@ (54) ENwosz| ooo u{{ oz @@ (69)
z[ tTz oz ozT\ ut: @ z Nwoz| T: tNwos|: o: @
WMo{ otWzTW onNzez uQzo @@ (55) uoot T: n Y ot @@ (70)
zPgMnuzmy uoYy otuo: @ YoWy uoz|o uooz `YzDs @
EW tT WuMoYobz @@ (56) T: oy znY Y{ uo|oz @@ (71)
oz oo ztoutuMo uo @ o{ NWz: zzz u|u: @
EWwmyo ozDnuoy out @@ (57) Tz no|: `Y: zo \zo @@ (72)
ooz u|o:Wz o Q @ EWz o Toz Vo o|z @
uzT\Y z ztYoz|TY : @@ (58) Gubz o Tz|owoyzDnoo: @@ (73)
onWMoyu rzzWm @ Sou|wu: woyJ `Yos @
uNo uzT\z ztz z : u|zT\: @@ (59) oz uwuo lms uu: @@ (74)
oz uuo TMozDWu|: @ VzWz zo uwunWz|z: @
Ytz|Tz o Ynz z z|tuzT\: @@ (60) WzTyzDnz ztubz @@ (75)
otWz z|Mo u|z\ @ obb uz NzeNz zo @
z YnuzTznsYoz|Tzns`Y: @@ (61) oz z oo: {|W{ nNzeo @@ (76)
ztoz WuMo rz: Ntn WuMo @ ozubnzMoubu uu: @
tT tY{ tT T: No @@ (62) oWo N u Nzeo @@ (77)
uzT\Yoz|Tzt tT Fuo @ Nzez z|WuMosz uNz zo @
L zTz: toz rzszXoz @@ (63) uoyo: no nuoot o: @@ (78)
uo|MWuMosNzeW{o{o{: |ot:@ uoo: nooz|Dz zo @
G|WuMoTo zoto o: @@ (64) o{| uo|oz |nyWuMoT: @@ (79)
ot ozD o: nWuMo|uosy uo: @ E: tnuw{ o u|u: @
Gubn P WMnWToz: @@ (65) n | WMo{ u ut@@ (80)

88
uuu|NzezMo: Yz| o: @ zzDWuoWMnWz o Vz o: @
uz|zumsz NzezDzuzuto: @@ (81) EozumP b{ uu: wo: @@ (90)
{W{ uoo{|b{|oz z ot: @ T zz: WMo{ b Nbo @
oz GubszotWuouoz @@ (82) oo T o WuMozXoz @@ (91)
oyNze WuMo U| z V: @ owoyosz owoyzDWzD noz @
oub sW: NuYtoz @@ (83) sz o `Y: `\z VtT{ @@ (92)
WuonWztub zt @ zDz\ zVtT @
Vz:WMoz|bWznzo: @@ (84) Vzt bz nWuMo @@ (93)
z|{ noz |t o: @ ob ozto @
uoon | zm Y T|zo @@ (85) uz: Nsoz nz uoyut WuMo @@ (94)
uooz wT|Woz T: oy zo @ Ez TXZzo oz mz| Tz{ Tu @
L b z: utnMo uuWm @@ (86) oz VT||n{W{|: oy zo @@ (95)
bz o WMoy oznuozo: @ otWo{: WbNoyn Y @
uoy Y owoyoW Y `Y @@ (87) E: WMo{ uso{WN{: z{z u|u: @@ (96)
z Y uwz zzz u|u: WMo{ o oy uo: oo \zo @
obXY otz: uouoz @@ (88) z|ubtub Vz|ut u @@ (97)
uNo z V{ zzoo: uN @
zDo: WuMosuuz o|zo @@ (89)

5.1.1. FREE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

1-4 : In practical music there are many other T as. As they are not in vogue they have not been
described in this stra. These are the easy methods to know their varieties of those
T as. They are nineteen : Prast ra, Sa khya, Na a, Uddi a, P t a, Druta-m ru, Laghu-
m ru, Guru-m ru, Pluta-m ru, Sa y ga-m ru, Kha a-prast ra, Na a and Uddi a
of the four-m rus. I shall now, define them.
PRAST RA
5-7B : Place the lower (a ga) below the higher (a ga). Write the remaining in the same way. If
the T a-units are lesser than the previous and if the lower A gas are suitable, write them
to the left. If not, to fill-in the T a, write lower A gas. This should be done till all become
Drutas. This is the permutation in regard to Laghu, Guru and Pluta and their mutual
combinations but not for Druta.

89
 SA KHYA
7C-12 : Write figures 1 & 2 consecutively. Add the previous (ultimate), previous second
(penultimate), fourth and sixth. If fourth and sixth are absent add the 3rd and 5th (pratinidhi)
instead. Write the total figures continuously to the right. This (series) ends with the (number
of ) Drutas (equivalent in total duration) of the required T a. The series should proceed
by gradually increasing by one Druta : eg., Druta, Laghu, M tra and a half, Guru, two
M tras and a half, Pluta, three M tras and a half. The varieties of T as are enumerated
by these figures of Sa khya. Among the figures which add upto the total figure of T a
varieties (Sa khya), those figures reckoned serially from the right give the number of
T as ending in Druta (DEP), Laghu (LEP), Guru (GEP) and Pluta (PEP) respectively.
NA A
13-19B : If it is asked : 'what form does T a bearing a particular number (in the Prast ra scheme)
consist?' - the answer is given by Na a; (this is determined) by writing the series of figures
of Sa khya, upto the number of Drutas which are equivalent to the quantity of the T a.
The Na a-number is subtracted from the final figure; from the remainder, subtract the
preceding figures. If not subtractable, write Druta; if the figure is not thus subtractable but
subtracted either along with the un-deducted figure on the right or on the left, write Laghu.
If subtracted alternatively or discontinuously write Laghus separately. If subtracted
consecutively, this Laghu becomes Guru. If the third from the figure giving out Guru is also
subtracted, this Guru becomes Pluta. In the absence of subtractable numbers fill-in the
deficit of the T a amount by writing the appropriate number of Drutas. Thus the form of
the desired T a is known.
UDDI A
19C-23B : Whatever the Pluta (-ending T as) etc., are obtained by subtracting whatever figures the
self-same figures give the Uddi a (forms) also. For example, the serial number of the
Uddi a (desired) T a is as the remainder obtained when from the final figure the
penultimate, the seventh or in its absence, the sixth figure are deducted.
P T A
23C-26 : First write '1' in the first house, below Sa khya, and other figures one after the other in the
later houses. Write the upper figure of the previous figure including the last four figures
beginning with the last in the present line. The difference (from Uddi a) is in this case the
pratinidhis 3rd & 5th, should not be taken if the 4th & 6th figures are absent. Like this the
figures should be written upto the total number of Drutas equal to the quantity of the T a
and in this process the total of the ultimate, penultimate, fourth and sixth is written it is
called P t a.
DRUTA-M RU
27-35 : Write houses horizontally upto the number of Drutas equal in quantity to the required T a.
Above it write another horizontal line with one house less. Then write further upper lines
each with two houses lesser than its predecessor. In the houses prepared in the above
manner, write figures as mentioned below. In the first two houses of all these lines write the
figure '1'. In the odd-numbered houses of the lowest-line write the total of the four figures

90
 viz., ultimate etc., as in the Sa khya and in the even-numbered houses write the total
omitting the ultimate. In the remaining houses of the upper-lines the total of the four should
be written. For the upper-lines the 'pratinidhi' of 4th & 6th houses should not be used. For
the even-numbered houses of the upper-lines, instead of the ultimate, the lower figures of
the ultimate should be written. From the figures of the upper-lines, the number of varieties
of the prast ras could be furnished. In the odd vertical lines, serially from bottom, varieties
consisting of odd-numbers of Drutas, like one-Druta, along with Sarva-Drut nta (ADEPs)
in the end, are written and in the even-lines, varieties consisting of zero-Drutas and even-
number of Drutas, like 2-Drutas, along with Sarva-Drut nta in the end, are written. This is
the method of Druta-m ru. Also by totalling of all these figures of these vertical lines, the
Sa khya could be obtained.
LAGHU-M RU
36 - 39 : Keep the lines of houses of Laghu-m ru as in Druta-m ru and write '1' in the first houses.
Write the total of the ultimate, fourth and sixth houses in the remaining houses of the lowest
line. Add the lower figure of the penultimate to the triplet of the remaining houses of the
upper-lines. Here also the 'pratinidhi' effects are as in Druta-m ru. The figures of the
vertical lines should be understood serially starting from the varieties of zero-Laghu, one-
Laghu varieties in gradually increasing order of Laghus upto Sarva-laghvantas (ALEPs).
The total of all the figures form Sa khya.
GURU-M RU
40-43B : In Guru - m ru write the second line with three houses lesser than the lowest-line and its
upper-lines, four houses lesser than the precedent ones. Write '1' in the first houses. Second
house of the first line should consist of '2' and the remaining the total of the ultimate,
penultimate and sixth. From the second upper-line add the lower of the fourth to this total
of the ultimate, penultimate and sixth. In place of Laghu keep Guru. The rest is as in Laghu-
m ru.
PLUTA-M RU
43C - 45 : In Pluta-m ru write the second line with five houses lesser than the lowest line and its
upper-lines six houses lesser than their previous ones. In the lowest line in place of 6th take
the 4th. The upper-lines include the lower of the sixth with the triplet. In place of Guru
keep Pluta. The rest is as in Guru-m ru.
SA Y GA-M RU
46-65 : In Sa y ga-m ru, the four vertical lines consist of houses upto the requirement of Drutas.
Next two lines are of two houses lesser than their predecessors. Next two lines have one
house lesser than the sixth. Next three lines have one lesser than the eighth. Next two lines
have two houses less. Next two lines have one house lesser than their predecessors. Among
them, the first four lines are of the varieties of Sarva-drut ntas (ADEPs), Sarva-laghvantas
(ALEPs), Sarva-gurvantas (AGEPs) and Sarva-plut ntas (APEPs) respectively. First line
has the number '1' in all houses, next line is of 'O' in odd-houses and '1' in even-houses. In
Guru-line three houses have 'O', 4th has '1' and in the same manner in each of the four
houses later. In Pluta-line five houses have 'O', 6th has '1' and in the same manner in the
next six houses. The next six lines are of the duplets of DL, DG, DP, LG, LP and GP. This

91
 is the way of writing figures. Here figures are written starting from top to bottom. In respect
of D, L, G and Ps ultimate, penultimate, 4th & 6th are taken respectively. The total of the
figures of the respective combinations are to be written. The figures of the respective D, L,
G & Ps of first four of the upper horizontal lines should be taken into account. In respect of
ultimate, penultimate etc., of Druta etc., the above figures are in reverse order. Write 'O' if
no figures are existing. The figures for the lines of triplets derived out of the quadruplets are
also written in the same manner. For the three duplets, derived out of the triplets and which
begin from the nearest figure, the above reverse order is followed. Only for the figure of
the four triplets derived out of the quadruplets the above reverse order is to be followed.
In the last five lines the four triplets and the fifth quadruplet are DLG, DLP, DGP, LGP and
DLGP. This is called Sa y ga m ru and later the thing to be known is mentioned. By the
figures of the horizontal lines pertaining to the vertical lines of Sarva-drut ntas (ADEPs),
Sarva-laghvantas (ALEPs) etc., the varieties should be known and their absence by 'O'.
In this table the serial number of the horizontal line is the value of Drut of that T a.
Starting from the above the total of the numbers of all the lines is Sa khya.
KHA A-PRAST RA
66 - 67B : Even for the varieties lacking Druta mentioned in Druta-m ru etc., the prast ra is same,
but prast ra should be made without violating the restrictions of Druta etc.
DRUTA-M RU-NA DDI A
67C-73B : Lowest-line-even-number-Na a : The question number is subtracted from the Sa khya
which is formed from particular m ru figures. Then, from the remainder, the 3rd, 5th and
the penultimate should be subtracted. If it is not subtractable Laghu is obtained. If the next
figure is not subtractable, or including it, if the next two figures are not subtracted, even
without them, Laghu is obtained. If the next figure is subtracted, the un-deducted ultimate
should be taken into account. Guru is obtained from the subtracted figure. Then, including
the ultimate, the next four figures should be left-off. If the fifth is also subtracted the Guru
becomes Pluta. This figure including the ultimate should be omitted. If A gas like Laghu
are obtained from the figures, the same method should be repeated in respect of the remaining
figures. If Guru is obtained the un-deductible fifth becomes the remainder. In the absence
of the figures Laghus should be written to fill-in the deficit of T a.
73C - 75 : Lowest - line - even - number -uddi a : In Uddi a, from Guru, the 3rd figure of the
ultimate is obtained and four figures should be omitted as above. From Pluta, the 3rd and
5th figures are obtained and six figures should be omitted. Follow as above in respect of
the remaining figures. From Laghu, no figure is obtained but two figures should be omitted.
By subtracting the total of the obtained figures from the remainder, the Uddi a should be
answered.
76 : Lowest-line-odd-number-na a : For odd-houses the Na a is as above. Druta is obtained
from the ultimate figure as in Na a of even - houses.
77 : Lowest-line-odd-number-uddi a : For Uddi a, proceed as above. After obtaining the
figure from Druta proceed as in Uddi a of even-houses.
78-81 : Upper-lines-Na a : For the even-houses of the upper-lines the lower of the 2nd should
also be subtracted in addition. Druta is obtained from the undeducted figure and Laghu

92
 from the deducted. If figures are subtracted discontinuously the lower ones become higher
ones. After obtaining Laghu etc., the figures of the same line should be omitted as above.
The rest is as for the even-houses of the lowest-line. After leaving the figures the procedure
should be started again as prescribed for the odd houses or the even houses. For odd
houses of upper-lines follow as for the odd houses of the lowest-line.
82-84B : Upper-lines-uddi a : Pluta etc., are obtained in Uddi a from the very same figures by
subtracting which Pluta etc., are obtained in Na a. Where there is Laghu in the vertical
lines, in which zero Drutas are in the first house, from that Laghu no figure could be obtained.
By subtracting the total of the obtained figures from the remainder, the Uddi a should be
derived.
LAGHU-M RU-NA A
84C - 90 : For the lowest-line of Laghu-m ru, Druta is obtained from the remainder as above from
the un-deductible preceding figures, after deducting the question-number from the final
figure. By subtraction of two previous figures and one upper figure, Guru is obtained. If the
alternative figure of the figure giving out Guru, is also subtracted, the Guru becomes Pluta.
In this manner the Na a should be understood as told by r gad va. For the Na a of
the upper - lines the 2nd, the lower of the 3rd and the 5th should be subtracted in reverse
order. After the upper figures are disposed off, the previous method should be followed in
respect of the remaining figures. Here, as in general Na a, Drutas etc., are obtained. But,
while Laghu is obtained in respect of other A gas, it should be followed starting from the
lower figure of the first. That lower figure should be followed as preferred for self-line. In
the absence of the figure of the line, the Laghus, equal with the number of the lower-lines
should be taken. This is for Na a.
GURU-M RU-NA A
91-93 : The Na a for the lowest-line of Guru-m ru is as in general Na a. Pluta is obtained like
Guru-m ru. The procedure in respect of the upper-lines will now be described. Here, in
place of the lower of the 3rd, the 3rd should be subtracted, and in place of the 5th, the
lower of the 5th should be subtracted. Like Laghu, if Guru is obtained, same procedure
should be adopted as in the lowest-line. Guru is obtained like Laghu. In Na a of upper-
lines the rest is as in Laghu-m ru.
PLUTA-M RU-NA A
94-97B : Pluta-m ru Na a is as in general Na a. For the 2nd and further upper-lines a difference
should be noted. As it is done after obtaining Guru for Guru-m ru, in this table, after
obtaining Pluta, the same procedure should be followed as in the lowest-line. Either Druta,
Laghu or Guru, obtained from the last figure, becomes Pluta. The process should be repeated
with the figures of the lowest-line after omitting six figures of the lowest-line of the ultimate
figure. No ultimate figure of the lowest Pluta-devoid-line becomes Pluta.
UDDI A OF OTHER M RUS
97C & D : The general Uddi a should be followed for the Uddi a of the three tables (m rus) of
Laghu etc.

