East Barnet School

Q1.The mass spectrum of the isotopes of element X is shown in the diagram.

m/z

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use data from the diagram to calculate the relative atomic mass of X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Identify the ion responsible for the peak at 72

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........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Identify which one of the isotopes of X is deflected the most in the magnetic field of a
mass spectrometer. Give a reason for your answer.

Isotope ..........................................................................................................

Reason ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(e) In a mass spectrometer, the relative abundance of each isotope is proportional to the
current generated by that isotope at the detector.

Explain how this current is generated.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) X and Zn are different elements.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Explain why the chemical properties of 70X and 70Zn are different.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q2. (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity values across Period 3 from sodium to

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chlorine.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(3)

(c) What is meant by the term first ionisation energy?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The diagram below shows the variation in first ionisation energy across Period 3.

(i) What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an s

sub-level?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) What evidence from the diagram supports your answer to part (d)(i)?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

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(iii) What evidence from the diagram supports the fact that the 3p sub-level is
higher in energy than the 3s?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iv) What evidence from the diagram supports the fact that no more than three
unpaired electrons can be accommodated in the 3p sub-level?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q3. (a) Define the term atomic number of an element.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for an atom of an
element which contains 12 neutrons and 11 electrons.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) In terms of s and p sub-levels, give the electronic configuration of an aluminium atom.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) How many neutrons are there in one 27Al atom?

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......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Parts (i) to (iv) below refer to the operation of a mass spectrometer.

(i) Name the device used to ionise atoms in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Why is it necessary to ionise atoms before acceleration?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) What deflects the ions?

.............................................................................................................

(iv) What is adjusted in order to direct ions of different mass to charge ratio onto the
detector?

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(g) A meteorite was found to contain three isotopes of element X.

A mass spectrometer gave the following information about these isotopes.

m/z 24.0 25.0 26.0

Relative abundance 64.2 20.3 15.5

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of X.

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.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Using the Periodic Table, suggest the most likely identity of element X.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest one reason why the relative atomic mass of X, given in the Periodic
Table, differs from your answer to part (g)(i).

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 16 marks)

Q4. (a) State the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, of a neutron and of an
electron.
In terms of particles, explain the relationship between two isotopes of the same
element.
Explain why these isotopes have identical chemical properties.
(7)

(b) Define the term relative atomic mass. An element exists as a mixture of three
isotopes.
Explain, in detail, how the relative atomic mass of this element can be calculated from
data obtained from the mass spectrum of the element.
(7)
(Total 14 marks)

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Q5. (a) Ionisation is the first of the four main stages involved in obtaining the mass
spectrum of a sample of gaseous titanium atoms. Explain how ionisation is achieved.
Name the remaining three stages and, in each case, state how each stage is
achieved. Explain why it would be difficult to distinguish between 48Ti2+ and 24Mg+ ions
using a mass spectrometer.
(10)

(b) State any differences and similarities in the atomic structure of the isotopes of an
element. State the difference, if any, in the chemistry of these isotopes. Explain your
answer.
(4)

(c) The table below gives the percentage abundance of each isotope in the mass
spectrum of a sample of titanium.

m/z 46 47 48 49 50

% abundance 8.02 7.31 73.81 5.54 5.32

Define the term relative atomic mass of an element. Use the above data to calculate
the value of the relative atomic mass of titanium in this sample. Give your answer to
two decimal places.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

Q6. There is a general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na
to Ar. The first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the
energy change is the first ionisation energy of Na.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Na to Ar.

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Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements
Al and S deviate from the general trend.

How the values deviate from the trend .........................................................

Explanation for Al .........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation for S ..........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q7. (a) Complete the following table.

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton

Neutron

Electron

(3)

(b) An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
. Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of Z.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

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(c) Complete the electronic configurations for the sulphur atom, S, and the sulphide ion,
S2.

S 1s2 .......................................................................................................

S2 1s2 .......................................................................................................
(2)

(d) State the block in the Periodic Table in which sulphur is placed and explain your
answer.

Block ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Sodium sulphide, Na2S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity when
molten. Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a liquid which does not conduct electricity.

(i) Deduce the type of bonding present in Na2S and that present in CS2

Bonding in Na2S ..................................................................................

Bonding in CS2.....................................................................................

(ii) By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons, how Na2S
is formed from its atoms.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the bonding
present in CS2

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(iv) When heated with steam, CS2 reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H2S, and
carbon dioxide.
Write an equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 16 narks)

Q8. (a) Give the relative charge and relative mass of an electron.

Relative charge ...........................................................................................

Relative mass ..............................................................................................

