http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/subjunctive.

html

Subjunctive
The following is a mini-tutorial on the use of the Subjunctive. After you have studied
the tutorial, complete the associated exercises. If you already know how to use this
verb form, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises.

FORM

Use the simple form of the verb. The simple form is the infinitive without the "to." The
simple form of the verb "to go" is "go." The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain
forms and tenses.

USE

The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain

expressions (see below).

Examples:

I suggest that he study.

Is it essential that we be there?
Don recommended that you join the committee.

NOTICE

The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples
below, the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is
noticeable in the he-form of the verb.

Examples:

You try to study often. YOU-FORM OF "TRY"

It is important that you try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY" LOOKS THE SAME.
He tries to study often. HE-FORM OF "TRY"
It is important that he try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY" IS NOTICEABLE
HERE.

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:

to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)

Examples:

Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
Donna requested Frank come to the party.
The teacher insists that her students be on time.

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:

It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)

Examples:

It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.

It is important she attend the meeting.
It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the
bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of

Subjunctive
The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.

Negative Examples:

The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.

The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during
business hours.
I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples:

Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.

Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.
We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.

Continuous Examples:

It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.
I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.

Should as Subjunctive
After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to
express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British
English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."

Examples:

The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

There are a number of fixed expressions which require the subjunctive, including:

Bless you. (Which means: May God bless you.)

Long live our gracious Queen. (The first line of the British National Anthem)
A toast now: long live the bride and groom.
I have always supported you financially, but be that as it may, I can no longer
support your current lifestyle.
If I have to pretend that you no longer exist, so be it.

Be that as it may means whether that is the case or notSo be

it means nothing can or will be done to change that .

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/subjunctive.html

Pengertian, Fungsi, Rumus dan Contoh Subjunctive

Subjunctive adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membayangkan akibat dari sesuatu yang
tidak ada atau tidak terjadi, yang dapat berupa wish (harapan), requirements (kebutuhan),
dan suggestion (saran). Atau dengan kata lain, makna kalimat subjunctive ini selalu berlawanan
dengan kenyataan atau fakta.

Kata-kata yang digunakan dalam subjunctive adalah wish (menginginkan/

mengharapkan), as if/ as though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka), if
only(seandainya/ jika saja).

Fungsi Subjunctive

As if/ as though digunakan untuk menyatakan keadaan yang tidak benar kenyataan
atau faktanya.

Wish, would rather, dan if only digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau
keinginan.

Rumus Penggunaan Subjunctive

1. Future Subjunctive

Future Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa yang akan
datang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would + Verb 1

Contoh:

I wish you would come to the party tonight.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)

(Faktanya: He will not come to the party tonight)

CATATAN

Walaupun jarang digunakan, tetapi Future Subjunctive terkadang masih sering kita jumpai, jadi
lebih baik kita mengenalinya juga. Sebagai gantinya bisa menggunakan Present Subjunctive.

2. Present Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa sekarang,
jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

As if /As Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were

though

Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were
 If only If only + Subject + Verb 2

CATATAN

Pada bentuk Present Subjunctive, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk ke-2 (VERB 2), dan
jika harus menggunakan to be, harus menggunakan were untuk semua jenis Subject.

Contoh:

I wish you visited me.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu mengunjungi saya.)

(Faktanya: You dont visit me.)

The girl dresses as if it were summer now.

(Artinya: Perempuan itu berpakaian seolah-olah sekarang musim panas.)

(Faktanya: it is not summer now.)

Shelly would rather he told the truth.

(Artinya: Shelly lebih suka dia mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)

(Faktanya: He doesnt tell the truth.)

If only she knew.

(Artinya: Seandainya dia tau.)

(Faktanya: She doesnt know.)

3. Past Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa lampau, jadi
faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been

As if /As though Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been

Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been

If only If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh:
She wished (that) she had had more time last night.

(Artinya: Dia berharap bahwa dia punya waktu lebih kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: She didnt have more time last night.)

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost.

(Artinya: Jeff terlihat seolah-olah dia telah melihat hantu.)

(Faktanya: He didnt see a ghost.)

I would rather he had been here.

(Artinya: Saya lebih suka dia sudah berada disini.)

(Faktanya: He was not here.)

If only Rachel had not been at home last night

(Artinya: Seandainya Rachel sudah tidak ada di rumah kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: Rachel was at home last night.)