93
 5.2. Sanskrit text of T aprast ra from
Nartananir aya written by Pa ar ka Vi hala
(T aprakara a :- l kas 196 - 231)

o| um|
Ez tuoo Tsuoym @ ozn|uWN onuoozo: @
otztrNzYno zD @@ (1) |Yznuooz Vo uoozo @@ (16)
o Pz b Yzub Yzns qm @ GzmNwosz| uotz @
ozDsoo z szu @@ (2) ENwosz| z|m oz uooz wsN @@ (17)
Tz so z oz uQzo @ Vu|oznu Vz T|zo @
Ez on{| zD uu: @@ (3) Tzozowoyz o uoozT: oy zo @@ (18)
|ou: N|: ozD V{ T{ @ EWNDz oTomzo: @
oz oz oz Y o oz oz Duo : @@(4) Fuo b urz um|o @@ (19)
n tT{: ozD tu|o: @ F|twTzD Nuosz ztz Foyuo: @
uut o: uNuqo: @@ (5) Gub o PWNouo buQzo @@ (20)
z uuo u zut @ {WN{: uoo{|bz oz z ot: @
outNzoo on[oz @@ (6) ozWN t nnWNz ozo: @@ (21)
onNznuon Nuo zo @ EWN:ub zoz Gub @
Eoz uuo outNs ws @@ (7) on ozDszDsz tT No @@ (22)
LNdW{ N `\yon o{: @ zo zot|s tuqmz om @
uoyo|eW{z o| ez: @@ (8) uNo o LN{N nMn ozo No @@ (23)
owoy `\W N zTTo: @ bzub Ns rz ozD u|z @
uQzuqms{Wzmyuuoz @@ (9) WN{z Nz|u bz Y{N un\zo @@ (24)
YW{ubos oP{oz @ GubzY{Nt zNo |o @
oz V: s|z T: |uuN: @@ (10) outNoo QlgYobz @@ (25)
o: s|uYnzN{N ou|o{: @ onVN Nwn o N us|o @
ozt: NtW{ Poz uso{u @@ (11) onPoo: zbzubzo |o @@ (26)
tWzTtnzDWzs{oo: No @ bzub Ns Y zuusoz @
zt oo o T|oY ooN: @@ (12) uuYn WN o{NWN un\zo @@ (27)
Po Fuo zMo P uWum @ zWNtzuueo |o @
E{ouoz zt: uN Fuo wXZuo @@ (13) Gubz NWNz WN o ozo @@ (28)
obPo ozuzXoz @ zzN t z N|o |o @
zt o z b: Nwoz zo @@ (14) bzubN u t: Ns @@ (29)
NnPW|o uQzo PWouo @ oWNz Y{N Moo |owo @
EnWz o bW ozts zo: @@ (15) Gubz WMz WN un\zo @@ (30)
94
ubWNoY{Ntzubyuo @ `YWzTt:nWz zo o rN: @
PWNoozYs EtzNWNN zo @@ (31) Pzn oun onWo: No @@(34)
Enzus PWntYos @ ouZZbWY ozn: Nzz uQzo @
uWMos uQztTz z[zbo No @@ (32) otWo |outzuezuto @@ (35)
yoz |zts: ozDuyoz @ oVT uzzT zz s|: @
Enzn o| ent|uso os @@ (33) Fuo nD uuQo: |oQXY Nuo: @@(36)
5.2.1. FREE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
1-2B : These are the four Up yas to know precisely the varieties of D ya T as : Prast ra,
Sa khya, Na a and Uddi a.
PRAST RA
2C-7 : Write the desired T a to be permuted in its original form and (among its A gas) under the
first Mahat (higher A ga) Alpa (lower A ga) is established, writing the remaining as in the
above line. If there is a lesser A ga behind this, then the one on the left should be regarded
as Mahat and should be written (again) for completing the T a. If it is not available Alpa
itself should be written. This procedure should be incessantly continued till only Drutas
remain. In Laghu, in Guru and in Pluta, permutation should be carried out individually and
in combination. But there is no permutation in a single individual Druta. 'You have described
permutation only in DLGP but not for Vir ma etc., why?' (if so objected) I shall explain. If
prast ra etc., of Vir ma, which is of the nature of pause are executed, then it contradicts
the prast ra of DL. Also it creates a logical fallacy of over-extension (Ativy pti) leading to
confusion in the stra. Therefore the description of prast ra of Vir ma of LGP is futile.
SA KHYA
8-13B : Write figures '1 & 2', then combine the ultimate with the precedent second (penultimate),
4th and 6th figures. If the 4th and 6th are absent, it (i.e., the last figure) should be added
instead to the 3rd and 5th respectively. Thus, a series of figures should be written to the
right further and further. It (i.e., the series of figures) should be ended with the number of
Drutas equal to the size of the permuted T a. Druta, Laghu, 1 M tra, Guru, 2 M tras,
Pluta, 3 M tras - in this way the number of T a varieties having Drutas, regularly
increased by one, can be known from the figures written here. By adding whatever figures
the final figure is obtianed, from these figures, the number of T a varieties ending in Druta,
ending in Laghu, ending in Guru and ending in Pluta can be obtained as stated by
r gad va.
NA A
13C - 19 : Wherein it is asked here (i.e., in the Sa khya series) 'what is the form of such and such
numbered T a variety ?' it is named Na a. Its answer is now given. Whatever the varieties
among which the Na a question is raised, the Sa khya series should be written till that
figure. Then from the remainder the further and further precedent figures should be
subtracted. While doing so that which cannot be subtracted indicates Druta. If its previous
figure remains un-subtracted, the subtracted figure adds to the next of the 'Ak rt rtha', and
if that is not available it adds to the figure previous to the 'Ak rt rtha'. If there are figures

95
 which can be subtracted discontinuously (i.e., at intervals), the Laghu is to be reckoned as
separate. But if they can be subtracted consecutively or successively such a Laghu becomes
Guru. If the third figure from that figure which yields Guru, can be subtracted, the Guru
becomes the Pluta. If there are no figures left for subtraction, Drutas should be added till
the T a is completed. The answer to determine the form of the desired T a variety
should be thus known from Na a.
UDDI A
20-22B : Wherein it is asked ' how manieth is the T a variety as derived here in Na a ?' it is
Uddi a. Herein the Sa khya series of figures should be written as in Na a. Whatever
the figures, which, on subtraction give whatever Pluta etc., in Na a, the same figures
should be added and subtracted from the final figure (indicating Na a). Uddi a results
from the same figures which are the remainders.
VIPAR TA - PRAST RA
22C - 23 : In the reversed T a - prast ra, DLGP should be written in reverse order respectively,
one below the other. The A ga higher to it should be written to the left. Drutas should be
added to the right till the T a is completed. But, prast ra should be executed by dropping
respectively the one's line to the left.
VIPAR TA - NA DDI A
24 - 25B : 'How to understand Na ddi a in this Vipar ta - prast ra?' (both) should be done from
the question numbers themselves. But, in Na a '1' should be subtracted, in Uddi a '1'
should be added. The remaining procedures are as before.
DRUTAH RA - NA DDI A
25C - 26 : In the prast ra of four garland segments ending in Druta etc., the respective (form) should
be made predominant and the precedent is to be ignored. The respective question number
should then be subtracted from Sa khya. Na ddi a are as before.
MADHYAR PA - UPARISTHITA - NA DDI A
27-29B : Here, how are Na ddi a executed? Determine the figure of the medial form
(Madhyar pa). Subtract '1' from it. Add to the remainder the question number which is
above. In Uddi a subtract the figure of the medial from the 'Labdha' figure. Add '1' to the
remainder. The remaining procedure is as above.
MADHYAR PA - ADHASTHITA - NA DDI A
29C-31B: 'How are Na a and Uddi a to be executed below medial form?' Add '1' to the subtracted
figure of the medial form?' The rest is as before. In Uddi a the 'Labdha' figure is subtracted
from the medial number. By adding '1' to the remaining figure of the medial form, Uddi a
is described.
P T A
31C-34B: The digit '1' should be written at the bottom (i.e., at the extreme left) of the Sa khya series.
The Sa khya number above the last (number in the P t a row) as well as the four numbers
beginning with the last (viz., last, second, fourth and sixth) its own row, should be written.

96
 When added together, regularly, they enumerate exactly all the Drutas in all the permutations
of a prast ra. This is called P t a. The final number obtained by adding together these
five numbers viz., the ultimate, penultimate, fourth and sixth as well as the number (of
Sa khya) lying above the ultimate is called P t a.
SARVAP T A
34C-35 : By subtracting the penultimate (Up ntya) Sa khya figure from the ultimate (Antya) P t a
figure, further and further, the remaining figure should be written below the penultimate of
the P t a regularly. By such figure Sarvap t a (Mah p t a) is taught as described by
Vi hala.
M RUS OF A GAS
36 : Thinking that the m rus of Druta, Laghu, Guru and Pluta and the Sa y ga - m rus are
useless, they are not written here, becuase it would be like getting a mouse by digging a
mountain.

FFFFFF

97
 Chapter - 6
TALAPRASTARA - A CRITIQUE
6.1. DETAILS OF TREATISES
Though the T a chapter of Indian music is furnished in many of our ancient and recent books,
the intricacies of this element, Prast ra are dealt with only in the following books:
1. Sa g tasamayas ra: This is written in between 12th and 13th centuries by P r vad va
in Sanskrit. In the annals of our music literature this is the first book in which the serial numbers for the
T as are furnished. While 50 T as having such serial numbers are furnished in this book 10 numbers
of them are suitably modified by this author. The details of all these T as are furnished elsewhere in this
book.

2. Sa g ta Ratn kara: This is written in the 13th century in Sanskrit by Nih anka r gad va.
Among the 400 l kas of the 5th chapter T dhy ya of this treatise 100 l kas are devoted for
T aprast ra itself which obviously reveals the great importance given to this topic even in those olden
days (all these l kas are furnished elsewhere in this book along with free translation). In no other
treatise this much of material pertaining to this topic has ever been furnished. In this book the Catura ga-
prast ra by which the four A gas, Druta, Laghu, Guru and Pluta pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only are
permuted is defined. In the T dhy ya of this book in respect of this prast ra 19 easy methods are
furnished at the first instance. They are suitably modified by this author. Some easy methods to obtain
the required prast ra even without making the process of permutation at all are furnished in this book.
But as ambiguity and contradiction reigns this topic this is not within the easy reach of the aspirant.
3. Sa g t pani ats r ddh ra: This is the compendium of the great Sa g t pani at written in
the 14th century by the author Sudh kala a himself in Sanskrit. Unfortunately in the absence of the
original treatise this abridged edition has become the only source to get the gist of it. This is unique in
furnishing an easy method Kalita which was not furnished by any other author and which helps to
obtain the full details of all the A gas occurred until a required permutation. No details of any tables or
their Na a or Uddi a are furnished in it.
4. T aka bdhi : As per the details furnished by M.R mak r akavi in his Bharatak a this is
written by Acyutar ya in the 16th century in Sanskrit. As per the brief details available the Anudruta-
prast ra, Vir ma-prast ra, Krama-prast ra, V parita-krama-prast ra, Sa khya, Na ddi a, P t a
and some tables are said to have been furnished in it.
5. Sa g tas ry daya: This is written in the 16th century by Bhand ru Lak m n r ya a in
Sanskrit against which the author claimed that he was honoured with Gaj r ha am and Kanak bhi kam
by the then King Sr k r ad var ya. Among the five chapters of this treatise the first one is the
T dhy ya and among the 575 l kas of it 270 are devoted for T aprast ra itself. Pa nc ga-
prast ra containing Anudruta and relevant Sa khya, Na ddi a and P t a along with the tables,
Vir ma-prast ra and relevant Sa khya, Na ddi a and P t a along with the tables are furnished
in this treatise. Kha a-na ddi a has not been furnished at all. But, like in Sa g ta Ratn kara, as
ambiguity and contradiction reigns the topic this is also not within the reach of the aspirant.
6. Nartananir aya : This is written in the 16th century by Pa ar ka Vi hala in Sanskrit.
Sa khya, Na ddi a, P t a and Sarvap t a of the old Catura ga-prast ra are furnished in this
book. This book is unique in furnishing the Sarvap t a, Vipar ta-prast ra, Na ddi a, Madhyar pa-
uparisthita-na ddi a and adhah sthita-na ddi a with some details for the first time.

98
 7. Sa g tadarpa a : This is written in between the 16th & 17th centuries by Catura D m dara
Pa ita in Sanskrit taking the l kas mostly from Sa g ta Ratn kara. Sa khya, Na a, Uddi a,
P t a of Catura ga-prast ra, the relevant tables of their Na a and Uddi a, Vir ma-prast ra, Na a
and Vir ma-m ru are defined in this book. Even in this book the ambiguity and contradiction reigns the
topic.
8.T ada apr aprad pika : This is written in the form of Telugu poems in the 17th century
by P l ri G vindakavi. Catura ga-prast ra, Panc ga-prast ra with Anudruta, Sa khya, P t a,
Sarvap t a, Na ddi a of the five J tis and different tables are defined only in poems but not even
a single table is furnished. Sa y ga-m ru has not been furnished at all. The important points of this
topic are not easily understandable at all.
9.R gat acint ma i : This book is also written in the form of Telugu poems in the 17th
century by P l ri G vindakavi himself. Catura ga-prast ra, Pa nc ga-prast ra with Anudruta,
Sa khya, P t a and Na ddi a of the five J tis are defined in the form of poems but not even a
single table is furnished or defined.
10.T asamudram : This is written in the 17th century by Vanap da C d ma i in Tamil
following Sa g tadarpa a.
11. T alak a am : The author of this work has yet to be found. If the contents of Prast ra of
this work is taken into consideration there is scope to decide that this treatise is written around 17th
century. Though all the 10 elements of the T a are defined in it little more importance is given to the
10th element, Prast ra. In Prast ra the Catura ra-j ti Panc ga-prast ra along with its Sa khya,
P t a, Na a, Uddi a and five m rus (tables), Vir ma-prast ra along with its Sa khya, P t a,
Na a, Uddi a and four m rus (tables) and Catura ga-prast ra along with its Sa khya, P t a,
Sarvap t a and four m rus (tables) are furnished. Sa y ga-m ru has not been furnished at
all.Pratinidhi system, Na a and Uddi a are difined as in Sa g ta Ratn kara.
12. T r avam : The author of this work has yet to be found. If the contents of Prast ra of this
work is taken into consideration there is scope to decide that this treatise is written around 17th century.
Though all the ten elements of the T a are defined in it much importance is given to the tenth element,
Prast ra only. In Prast ra the Catura ga-prast ra along with its Sa khya, P t a, Adh -p t a,
Na a, Uddi a and four m rus (tables) and the Tisra, Mi ra and Kha a-j tis of Panc ga-prast ra
along with their respective Sa khya, P t a, Na a, Uddi a and five m rus (tables) are furnished.
Neither the details of Sa k r a-j ti nor any of the Sa y ga-m rus nor even the Na a or Uddi a of
Kha a-prast ra are furnished. While almost all the authors of the post Ratn kara period have truly
followed Ratn kara in many ways the author of this work prescribed some modern easy methods of
this element. That is the importance of this treatise. In regard to T as there are some more new points
of interest in this work.
13.Vai ava Sa g ta stra : This is written in the 18th century by Narahari Cakravarti in
Sanskrit. Sa khya, Uddi a and Na a pertaining to Catura ga-prast ra are furnished very briefly in
this book.