(2)

(b) Isotopes of chromium include 54Cr and 52Cr

(i) Give the number of protons present in an atom of 54Cr

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Deduce the number of neutrons present in an atom of 52Cr

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Apart from the relative mass of each isotope, what else would need to be
known for the relative atomic mass of chromium to be calculated?

.............................................................................................................
(3)

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(c) In order to obtain a mass spectrum of a gaseous sample of chromium, the sample
must first be ionised.

(i) Give two reasons why it is necessary to ionise the chromium atoms in the
sample.

Reason 1 ...........................................................................................

Reason 2 ............................................................................................

(ii) State what is adjusted so that each of the isotopes of chromium can be detected
in turn.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Explain how the adjustment given in part (c)(ii) enables the isotopes of
chromium to be separated.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(d) (i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) A chromium compound contains 28.4% of sodium and 32.1% of chromium by

mass, the remainder being oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q9. The diagram below shows the values of the first ionisation energies of some of the
elements in Period 3.

(a) On the above diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the values
of the first ionisation energies for the elements Na, P and S. Complete the diagram by
joining the crosses.
(3)

(b) Explain the general increase in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements NaAr.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) In terms of the electron sub-levels involved, explain the position of aluminium and the
position of sulphur in the diagram.

Explanation for aluminium ............................................................................

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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation for sulphur .................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q10. A gaseous sample of chromium can be analysed in a mass spectrometer. Before

deflection, the chromium atoms are ionised and then accelerated.

(a) Describe briefly how positive ions are formed from gaseous chromium atoms in a
mass spectrometer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) What is used in a mass spectrometer to accelerate the positive ions?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) What is used in a mass spectrometer to deflect the positive ions?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The mass spectrum of a sample of chromium shows four peaks. Use the data below
to calculate the relative atomic mass of chromium in the sample. Give your answer to
two decimal places.

m/z 50 52 53 54

Relative abundance / % 4.3 83.8 9.5 2.4

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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11. (a) One isotope of sodium has a relative mass of 23.

(i) Define, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term
isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of a single atom of this isotope of sodium.
(The Avogadro constant, L, is 6.023 1023 mol1)

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

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(b) Give the electronic configuration, showing all sub-levels, for a sodium atom.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Explain why chromium is placed in the d block in the Periodic Table.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) An atom has half as many protons as an atom of 28Si and also has six fewer neutrons
than an atom of 28Si. Give the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic
number, of this atom.

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q12. The values of the first ionisation energies of neon, sodium and magnesium are 2080,
494 and 736 kJ mol1, respectively.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation of an atom.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation
energy of magnesium is measured.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

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(c) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of magnesium is higher than that
of sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of neon is higher than that of
sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13. (a) Complete the following table.

Relative mass Relative charge

Proton

Electron

(2)

(b) An atom of element Q contains the same number of neutrons as are found in an atom
of 27A1. An atom of Q also contains 14 protons.

(i) Give the number of protons in an atom of 27A1.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Deduce the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom
of element Q.

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.............................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of
a sample of magnesium.

m/z 24 25 26

Relative abundance (%) 73.5 10.1 16.4

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
magnesium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) State how the relative molecular mass of a covalent compound is obtained from its
mass spectrum.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q14. (a) Define the terms

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(i) mass number of an atom,

.............................................................................................................

(ii) relative molecular mass.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(b) (i) Complete the electron arrangement for a copper atom.

1s2 .......................................................................................................

(ii) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which copper belongs.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of 65Cu

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(c) A sample of copper contains the two isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu only. It has a relative
atomic mass, Ar, less than 64. The mass spectrum of this sample shows major peaks
with m/z values of 63 and 65, respectively.

(i) Explain why the Ar of this sample is less than 64.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how Cu atoms are converted into Cu+ ions in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) In addition to the major peaks at m/z = 63 and 65, much smaller peaks at m/z =
31.5 and 32.5 are also present in the mass spectrum. Identify the ion
responsible for the peak at m/z = 31.5 in the mass spectrum. Explain why your
chosen ion has this m/z value and suggest one reason why this peak is very
small.

Identity of the ion

............................................................................................................

Explanation for m/z value ....................................................................

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.............................................................................................................

Reason why this peak is very small ....................................................

.............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Q15. A sample of iron from a meteorite was found to contain the isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe.

(a) The relative abundances of these isotopes can be determined using a mass
spectrometer. In the mass spectrometer, the sample is first vaporised and then
ionised.

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how, in a mass spectrometer, ions are detected and how their
abundance is measured.

How ions are detected.........................................................................

.............................................................................................................