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/subjunctive-pada-noun-clause.html

Subjunctive Pada Noun Clause (Klausa Nomina)

Silahkan lihat tabel di bawah ini untuk mengetahui penggunaan Subjunctivepada Noun Clause.

Contoh Keterangan

Our teacher demands that we be on time. Pada contoh kalimat pertama di

samping, fungsi be adalahSubjunctive
(Asalnya: we should be on time.)
Verb.

I insisted that he pay me the money.

Subjunctive digunakan pada Noun

(Asalnya: he should pay me the Clause yang diikuti oleh kata

money.) kerja(verbs), kata sifat (adjectives), dan

ekspresi (expressions) tertentu. Pada
contoh kalimat di samping, Subjunctive
Verb digunakan hanya dalam bentuk
I recommended that she not go to the
sederhananya. Yakni, tidak mengandung
concert.
unsur atau bentukpresent, past,
atau future. Tidak juga
(Asalnya: she should not go to the tunggal (singular) atau jamak (plural),
concert.) jadi tidak ada penambahan s/-espada
kata kerjanya (Verb).

It is important that they be told the

truth. Pada kalimat negatif: not + simple
form (bentuk sederhana / dari Verb 1),
(Asalnya: they should be told the
seperti contoh ketiga.
truth.)

Pada kalimat pasif: bentuk

sederhana dari be + Verb 3, seperti
contoh keempat.

Subjunctive lebih sering digunakan pada American English daripada British English.
Pada British English, (should, could, would) + Verb 1 lebih biasa digunakan
daripada Subjunctive. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

- I suggested that she see a doctor.

- I suggested that she should see a doctor.

Penggunaan kata should mungkin untuk digunakan setelah

kata suggest danrecommend.

Kata kerja (verbs) yang lazim diikuti oleh Subjunctive pada Noun Clause

demand (that), suggest (that), insist (that), recommend (that), request (that), advise
(that), ask (that), propose (that)

Kata sifat (adjectives) dan ekspresi (expressions) yang lazim diikuti

olehSubjunctive pada Noun Clause

It is important (that), It is necessary (that), It is essential (that), It is vital (that), It is

imperative (that)

Fungsi dan Contoh Subjunctive Pada Noun Clause (Klausa Nomina)

Perhatikan Tabel di bawah ini!

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat

Untuk mengekspresikan They requested that we not

kebutuhan(requirements) dan go after midnight.
saran (suggestion)dengan
menggunakan kata kerja (verbs)yang
lazim diikuti Mr. Brian insists that we be careful
oleh Subjunctive padaNoun in our writing.
Clause, yakni:

The doctor recommended that

demand (that), suggest (that), insist she stayin bed for a few days.
(that), recommend (that), request
(that), advise (that), ask (that), The
propose (that). students suggested we have class
outside.

She asked that we be sure to lock

the door behind us.

Untuk mengekspresikan It is necessary that

kebutuhan(requirements) dengan everyone come here on time.
menggunakan kata
sifat (adjectives) dan
ekspresi (expressions)yang lazim It is essential that pollution be
diikuti oleh Subjunctive padaNoun controlledand eventually be
Clause, yakni: eliminated.

It is important (that), It is necessary It is vital that no one know about

(that), It is essential (that), It is vital the secret government operation.
(that), It is imperative (that).

It is necessary that
everyone come here on time.

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/Would-Rather.htm

Would Rather
Expressing Preferences with Would Rather

Would rather is used to express a preference in English. Would rather is the same in meaning
as would prefer. These two phrases are used interchangeably to express a preference when
making a choice. Here are some examples of short conversations that use would rather to either
state or ask for a preference.

Example Dialogues

John: Let's go out tonight.

Mary: That's a good idea.
John: How about going to a film? There's a new film out with Tom Hanks.
Mary: I'd rather go out for dinner. I'm hungry!

Sue: I'm not sure which topic to choose for my essay.

Debby: Well, what are your choices?
Sue: I can write about the economy or about a book.
Debby: Which would you rather write about?

Would Rather - Structure

The form would rather is a little strange because 'rather' is not a verb but is part of an expression
that means 'would prefer to'. 'Rather' is usually immediately followed by a verb in base form (verb
without 'to'). It's common to use would rather in the shortened 'd rather form in positive
statements. All subjects take 'would rather'. Would rather can be used to refer to the present
moment or a future moment in time.