14.G yakal canam : This is written and published in 1902 by Tacc r Si gar c rya Bros., in
Telugu. The modes of permutation of Catura ga-prast ra and Panc ga-prast ra with Anudruta along
with the relevant tables are furnished but nothing has been defined at all in this book. In the

99
annals of our music literature there are only two books in which the serial numbers for the T as are
furnished and while the Sa g ta Samayas ra is the first one this G yakal canam occupies the second
place. In this book around 160 T as are furnished along with new names, A gas and serial numbers
among which 50 of them are suitably modified by this author.
15.Mathematical basis of the T -system : This is written and published in 1962 by
K.R macandran. In this book the Sa yukt ga-prast ra in which A gas of all the denominations are
used in the process of permutation is elaborated in terms of figures and the Akha a-sa khya, Na a
and Uddi a are explained in a circuitous manner with an arithmetical approach.
Among the above, Sa g ta Ratn kara, along with two commentaries, had furnished more detailed
information with tables of figures and definitions about this element than any other book. The T dhy ya
of this in total, consists of 408 l kas, in which the five M rga T as are elaborated in the first 235
l kas, the 120 De i T as are listed out in the next 76 l kas and the element, Prast ra itself is
elaborated in the remaining 97 l kas. The greater importance of this element has very well been
noticed, even in those olden days by r gad va who had obviously devoted nearly one-fourth of his
T a-chapter for its elaboration only. But, unfortunately, not only in the commentaries of Kallinath and
Si habh p la but also even in the text some confusive versions are furnished. Later, some interesting
new methods of this element are furnished by Sudh kala a, Acyutyar ya and Pa ar ka Vi hala in
their works.
In addition to the Catura ga-prast ra (Catura ra-j ti), which has been elaborated with the help
of tables of figures and definitions in Sa g ta Ratnakara & Sa g ta Darpa a, Vir ma-prast ra is also
defined briefly in Sa g ta Darpa a. While both Pa nc ga-prast ra (Catura ra-j ti) and Vir ma-
prast ra are elaborated in Sa g tas ry daya with the help of tables of figures and definitions, both
Catura ga (Catura ra-j ti) and Pa nc ga (Trisra, Kha a, Mi ra & Sa k r a-j tis) - prast ras
have been elaborated in R gat acint ma i and T ada apr aprad pika with the help of only poems
but without any tables of figures. And in G yakal canam a number of tables of figures pertaining to
both Catura ga (Catura ra-j ti) and Panc ga (Trisra, Kha a, Mi ra & Sa k r a-j tis) - prast ras
are furnished but without any definitions.
So, to bring out all the latent secrets of this element within the easy reach of the aspirant these
following modifications are made by the author to help clear understanding of the various techniques
and also to remove the textual inconsistancies in the different early texts dealing in these matters.
6.2. MODES OF PERMUTATION
In the ancient days only Catura ga-prast ra, in which the four A gas, Druta, Laghu, Guru and
Pluta are used in the process of permutation of the A gas pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only, is used. In
those days, while Vir ma is prohibited to be used only in the process of permutation (but not from
usage) having a fluctuative value of half-duration of another A ga to which it is appended, K kap da
is prohibited not only in the process of permutation but also even from using it in any T a, which is not
justifiable as it is prescribed in some of the T as like Si hanandana.
Later, along with this Catura ga-prast ra, the Panc ga-prasatra in which the five A gas,
Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru and Pluta are used in the process of permutation of A gas pertaining to
all J tis other than Catura ra-j ti, is also used. Around this time, Vir ma-prast ra, which is even
basically incorrect wherein the process of permutation is concluded with either Druta or Druta-vir ma
or both, violating the general norm of concluding with either Vir ma or Druta, is also furnished in some
books.

100
 Some time later, another a ga-prast ra, in which all the six A gas, Anudruta (Anudruta is
called as Vir ma having a fixed duration of one-unit at this time), Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da,
along with interlaced combinations of these above A gas, are used in the process of permutation of
A gas pertaining to Catura ra-j ti only, in which arabhanandana T a is one of these varieties.
Now, in this book (a) Panc ga-prast ra, where in the five A gas, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta
and K kap da are used in the process of permutation of A gas pertaining to only Catura ra-j ti, (b)
a a ga-prast ra, wherein all the six A gas, Anudruta, Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da are
used in the process of permutation of A gas of all J tis and (c) Sa yukt ga-prast ra (correct name
of a ga-prast ra), wherein all the six A gas, Anudruta (called as Vir ma having a fixed duration
of one-unit), Druta, Laghu, Guru, Pluta and K kap da, along with other interlaced combinations of all
these above A gas, are used in the process of permutation of A gas pertaining to all J tis (prescribed
in figures but could be transliterated into A gas) are furnished with tables of figures, definitions and
suitable rules framed by the author.

6.3. ALLOCATION OF DIVISIONS OF PRAST RA

In his Sa g ta Ratn kara r gad va had furnished 19 easy methods to know the details of the
rhythmical forms and they are: 1.Prast ra 2.Sa khya 3.Na a 4.Uddi a 5.P t a 6.Druta-m ru
7.Druta-m ru-na a 8.Druta-m ru-uddi a 9.Laghu-m ru 10.Laghu-m ru-na a 11.Laghu-m ru-
uddi a 12.Guru-m ru 13.Guru-m ru-na a 14. Guru-m ru-uddi a 15.Pluta-m ru 16.Pluta-m ru-
na a 17.Pluta-m ru-uddi a 18.Sa y ga-m ru and 19.Kha a-prast ra. As all these are only easy
methods and also as this total number varies with the other modes of permutation like Panc ga-
prast ra and a a ga-prast ra which are named basing upon the number of A gas used in the
process of permutation, they cannot be treated as divisions at all. So, to make it applicable to all the
different modes of permutation suitable system of divisions which has been formulated by this author is
furnished hereunder.
In each mode of permutation there are two main divisions namely 1.Akha a-prast ra and
2.Kha a-prast ra among which the Kha a-prast ra has to sub-divisions namely 1.H na-prast ra
and 2.Yukta-prast ra. All these divisions consist of two different processes of permutation namely
1.Anul ma-prast ra and 2.Vil ma-prast ra and two key-figures namely 1.Sa khya and 2.Mah p t a
which are the total number of prast ras and the total number of T gas used in the process of
permutation respectively. Even without adopting the laborious process of permutation there are very
interesting easy methods to obtain the above two key-figures of Sa khya and Mah p t a and also to
obtain the series of T gas of a particular serial number of a prast ra in question, the serial number
of a prast ra in question consisting of a particular series of T gas and the total number of all the
different T gas used upto a particular serial number of prast ra in question which are named as
Na a, Uddi a and Kalita respectively. Among them to resemble the name of Kha a-prast ra
the Nija-prast ra is named after Akha a-prast ra by the author. In the same manner to maintain
similarity in names the Vipar ta-prast ra of Pa ar ka Vi hala is named after Vil ma-prast ra and
the usual Krama-prast ra is named after Anul ma-prast ra by the author. Among them the Kalita is
prescribed by Sudh kala a.

101
 6.4. RULES FOR THE PROCESS OF PRAST RA

The mode of permutation was not defined clearly in any book, as such, suitable rules for all kinds
of permutations are formulated and furnished in the II chapter of this book with examples.

6.5. THE PROCESS OF ARRIVING AT THE FIGURES OF TABLES

In respect of writing the figures of the different tables r gad va contradictively prescribed to
write figures both 1 & 2 for Sa khya of Akha a-prast ra and 1 or both 1 & 2 for different lines
of different tables in different ways. But, he did not give any explanation for this disparity. He also
prescribed to take the 3rd and 5th figures, which were called Pratinidhis (proxies) by him, into account
in the absence of the 4th and 6th preceeding figures respectively but its application differs with each
table and its lower and upper horizontal lines. More-over, in support of the application of these Pratinidhis
to all the other tables he had gone to the extent of even deliberately altering the correct version of
Druta-m ru. In T ada apr aprad pika, R gat acint ma i and T l r avam it is prescribed to write
figure '1' ( A a) even before the very 1st house of Sa khya and in G yakal canam, correctly, the figure
1 is written, even before the very first house of Sa khya of all the tables thus eliminating this 'Pratinidhi'.

So, figure 1 is hereby prescribed to be written in the left extreme, even before the very first
house, of all Sa khya lines and the lowest-lines of all the tables of all the A gas (except for Sa y ga-
m ru) pertaining to all modes of permutation as prescribed in G yakal canam. Thus, the cumbersome
Pratinidhi has entirely been eliminated, but, the word Pratinidhi (proxy) has been prescribed in this
book to be used in a different way representing the numbers of the preceding houses, which are basically
most important of this element, along with the relevant rules to arrive at the figures of all the tables.

6.6. P T A AND MAH P T A

The P t a furnished by r gad va, in his Sa g ta Ratn kara denotes the total number of
the inferior A gas used in the process of Akha a-prast ra and its figures could be obtained by
writing the total of the figures of the upper Sa khya-house of the preceding 1st and preceding 1st, 2nd,
4th and 6th houses of the same P t a-line.

Along with the above P t a, another Mah p t a which denotes the total number of all the
different A gas used in the process of permutation, has also been furnished by Pa ar ka Vi hala in
his Nartananir aya but he prescribed to obtain it by subtracting the penultimate (Up ntya) Sa khya
from the ultimate (Antya) P t a figure and write the remainder below the penultimate of P t a. This
rules does not facilitate to write the Mah p t a figures from the very first house. But, as per the
version prescribed in T ada apr aprad pika they could be obtained by writing the total of the
preceding 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th figures of P t a treating the respective upper P t a-figure as the
preceding 1st.

102
 14. MODIFIED VERSION OF CATUR NGA -AKHA A -PRAST RA

(a) Version furnished in Sang ta Ratnakara :

O I OI S OS O I OI
1 2 3 6 10 19 33 60 106
1 2 5 10 22 44 91 180 358

(b) Version furnished in Gayakal canam :

O I OI S OS O I OI
1 1 2 3 6 10 19 33 60 106
1 2 5 10 22 44 91 180 358
1 3 7 16 34 72 147 298 592

(c) Modified Version :

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 2 3 6 10 19 33 60 106
1 3 7 16 34 72 147 298 592

103
 In fact, the P t a figures are also included in Mah p t a and Mah p t a is far more useful
than P t a facilitating very easy application of 'Kalita' which furnishes the full details of all the A gas
until the required prast ra in question. Keeping the multipotency of Mah p t a in view, the P t a has
entirely been eliminated in this book and Mah p t a, with a direct link with Sa khya, which has been
discovered by the author of this book, has been furnished and the same could be obtained by arriving
at the total of all the respective preceding proxies of both Sa khya and Mah p t a together. Moreover,
unlike in any other book this Mah p t a has also been extended to almost all the tables of Kha a-
prast ra and furnished with tables of figures and suitable key-rules in the III chapter of this book.
6.7. AKHA A NA A AND UDDI A
Na a and Uddi a, which could be answered with the help of Sa khya are the most important
and vital aspects of this element and they are elaborated from the l kas 13th to 23rd of Sa g ta
Ratn kara. This is the only book in the annals of our music literature in which Na a and Uddi a are
furnished with definitions and examples by the commentators than any other book. But, unfortunately,
the modus operandi of Na a and Uddi a furnished in it is not at all clear to follow and it looks either
the author himself or the commentators or even the editors have furnished their respective versions
keeping the answers only first in view.
In his Nartananir aya, along with the general Na ddi a, Pa ar ka Vi hala prescribed
entirely different varieties and they are : 1. Sarvap t a 2. Vipar ta-na ddi a 3. Drutah ra-
na ddi a 4. Madhyar pa-uparisthita-na ddi a and 5. Madhyar pa-adhasthita na ddi a.
Among them Vipar ta (reverse) na ddi a is re-named as Vil ma-na ddi a to be identical
with the name of Anul ma-na ddi a which is the general obverse-na ddi a and they both are
included in the divisions of Na a and Uddi a. The prast ras, basing upon the A gas occur in the
right extreme, are called as Drut nya-prast ras, Laghvanta-prast ras, Gurvanta-prast ras etc. But,
Pa ar ka Vi hala named them as Drutah ra-prast ras etc., treating the Drutas etc., which occur in
the right extreme as pendants and accordingly he had also prescribed Drutah ra-na ddi a with a
brief definition following the general Na a. As the application of the process of this Drutah ra-
na ddi a is one and the same as in general Na ddi a this had been dropped.
Pa ar ka Vi hala had also briefly prescribed Madhyar pa-uparisthita na ddi a and
Madhyar pa-adhasthita-na ddi a which facilitate to obtain the Na ddi a for the upper and
lower prast ras of a midmost-prast ra. As their respective rules for the mode of application are
inadequate relevant rules are framed by the author and prescribed in this book. Though the rules
prescribed by him for Uparisthita-na ddi a are not incorrect, another set of rules are framed by the
author and prescribed in this book bringing out the very important link between the Vil ma-Sa khya
and the respective prast ra discovered by the Great Pa ar ka Vi hala.
All these rules, including the modified rules of Sa g ta Ratn kara, are furnished in this book with
a number of examples.
6.8. AKHA A KALITA
While finding a new method for writing the figures of Mah p t a linking them with Sa khya
directly and entirely eliminating the less important P t a, a very interesting link between these two lines
of Sa khya and Mah p t a has, accidentally, been discovered by the author which facilitates to
know the full details of all the A gas upto a required permutation in question and this has been named
by the author as Na a ga and prescribed with examples in the first Telugu addition of

104
T aprast ras gara, along with relevant key-rules. But, a similar method which has long ago been
named as Kalita by Sudh kala a has later been found in his Sa g t pani ats r ddh ra. So, the
Na ga has been re-named as Kalita and mentioned in this book but linking it with Sa khya and
Mah p t a and extending it to both Akha a and Kha a-prast ras alike.
6.9. TABLE OF DRUTA (DRUTA-M RU)
The Druta-m ru furnished by r gad va in his Sa g ta Ratn kara is not in accordance with
the other tables given by himself. In G yakal canam at the top of each vertical line of Druta-m ru while
furnishing the value of prast ra the A gas of the first-prast ra are furnished. As, writing thus the A gas
of the first-prast ra at the top sometimes becomes contrary in respect of the Devoid-permutation or
containing-permutation of a specific nature, the value of the prast ra is furnished in figures at the top in
this book. The Druta-m ru is properly modified and furnished with relevant key-rules in this book.
6.10. TABLE OF COMBINATIVE A GAS (SA Y GA-M RU)
As in the case of the Druta-m ru r gad va had also furnished an altered version of Sa y ga-
m ru in his Sa g ta Ratn kara. In it, in total, while there are 13 horizontal lines basing upon the unit-
value of permutations in increasing order i.e. 1-Druta, 2-Drutas, 3-Drutas and so on upto 13-Drutas
there are 15 vertical lines pertaining to IAEPs (Identical-a ga-ending-permutations) of 1. Druta 2.
Laghu 3. Guru 4. Pluta, duplets of 5. DL 6. DG 7. DP 8. LG 9. LP 10. GP, triplets of 11.DLG 12. DLP
13. DGP 14. LGP and a quadruplet of 15. DLGP. Unfortunately, he had so altered the order of these
vertical lines that he had to add 1, 3, 5, 1, 1 & 3 numbers of zeros extra in the beginning of each of the
vertical lines of L, G, P, DP, LP and GP respectively. Had he made the correct division basing upon
their unit-value in serial order i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, & 26 units of D, L, DL, G,
DG, LG, P, DLG, DP, LP, DLP, GP, DGP, LGP and DLGP respectively, it would have been more
aesthetic and also helpful to the reader by avoiding the extra zeros. As this method prescribed in
Sa g ta Ratn kara went wrong while writing such figures pertaining to other J tis of other modes of
permutation, another specific method which could be applicable to Sa y ga-m rus of all the Jatis of
all modes of permutation is discovered by the author and furnished with suitable key-rules in this book.
In the end of the commentary of 369th (58th) l ka, Kallin tha had incorrectly prescribed to
write figure 4 instead of figure 3 in the 8th house of the GP line.
In G yakal canam, probably being unware of the correct version of Sa y ga-m ru, an entirely
different version with different name Samud y gam ru, which is of a mere duplication of figures of
all the tables of A gas together, is furnished by the authors.
So, keeping all the above in view, the modified version of Sa y ga-m ru, including Mah p t a
also in it, which is applicable to all the J tis and modes of permutation, is furnished with suitable key-
rules in this book.
6.11. KHA A NA A, UDDI A & KALITA
Not only for all the tables of Akha a-prast ra but also for all the tables of Kha a-prast ra
(except for Sa y ga-m ru) the rules for the proper application of Na a, Uddi a and Kalita are
formulated by the author and furnished elsewhere in this book along with selected examples.

105
 15. MODIFIED VERSION OF CATUR NGA DRUTA-M RU

(a) Version furnished in Sang ta Ratnakara :

1 1
1 1 7 8
1 1 5 6 20 27
1 1 3 4 9 14 25 44
1 1 2 2 5 4 12 7 26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(b) Version furnished in Gayakal canam :

OI
I 1 9D
O 1 0 8D
1 0 8 7D
OS 1 0 7 0 6D
S 1 0 6 0 27 5D
01 1 0 5 0 20 0 4D
I 1 0 4 0 14 0 44 3D
0 1 0 3 0 9 0 25 0 2D
1 0 2 0 5 0 12 0 26 1D
1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 7 0 OD

(c) Modified Version :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 9
1 0 8
1 0 8 7
1 0 7 0 6
1 0 6 0 27 5
1 0 5 0 20 0 4
1 0 4 0 14 0 44 3
1 0 3 0 9 0 25 0 2
1 0 2 0 5 0 12 0 26 1
1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 7 0 0

106
 16. LIST OF COMBINATIVE NGAS
(Panc a nga, ad a nga & Samyukta nga)

Sl. 2 3 4 5 7 9 3 4 5 7 9 Sl.
No. No.