How abundance is measured...............................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(b) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample of iron were found to be

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as follows.

m/z 54 56 57

Relative abundance (%) 5.8 91.6 2.6

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of iron in this sample.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(c) (i) Give the electron arrangement of an Fe2+ ion.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) State why iron is placed in the d block of the Periodic Table.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) State the difference, if any, in the chemical properties of isotopes of the same
element. Explain your answer.

Difference ...........................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q16. A sample of element Q was extracted from a meteorite. The table below shows the
relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of this sample of Q.

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 East Barnet School

m/z 64 66 67 68

Relative abundance (%) 38.9 27.8 14.7 18.6

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

(2)

(b) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of Q. Give
your answer to one decimal place. Suggest the identity of Q.
(3)

(c) In order to obtain a mass spectrum of Q, a gaseous sample is first ionised. Describe
how ionisation is achieved in a mass spectrometer. Give three reasons why ionisation
is necessary.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q17. (a) State, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term
isotopes.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) An atom contains one more proton than, but the same number of neutrons as, an
atom of 36S. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number,
of this atom.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of a
sample of germanium, Ge.

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 East Barnet School

m/z 70 72 74

Relative abundance (%) 24.4 32.4 43.2

(i) Complete the electron arrangement of a Ge atom.

1s2 .......................................................................................................

(ii) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
germanium. Give your answer to one decimal place.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) State what is adjusted in a mass spectrometer in order to direct ions with
different m/z values onto the detector. Explain your answer.

Adjustment ..........................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iv) One of the isotopes of Ge, given in the table in part (c), has an ion that forms a
small peak in the mass spectrum which is indistinguishable from a peak
produced by
36
S+ ions. Identify this Ge ion and explain your answer.

Ion .......................................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(8)
(Total 11 marks)

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Q18. In one model of atomic structure, the atom has a nucleus surrounded by electrons in
levels and sub-levels.

(a) Define the term atomic number.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain why atoms of an element may have different mass numbers.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The table below refers to a sample of krypton.

Relative m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative abundance / % 12 12 50 26

(i) Name an instrument which is used to measure the relative abundance of

isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

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(d) Give the complete electronic configuration of krypton in terms of s, p and d sub-levels.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) In 1963, krypton was found to react with fluorine. State why this discovery was
unexpected.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Use a suitable model of atomic structure to explain the following experimental
observations.

(i) The first ionisation energy of krypton is greater than that of bromine.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) The first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than the first ionisation energy of
magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q19. In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom with a central nucleus, made up of
protons and neutrons, around which electrons moved in orbits. After further research, the
model was refined when the existence of energy levels and sub-levels was recognised.

(a) Complete the following table for the particles in the nucleus.

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

proton

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 East Barnet School

neutron

(2)

(b) State the block in the Periodic Table to which the element tungsten, W, belongs.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Isotopes of tungsten include 182W and 186W

(i) Deduce the number of protons in 182W

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in 186W

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) In order to detect the isotopes of tungsten using a mass spectrometer, a sample
containing the isotopes must be vaporised and then ionised.

(i) Give two reasons why the sample must be ionised.

1 ..........................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) State what can be adjusted in the mass spectrometer to enable ions formed by
the different isotopes to be directed onto the detector.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(e) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes 182W and 186W

Difference ....................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in the mass spectrum
of a sample of tungsten.

m/z 182 183 184 186

Relative abundance /% 26.4 14.3 30.7 28.6

Use the data above to calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of this sample of
tungsten. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q20. (a) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) A sample of the metal silver has the relative atomic mass of 107.9 and exists as
two isotopes. In this sample, 54.0% of the silver atoms are one isotope with a
relative mass of 107.1

Calculate the relative mass of the other silver isotope.

State why the isotopes of silver have identical chemical properties.

.............................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(b) The isotopes of silver, when vaporised, can be separated in a mass spectrometer.

Name the three processes that occur in a mass spectrometer before the vaporised
isotopes can be detected.

State how each process is achieved.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(6)

(c) State the type of bonding involved in silver.

Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver lattice and show the
charges on the particles.

......................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Silver reacts with fluorine to form silver fluoride (AgF).

Silver fluoride has a high melting point and has a structure similar to that of sodium
chloride.

State the type of bonding involved in silver fluoride.

Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver fluoride lattice and
show the charges on the particles.

Explain why the melting point of silver fluoride is high.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 20 marks)

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Q21. (a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na+

ls2 .................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which
the energy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second
ionisation energy of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive
ionisation energies.

First Second Third Fourth

Ionisation energies / kJ mol1 577 1820 2740 11600

Deduce the identity of element X.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium to
chlorine.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 which contains the NH2
ion. Draw the shape of the NH2 ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH2 ion.