Positive

Subject + would rather ('d rather) + base form of verb

Peter'd rather spend time on the beach.

I would rather learn a new language than study math.

Question

Would + subject + rather + base form of verb

Would you rather stay at home?

Would they rather do homework tomorrow morning?

Would Rather - Than

Would rather is often used with 'than' with two verbs or objects when making a choice between
two specific actions.
Would you rather work for Tom than for Mary?
She would rather play tennis than go horseback riding.

Would Rather - For Other People

Would rather is also used to express what one person prefers another person to do. The structure
is unusual because it takes the past for the preferred action. Here are some examples:

Tom would rather Mary bought a SUV.

Would you rather she stayed here with us?

Positive

Subject + would rather ('d rather) + object + past tense

I would rather my son worked in finance.

Susan would rather Peter took a plane.

Question

Would + subject + rather + object + past tense

Would she rather her sister flew home tomorrow?

Would you rather he came with us to the meeting?

Positive

Subject + would rather ('d rather) + object + negative past tense

I'd rather she didn't come with us today.

Tim would rather Peter didn't join the company.

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/if_conditional10.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_subjunctive
The English subjunctivethat is, the subjunctive mood (ragam
gramatikal) in English grammaris an irrealis mood used to
form verbs in statements that do not describe known,
objective facts. These include statements about one's state of
mind, such as opinion, belief, purpose, intention, or desire. The
subjunctive mood is also used for statements that are contrary to
fact, such as, If I were a giraffe, ... (subjunctive), as distinguished
from, I am a human being. Subjunctive statements often occur
in dependent clauses, such as the subjunctive example in the
preceding sentence. In contrast, the indicative mood is the
English language's realis mood used for unqualified statements of
fact, such as, I speak English.
In Modern English the subjunctive form of a verb is in many
cases the same as a corresponding indicative form, and thus
subjunctives are not a very visible grammatical feature of English.
For most verbs, the only distinct subjunctive form is found in the
third-person singular of the present tense, where the subjunctive
lacks the -s ending: It is necessary that he see a
doctor (contrasted with the indicative he sees). However, the
verb be has not only a distinct present subjunctive (be, as in I
suggest that they be removed) but also a past
subjunctive were (as in If they were rich, ...).
These two tenses of the subjunctive have no particular
connection in meaning with present and past time. Terminology
varies; sometimes what is called the present subjunctive here is
referred to simply as the subjunctive, and, the form weremay be
treated just as an alternative irrealis form of was rather than a
past subjunctive.
Another case where present subjunctive forms are distinguished
from indicatives is when they are negated: compare I recommend
they not enter the competition (subjunctive) with I hope they do
not enter the competition (indicative).

Forms[edit]
English has present subjunctive and past subjunctive forms,
which can be compared with the corresponding present
indicative and past indicative forms (the familiar present and past
tense forms of verbs). The distinction between present and past
is one of tense; the distinction between indicative and subjunctive
is one of mood. Note that these terms are used here merely as
names for forms that verbs take; the use of present and past
forms is not limited to referring to present and past time.
(Sometimes the term subjunctive is used only to refer to what is
called here the present subjunctive.)
The present subjunctive is identical to the
bare infinitive (and imperative) of the verb in all forms. This
means that, for almost all verbs, the present subjunctive differs
from the present indicative only in the third-person singular form,
which lacks the ending -(e)s in the subjunctive.

Present indicative: I own, you own, he/she/it owns, we own,

they own
Present subjunctive: (that) I own, (that) you own, (that)
he/she/it own, (that) we own, (that) they own
With the verb be, however, the two moods are fully distinguished:

Present indicative: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, they are
Present subjunctive: (that) I be, (that) you be, (that)
he/she/it be, (that) we be, (that) they be
Note also the defective verb beware, which lacks indicative
forms, but has a present subjunctive: (that) I beware...
The two moods are also fully distinguished when negated.
Present subjunctive forms are negated by prepending the
wordnot before them.