1 0 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 OI+ 17 22 27 37 47 33
2 I 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 UOS 18 23 28 38 48 34
3 OI 3 UO 3 3 3 3 3 UOI+ 35
4 S 4 I 4 5 7 9 IS 24 30 42 54 36
5 OS 5 UI 4 5 6 8 10 S+ 37
6 IS 6 0I 5 6 7 9 11 UIS 19 25 31 43 55 38
7 UOI 6 7 8 10 12 US+ 39
8 OIS 7 S 8 10 14 18 OIS 20 26 32 44 56 40
9 O US 7 9 11 15 19 OS+ 41
10 I 8 OS 8 10 12 16 20 UOIS 21 27 33 45 57 42
11 + UOS 9 11 13 17 21 UOS+ 43
12 OI 9 IS 12 15 21 27 IS+ 28 35 49 63 44
13 O+ + 45
14 S 10 UIS 10 13 16 22 28 UIS+ 22 29 36 50 64 46
15 I+ U U + 47
16 OS 11 OIS 11 14 17 23 29 OIS+ 23 30 37 51 65 48
17 OI+ O O + 49
18 IS 12 UOIS 12 15 18 24 30 UOIS+ 24 31 38 52 66 50
19 S+ UO UO + 51
20 OIS 13 I 16 20 28 36 I + 32 40 56 72 52
21 OS+ O+ UI + 25 33 41 57 73 53
22 IS+ 14 UI 13 17 21 29 37 OI + 26 34 42 58 74 54
23 S+ U+ UOI + 27 35 43 59 75 55
24 OIS+ 15 OI 14 18 22 30 38 S + 36 45 63 81 56
25 OS+ O+ US + 28 37 46 64 82 57
26 I + 16 UOI 15 19 23 31 39 OS + 29 38 47 65 83 58
27 OI + 17 UO+ UOS + 30 38 48 66 84 59
28 S + 18 S 20 25 35 45 IS + 40 50 70 90 60
29 OS + 19 I+ UIS + 31 41 51 71 91 61
30 IS + 20 US 16 21 26 36 46 OIS + 32 42 52 72 92 62
31 OIS + 21 UI+ UOIS + 33 43 53 73 93 63
32 OS 17 22 27 37 47 Contd.....

107
 1

1 1 24 8 47 4 - 7

2 2 25 1 - 8 48 1 - 3 - 7

3 1 - 2 26 2 - 7 49 5 - 6

4 3 27 3 - 6 50 1 - 4 - 6

5 1 - 3 28 1 - 2 - 6 51 2 - 3 - 6

6 4 29 4 - 5 52 2 - 4 - 5

7 1 - 4 30 1 - 3 - 5 53 1 - 2 - 3 - 5

8 2 - 3 31 2 - 3 - 4 54 11

9 5 32 9 55 1 - 11

10 1 - 5 33 1 - 9 56 2 - 10

11 2 - 4 34 2 - 8 57 3 - 9

12 1 - 2 - 3 35 3 - 7 58 1 - 2 - 9

13 6 36 1 - 2 - 7 59 4 - 8

14 1 - 6 37 4 - 6 60 1 - 3 - 8

15 2 - 5 38 1 - 3 - 6 61 5 - 7

16 3 - 4 39 1 - 4 - 5 62 1 - 4 - 7

17 1 - 2 - 4 40 2 - 3 - 5 63 2 - 3 - 7

18 7 41 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 64 1 - 5 - 6

19 1 - 7 42 10 65 2 - 4 - 6

20 2 - 6 43 1 -10 66 1 - 2 - 3 - 6

21 3 - 5 44 2 - 9 67 3 - 4 - 5

22 1 - 2 - 5 45 3 - 8 68 1 - 2 - 4 - 5

23 1 - 3 - 4 46 1 - 2 - 8 69 12

108
 I-60
0 - 3 3 D L G
- 19 D L G P 1 0 0 0
0S - 10 D L G P 1 0 0 0 0 0
s-6 D L G 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0
L G 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 0
0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 4 0 0 0 10 0
1 0 0 3 0 9 6 0 0 0 10 0 0 25 18 1
3 1 5 4 2 0 7 5 1 12 12 10 2 0 21 20
2 5 0 3 8 4 5 14 18 0 7 23 31 7 10 39

109
 18. MODIFIED VERSION OF SA MY GA-M RU

(a) Version furnished in Sang ta Ratnakara :

0 I S
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0I
1 0 0 0 2
1 1 1 0 3 0S
1 0 0 0 7 2 O IS
1 1 0 1 11 3 0 2 I S OIS
1 0 0 0 20 4 2 0 0 0 6
1 1 1 0 32 5 3 3 2 0 12 0I
1 0 0 0 54 9 4 0 0 0 32 6
1 1 0 0 87 13 5 7 3 2 60 12 OS
1 0 0 0 143 18 6 0 0 0 134 32 6 IS
1 1 1 1 231 24 7 11 4 0 251 60 12 6 OIS
1 0 0 0 376 35 11 0 0 0 500 122 20 0 24

(b) Modified version :

0
1 I
1 1 OI
1 0 2 S
1 1 3 1 OS
1 0 7 0 2 IS
1 1 11 0 3 2 1 OIS O
1 0 20 0 4 0 0 6 2 I
1 1 32 1 5 3 0 12 3 2 OI
1 0 54 0 9 0 0 32 4 0 6 S
1 1 87 0 13 7 0 60 5 3 12 2 0S
1 0 143 0 18 0 0 134 6 0 32 0 6 IS
1 1 231 1 24 11 1 251 7 4 60 0 12 6 0IS
1 0 376 0 35 0 0 500 11 0 122 0 20 0 24

110
 6.12. A GAS A CRITIQUE
In some of the music books written in the preceding century a gas (16 A gas) are
furnished as mentioned hereunder in a decreasing order of value starting from K kap da:

Sl.No. A ga/Sa yukt ga Units Sign

1. K kap da 16 +
2. Pluta-druta-vir ma 15 S
3. Pluta-druta 14
S
4. Pluta-vir ma 13 S
5. Pluta 12
6. Guru-druta-vir ma 11 S
7. Guru-druta 10 S
8. Guru-vir ma 9 S

9. Guru 8 S

10. Laghu-druta-vir ma 7

11. Laghu-druta 6

12. Laghu-vir ma 5

13. Laghu 4

14. Druta-vir ma 3

15. Druta 2

16. Anudruta 1

In the olden days the Vir ma, having become appended to mostly either to Druta or Laghu and
having a fluctuative value of half of the appended A ga, was used to be rendered along with the
appended A ga. In those olden days mostly Catura ra-j ti was in vogue and this Vir ma was used
to become appended to the A gas pertaining to the Catura ra-j ti only. But in the later period this
Vir ma was given a fixed value of 1unit on par with the Anudruta and furnished in these a gas.

Persons having sufficient knowledge of this T aprast ra can only understand easily that this
term a gas(16 A gas) can be used only in respect of the A gas pertaining to the Catura ra-
j ti and that this term should be modified as Dv da gas(12-A gas) in respect of the A gas
pertaining to the Trisra-j ti, as Vi atya gas(20-A gas) in respect of the A gas pertaining to the
Kha a-j ti, as A vi atya gas (28-A gas) in respect of the A gas pertaining to the Mi ra-j ti

111
and as a tri ada gas(36-A gas) in respect of the A gas pertaining to the Sa k r a-j ti. They
can also easily understand that many of them are only Sa yukt gas used only in Sa yukt ga-
prast ra having only the mathematical value but not any rendering value in any T a as A gas at all.
For example one of the Sa yukt gas, Laghu-druta-vir ma prescribed in the T a
arabhanandana(S I 0 I I 0 U 0 0 0 U 0U0U0 0 - 24 A gas, 79 Kriyas) said to
have been created by y ma S stry has to be rendered, in fact, with one Dhruvaka(beat) each of the
Laghu, Druta and Vir ma thus making a total of three beats for a single A ga in addition to their
respective Nih abda-kriyas. But, in our music, as any A ga (except K kap da) consists of only one
beat in the beginning and all the other kriyas, if any, are sound-less, no A ga admits more than one beat
at all, it is very important to note that T as like this arabhanandana consisting of this kind of
Sa yukt gas are not for rendering at all but for mathematical purpose only.

ueueueu

112
 19. TABLE OF GENERAL PERMUTATION-TRISRAJ TI-PANC NGA
SAID TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY SY MA S STRY HIMSELF
(respective correct figures are furnished in the 2nd line)

Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
113

Sa n khya 1 2 4 7 13 25 46 86 162 306 561 1066 1114 3728 6175 13041 24407 45651
1 302 565 1058 1978 3700 6923 12949 24223 45315
Pata a 1 2 5 12 26 56 120 250 517 1012 2163 4372 8715 17600 35068 61620 137750 271734
1062 2159 4364 8775 17552 34964 69396 137270 270734
Mahapata a 1 3 8 11 43 95 204 431 100 1857 3803 7721 15606 31340 62645 124701 247327 488161
19 900 3799 7717 15574 31264 62473 124321 246511 487237
 20. SERIAL NUMBERS OF 35 T AS

Authentic Sl. Nos.

Ta a & Angas

Samyuktanga
No. of Kriyas
Value of Jati

Panca nga

Sad a nga
Sl. No.

Name
1 Mani 3 11 - 20 149

Dhruva - I0II Sr kara

2 4 14 7 25 553
3 Pram a na 5 17 - 33 2129
4 P rn a 7 23 - 67 33089
5 Bhuvana 9 29 - 156 525569
6 Sara 3 8 - 5 21
Mat hya - I0I

7 Sama 4 10 3 5 41
8 Udaya 5 12 - 5 81
9 Ud rna 7 16 - 5 321
10 Rava 9 20 - 5 1281
11 Cakra 3 5 - 1 3
Jhampa - IU0 Rupaka - 0I

12 Patti 4 6 1 1 3
13 Raja 5 7 - 1 3
14 Kula 7 9 - 1 3
15 Bindu 9 11 - 1 3
16 Kadamba 3 6 - 9 13
17 Madhura 4 7 - 8 25
18 Cana 5 8 - 10 49
19 Sura 7 10 - 18 193
20 Kara 9 12 - 39 769
21 Sankha 3 7 - 11 21
Triput a - I00

22 Adi 4 8 5 10 41
23 Duskara 5 9 - 8 81
24 Lila 7 11 - 8 321
25 Bhoga 9 13 - 8 1281
26 Gupta 3 10 - 71 71
At a - II00

27 Lekha 4 12 15 85 649
28 Vidala 5 14 - 110 2577
29 Loya 7 18 - 233 41025
30 Dhira 9 22 - 555 655617
31 Sudha 3 3 - 1 1
Eka - I

32 Mana 4 4 1 1 1
33 Rata 5 5 - 1 1
34 Raga 7 7 - 1 1
35 Vasu 9 9 - 1 1

114
 Chapter - 7
T AS WITH SERIAL NUMBERS
T AS FURNISHED WITH SERIAL NUMBERS
In the annals of our music literature there are only two books on music in which the serial numbers
are furnished for the T as prescribed in them and they are : 1. Sa g tasamayas ra (Sanskrit) and
2. G yakal canam (Telugu).
The book 'Sa g tasamayas ra' is written by P r vad va around 1165 A.D. In it 52 T as are
furnished along with names, serial numbers and series of T ngas out of which 25 serial numbers are
found incorrect.
The book 'G yakal canam' is written and published by Tacc r Si gar c rya Bros., in 1902. In
it 158 T as are furnished along with new names, serial numbers and series of T gas out of which
43 serial numbers are found incorrect.
All the above mentioned T as are furnished here. In respect of the correct or incorrect
T gas :
(a) they are shown in brackets if they are originally furnished contrarily than the required
(b) the correct ones are shown just below the incorrect ones diagonally and
(c) the newly found correct ones are marked with an asterisk.
For example, in the T as of 'Sa g tasamayas ra':
(a) the 14th T a ' Ma ha' is originally furnished with the incorrect total value of the series of
T gas of 16-units instead of 8-units and so, the incorrect T gas are shown within brackets,
(b) the serial number '71' and the respective series of T gas 'S O O O O S' of the 40th T a
'Bindum li'contradict each other and so, the correct series of T gas (O I I O O O S) of the
corresponding serial number '71'and the correct serial number (74) of the corresponding series
of T gas 'S O O O O S' are furnished just below diagonally and
(c) the corresponding series of T gas of the 36th and 37th T as 'Nandana and Sr kandarpa'
respectively, which are not at all furnished originally in the text, but later found with the help of the
easy method 'Na a', are marked with an asterisk.
In the same manner other correct and incorrect versions could be identified and understood.

115
 7.1 T AS FURNISHED IN "SANG TASAMAYAS RA"

1. Prati - 5 - I00 (4 units)

2. Kara ayati - 6 - 0000
3. Rati - 2 - IS (6 units)
4. Darpa a - 3 - 00S
5. Madana - 4 - (00S)
SI
6. Hamsal la - 5 - II
III
7. Kudukka - 6 - 00II
8. Var a - 15 - II00
9. a - 19 - 000000
10. R jamrg nka - 2 - 0IS (7 units)
11. Simhal la - 13 - I000I
12. R jam rt n a - 18 - SI0
13. Catuh - 18 - S000
28 - SI0
14. Ma ha - 4 - (IISSII) (8 units)
IIS (also called Ud k a a)
15. Lalita - 5 - 00IS (also called Var abhinna)
16. V ravikrama - 7 - I00S
17. Ra ga - 8 - 0000S
18. Gajal la - 13 - (IIII)
IIII
19. R javidy dhara - 43 - IS00
20. Mallik m da - 56 - II0000
21. nandavardhana - 3 - 00I (10 units)
22. Vi amaka nk a - 8 - ISS
23. Kha akank a - 9 - (00S)
00SS
24. henki - 10 - SIS
25. Mukunda - 14 - I00IS
26. Abhinandana - 21 - II00S
27. Samakank a - 28 - SSI
28. P r akank a - 33 - 0000SI
29. Tribhinna - 2 - IS (12 units)
30. K kilapriya - 3 - SI
4 - 00S

116
31. Udgha a - 8 - SSS
22 - I00I
32. Tribhangi - 7 - IISS (also called Ratil la)
23 - I0I
33. C capu a - 10 - SIIS
31 - 0S0
34. Kanduka - 11 - IIIIS
32 - 0II0
35. r k rti - 19 - SSII
107 - 000000
36. Nandana - 18 - I0000 *
37. r kandarpa - 25 - 0I0SS* (also called Parikrama)
38. Trya ravar a - 33 - I00IIS
35 - 00IIIS
39. Vanam li - 60 - 0000I00S
69 - 00000I0S
40. Bindum li - 71 - S0000S
74 - 0II000S
41. Var ayati - 2 - II (16 units)
42. Cancapu a - 8 - SSI
28 - ISS
43. r ranga - 9 - IISI
29 - 00SS
44. Vijay nanda - 20 - IISSS
214 - S00S
45. r t r ma ha - 23 - SIISS
222 - I000S
46. Simhan da - 28 - ISSIS
278 - SSI
47. Ana nga - 31 - I IIS
296 - 0I0SI
48. Jayamanga a - 33 - IISIIS
299 - 0000SI
49. Pratyanga - 63 - SSSII
1074 - 00I0I0I
50. Hamsan da - 330 - I 00
132 - 000II0IIS
51. R jac ma i - 450 - 00ISI
- 30 - I00I0000IS
52. a pit putraka - 89 - ISSI (24 units)
2779 - SISI

bbbbb

117
 7.2. T AS FURNISHED IN "G YAKAL CANAM"

T a consisting of 1 -M tras (6-units) :

1. Na - 1 - 0I
T as consisting of 2 - M tras (8-units) :
2. Na an - 3 - 00I
3. Nartana - 5 - I00
T as consisting of 2 - M tras (10-units) :
4. Karama - 4 - 000I
5. Jaya r - 1 - 0S
6. r kari - 3 - I0I
T as consisting of 3 - M tras (12-units) :
7. Na anajn - 3 - 00S
8. N yama i - 8 - I00I
9. Na anama i - 9 - 0000I
T as consisting of 3 - M tras (14-units) :
10. Na an ma i - 1 - 00I0I
- 11 - 0
11. N tyaj vi - 3 - I0S
12. Atitvarit - 12 - 0I00I
13. P dadhvan - 9 - S0I
T as consisting of 4 - M tras (16-units) :
14. Janavinut - 26 - I0000I
15. Vin dana an - 25 - 0I000I
16. Nartanapriy - 20 - I0I0I
17. Na anavin d - 8 - 0000S
18. Cara agha an - 21 - 000I0I
19. r ng rakari - 22 - S00I
T as consisting of 4 - M tras (18-units) :
20. r ka priy - 35 - I00I0I
21. Nartanavin d - 12 - I000S
22. Sad n dama i - 37 - 0S00I
23. Karad av san - 43 - 00I000I
24. Cara ayugadhvan - 36 - 0000I0I
25. Janasamm din - 3 - 00S0I
30 - 000
T as consisting of 5 - M tras (20-units) :
26. a n kar hl din - 55 - I0S0I
27. Layaparigr hin - 56 - 000S0I