Shape of NH2

Name of shape ............................................................................................

(2)

(f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form
compounds with sodium.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

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Q22. A mass spectrometer can be used to investigate the isotopes in an element.

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Element X has a relative atomic mass of 47.9

Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which element X belongs and give the
electron configuration of an atom of element X.

Calculate the number of neutrons in the isotope of X which has a mass number 49

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) The mass spectrum of element Z is shown below.

Use this spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of Z, giving your answer to
one decimal place.

Identify element Z.

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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)

(d) State how vaporised atoms of Z are converted into Z+ ions in a mass spectrometer.

State and explain which of the Z+ ions formed from the isotopes of Z in part (c) will be
deflected the most in a mass spectrometer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)

(e) Explain briefly how the relative abundance of an ion is measured in a mass

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spectrometer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q23. (a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

An organic fertiliser was analysed using a mass spectrometer. The spectrum showed
that the nitrogen in the fertiliser was made up of 95.12% 14N and 4.88% 15N

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the nitrogen found in this organic fertiliser.
Give your answer to two decimal places.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) In a mass spectrometer, under the same conditions, 14N+ and 15N+ ions follow different
paths. State the property of these ions that causes them to follow different paths.

State one change in the operation of the mass spectrometer that will change the path
of an ion.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Organic fertilisers contain a higher proportion of 15N atoms than are found in synthetic
fertilisers.

State and explain whether or not you would expect the chemical reactions of the
nitrogen compounds in the synthetic fertiliser to be different from those in the organic
fertiliser. Assume that the nitrogen compounds in each fertiliser are the same.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q24. Define the term mass number of an atom.

The mass number of an isotope of nitrogen is 15. Deduce the number of each of the
fundamental particles in an atom of 15N

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

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Q25. The following diagram shows the first ionisation energies of some Period 3 elements.

(a) Draw a cross on the diagram to show the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
(1)

(b) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy of
aluminium is measured.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) State which of the first, second or third ionisations of aluminium would produce an ion
with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the value of
the first ionisation energy of phosphorus.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Identify the element in Period 2 that has the highest first ionisation energy and give its
electron configuration.

Element .......................................................................................................

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Electron configuration ..................................................................................
(2)

(f) State the trend in first ionisation energies in Group 2 from beryllium to barium.
Explain your answer in terms of a suitable model of atomic structure.

Trend ........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q26. Indium is in Group 3 in the Periodic Table and exists as a mixture of the isotopes 113In
and 115In.

(a) Use your understanding of the Periodic Table to complete the electron configuration
of indium.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 ........................................................................

(1)

(b) A sample of indium must be ionised before it can be analysed in a mass

spectrometer.

(i) State what is used to ionise a sample of indium in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the ionisation of indium that
requires the minimum energy.

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.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) State why more than the minimum energy is not used to ionise the sample of
indium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Give two reasons why the sample of indium must be ionised.

Reason 1 ............................................................................................

Reason 2 ............................................................................................
(2)

(c) A mass spectrum of a sample of indium showed two peaks at m/z = 113 and
m/z = 115. The relative atomic mass of this sample of indium is 114.5

(i) Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Use these data to calculate the ratio of the relative abundances of the two
isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(d) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes 113In and 115In

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Difference in chemical properties ................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Indium forms a compound X with hydrogen and oxygen. Compound X contains
69.2% indium and 1.8% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q27. This question is about the first ionisation energies of some elements in the Periodic
Table.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the
first ionisation energy of lithium is measured.

.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 3
elements aluminium to argon.

Trend ..........................................................................................................

Explanation .................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

(Extra space)...............................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(3)

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(c) There is a similar general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 4 elements
gallium to krypton.

State how selenium deviates from this general trend and explain your answer.

How selenium deviates from this trend ......................................................

Explanation .................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

(Extra space)................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Suggest why the first ionisation energy of krypton is lower than the first ionisation
energy of argon.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The table below gives the successive ionisation energies of an element.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol1 590 1150 4940 6480 8120

Deduce the group in the Periodic Table that contains this element.

.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Identify the element that has a 5+ ion with an electron configuration of
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q28. There are several types of crystal structure and bonding shown by elements and
compounds.

(a) (i) Name the type of bonding in the element sodium.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to draw a diagram that shows
how the particles are arranged in a crystal of sodium.
You should identify the particles and show a minimum of six particles in a
two-dimensional diagram.

(2)

(b) Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.

(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium chloride.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Explain why the melting point of sodium chloride is high.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(Extra space) .......................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

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(c) The table below shows the melting points of some sodium halides.