Present indicative: I don't own, you don't own, he/she/it doesn't

own...; I am not...
Present subjunctive: (that) I not own, (that) you not own, (that)
he/she/it not own...; (that) I not be...
The past subjunctive exists as a distinct form only for the
verb be, which has the form were throughout:

Past indicative: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they

were
Past subjunctive: (if) I were, (if) you were, (if) he/she/it were,
(if) we were, (if) they were
In the past tense there is no difference between the two moods
as regards manner of negation: I was not; (if) I were not. Verbs
other than be are described as lacking a past subjunctive, or
possibly as having a past subjunctive identical in form to the past
indicative: (if) I owned; (if) I did not own.
Certain subjunctives (particularly were) can also be distinguished
from indicatives by the possibility of inversion with the subject, as
described under Inversion below.
Compound forms, auxiliaries and modals[edit]

A compound past subjunctive form is made with were (the past

subjunctive of be) followed by a verb's to-infinitive(corresponding
to indicative forms like I was to own). For example:

(if) I were to own, (if) you were to own, (if) he were to own, ...
Another compound past subjunctive form made using were is the
subjunctive of the past continuous: (if) he were singing.
A pluperfect subjunctive may be considered to exist; its form
(had with past participle) does not differ from the corresponding
indicative, but a distinction can be sought in the possibility
of inversion: had I sung... (equivalent to if I had sung).
Occasionally a present perfect subjunctive is seen, as in It is
important that he have completed two years of Spanish before
graduation.
The English modal verbs do not have present subjunctive forms,
except for synonyms such as be able to as a subjunctive
corresponding to the indicative modal can.
However would, should, could and might can in some contexts be
regarded as past subjunctives
of will, shall, can and may respectively. (They may also be
described simply as the past forms of the latter modals, or as
modals or auxiliaries in their own right.)
The auxiliary should is used to make another compound form
which may be regarded as a subjunctive, and in any case is
frequently used as an alternative to the simple present
subjunctive. For example:

With present subjunctive: It's important that he be cured.

With should: It's important that he should be cured.
The should form can undergo inversion as described below.

Use of the present subjunctive[edit]

The main use of the English present subjunctive, called
the mandative or jussive subjunctive,[1] occurs in that clauses
(declarative content clauses; the word that can sometimes be
omitted) expressing a circumstance which is desired, demanded,
recommended, necessary, or similar. Such a clause may be
dependent on verbs
like insist, suggest, demand,prefer,[2] adjectives
like necessary, desirable,[3] or nouns
like recommendation, necessity;[4] it may be part of the
expressionin order that... (or some formal uses of so that...); it
may also stand independently as the subject of a clause or as
apredicative expression.
The form is called the present subjunctive because it resembles
the present indicative in form, not because it need refer to the
present time. In fact this form can equally well be used in
sentences referring to past, future or hypothetical time (the time
frame is normally expressed in the verb of the main clause).
Examples:
 I insist (that) he leave now.
We asked that it be done yesterday.
It might be desirable that you not publish the story.
I support the recommendation that they not be punished.
I braked in order that the car stay on the road.
That he appear in court is a necessary condition for his being
granted bail.
Note that after some words both indicative and subjunctive are
possible, with difference in meaning:

I insist that he is here (indicative, a forceful assertion of the

fact that he is here)
I insist that he be here (subjunctive, a demand that the
condition of his being here be fulfilled)
Notice that the subjunctive is not generally used after verbs such
as hope and expect, or after verbs that use a different syntax,
such as want (it is not usual to say *I want that he wash up; the
typical syntax is I want him to wash up).
Another use of the present subjunctive is in clauses with the
conjunction lest, which generally express a potential adverse
event:

I am running faster lest she catch me (i.e. "in order that she
not catch me")
I was worried lest she catch me (i.e. "that she might catch
me")
The present subjunctive is occasionally found in clauses
expressing a condition, such as If I be found guilty... (more
common is am or should be; for more information see English
conditional sentences). This usage is mostly old-fashioned or
excessively formal, although it is found in some common fixed
expressions such as if need be. Perhaps somewhat more
common is the use after whether in the sense of "no matter
whether": Whether they be friend or foe, we shall give them
shelter. In both of these uses it is possible to invert subject and
verb and omit the conjunction; see Inversion below. Analogous
uses are occasionally found after other conjunctions, such
as unless (and possibly until), whoever, wherever, etc.: I shall not
do it unless I be instructed;[5] Whoever he be, he shall not go
unpunished.
In most of the above examples a form with should can be used as
an alternative: I insist that he should leave now etc. This is more
common in British English than American English. In some cases,
such as after in order that, another alternative is to use may or
(especially with past reference) might:

I am putting your dinner in the oven in order that it (may) keep

warm.
He wrote it in his diary in order that he (might) remember.
A present subjunctive verb form is sometimes found in a main
clause, with the force of a wish or a third-person imperative(and
such forms can alternatively be analyzed as imperatives). This is
most common nowadays in established phrases, such as (God)
bless you, God save the Queen, heaven forbid, peace be with
you, truth be told, so be it, suffice it to say, long live..., woe
betide... It can be found used more broadly in some archaic
English.[6] An equivalent construction is that with mayand subject-
verb inversion: May God bless you etc.
See also Archaic uses below.