118
 28. Bharatamun ndravinut - 181 - 0000I0000
29. P dayugagha t ani - 65 - I000I0I
30. Gha n damay - 67 - 00I
31. Karat anadhvan - 63 - 00I0I0I
32. Nandiv dyavibhrama - 151 - I0I0I00
T as consisting of 5 - M tras (22-units) :
33. Bh r ng na anapriy - 111 - S00I0I
34. Arjunanirmit ng - 32 - I00I0S
35. Tril kasa nc ri - 95 - 0I0S0I
36. Vilasitapadac ri - 116 - 000000I0I
37. Divyakusumas yak - 115 - I0000I0I
38. N n janakarama i - 144 - S00000I
T as consisting of 6 - M tras (24-units) :
39. R j ndrasamm din - 172 - S0S0I
40. Na an da mk ri - 174 - 00I0S0I
41. Gandharv pak ri - 192 - (S0I0I)
0I0I
42. Cidambar warana an - 258 - (0I0I000I)
0I0I0000I
43. V sud v nandin - 166 - I0 0I
44. Rasikajan num din - 200 - 0000I0I0I
45. R jar japrasang - 49 - I0S0S
46. Kinnarabh madara - 217 - I00S00I
47. Amarasannutajaya r - 73 - 000I000S
48. Mrdangav dy nuk la - 365 - 0I0S0I0
49. Ha ms nandagaman - 252 - 0000I

T as consisting of 6 - M tras (26-units) :

50. M nak tmaj pram din - 343 - I0S0I0I
51. Vadh jan rayadh ma i - 361 - 0I0I00I0I
52. nand tsavad yin - 355 - 00I0I
53. Ana ngahrday ntarang - 104 - 0I000I0S
54. advidhan y nuk ri - 293 - I00 0I
55. K iyavi adharabh din - 372 - I000000I0I
56. Ga ng taranga ikhari - 455 - S0I0000I
57. Padayugavinyastama i - 304 - 0000 0I
294 - 0S0S0I
T as consisting of 7 - M tras (28-units) :
58. Rambh n y nuk lin - 613 - SS0I0I

119
 59. T avasampr tik ri - 617 - I00S0I0I
60. Agastyanirmitam hin - 552 - 0I0I0S0I
61. ivak mavarapras din - 334 - 00I00I0I0I
634 - 0I0 II
62. M din janasant i - 557 - I0I00S0I
63. Tripur ntakapr m ma - 528 - 00I0 0I
64. Uttarakanyak bhy sin - 553 - I00I0S0I
65. An din yapr ka in - 616 - 0I0S0I0I
66. S hityaras nuk lin - 632 - S00I0I0I
67. Gajamukhana anasamvardhan - 564 - 0000000S0I
68. Gajag min p dayukta - 155 - 00I0S0S
69. K nt janaman h ri - 559 - S000S0I
70. Purandarvaraprabh ma - 635 - 0I000I0I0I

T as consisting of 7 - M tras (30-units) :

71. Virincy nandasvar pi - 1093 - 0SS0I0I
72. G pik kr vil sin - 1091 - I0 0I0I
73. Manmadhak ik vil li - 1124 - I00I0I0I0I
74. Atika hinana anasvar pi - 1135 - 0000000I0I0I
75. V ug nasam yukt man - 937 - I0I0 0I
76. Munijan nandaprad yin - 1092 - 000 0I0I
77. Sanakasanandanasa m t i - 994 - 0000I00S0I
78. Sang taprabandhavardhan - 1117 - 0I0I0I

T as consisting of 8 - M tras (32-units) :

79. Sarasvat ga advanam lin - 2307 - 0I0I0I00I0I
2069 - I0 0I00I
80. Hastavinyastakramav din - 2306 - I0 00I0I
2037 - 0I 0I00I
81. N r ya a a m kh num din - 1970 - S00S0I0I
82. Gaur vallabhanirmit ma - 2017 - 00I0I0I
83. dibharata straprav at - 1974 - I0000S0I0I
84. I varapras dajanitanipu - 2711 - I0I0I000000I
85. T avakri am r ina anabhara - 2680 - I00I0I00000I
86. Sundar ngan l syac ri - 1968 - I0I0S0I0I
87. Nartakadh janahrdayara njan - 2130 - I00I00000I0I
88. Parabh karasv dh nasulabhin - 2582 - (00I00S0000)
00I00S0000I

120
 89. Bh m ma ip davivardhan - 630 - (S00S00SI)
S00S00S
90. D v sur hl d pac ri - 466 - S0 0S
91. K avapad mbh j nusara - 2420 - I000 000I
92. K ra avanit p dasarasij - 2584 - I0000S0000I
93. R m lal map dac ri - 2511 - S0I0I0I0I
2011 - 00SI0I000I
T as consisting of 8 - M tras (34-units) :
94. Indu kharat av ambar - 3148 - I0I00I0S0I
95. R va ahastav dy nur gi - 3517 - I00I0S0I0I
96. Ra ajabh r v dyabhayam kar - 3640 - 0000 00I0I

T as consisting of 9 - M tras (36-units) :

97. Til ttam nghrisar ruham din - 6601 - 0I0S0I00I0I
98. Sangarapadagha ana r ng ri - 5383 - I0000I0 0I
99. Hanumadbharatalak ma aprak in - 6443 - 00I000I0I0I0I

T as consisting of 10 - M tras (40-units) :

100. Vi vambhar rpit k rat a bh - 5681 - S0I0S0I0S
101. N rad dimun ndrah rdayasamm din - 18344 - I0I00I0000S0I
102. r gajag min p d ru abh dakar - 24250 - I00I00S00I00I
24105 - SS00I00I00I
103. K min janap nc lasyah rd ma i - 21333 - I0I00 00I0I
20833 - 0 0S000I0I
T as consisting of 12 - M tras (48-units) :
104. K lya tsavasamay citavaran yak ri - 212685 - 0000I0000I0I0I
212529 - I00I000I00000I0I0I
105. Yamun t rav sabh m janahrdayam din - 222262 - 00S0I0S00000I0I

T AS PERTAINING TO TRISRA-J TI :
106. Gu - 2 - U0
107. Gu in - 3 - UU0
108. T ava r - 4 - 0UI
109. N yajnabh a - 60 - IU0U0
110. D v suram din - 99 - IUIU0
111. r ng ri - 9 - IU0
112. Sur nandin - 15 - UIU0
113. Na anapram d - 11 - UUOUI
114. N yavin d - 5 - IUI
115. Muniprasang - 6 - U0UI

121
116. Ka y a l ng - 4 - IU
117. Sad nandad yin - 19 - UIU0U0
109 - I00I
118. M dhav nghrisar ruha - (386) - 0UIU0U
195
119. V rabh janasamm din - 1237 - 0UIUUIU0
120. V uv dyal l vin din - 3040 - 0U0UIU0U0
2518 - 0UIUUOUUU0
121. Gambh rav r itara ng un mn - 498 - IUIUUIUI
1418 - 00IU0II
122. Si mh ndramadhyamabh a ng - 1449 - IU0UUU0UI
927 - UI0IUI0
123. Dundubhiv dyama i or - 2690 - 0U U0
Pak ir j ndr k rti 2168 - II0IUU0
124. Param anirm an mar p - 9264 - UU0USU0U0
8742 - UUU00UUUUU0U0
125. P rvat man j tan mak rin - 16479 - 0U0USU0U0
16355 - UUUUUU0UIU0U0
126. Trisrami rakha asa nk r ayukta - 485 - 0U0U0UIUI
1405 - I0U00II
127. Bh a k rajanit nand n tsava - 7548211 - 0U UUUU U0
7446592 - UU0UU0U00SIIU0
128. Atyantas k mamadhyam krit sum - 10464 - IU0U0U0U0UI
10862 - UUU0UUUUUU00UI
129. A ngajan y nusara k rama i - 1174 - 0UUIUUUIUU0
9612 - U00UIUUII
130. V dik madyaik k ar - 651 - 0UIUIU0
131. G ru apak in mama i - 9824 - 0UU UU0
9302 - UU0UUU000UU0
132. D v disurapram din - 3514 - UU0U0U0
31310 - U000UUUU0II
133. Brahmad vanirmit k rama i - 93352 - 0U0U0U U0
92856 - 00UU0UU0SU0
134. D v kritihams kritima i - 1748 - 0UUUIUUU0
848 - U0I00UUU
135. R sakr vin din - 383 - SU0U0
136. R j vapu pam l k rtisun d - 3029 - IU0UIU0UI
137. r ka han yam d nuk l - 367 - IUSUI

122
138. Kalh rasumam l k r tisubhadr - (7633) - IUUUSUUU
5891
139. Yantral k l k divy p r k ri - 26817 - 0USUSU0
26693 - U000UUUSU0
140. J j suk tak m dhav supunn gam lik ngi - 244668 - IU0UIU0UIU0UI
242910 - UUII00I0U0UI
141. r ng r k ra bhita r lak m - 124467 - SSS00UUUU
- ka k av k maud 6368486 - IU00UUUUUUU00US
142. Na anajanavajr yudh - 1258 - UUUUUUUUIU0
143. Karacara a abd k rama i - 27529 - UUUUU UU0
17405 - 0U0IUUU000U
144. Suravarakinnaramuninut - 907 - UUUU0UUUUU0
145. Bh karadanujamadahara amusal - 5105 - 0UUUUUUUUUUUU0
6025 - 0U0U0UIUU0
146. Purandarapriyakriy bh danapram dini - 203354 - U0U0U0UIU0U0U0
204302 - 00I0U000U0U0
147. A ng ntaracatura r - 51 - IUUUUI
148. Mallayuddhas dhanapram d - 2411 - 0U0U0U0UI
889 - 0S00U0
149. Vika ana ajanaku h r - 191 - UUUUUUUUUI
150. Vi amana anaprat pas khar - 3861 - UUUUU0U0U0U0
4781 - UUUUU0U0UU00
151. Jagadvijayatarana ana khar - 4046 - U0UUUUUUUU0U0
4966 - U0UUUUUUUUU00
152. Vil sal l k rama i - 9823 - U0U UU0
9301 - 00UUU000UU0
153. Ativi adharaurag ndr k ri - 49914 - UUUUUUUU U0
49666 - U0U0UUU0SU0
154. Pra ayak l dda aca am rut k ri - 1207856 - UUU U0U0UIU0
1206456 - IU0UUU0IUU0UIU0
155. r paramamun ndrah rday hl dak ri - 58541 - 0UUUU0UUUIU0U0
57771 - 0U00UU0U0U0U0
156. Sankrandananandanavaraputra - 733987 - UU0UUUU0UU0UU0U0
-sat na anapriy 731163 - IIUUUU0UIUUU0U0
157. Hamsatura ng did vat priy - 3847 - 0UUIU0U0U0
4767 - 0UUIU0UU00
158. Acyutan yan rityanartana - 2874397 - 0UU0U0U0UUU0UUS0
-vicitralayabrahmajn n 2367841 - UU0U U00UUUI0
LLLLL

123
 21. EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT PERMUTATIONS

Note : Follow item No.32 of the 'Important technical-terms, abbreviations and signs'.

A. Akha n a - prast ra

1. 2 - 7 - 33

2. 3 - 6 - 25
3. 4 - 7 - 31

4. 5 - 7 - 26

5. 7 - 8 - 36
6. 9 - 9 - 56 (1,2)

7. 1 - 6 - 32

8. 1 - 6 - 32
9. 1 - 7 - 64

B. Kha n a - prast ra

1. 2 - 9 - 1 - 1 - 28
2. 2 - 12 - 1 - 0 - 29

3. 2 - 8 - 1 - 2 - 25

4. 2 - 8 - 2 - 1 - 21
5. 3 - 10 - 1 - 1 - 32

6. 3 - 12 - 1 - 0 - 23

7. 1 - 8 - 1 - 1 - 26
8. 1 - 8 - 1 - 0 - 13

124
 2-7-33
33 1 0
32 2 0 I S
31 3 I 0 S
30 4 0 0 0 S
29 5 0 S I
28 6 0 I I I
27 7 I 0 I I
26 8 0 0 0 I I
25 9 S 0 I
24 10 I I 0 I
23 11 0 0 I 0 I
22 12 0 I 0 0 I
21 13 I 0 0 0 I
20 14 0 0 0 0 I
19 15 1 0
18 16 2 I S 0
17 17 3 0 0 S 0
16 18 4 S I 0
15 19 5 I I I 0
14 20 6 0 0 I I 0
13 21 7 0 I 0 I 0
12 22 8 I 0 0 I 0
11 23 9 0 0 0 0 I 0
10 24 10 1 0 S 0 0
9 25 11 2 0 I I 0 0
8 26 12 3 I 0 I 0 0
7 27 13 4 0 0 0 I 0 0
6 28 14 5 1 S 0 0 0
5 29 15 6 2 I I 0 0 0
4 30 16 7 3 0 0 I 0 0 0
3 31 17 8 4 1 0 I 0 0 0 0
2 32 18 9 5 2 1 I 0 0 0 0
1 33 19 10 6 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

125
 3-6-25

1 S

2 I I

3 U O I

4 O U I

5 U U U I

6 U I O

7 O O O

8 U U O O

9 I U O

10 U O U O

11 O U U O

12 U U U U O

13 1 O I U

14 2 U U I U

15 3 I O U

16 4 U O O U

17 5 O U O U

18 6 U U U O U

19 7 1 U I U U

20 8 2 O O U U

21 9 3 U U O U U

22 10 4 1 I U U U

23 11 5 2 U O U U U

24 12 6 3 1 O U U U U

25 13 7 4 2 1 U U U U U U

126
 4-7-31

1 U O I
2 O U I
3 U U U I
4 U I O
5 U O O O
6 O U O O
7 U U U O O
8 I U O
9 O O U O
10 U U O U O
11 U O U U O
12 O U U U O
13 U U U U U O
14 1 O I U
15 2 U U I U
16 3 I O U
17 4 O O O U
18 5 U U O O U
19 6 U O U O U
20 7 O U U O U
21 8 U U U U O U
22 9 1 U I U U
23 10 2 U O O U U
24 11 3 O U O U U
25 12 4 U U U O U U
26 13 5 1 I U U U
27 14 6 2 O O U U U
28 15 7 3 U U O U U U
29 16 8 4 1 U O U U U U
30 17 9 5 2 1 O U U U U U
31 18 10 6 3 2 1 U U U U U U U

127
 5-7-26

1 O I
2 U U I
3 I O
4 U O O O
5 O U O O
6 U U U O O
7 O O U O
8 U U O U O
9 U O U U O
10 O U U U O
11 U U U U U O
12 1 U I U
13 2 O O O O
14 3 U U O O U
15 4 U O U O U
16 5 O U U O U
17 6 U U U U O U
18 7 1 I U O
19 8 2 U O O U U
20 9 3 O U O U U
21 10 4 U U U O U U
22 11 5 1 O O U U U
23 12 6 2 U U O U U U
24 13 7 3 1 U O U U U U
25 14 8 4 2 1 O U U U U U
26 15 9 3 5 2 1 U U U U U U U

128
 7-8-36

1 U I
2 O O O O
3 U U O O O
4 U O U O O
5 O U U O O
6 U U U U O O
7 U O O U O
8 O U O U O
9 U U U O U O
10 O O U U O
11 U U O U U O
12 U O U U U O
13 O U U U U O
14 U U U U U U O
15 1 I U
16 2 U O O O U
17 3 O U O O U
18 4 U U U O O U
19 5 O O U O U
20 6 U U O U O U
21 7 U O U U O U
22 8 O U U U O U
23 9 U U U U U O U
24 10 1 O O O U U
25 11 2 U U O O U U
26 12 3 U O U O U U
27 13 4 O U U O U U
28 14 5 U U U U O U U
29 15 6 1 U O O U U U
30 16 7 2 O U O U U U
31 17 8 3 U U U O U U U
32 18 9 4 1 O O U U U U
33 19 10 5 2 U U O U U U U
34 20 11 6 3 1 U O U U U U U
35 21 12 7 4 2 1 O U U U U U U
36 22 13 8 5 3 2 1 U U U U U U U U

129
 9-9-56

1 I
2 U O O O O
3 O U O O O
4 U U U O O O
5 O O U O O
6 U U O U O O
7 U O U U O O
8 O U U U O O
9 U U U U U O O
10 O O O U O
11 U U O O U O
12 U O U O U O
13 O U U O U O
14 U U U U O U O
15 U O O U U O
16 O U O U U O
17 U U U O U U O
18 O O U U U O
19 U U O U U U O
20 U O U U U U O
21 O U U U U U O
22 U U U U U U U O
23 1 O O O O U
24 2 U U O O O U
25 3 U O U O O U
26 4 O U U O O U
27 5 U U U U O O U
28 6 U O O U O U
29 7 O U O U O U

Contd...