NaCl NaBr NaI

Melting point /K 1074 1020 920

Suggest why the melting point of sodium iodide is lower than the melting point of
sodium bromide.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q29. Mass spectrometry can be used to identify isotopes of elements.

(a) (i) In terms of fundamental particles, state the difference between isotopes of an
element.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

(Extra space).................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The mass spectrum of element X has four peaks. The table below gives the relative
abundance of each isotope in a sample of element X.

m/z 64 66 67 68

Relative abundance 12 8 1 6

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of element X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Use the Periodic Table to identify the species responsible for the peak at
m/z = 64

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Suggest one reason why particles with the same mass and velocity can be deflected
by different amounts in the same magnetic field.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Explain how the detector in a mass spectrometer enables the abundance of an
isotope to be measured.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................

(Extra space) ...............................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q30.The mass spectrum of a sample of krypton taken from a meteorite is shown below.

(a) Use this spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

Explain why the value you have calculated is slightly different from the relative atomic
mass given in the Periodic Table.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) State how krypton is ionised in the mass spectrometer.

Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the
first ionisation energy of Kr is measured.

Sometimes the mass spectrum of Kr has a very small peak with an m/z value of 42.
Explain the occurrence of this peak.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Q31.The element nitrogen forms compounds with metals and non-metals.

(a) Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6
Write the formula of the nitride ion.

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 East Barnet School
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) An element forms an ion Q with a single negative charge that has the same electron
configuration as the nitride ion.
Identify the ion Q.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Use the Periodic Table and your knowledge of electron arrangement to write the
formula of lithium nitride.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Calcium nitride contains 81.1% by mass of the metal.

Calculate the empirical formula of calcium nitride.
Show your working.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Write an equation for the reaction between silicon and nitrogen to form silicon nitride,
Si3N4

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

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Q32.The element rubidium exists as the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb

(a) State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom of the isotope
Rb
85

Number of protons .........................................................................................

Number of neutrons .......................................................................................

(2)

(b) (i) Explain how the gaseous atoms of rubidium are ionised in a mass spectrometer

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs
when the first ionisation energy of rubidium is measured.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The table shows the first ionisation energies of rubidium and some other elements in
the same group.

Element sodium potassium rubidium

First ionisation 494 418 402

energy / kJ mol1

State one reason why the first ionisation energy of rubidium is lower than the first
ionisation energy of sodium.

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........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) (i) State the block of elements in the Periodic Table that contains rubidium.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Deduce the full electron configuration of a rubidium atom.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(e) A sample of rubidium contains the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb only.
The isotope 85Rb has an abundance 2.5 times greater than that of 87Rb

Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(f) By reference to the relevant part of the mass spectrometer, explain how the
abundance of an isotope in a sample of rubidium is determined.

Name of relevant part ....................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(g) Predict whether an atom of 88Sr will have an atomic radius that is larger than, smaller

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than or the same as the atomic radius of 87Rb. Explain your answer.

Atomic radius of 88Sr compared to 87Rb .........................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

Q33.(a) Use your knowledge of electron configuration and ionisation energies to answer this
question. The following diagram shows the second ionisation energies of some Period 3
elements.

(i) Draw an X on the diagram to show the second ionisation energy of sulfur.
(1)

(ii) Write the full electron configuration of the Al2+ ion.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the second ionisation
energy of aluminium is measured.

...............................................................................................................

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(1)

(iv) Give one reason why the second ionisation energy of silicon is lower than the
second ionisation energy of aluminium.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Predict the element in Period 3 that has the highest second ionisation energy.
Give a reason for your answer.

Element ........................................................................................................

Reason .........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The following table gives the successive ionisation energies of an element in Period
3.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Ionisation energy /
786 1580 3230 4360 16100 19800
kJ mol1

Identify this element.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Explain why the ionisation energy of every element is endothermic.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

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(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q34.(a) State the meaning of the term mass number of an isotope.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Give the symbol of the element that has an isotope with a mass number of 68 and has
38 neutrons in its nucleus.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The following shows a simplified diagram of a mass spectrometer.

(i) State what happens to the sample in the parts labelled P and Q.

P ..........................................................................................................

Q ..........................................................................................................
(2)

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(ii) In a mass spectrometer, the isotopes of an element are separated.
Two measurements for each isotope are recorded on the mass spectrum.

State the two measurements that are recorded for each isotope.

Measurement 1 ....................................................................................

Measurement 2 ....................................................................................
(2)

(d) A sample of element R contains isotopes with mass numbers of 206, 207 and 208 in
a 1:1:2 ratio of abundance.

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of R. Give your answer to one decimal place.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Identify R.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) All the isotopes of R react in the same way with concentrated nitric acid.

State why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

(Extra space) ........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

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