Use of the past subjunctive[edit]

As already mentioned, the only distinct past subjunctive form in
English (i.e. form that differs from the corresponding past
indicative) is were, which differs when used with a first- or third-
person singular subject (where the indicative form is was). As
with the present subjunctive, the name past subjunctive refers to
the form of the verb rather than its meaning; it does not have to
(and in fact usually does not) refer to past time.
The main use of the past subjunctive form is in
counterfactual if clauses (see English conditional sentences:
Second conditional):

If I were a badger, I would choose that color.

He would let us know if he were planning to arrive late.
Note that the indicative form was can be used equally well in
sentences of this type, but were is sometimes preferred
especially in more formal English. According to the Random
House College Dictionary, "Although the [were] subjunctive
seems to be disappearing from the speech of many, its proper
use is still a mark of the educated speaker."[7] When were is used,
an inverted form without if is possible (see Inversion below); this
is not possible with was. A common expression
involving were is if I were you.
The same principles of usage apply to the compound past
subjunctive form were to..., which appears in "second conditional"
condition clauses, usually with hypothetical future reference:

If she were/was to go... or Were she to go... (equivalent to if

she went)
The past subjunctive form may be used similarly to express
counterfactual conditions after suppose, as if, as though, unless,
etc.

Suppose that I were there now.

She looks as though she were going to kill him.
There is also the set expression as it were.
The past subjunctive can also be used in some that clauses
expressing a wish contrary to fact or unlikely to be fulfilled (see
also Uses of English verb forms: Expressions of wish):

I wish [that] he were here now.

If only the door were unlocked.
I would rather [that] she were released.
As above, was cannot be used instead of were in these examples
except in "informal" English conversation. After it's (high)
time... the use of the past subjunctive is occasionally found, but
the present subjunctive is far more common. The example
with would rather can also be cast in the present subjunctive,
expressing greater confidence that the action is feasible: I would
rather she be released.
See also Archaic uses below.
Distinguishing from past indicative after if[edit]

Confusion sometimes arises in the case of if clauses containing

an ordinary past indicative was. Compare:

1. If he was in class yesterday, he learned it.

2. If he were in class today, he would be learning it.
The first if clause contains a simple past indicative, referring to
past time (it is not known whether or not the circumstance in fact
took place). The second, however, expresses a counterfactual
circumstance connected with the present, and therefore contains
(or should contain) a past subjunctive.
Since in sentences like the second example were is preferred in
formal registers, failure to distinguish between the two types
sometimes leads were to be inappropriately substituted for was in
sentences like the first. This is an example ofhypercorrection.
This hypercorrection of was to were can also occur in cases
where if does not express a condition, but serves as an
alternative to whether in indirect questions. Some examples of
this usage are quite old:

Johnny asked me if I were afraid. (Barbara in Night of the

Living Dead, 1968)
... he asked me if I were about to return to London ... (Mary
Shelley, The Last Man, 1833)
 He asked me if I were a Priest. (The Wesleyan-Methodist
Magazine Vol. 3, December 1824)

Inversion [edit]
As noted in the sections above, some clauses containing
subjunctive verb forms, or other constructions that have the
function of subjunctives, may exhibit subjectauxiliary
inversion (an auxiliary or copular verb changes places with
the subjectof the clause).
The most common example of this is in condition clauses, where
inversion is accompanied by the omission of the conjunction if.
This is described in more detail at English conditional sentences:
Inversion in condition clauses. The principal constructions are:

Inversion with should: Should you feel hungry,... (equivalent

to If you (should) feel hungry)
Inversion with were as simple past subjunctive: Were you
here,... (equivalent to If you were here,...)
Inversion with were in compound forms: Were he to
shoot,... (equivalent to If he were to shoot, i.e. If he shot)
Inversion with had in the pluperfect, referring to usually
counterfactual conditions in the past: Had he
written,...(equivalent to If he had written)
Inversion is also possible in the case of the (rarer) use of the
present subjunctive in condition clauses, and in other clauses
with somewhat different meaning, where the omitted conjunction
would be something like whether, although or even if. These are
generally archaic, except for some instances where the meaning
of the clause is "no matter whether ... or ... " (second and third
examples below).