130
30 8 U U U O U O U
31 9 O O U U O U
32 10 U U O U U O U
33 11 U O U U U O U
34 12 O U U U U O U
35 13 U U U U U U O U
36 14 1 U O O O U U
37 15 2 O U O O U U
38 16 3 U U U O O U U
39 17 4 O O U O U U
40 18 5 U U O U O U U
41 19 6 U O U U O U U
42 20 7 O U U U O U U
43 21 8 U U U U U O U U
44 22 9 1 O O O U U U
45 23 10 2 U U O O U U U
46 24 11 3 U O U O U U U
47 25 12 4 O U U O U U U
48 26 13 5 U U U U O U U U
49 27 14 6 1 U O O U U U U
50 28 15 7 2 O U O U U U U
51 29 16 8 3 U U U O U U U U
52 30 17 9 4 1 O O U U U U U
53 31 18 10 5 2 U U O U U U U U
54 32 19 11 6 3 1 U O U U U U U U
55 33 20 12 7 4 2 1 O U U U U U U U
56 34 21 13 8 5 3 2 1 U U U U U U U U U

131
 1-6-32

1 6
2 1 5
3 2 4
4 1 1 4
5 3 3
6 1 2 3
7 2 1 3
8 1 1 1 3
9 4 2
10 1 3 2
11 2 2 2
12 1 1 2 2
13 3 1 2
14 1 2 1 2
15 2 1 1 2
16 1 1 1 1 2
17 1 5 1
18 2 1 4 1
19 3 2 3 1
20 4 1 1 3 1
21 5 3 2 1
22 6 1 2 2 1
23 7 2 1 2 1
24 8 1 1 1 2 1
25 9 1 4 1 1
26 10 2 1 3 1 1
27 11 3 2 2 1 1
28 12 4 1 1 2 1 1
29 13 5 1 3 1 1 1
30 14 6 2 1 2 1 1 1
31 15 7 3 1 2 1 1 1 1
32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

132
 1-6-32
3 4 5 7 & 9

1 S
2 U U U I U
3 O O I O O
4 U U U U I U U U U
5 I I
6 U O I U O O U U O
7 O U I O U O U O U
8 U U U I U U U U U U U U U
9 O I O O O
10 U I O U O U 0 U O
11 O O O O O O O O O O O O
12 U U O O U U O O U U O O U U O O
13 I U O U 0 U O U O
14 U O U O U O U O U O U O U O U O
15 O U U O O U U O O U U O O U U O
16 U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O
17 U U I U U
18 U U U I U U U U U
19 O I U O U O U O U
20 U U I U U U U U U U U U U
21 I O U O U O U O U
22 U O O U U O O U U O O U U O O U
23 O U O U O U O U O U O U O U O U
24 U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U
25 U U I U U U U U U
26 U I U U U U U U U U U U U
27 O O U U O O U U O O U U O O U U
28 U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U
29 I U U U U U U U U U U U U
30 U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U
31 O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U O U U U U
32 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U

133
 1-7-64
A V A V

7 1 64 6 1 33 32
1 6 2 63 1 5 1 34 31
2 5 3 62 2 4 1 35 30
1 1 5 4 61 1 1 4 1 36 29
3 4 5 60 3 3 1 37 28
1 2 4 6 59 1 2 3 1 38 27
2 1 4 7 58 2 1 3 1 39 26
1 1 1 4 8 57 1 1 1 3 1 40 25
4 3 9 56 4 2 1 41 24
1 3 3 10 55 1 3 2 1 42 23
2 2 3 11 54 2 2 2 1 43 22
1 1 2 3 12 53 1 1 2 2 1 44 21
3 1 3 13 52 3 1 2 1 45 20
1 2 1 3 14 51 1 2 1 2 1 46 19
2 1 1 3 15 50 2 1 1 2 1 47 18
1 1 1 1 3 16 49 1 1 1 1 2 1 48 17
5 2 17 48 5 1 1 49 16
1 4 2 18 47 1 4 1 1 50 15
2 3 2 19 46 2 3 1 1 51 14
1 1 3 2 20 45 1 1 3 1 1 52 13
3 2 2 21 44 3 2 1 1 53 12
1 2 2 2 22 43 1 2 2 1 1 54 11
2 1 2 2 23 42 2 1 2 1 1 55 10
1 1 1 2 2 24 41 1 1 1 2 1 1 56 9
4 1 2 25 40 4 1 1 1 57 8
1 3 1 2 26 39 1 3 1 1 1 58 7
2 2 1 2 27 38 2 2 1 1 1 59 6
1 1 2 1 2 28 37 1 1 2 1 1 1 60 5
3 1 1 2 29 36 3 1 1 1 1 61 4
1 2 1 1 2 30 35 1 2 1 1 1 1 62 3
2 1 1 1 2 31 34 2 1 1 1 1 1 63 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 32 33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64 1

134
 2-9-1-1-28 2-12-1-0-29

O + 1 S +

O I 2 I I +

I O 3

O S S 4 I S

O I I S 5 S I

I O I S 6 I I I

S O S 7 + S

I I O S 8 I S

O I 9 S S S

O I S I 10 I I S S

I O S I 11 I S

O S I I 12 I S I S

O I I I I 13 S I I S

I O I I I 14 I I I I S

S O I I 15 1 I + I

I I O I I 16 2 S I

O I 17 3 I I I

I S O I 18 4 S I

S I O I 19 5 I S S I

I I I O I 20 6 S I S I

+ O 21 7 I I I S I

I O 22 8 1 + I I

S S O 23 9 2 I I I

I I S O 24 10 3 S S I I

I O 25 11 4 I I S I I

I S I O 26 12 5 1 I I I

S I I O 27 13 6 2 I S I I I

I I I I O 28 14 7 3 1 S I I I I

29 15 8 4 2 1 I I I I I I

135
 2-8-1-2-25 2-8-2-1-21

O O 1 I

O O I S 2 O O I S

O I O S 3 O I O S

I O O S 4 I O O S

O O S I 5 I

O O I I I 6 O O S I

O I O I I 7 O S O I

I O O I I 8 S O O I

O S O I 9 O O O O O O I

O I I O I 10 O I S O

I O I O I 11 I O S O

S O O I 12 O S I O

I I O O I 13 S O I O

O O 14 O O O O O I O

O I S O 15 I S O O

I O S O 16 S I O O

O S I O 17 O O O O I O O

O I I I O 18 O O O I O O O

I O I I O 19 O O I O O O O

S O I O 20 O I O O O O O

I I O I O 21 I O O O O O O

O O 22

I S O O 23

S I O O 24

I I I O O 25

136
 3 - 10 - 1 - 1 - 32 3 - 12 - 1 - 0 - 23

U 1 +
U I S 2 I
I U S 3 S S
U S I 4 I I S
U I I I 5 O O O S
I U I I 6 I
U O O O I 7 I S I
O U O O I 8 S I I
O O U O I 9 I I I I
S U I 10 O O O I I
I I U I 11 O O I O I
O O O U I 12 O I O O I
U O O I O 13 I O O O I
O U O I O 14 O O S O
O O U I O 15 O O I I O
U O I O O 16 O I O I O
O U I O O 17 I O O I O
U I O O O 18 1 O S O O
I U O O O 19 2 O I I O O
O I U O O 20 3 I O I O O
I O U O O 21 4 1 S O O O
O O I U O 22 5 2 1 I I O O O
O I O U O 23 6 3 2 1 O O O O O O
I O O U O 24
U 25
I S U 26
I I I U 27
O O O I U 29
O O I O U 30
O I O O U 31
I O O O U 32

137
 1-8-1-1-26 1-8-1-0-13

1 7 1 8

1 2 5 2 2 6

2 1 5 3 3 5

1 3 4 4 4 4

3 1 4 5 2 2 4

1 4 3 6 5 3

1 2 2 3 7 2 3 3

2 1 2 3 8 3 2 3

4 1 3 9 1 6 2

2 2 1 3 10 2 2 4 2

1 5 2 11 3 3 3 2

1 2 3 2 12 4 1 4 2 2

2 1 3 2 13 5 2 1 2 2 2 2

1 3 2 2 14

3 1 2 2 15

5 1 2 16

2 3 1 2 17

3 2 1 2 18

7 1 19

2 5 1 20

3 4 1 21

4 3 1 22

2 2 3 1 23

5 2 1 24

2 3 2 1 25

3 2 2 1 26

138
 22. TABLES OF DIFFERENT PERMUTATIONS

1. Catura ra - Jati Pan c a nga Table of Akhanda - prasta ra

2. " " Table of Druta

3. " " Table of Laghu

4. " " Table of Guru

5. " " Table of Pluta

6. " " Table of K akapada

7. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

8. Trisra - Jati Sad a nga Table of Akhanda - prasta ra
9. " " Table of Anudruta

10. " " Table of Druta

11. " " Table of Laghu

12. " " Table of Guru

13. " " Table of Pluta

14. " " Table of K akapada

15. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

16. Catura ra - Jati " Table of Akhanda - prasta ra

17. " " Table of Anudruta

18. " " Table of Druta

19. " " Table of Laghu

20. " " Table of Guru

21. " " Table of Pluta

22. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

23. Khanda - Jati " Table of Akhanda - prasta ra

24. " " Table of Anudruta

25. " " Table of Druta

26. " " Table of Laghu

139
27. Khanda - Jati Sad a nga Table of Guru
28. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

29. Mi ra - Jati " Table of Akhanda - prasta ra

30. " " Table of Anudruta

31. " " Table of Druta

32. " " Table of Laghu

33. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

34. Sank r na - Jati " Table of Akhanda - prasta ra

35. " " Table of Anudruta

36. " " Table of Druta

37. " " Table of Laghu

38. " " Table of Combinative-a ngas

39. All Jatis Samyukt a nga Table of Akhanda - prasta ra
40. " " Table of One Unit

41. " " Table of Two Units

42. " " Table of Three Units

43. " " Table of Four Units

44. " " Table of Five Units

45. " " Table of Six Units

46. " " Table of Seven Units

47. " " Table of Eight Units

48. " " Table of Nine Units

49. " " Table of Ten Units

50. " " Table of Eleven Units

51. " " Table of Twelve Units

52. " " Table of Combinative-units

53. Combinative table of Panc a nga, Sad a nga & Samyukt a nga-prasta ras

140
1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 6 10 19 33 61 108 196 350 632
1 3 7 16 34 72 147 299 596 1182 2316 4517
O 1 2 5 10 22 44 91 180 360 704 1378 2666
I 0 1 2 5 10 22 44 91 180 360 704 1378
S 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 22 44 91 180 360
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 22 44 91
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 22

2.
1 12
12

1 0 11
11 0

1 0 11 10
10 0 121

1 0 10 0 9
9 0 100 0

1 0 9 0 54 8
8 0 81 0 531

1 0 8 0 44 0 7
7 0 64 0 388 0

1 0 7 0 35 0 147 6
6 0 49 0 273 0 1253

1 0 6 0 27 0 104 0 5
5 0 36 0 183 0 778 0

1 0 5 0 20 0 70 0 225 4
4 0 25 0 115 0 450 0 1590

1 0 4 0 14 0 44 0 129 0 3
3 0 16 0 66 0 236 0 771 0

1 0 3 0 9 0 25 0 66 0 165 2
2 0 9 0 33 0 107 0 321 0 903

1 0 2 0 5 0 12 0 28 0 62 0 1
1 0 4 0 13 0 38 0 104 0 268 0

1 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 15 0 29 0
0 1 0 3 0 8 0 20 0 47 0 107

141
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 35 75
4 25 90 245 585
4
1 4 10 20 39 76 148
3 16 50 120 261 548 1132
3
1 3 6 10 18 33 61 108 189
2 9 24 50 99 195 383 732 1368
2
1 2 3 4 7 12 21 34 56 90 145
1 4 9 16 29 54 101 182 322 560 965
1
1 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 16 24 35 53 0
1 2 3 5 9 16 27 45 74 121 195 314

4. 1 3
3
1 3 9 22 51
2 9 33 98 264
2
1 2 5 10 20 38 73 136 255
1 4 13 34 82 184 399 836 1719
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 14 23 40 67 114 192 325 0
1 3 7 15 30 59 113 215 403 750 1382 2531

1
5.
2
2
1 2 5 10 22 44 89
1 4 13 34 86 202 461
1
1 1 2 3 6 10 18 31 56 98 174 306 542 0
1 3 7 16 34 71 143 286 562 1096 2114 4054

1 2 5 10 22
6.
1 4 13 34 86
1
1 1 2 3 6 10 19 33 60 106 191 340 610
1 3 7 16 34 72 147 298 592 1169 2282 4431
0

142
O

7.
1 I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
1 1 OI
2 1
1 0 2 S
3 0 4
1 1 3 1 OS
4 2 9 1
1 0 7 0 2 IS
5 0 25 0 4
1 1 11 0 3 2 1 OIS O
6 3 49 0 9 4 1
1 0 20 0 4 0 0 6 2 I +
7 0 102 0 16 0 0 18 4
1 1 32 1 5 3 0 12 3 2 1 OI
8 4 189 2 25 9 0 48 9 4 1 O+
1 0 54 0 9 0 0 32 4 0 0 6 2S I+
9 0 356 0 45 0 0 148 16 0 0 18 4
1 1 87 0 13 7 0 60 5 3 0 12 3 2 2
OS OI+
10 5 640 0 73 25 0 330 25 9 0 48 9 4 4
1 0 143 0 18 0 0 134 6 0 0 32 4 0 0 6 6 IS S+
11 0 1153 0 114 0 0 802 36 0 0 148 16 0 0 18 18
1 1 231 1 24 11 1 251 7 4 0 60 5 0 3 12 12 6 2
12 6 2034 3 171 49 2 1693 49 16 0 330 25 0 9 48 48 18 4
8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 4 7 13 25 46 86 162 302 565 1059
1 3 8 19 43 95 204 431 900 1857 3799 7718
U 1 2 5 12 26 56 120 250 517 1062 2159 4364
O 0 1 2 5 12 26 56 120 250 517 1062 2159
I 0 0 1 2 5 12 26 56 120 250 517 1062
S 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 26 56 120
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1
9.
12
12
1 0
11 0
11
1 0 11
10 0 121
10
1 0 10 10
9 0 100 100
9
1 0 9 9 45
8 0 81 81 450
8
1 0 8 8 36 72
7 0 64 64 324 648
7
1 0 7 7 28 56 119
6 0 49 49 224 448 1029
6
1 0 6 6 21 42 83 168
5 0 36 36 147 294 631 1344
5
1 0 5 5 15 30 55 105 205
4 0 25 25 90 180 360 735 1475
4
1 0 4 4 10 20 34 60 115 184
3 0 16 16 50 100 186 360 705 1216
3
1 0 3 3 6 12 19 30 57 85 141
2 0 9 9 24 48 83 150 288 467 837
2
1 0 2 2 3 6 9 12 23 32 48 80
1 0 4 4 9 18 29 48 91 138 234 394
1
1 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 6 8 10 17 23 0
0 1 1 2 4 6 9 17 24 38 63 92

144
10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 40 100
4 25 90 270 740
4
1 4 10 24 55 116 238
3 16 50 136 345 808 1802
3
1 3 6 13 27 51 97 183 333
2 9 24 59 138 297 617 1257 2484
2
1 2 3 6 11 18 32 56 93 158 268
1 4 9 20 43 84 162 310 573 1046 1898
1
1 1 1 2 3 4 7 11 16 26 41 62 98 0
1 2 4 8 14 25 45 77 132 227 382 641
11.
1
4
4
1 4 14 40
3 16 66 220
3
1 3 9 22 51 111 236
2 9 33 98 264 657 1558
2
1 2 5 10 20 38 73 136 253 466
1 4 13 34 82 184 399 836 1715 3452
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 14 23 39 66 111 187 316
1 3 7 15 30 59 113 214 400 741 1361 2484
0
12.
1
2
2
1 2 5 12 26 56 118
1 4 13 38 100 250 600 1
1 1 2 4 7 13 24 44 81 150 276 509 940
1 3 8 19 43 94 200 418 862 1757 3549 7116 0
1 2 5 12
13.
1 4 13 38
1
1 1 2 4 7 13 25 46 86 161 300 560 1047
1 3 8 19 43 95 204 431 899 1853 3786 7680
0
14.
1
1 1
1 1 2 4 7 13 25 46 86 162 302 565 1058 0
1 3 8 19 43 95 204 431 900 1857 3799 7717

145
 15.
U
1 O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
1 1 UO I
2 1
1 0 2 1 UI
3 0 4 1
1 1 3 0 2 OI
4 2 9 0 4
1 0 7 0 3 2 UOI S
5 0 25 0 9 4
1 1 11 1 4 0 6 1 US
6 3 49 2 16 0 18 1
1 0 20 0 8 3 12 0 2 OS
7 0 102 0 34 9 48 0 4
1 1 32 0 12 3 32 0 3 2 UOS IS
8 4 189 0 60 9 148 0 9 4
1 0 54 1 17 4 72 0 4 0 6 2 1 UIS U
9 0 356 3 99 16 378 0 16 0 18 4 1
1 1 87 0 27 6 152 0 5 3 12 0 0 6 2
OIS O
10 5 640 0 170 24 904 0 25 9 48 0 0 18 4
1 0 143 0 40 9 311 0 6 0 32 0 0 12 3 6 2
UOIS UO I +
11 0 1153 0 278 41 2053 0 36 0 148 0 0 48 9 18 4
1 1 231 1 58 10 625 1 7 4 60 3 0 20 4 0 0 24 6 2 1
12 6 2034 4 444 50 4527 2 49 16 330 9 0 100 16 0 0 96 18 4 1
16.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 6 10 18 31 56 98 174 306 543
1 3 7 16 34 71 143 286 562 1096 2114 4055
U 1 2 5 10 22 44 89 174 342 660 1270 2420
O 0 1 2 5 10 22 44 89 174 342 660 1270
I 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 22 44 89 174 342
S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 22
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
17.
1
12
12
1 0
11 0
11
1 0 11
10 0 121
10
1 0 10 0
9 0 100 0
9
1 0 9 0 54
8 0 81 0 531
8
1 0 8 0 44 0
7 0 64 0 388 0
7
1 0 7 0 35 0 140
6 0 49 0 273 0 1204
6
1 0 6 0 27 0 98 0
5 0 36 0 183 0 742 0
5
1 0 5 0 20 0 65 0 195
4 0 25 0 115 0 425 0 1410
4
1 0 4 0 14 0 40 0 109 0
3 0 16 0 66 0 220 0 671 0
3
1 0 3 0 9 0 22 0 54 0 123
2 0 9 0 33 0 98 0 273 0 705
2
1 0 2 0 5 0 10 0 22 0 44 0
1 0 4 0 13 0 34 0 86 0 202 0
1
1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 6 0 10 0 19
0 1 0 3 0 7 0 16 0 34 0 72
0

147
18.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 35 75
4 25 90 245 585
4
1 4 10 20 39 76 144
3 16 50 120 261 548 1116
3
1 3 6 10 18 33 58 96 159
2 9 24 50 99 195 374 684 1218
2
1 2 3 4 7 12 19 28 44 70 109
1 4 9 16 29 54 97 164 274 460 767
1
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 8 12 17 23 34 0
1 2 3 5 9 15 23 36 58 92 141 216

1
19.
3
3
1 3 9 22 51
2 9 33 98 264
2
1 2 5 10 20 38 71 130 237
1 4 13 34 82 184 395 818 1653
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 35 57 94 154 254 0
1 3 7 15 30 58 109 202 369 668 1198 2135

1 2 5 10 22
20.
1 4 13 34 86
1
1 1 2 3 6 10 18 31 55 96 169 296 521 0
1 3 7 16 34 71 143 285 558 1083 2080 3969

1
21.
1
1
1 1 2 3 6 10 18 31 56 98 174 306 542
1 3 7 16 34 71 143 286 562 1096 2114 4054
0

148
 22.
U
1 O

1
1

1 1 UO

2
2 1

1 0 2

3
I
3 0 4

1 1 3 1 UI

4
4 2 9 1

1 0 7 0 2 OI

5
5 0 25 0 4

1 1 11 0 3 2 UOI

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
6 3 49 0 9 4
1 0 20 0 4 0 6 S
7 0 102 0 16 0 18
1 1 32 1 5 3 12 1 US
8 4 189 2 25 9 48 1

1 0 54 0 9 0 32 0 2 OS
9 0 356 0 45 0 148 0 4
1 1 87 0 13 7 60 0 3 2 UOS
10 5 640 0 73 25 330 0 9 4
1 0 143 0 18 0 134 0 4 0 6 IS
11 0 1153 0 114 0 802 0 16 0 18
1 1 231 1 24 11 251 0 5 3 12 2 1
12 6 2034 3 171 49 1693 0 25 9 48 4 1
23.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 5 9 15 26 44 75 129 220 377
1 3 7 15 31 62 122 235 447 842 1572 2916
U 1 2 5 10 20 40 77 148 279 522 971 1792
O 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 77 148 279 522 971
I 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 77 148
S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5

1
24.
12
12
1 0
11 0
11
1 0 11
10 0 121
10
1 0 10 0
9 0 100 0
9
1 0 9 0 45
8 0 81 0 450
8
1 0 8 0 36 8
7 0 64 0 324 64
7
1 0 7 0 28 7 84
6 0 49 0 224 49 756
6
1 0 6 0 21 6 56 42
5 0 36 0 147 36 448 294
5
1 0 5 0 15 5 35 30 70
4 0 25 0 90 25 245 180 560
4
1 0 4 0 10 4 20 20 35 60
3 0 16 0 50 16 120 100 245 360
3
1 0 3 0 6 3 10 12 15 30 30
2 0 9 0 24 9 50 48 90 150 180
2
1 0 2 0 3 2 4 6 5 12 11 20
1 0 4 0 9 4 16 18 25 48 49 100
1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 6
0 1 0 2 1 3 4 4 9 8 16 19
0

150
25.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 35 75
4 25 90 245 560
4
1 4 10 20 35 60 104
3 16 50 120 245 464 856
3
1 3 6 10 15 24 40 66 105
2 9 24 50 90 156 272 474 810
2
1 2 3 4 5 8 13 20 29 40 58
1 4 9 16 25 40 67 112 181 280 428
1
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 13 18
1 2 3 4 6 10 16 24 34 49 73 109
0
26.
1 3 9
2 9 33
2
1 2 5 10 20 38 71 130
1 4 13 34 82 184 395 818
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 90 146 238
1 3 7 15 30 58 109 201 365 656 1168 2065
0
27.
1 2 5
1 4 13
1
1 1 2 3 5 9 15 26 44 75 128 218 372
1 3 7 15 31 62 122 235 447 841 1568 2903
0

151
 U
28.

1 O
1
1 1
UO
2 1
1 0 2
1 2 3

3 0 4
1 1 3
4

I
4 2 9

1 0 7 1
5

UI
5 0 25 1
6

1 1 11 0 2 OI
6 3 49 0 4

151
1 0 20 0 3 2
7

UOI
7 0 102 0 9 4
1 1 32 0 4 0 6
8

8 4 189 0 16 0 18
1 0 54 0 5 3 12
S
9 0 356 0 25 9 48
1 1 87 1 6 0 32 1
US
10 5 640 2 36 0 148 1
1 0 143 0 10 4 60 0 2
OS
11 0 1153 0 58 16 330 0 4
1 1 231 0 14 3 122 0 3 2
9 10 11 12

12 6 2034 0 88 9 754 0 9 4
29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 22 36 60 99 164 271
1 3 7 15 30 58 110 205 378 689 1246 2236
U 1 2 5 10 20 38 71 132 241 438 788 1410
O 0 1 2 5 10 20 38 71 132 241 438 788
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 38

1
30.
12
12
1 0
11 0
11
1 0 11
10 0 121
10
1 0 10 0
9 0 100 0
9
1 0 9 0 45
8 0 81 0 450
8
1 0 8 0 36 0
7 0 64 0 324 0
7
1 0 7 0 28 0 84
6 0 49 0 224 0 756
6
1 0 6 0 21 0 56 6
5 0 36 0 147 0 448 36
5
1 0 5 0 15 0 35 5 70
4 0 25 0 90 0 245 25 560
4
1 0 4 0 10 0 20 4 35 20
3 0 16 0 50 0 120 16 245 100
3
1 0 3 0 6 0 10 3 15 12 21
2 0 9 0 24 0 50 9 90 48 147
2
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 2 5 6 6 12
1 0 4 0 9 0 16 4 25 18 36 48
1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
0 1 0 2 0 3 1 4 4 5 9 6
0

152
31.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 35 70
4 25 90 245 560
4
1 4 10 20 35 56 84
3 16 50 120 245 448 756
3
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 39 57
2 9 24 50 90 147 224 333 498
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 15 22 31
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 68 99 148 221
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 12 18 26 36 48
0
1 2 5 10 20 38
32.
1 4 13 34 82 184
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233
1 3 7 15 30 58 109 201 365 655 1164 2052
0

153
U 33.

1
1 O
1 1
UO
2 1
1 0 2
1 2 3

3 0 4
1 1 3
4

4 2 9

1 0 7
5

5 0 25
6

1 1 11 I
6 3 49
1 0 20 1
7

UI
7 0 102 1
1 1 32 0 2 OI
8

8 4 189 0 4
1 0 54 0 3 2
9 0 356 0 9 4
1 1 87 0 4 0
10 5 640 0 16 0
1 0 143 0 5 3
11 0 1153 0 25 9
1 1 231 0 6 0
9 10 11 12

12 6 2034 0 36 0
34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 56 91 149 243
1 3 7 15 30 58 109 201 366 659 1177 2086
U 1 2 5 10 20 38 71 130 235 422 750 1326
O 0 1 2 5 10 20 38 71 130 235 422 750
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10

35.
1
12
12
1 0
11 0
11
1 0 11
10 0 121
10
1 0 10 0
9 0 100 0
9
1 0 9 0 45
8 0 81 0 450
8
1 0 8 0 36 0
7 0 64 0 324 0
7
1 0 7 0 28 0 84
6 0 49 0 224 0 756
6
1 0 6 0 21 0 56 0
5 0 36 0 147 0 448 0
5
1 0 5 0 15 0 35 0 70
4 0 25 0 90 0 245 0 560
4
1 0 4 0 10 0 20 0 35 4
3 0 16 0 50 0 120 0 245 16
3
1 0 3 0 6 0 10 0 15 3 21
2 0 9 0 24 0 50 0 90 9 147
2
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 2 6 6
1 0 4 0 9 0 16 0 25 4 36 18
1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 1 5 4 6
0

154
36.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147
5
1 5 15 35 70
4 25 90 245 560
4
1 4 10 20 35 56 84
3 16 50 120 245 448 756
3
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45
2 9 24 50 90 147 224 324 450
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 17
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 104 139
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 14 20 28
0
37.
1 2 5 10
1 4 13 34
1
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233
1 3 7 15 30 58 109 201 365 655 1164 2052
0

155
U 38.

1
O
1
1 1
UO
2 1
1 0 2
3 0 4
1 1 3
4 2 9
1 0 7
5 0 25
1 1 11
1 2 3 4 5 6

6 3 49
1 0 20
7

7 0 102
1 1 32
8

I
8 4 189
1 0 54 1
UI
9 0 356 1

1 1 87 0 2
10 5 640 0 4

1 0 143 0 3 UOI
11 0 1153 0 9

1 1 231 0 4 6
9 10 11 12

12 6 2034 0 16 18
39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 576 1280 2816 6144 13312

1 1 2 5 12 28 64 144 320 704 1536 3328 7168

2 0 1 2 5 12 28 64 144 320 704 1536 3328

3 0 0 1 2 5 12 28 64 144 320 704 1536

4 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 28 64 144 320 704

5 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 28 64 144 320

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 28 64 144

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 28 64

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 28

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

156
40.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
12
12
1 0
11 0 11
1 0 11
10 0 121 10
1 0 10 10
9 0 100 100
9
1 0 9 9 54
8 0 81 81 531 8
1 0 8 8 44 80
7 0 64 64 388 712 7
1 0 7 7 35 63 175
6 0 49 49 273 497 1477 6
1 0 6 6 27 48 125 258
5 0 36 36 183 330 925 1968 5
1 0 5 5 20 35 85 170 360
4 0 25 25 115 205 540 1120 2505 4
1 0 4 4 14 24 54 104 209 404
3 0 16 16 66 116 286 576 1231 2496
3
1 0 3 3 9 15 31 57 108 199 366
2 0 9 9 33 57 131 255 519 1013 1974
2
1 0 2 2 5 8 15 26 46 80 139 240
1 0 4 4 13 22 47 88 170 318 593 1092
1
1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
0 1 1 3 5 10 18 33 59 105 185 324
0
1
41.
6
6
1 6 21
5 36 147 5
1 5 15 40 105
4 25 90 270 765 4
1 4 10 24 59 140 318
3 16 50 136 361 924 2262 3
1 3 6 13 30 66 139 288 591
2 9 24 59 147 354 815 1824 4008 2
1 2 3 6 13 26 50 96 184 350 661
1 4 9 20 47 106 228 480 998 2048 4151
1
1 1 1 2 4 7 12 21 37 65 114 200 351
1 2 4 9 19 38 75 147 285 547 1042 1973
0

157
42.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
4
4
1 4 14 40
3 16 66 220
3
1 3 9 22 54 126 290
2 9 33 98 273 714 1804
2
1 2 5 10 22 46 97 200 410 832
1 4 13 34 86 206 483 1102 2470 5444
1
1 1 2 3 6 11 21 39 73 136 254 474 885
1 3 7 16 35 76 161 337 696 1425 2894 5840
0
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43.
3
3
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2 9 33 107 312
1 2 5 12 26 58 126 270 575
1 4 13 38 100 254 622 1482 3463
1
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1 3 8 19 44 99 218 474 1017 2161 4555 9534
0
1 3 9
44.
2 9 33
2
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1 4 13 38 104 268 670 1630
1
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1 3 8 20 47 108 243 538 1176 2546 5465 11649
0
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45.
2
2
1 2 5 12 28 64 142
1 4 13 38 104 272 684
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 31 62 123 244 484 960 1905
1 3 8 20 48 111 252 563 1242 2712 5872 12626
0
1 2 5 12 28 64
46.
1 4 13 38 104 272
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 126 251 500 996 1984
1 3 8 20 48 112 255 572 1267 2778 6040 13040
0

158
47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 5 12 28
1 4 13 38 104
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 127 254 507 1012 2020
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 575 1276 2803 6106 13208
0

1 2 5 12
48.
1 4 13 38
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 255 510 1019 2036
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 576 1279 2812 6131 13274
0

1 2 5
49.
1 4 13
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 511 1022 2043
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 576 1280 2815 6140 13299
0

1 2
50.
1 4
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1023 2046
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 576 1280 2816 6143 13308
0

1
51.
1
1
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2047
1 3 8 20 48 112 256 576 1280 2816 6144 13311
0

159
 52.
1
1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
1 1 1-2 3
2 1
1 0 2 1 1-3 4
3 0 4 1
1 1 3 0 2 1 1-4 2-3 5
4 2 9 0 4 1
1 0 7 0 3 0 2 2 1 1-5 2-4 1-2-3 6
5 0 25 0 9 0 4 4 1
1 1 11 1 4 0 3 0 0 2 2 6 1 1-6 2-5 3-4 1-2-4 7
6 3 49 2 16 0 9 0 0 4 4 18 1
1 0 20 0 8 0 4 3 0 3 0 12 0 2 2 2 6 1
7 0 102 0 34 0 16 9 0 9 0 48 0 4 4 4 18 1
1 1 32 0 12 1 5 3 0 4 3 32 0 3 0 0 12 0
8 4 189 0 60 2 25 9 0 16 9 148 0 9 0 0 48 0
1 0 54 1 17 0 9 4 0 5 0 72 0 4 3 0 32 0
9 0 356 3 99 0 45 16 0 25 0 378 0 16 9 0 148 0
1 1 87 0 27 0 13 6 1 6 7 152 0 5 0 3 60 0
10 5 640 0 170 0 73 24 2 36 25 904 0 25 0 9 330 0
1 0 143 0 40 0 18 9 0 10 0 311 0 6 4 3 134 0
11 0 1153 0 278 0 114 41 0 58 0 2053 0 36 16 9 802 0
1 1 231 1 58 1 24 10 0 14 11 625 1 7 3 0 251 0
12 6 2034 4 444 3 171 50 0 88 49 4527 2 49 9 0 1693 0 Contd
1-7 2-6 3-5 1-2-5 1-3-4 8 52 Contd
2 2 2 6 6 1
4 4 4 18 18 1
1-8 2-7 3-6 1-2-6 4-5 1-3-5 2-3-4 9 8
3 0 0 12 12 0 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 1
9 0 0 48 48 0 4 4 4 18 4 18 18 1 9
4
16
3
9
0
0
32
148
20
100
0
0
3
9
0
0
0
0
12
48
0
0
12
48
0
0
0
0
10
5
25
0
0
3
9
60
330
42
228
0
0
4
16
3
9
0
0
32
148
0
0
20
100
12
48
0
0
11
6
36
4
16
0 122
0 754
84
492
0
0
5
25
0
0
3
9
60
330
0
0
42
228
12
48
0
0
12
Continued below