Be he called on by God, ... (equivalent to "If he be (i.e. If he is)

called on by God, ...")
Be they friend or foe, ... (equivalent to "(No matter) whether
they be friend or foe, ...")
Be he alive or be he dead (from Jack and the Beanstalk).
Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home (from "Home!
Sweet Home!"; meaning "even if" or "even though")
In some examples, preserved in set expressions and well-known
phrases, inversion may take place with non-auxiliary verbs:come
what may; come Monday (etc.). (See also Archaic uses below.)
There are also imperative-type (jussive) uses such asLong live
the King! A more common way of expressing such jussives is
with inversion of the auxiliary may: May they always be happy!

Historical subjunctive forms[edit]

The first table below shows the present and past subjunctive
endings in use at various stages of the development of English:
in Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English and Modern
English.[8] Forms which differ from the corresponding indicative
are bolded. - denotes zero ending.

Present tense Past tense

Singular Plural Singular Plural

 First &
First Second Third Second
third
person person person person
person

Old
-e -e -e -en -d-e -d-e -d-on
English

Middle -d-
-e -e -e -e(n) ? ?
English e(n)

Early
Modern - - - - -d -d -d
English

Modern
- - - -
English

For comparison, the corresponding indicative endings are also

given:

Present tense Past tense

Singular Singular

Plural Plural
First &
First Second Third Second
third
 person person person person person

Old
-e -st -e -a -d-e -d-est -d-on
English

Middle -d-
-e, - -st, -est -th, -s -e(n) -d(e) -d-st
English e(n)

Early
Modern - -est, -st -s, -th - -d -d-st -d
English

Modern
- - -s - -d -d -d
English

The irregular verb be has a larger number of distinct forms, these

being derived from different stems (a case of suppletion). See
the Wiktionary articles on be, am, is, were, etc.
As the tables show, in Early Modern English the past subjunctive
was distinguishable from the past indicative not only in the verb to
be (as in Modern English), but also in the informal second-person
singular (thou form) of all verbs. For example: indicative thou
sattest, but subjunctive thou sat. The -(e)st ending was also
absent in principle in the present subjunctive, although it was
sometimes nonetheless added; for example, thou best appears
frequently as a present subjunctive in the works
of Shakespeare and some of his contemporaries.
Archaic uses[edit]
Subjunctive verb forms were formerly used more widely in
English than they are today. Cases of such usage can be
encountered in samples of archaic or pseudo-archaic English,
and in certain set expressions that have been preserved in the
modern language.
Examples of subjunctive uses in archaic English:

I will not let thee go, except [=unless] thou bless me. (King
James Bible, Genesis 32:26)
Though he were dead, yet shall he live. (John 11:25)
Murder, though it have no tongue, will
speak. (Shakespeare, Hamlet)
Examples of set expressions that preserve archaic subjunctive
uses:

until death do us part or until death us do part (a part of

certain marriage vows)
far be it from me
would that it were
albeit (a synthesis of all be it, i.e. although it be)
be it enacted (a common English language enacting clause)
The expression "the powers that be" however does not contain a
subjunctive: it is a Biblical quotation from Romans 13:1 where it
translates a present participle, using the archaic alternative
indicative form "be" for "are".
Some further examples can be found in the sections on usage
above.

See also[edit]