1-9 2-8 3-7 1-2-7 4-6 1-3-6 1-4-5 2-3-51-2-3-4 10

2 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 24 1
4 4 4 18 4 18 18 18 96 1
1-10 2-9 3-8 1-2-8 4-7 1-3-7 5-6 1-4-6 2-3-6 2-4-5 1-2-3-5 11 10
3 0 0 12 0 12 12 0 60 0 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 6 24 1
9 0 0 48 0 48 48 0 300 0 4 4 4 18 4 18 4 18 18 18 96 1 11
4 3 0 32 0 20 20 12 180 0 3 0 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 60 0
16 9 0 148 0 100 100 48 1020 0 9 0 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 0 300 0 12
Continued below
1-11 2-10 3-9 1-2-9 4-8 1-3-8 5-7 1-4-7 2-3-7 1-5-6 2-4-6 1-2-3-6 3-4-5 1-2-4-5 12
2 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 6 6 24 6 24 1
4 4 4 18 4 18 4 18 18 18 18 96 18 96 1 12
 53.
1 2 1-2 3 1-3 4 1-4 2-3 5 1-5 2-4 1-2-3 6 1-6 2-5 3-4 1-2-4 7
1 1 231 - - 1 24 - - - 11 - 1 7 - - 251 -
2 12 6 2034 3 171 49 2 49 1693
1 1 231 1 58 - - 10 - - - 625 1 7 - - - -
3 12 6 2034 4 444 50 4527 2 49
1 1 231 - - 1 24 - - - 11 - - - - - 251 -
4 12 6 2034 3 171 49 1693
1 1 231 - - - - - 0 14 - - - - 3 - - -
5 12 6 2034 0 88 9
1 1 231 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
7 12 6 2034 0
1 1 231 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 12 6 2034
1 1 231 1 58 1 24 10 0 14 11 625 1 7 3 0 251 0
1 12 6 2034 4 444 3 171 50 0 88 49 4527 2 49 9 0 1693 0 Contd below
1-7 2-6 3-5 1-2-5 1-3-4 8 1-8 2-7 3-6 1-2-6 4-5 1-3-5 2-3-4 9
- 4 - - - 0 5 - - 60 - - - -
2 16 0 25 330
- 4 - - - - - - 3 60 - - - 0
3 16 9 330 0
- - - - - 0 5 - - - - - - -
4 0 25
- - - 122 - - - - - - - - - -
5 754
6 - - - - - - 0 - - - - - -
7 36 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
9 0
6 4 0 122 84 0 5 0 3 60 0 42 12 0
1 36 16 0 754 492 0 25 0 9 330 0 228 48 0 Contd below
 1-9 2-8 3-7 1-2-7 4-6 1-3-6 1-4-5 2-3-51-2-3-4 10 1-10 2-9 3-8 1-2-8 4-7 1-3-7 5-6 1-4-6 2-3-6 2-4-51-2-3-5 11
- 3 - - 0 - - - - - - - - 12 - - - 12 - - - -
2 9 0 48 48
4 - - - - 20 - - - - - 0 - - - - - - 0 - - -
3 16 100 0 0
- 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 12 - - - - - - - -
4 9 48
- - - - - - - - - 0 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
5 0 9
- - - 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 148
4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 16
4 3 0 32 0 20 20 12 180 0 3 0 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 60 0
1 16 9 0 148 0 100 100 48 1020 0 9 0 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 0 300 0
1-11 2-10 3-9 1-2-9 4-8 1-3-8 5-7 1-4-7 2-3-7 1-5-6 2-4-6 1-2-3-6 3-4-5 1-2-4-5 12 Contd below
- - - - 2 - - - - - 6 - - - - - 632
2 4 18 4517
- - 2 6 - - - - - - - 24 - - 1 - 1059
3 4 18 96 1 7718
- - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 543
4 4 1 4055
- 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 377
5 4 2916
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 271
7 2236
- - - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 243
9 18 2086
2 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 6 6 24 6 24 1 - 2048
1 4 4 4 18 4 18 4 18 18 18 18 96 18 96 1 13312
 GLOSSARY TO THE TECHNICAL-TERMS

Adhah sthita-na a : Na a of the lower permutation from the Middle-

number.
Adhah sthita-prast ra : Lower permutation from the Middle-number.
Adhah sthita-uddi a : Uddi a of the lower permutation from the Middle-
number.
Adhik nga-sa nkhya : Total of the proxies which have originated the
superior-angas (SF).
Adh -p t a : Synonym of Mah p t a.
Akha a-prast ra : Synonym of General permutation.
An gata : Division of the element Graha.
A nga : The 4th element of T a.
Antya : Preceding 1st figure (ultimate).
Anudruta : Division of the element Anga.
Anudruta-m ru : Table consisting the full details of Anudruta.
Anudrut nta-prast ra : Permutation ending with Anudruta in the right
extreme.
Anul ma-na a : Na a of the obverse-permutation.
Anul ma-prast ra : Obverse-permutation.
Anul ma-uddi a : Uddi a of the obverse-permutation.
Apatita : The un-deducted proxy (udp).
Aticitratama : Division of the element M rga.
At ta : Division of the element Graha.
v pa : Division of the element Kriya.

Catura nga-prast ra : Quadrivalent-permutation.

Catura ra-j ti : J ti of 4 units.
Caturlaghu : Synonym of K kap da.
Caturm tra : Synonym of K kap da.
Catu ka a : Division of the element Ka a.
Citra : Division of the element M rga.
Citratama : Division of the element M rga.
Citratara : Division of the element M rga.

Dak i a : Division of the element M rga.

D i-t as : T as other than M rga-t as.
D ya-kriyas : Division of the element Kriya.
D ya- uddha-sa nk r a : J ti of 16 units.
Dhruva : Division of the element Kriya.
Dhruvaka : Division of the element Kriya.
Divya-sa nk r a : J ti of 5 units.
Druta : Division of the elements Anga and Laya.
Druta-m ru : Table consisting the full details of Druta.
Drut nta-prast ra : Permutation ending with Druta in the right extreme.
Dvi-ka a : Division of the element Ka a.

164
 ka-ka a : Division of the element Ka a.

G puccha : Division of the element Yati.

Graha : The 5th element of T a.
Guru : Division of the element Anga.
Guru-m ru : Table consisting the full details of Guru.
Gurvanta-prast ra : Permutation ending with Guru in the right extreme.

H na-prast ra : Permutation devoid of a particular Anga.

J ti : The 6th element of T a.

K kap da : Division of the element Anga.

K kap da-m ru : Table consisting the full details of K kap da.
K kap d nta-prast ra : The permutation ending with K kap da in the right
extreme.
K la : The 1st element of T a.
Ka a : The 7th element of T a.
Kalita : The easy method to obtain the full details of all the
different A ngas upto the required permutation.
Kha a-j ti : J ti of 5 units.
Kha a-prast ra : Devisional-permutation.
Kharj rika : Division of the element Yati.
Kri a : Division of the element Kriya.
Kriya : The 3rd element of T a.

Laghu : Division of the element Anga.

Laghu-m ru : Table consisting the full details of Laghu.
Laghvanta-prast ra : Permutation ending with Laghu in the right extreme.
Laya : 1.Rhythm 2. The 8th element of T a.

Madhya : Division of the element Laya.

Madhyar pa : Middle-number(MN) of the permutations.
Madhyar pa-adhah sthita-na a : Na a of the lower permutation from the Middle-
number.
Madhyar pa-adhah sthita-uddi a : Uddi a of the lower permutation from the Middle-
number.
Madhyar pa-uparisthita-na a : Na a of the upper permutation from the Middle-
number.
Madhyar pa-uparisthita-uddi a : Uddi a of the upper permutation from the Middle-
number.
Mah p t a : Total number of all the Angas occur in the process
of permutation.
M rga : The 2nd element of T a
M rga-kriyas : Division of the element Kriya.
M rga-t as : 1.Caccatpu a-SSI 2.C catpu a-SIIS
3. atpi putraka- ISSI 4.Sa m pakv t ka- SSS

165
 5.Udgha a-SSS
M tra : Division of the element Ka a.
M ru : Table.
Mi ra-j ti : J ti of 7 units.
Mi ra-d ya-sa nk r a : J ti of 12 units.
Mi ram nga-prast ra : Synonym of Sa myukt n ga-prast ra.
Mi ra-sank r a : J ti of 8 units.
Mi rit nga-prast ra : Synonym of Sa myukt n ga-prast ra.
Mrda nga : Division of the element Yati.
Na a : Easy method to obtain the rhythmical form with the
help of its serial number.
Nija-prast ra : Synonym of General-permutation.
Nim a : Divisional of the element K la.
Ni kr ma : Division of the element Kriya.
Nih abda-kriyas : Division of the element Kriya.

ja : Odd.

Padmini : Division of the element Kriya.

Pa nc nga-prast ra : Pentavalent-permutation.
Pat ka : Division of the element Kriya.
P t a : Total number of the least Angas occur in the process
of permutation.
Patita : Division of the element Kriya.
Pip lika : Division
m of the element Yati.
Pluta : Division of the element Anga.
Pluta-m ru : Table consisting the full details of Pluta.
Plut nta-prast ra : Permutation ending with Pluta in the right extreme.
Prast ra : 1. The 10th element of T a. 2. Permutation.
Prav a : Division of the element Kriya.
Proxy : The serial number of a specified preceding house
(Pratinidhi).

a a nga-prast ra : Hexavalent or Sexivalent permutation.

Sama : Division of the elements Graha and Yati.
Samud y nga-m ru : Name given by Tacc r Si ngar c rya Bros., to their
presumed Samy ga-m ru.
a mya : Division of the element Kriya.
Sa y ga-m ru : Table consisting the full details of the different
combinations of Angas.
Sa myukt nga-prast ra : Synaptic-permutation.
Sa nkhya : The total number of permutations.
Sa nk r a-j ti : J ti of 9 units.
Sannip ta : Division of the element Kriya.
Sarpi i : Division of the element Kriya.
Sarva-p t a : Synonym of Mah p t a.
Sarva-prast ra : Synonym of General-permutation.

166
Sa abda-kriyas : Divisional of the element Kriya.
a nga-prast ra : Incorrect name of Sa myukt nga-prast ra.
r t vaha : Division of the element Yati.

T a : 1. Rhythmical form 2. Division of the element Kriya.

T ngas : Limbs of the T a.
Trisra-j ti : J ti of 3 units.
Tur ya/Turya : Preceding 4th house.

Uddi a : Easy method to obtain the serial number with the

help of the rhythmical form.
Up ntya : Preceding 2nd house (penultimate).
Uparisthita-na a : Na a of the upper permutation.
Uparisthita-prast ra : Upper permutation.
Uparisthita-uddi a : Uddi a of the upper permutation.

V rtika : Division of the element M rga.

V damadhyama : Division of the element Yati.
Vik pa : Division of the element Kriya.
Vik ipta : Division of the element Kriya.
Vilambita : Division of the element Laya.
Vil ma-na a : Na a of the reverse-permutation.
Vil ma-prast ra : Reverse-permutation.
Vil ma-uddi a : Uddi a of the reverse-permutation.
Vipar ta-prast ra : Synonym of Vil ma-prast ra.
Vir ma : Synonym of Anudruta.
Vi ama : Division of the elements Graha and Yati.
Visarjita : 1. Division of the element Kriya 2. The proxy to be
left-off (lop).

Yath k ara : Division of the element Ka a.

Yati : The 9th element of T a.
Yavamadhya : Division of the element Yati.
Yugma : Even.
Yukta-prast ra : Permutation containing a particular A nga.

aeaeaea

167
 PROFILE OF
SHRI AKELLA MALLIKARJUNA SHARMA
VIOLINIST AND MUSICOLOGIST

Born in 1938, at Mummidivaram, East Godavari district, Andhrapradesh. Shri Akella

Mallikarjuna Sharma had his initial training from his father Late Ashwatthanarayana
Murthy and later under Shri P.P.Somayajulu. An ardent admirer and follower of Violin
Virtuoso, Sangeetha Kalanidhi, Shri M.S.Gopalakrishnan. Shri Mallikarjuna Sharma is
one of the few Violinists who adapted his inimitable style of playing the Violin. His close
association with Sangeetha Kalanidhi, Shri Nedunuri Krishnamurthy opened up new vistas of traditional
Karnataka Music and henceforth became his disciple.
After a short stint as a staff Artist, All India Radio, Hyderabad, he worked for more than two decades as
Lecturer in Violin in various Government Colleges of Music & Dance of Andhra Pradesh since 1961. He
rendered remarkable service as Principal for 12 years and retired in the year 1996. A strict disciplinarian and
a committed teacher, Shri Mallikarjuna Sharma has produced several good students. His duties as a paper
setter, valuator and examiner for examinations held in various universities are commendable.
A TOP GRADE Violinist of All India Radio, several of his programmes have been broadcast on AIR and
Doordarshan respectively. He has had the privilege of participating in the Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan
concerts and the National Programme of Music, AIR, which won him wide acclaim. He has also been a
graded Vocal artist of AIR, Hyderabad. He has performed extensively across the country in various prestigious
Sabhas including the Music Academy, Madras. He has accompanied several eminent artists of the country.
He has several solo programmes to his credit. He has toured the U.K, USA and Canada accompanying Sri
Nedunuri Krishnamurthy. He has also toured Singapore as an examiner.
A musicologist of great repute, his contribution to Karnataka Music is laudable. An unparalleled exponent
and sole authority on Talaprastara, Shri Mallikarjuna Sharma has unravelled the mysteries of Prastara, one
of the Tala Dasha Pranas. His extensive research spanning over four decades brought to light several latent
secrets which he discovered all by himself. He has penned a few books. His first book Talaprastara Sagara
published in 1985 by the A.P.Sangeet Academy in the year 1985 received the Best book (in the fine arts
category) from the Telugu University, Hyderabad. His second book Permutative Genius in Tala (Prastara) in
Indian music was the revised version of the first book. In his extensive research he has later modified and
re-published these two books in the names of Talaprastara Ratnakara and Indian Genius in Talaprastara
respectively. He also published Talaprastara of Nisshanka Sharngadevas Sangeeta Rathnakara - A critical
interpretation, under the senior fellowship awarded by the Government of India and Systematisation of
Prastara Details of Deshi Talas on Talaprastara itself. His books Sangeetha Svararaga Sudha in Telugu
and English have uniquely dealt with the intricacies of Raga Alapana and Svarakalpana. A perfectionist to
the core, he has prescribed several Laya exercises which will help students in rendering Svarakalpana. He
has sung Svarakalpana exercises along with Alapanas for 36 ragas which are compiled in a mp3 CD and is
provided along with the books.
His recent publication, Sangeeta Vidyabodhini is a compilation of compositions notated and sung by
him for the benefit of students appearing for the examinations held by the Govt Colleges of Music and
Dance (A.P). A set of three mp3 CDs is provided along with this book. The English version of the same is
also available. He has published yet another book by name, Sangeeta Vidyalochani (Telugu and English)
which is a compilation of notated Krithis/Keerthanas along with two mp3 CDs.
He has extensively toured all the Govt. Music Colleges in the state for two years conducting Lecture-
demonstrations and workshops. He has been invited for Lecture-demonstrations and workshops all over the
country by various institutions of music. Currently, Shri Mallikarjuna Sharma is teaching several students.
In addition, he guides students online for the benefit of those inside and outside the country.
Shri Sharma has worked extensively on teaching methods. Having interacted with several students over
scores of years, he has evolved his own teaching methodology and has prescribed several lessons. Though
unconventional, his teaching methods are novel, innovative and highly effective. He has designed and produced
a set of two mp3 CDs titled, AMS-Easy Methods-2007, which comprises of all the lessons beginning from
the basic Laya exercises to the Varnas. This set also contains the definitions of Gamakas with illustrations.
The most significant part is the documentation of the Gamakas and hence they are provided with symbols
and audio clippings, which are of great help to aspiring students of music. These CDs have been uploaded
to http://www.sangeethamshare.org/chandra/AMS-Easy-Methods-2007/. In addition, 700 videos available
in different playlists have been uploaded to http://www.youtube.com/user/msakella for the benefit of the
aspirants. His work has been duly recognised and thus, was conferred with the prestigious TTK Award from
the Music Academy, Madras for the year 2009, for his contribution to the field of Carnatic music.

168