Subjunctive in Dutch

Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech,
Geoffrey; Svartik, Jan (1985). "A Comprehensive Grammar of
the English Language". Longman. ISBN 0-582-51734-6
2. Jump up^ Other verbs after which subjunctives may be used
include propose, suggest, recommend, move (in the
parliamentary sense),demand, ask, mandate, prefer, request,
ask, desire, advise, urge, specify, instruct, order, demand, insist,
require, mandate, rule, necessitate, suffice, advocate, vote,
would rather.
3. Jump up^ Other adjectives after which subjunctives may be
used
include imperative, important, adamant, necessary, preferable,
optional, permissible, acceptable, okay, all right, satisfactory,
desirable, advisable, sufficient, necessary, mandatory, urgent,
vital, crucial, essential, fitting, right, appropriate, better,
expedient, legitimate.
4. Jump up^ Other nouns after which subjunctives may be used
include insistence, proposal, preference, request, desire,
advice, suggestion, option, alternative, recommendation,
demand, requirement, necessity, imperative, condition,
mandate, specification, rule, ruling, edict, instruction, principle,
prerequisite, order, qualification, ultimatum, vote, motion.
5. Jump up^ Another example: Your purpose, then, plainly stated,
is, that you will destroy the Government, unless you be allowed
to construe and enforce the Constitution as you please, on all
points in dispute between you and us. George Haven Putnam
6. Jump up^ An example is America, America, God shed His
grace on thee, and crown thy good with brotherhood (from
"America the Beautiful"). Similarly the traditional English text of
the Aaronic blessing is cast entirely in the subjunctive, with
jussive force: The Lord bless thee and keep thee. The
 Lord make His face to shine upon thee. The Lord lift up His
countenance upon thee andgive thee peace.
7. Jump up^ Stein, Jess, Editor in Chief (1989). Random House
College Dictionary, Revised. Random House. p. 1308.
8. Jump up^ The Cambridge history of the English language.
Richard M. Hogg, Roger Lass, Norman Francis Blake, Suzanne
Romaine, R. W. Burchfield, John Algeo. (2000).

Bibliography[edit]

Curme, George O. (1977). A Grammar of the English

Language. Verbatim. ISBN 0-930454-01-4 (reprint of 1931
edition from D. C. Heath and Company)
Chalker, Sylvia (1995). Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-860055-0
Fowler, H. W. (1926). A Dictionary of Modern English Usage.
Oxford University Press.
Hardie, Ronald G. (1990). English Grammar. Harper
Collins. ISBN 0-00-458349-3
James, Francis (1986). Semantics of the English Subjunctive.
Univ. of British Columbia Press.
Nesfield, J. C. (1939). Manual of English Grammar and
Composition. Macmillan.

External links[edit]

Subjunctive in English at englishpage.com

The English subjunctive: scholarly opinions at ceafinney.com
http://nurmanali.blogspot.com/2011/04/conditional-
sentences-and-sujuntive.html

conditional sentences and subjuntive

conditional sentences

Tidak semua conditional sentences (IF Clause) identik

dengan Subjunctive. Subjunctive adalah kalimat pengandaian
yang tidak mungkin terjadi lagi, sedangkan pada If clause
type 1 masih ada kemungkinan untuk terjadi di masa yang
akan datang. Hanya If Clause type 2 dan type 3 yang identik
atau sama dengan Subjunctive.

1. Pola dan Arti IF Clause

Ada tige jenis If Clause yaitu :

TYPE 1

Pola : IF + S + V1s/es (am,is,are) + S + M1 + V1/be

Arti : Masih mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

Contoh :
If I study hard I will pass the exam.
it means that Its possible for me to pass the exam.

Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 1 yaitu ada kata-kata

yang berarti mungkin (possible, perhaps, maybe, likely,
probably, etc.)
TYPE 2

Pola : IF + S + V2 (were) + S + M2 + V1/be

Arti : Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang

Contoh :
If I studied hard I would pass the exam.
it means that I dont study hard, so I dont pass the exam.

Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 2 yaitu cari lawan kata
dari pernyataan sebelumya (kalau negative biasanya ada
kata-kata Do/does + not + V1 or am/is/are + not atau kalau
positif ada V1 s/es or am/is/are.

TYPE 3

Pola : IF + S + had V3 (had been) + S + M2 + have +

V3/been
Arti : Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang

Contoh :
If She had come to my house, She would have met her
friend, Rita.
it means that She didnt come to my house so she didnt
meet Rina.

Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 2 yaitu cari lawan kata
dari pernyataan sebelumya (kalau negative biasanya ada
kata-kata didnt + V1 or was/were + not atau kalau positif ada
V2 or was/were.
2. Pola dan Arti Subjunctive

* Wish (present) + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time

(now, today, etc.)
* Present verb + as if/as though + S + V2/were/could V1 +
Present time( now, today,etc)
* Wished (past) + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 +
Past time( yesterday, last, ago, etc.)
* Past verb + as if/as though + S + had V3(had
been)/could have V3 + Past time( yesterday,last, ago,
etc.)
* If only + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time( now,
today, etc.)
* If only + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 + Past
time( yesterday, last, ago)
* Would rather + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time(
now, today, etc.)
* Would rather + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 +
Past time (yesterday, last, ago, etc.)

RINGKASAN

If only V2/were + (present time)

Would rather
As if
As though Had V3/had been + ( Past time )
Wish
Fakta dari subjunctive turunkan satu tingkat di bawahnya
namun negatifkan, jika kita menggunakan Past Perfect dalam
Subjunctive maka faktanya Past simple, dan apabila kita
menggunakan Past Simple dalam subjunctive maka faktanya
Present Simple. Kata kunci atau cara mencari fakta dari
subjunctive sama persis dengan IF Clause Type 2 dan Type
3.

Would Rather selain sebagai subjunctive juga bisa kita

pakai untuk mengungkapkan preference atau kesukaan,
namun ada perbedaan pola penggunaan. Would rather
sebagai preference langsung bertemu dengan kata kerja
pertama (V1), sedangkan pada subjunctive diikuti dengan
subjek .Perhatikan perbedaan contoh berikut:

Subjunctive : He would rather my father were not at home.

(ada subject setelah d rather)
Preference : He would rather stay at home than spend his
time at discotique. (no subject after would rather)

PENTING!!!

a. IF + S + WERE bisa kita ungkapkan dengan pola

inversi yaitu : WERE + S
Contoh :
If I were here = Were I here.
If She were a dentist = were she a dentist.

b. IF + S + HAD V3/HAD BEEN bisa juga kita ungkapkan

dengan menggunakan pola inversi yaitu :
HAD + S + V3/BEEN
 Contoh :
If Mary had come = Had Mary come
If She had been a doctor, = Had she been a doctor,

c. IF Not ( IF dalam bentuk negative ) sama maknanya

dengan UNLESS atau OTHERWISE. Namun struktur
berpola positif.
Contoh :
If Mr. Dhany didnt study well, = Unless Mr. Dhany studied
well,

PROBLEM SET 6

01. If someone had taken her book, she ... the teacher.
(A) would have told to
(B) would have told
(C) will have told it to
(D) had told it
(E) would tell it to

02. He ... if I had not reminded him.

(A) may forget
(B) might have forgotten
(C) must forget
(D) should forget
(E) may forget

03. "Your drawing was very good."

 "I could have done better if I ... more time."
(A) have had
(B) will have had
(C) had
(D) would have
(E) had had

04. "Were the doctor here, he would immediately

examine Mary."
This means ....
(A) "Mary cannot be examined because the doctor is not
here."
(B) "The doctor is here and examining Mary."
(C) "Mary is being examined because the doctor is here."
(D) "Although the doctor is here, Mary is not examined."
(E) "The doctor is not here, but Mary has been examined."

05. He didn't pass his exam. If he had studied harder, he ....

(A) can pass it
(B) could pass it.
(C) will pass it
(D) can passed it.
(E) could have passed it.

06. If he studies hard, good mark

(A) he'd get
(B) he gets
(C) he'll get
(D) he'll have got
(E) he'd have got
07. Had I known you did not have any money, I ... you mine.
(A) would lend
(B) did not lend
(C) would have lent
(D) had lent
(E) would not lend

08. "If I had come earlier, I could have met him.

This sentence means ....
(A) I came early so that I could meet him.
(B) I came late, so I could not meet him.
(C) Although I came early, I could not meet him.
(D) I did not come late; nevertheless, I could not meet him.
(E) I came early, therefore I could not meet him.

09. If you do not hurry, the bus ... the stations before you get
there.
(A) has left
(B) is leaving
(C) will be leaving
(D) will leave
(E) will have left

10. If it rains, you must ask the children ....

(A) won't play football.
(B) don't play football.
(C) not to play football.
(D) play not football.
(E) not play football.

11. If I had got up early, I should not have come late to

school.
 It means ....
(A) I did not sleep.
(B) I got up early.
(C) I came to school on time.
(D) I did not get up late.
(E) I got up late.

12. Ani : "If I had studied hard, I have graduated."

Ana : "I think "
(A) Ani has graduated
(B) Ani did not study hard
(C) Ani and Ana did not study hard
(D) Ana has graduated
(E) Ana did not study hard

13. .he here now, he would meet me.

(A) were
(B) is
(C) was
(D) had been
(E) if

14. I ... my study if I have good mark in the exams.

(A) continue
(B) continued
(C) will continue
(D) would continue
(E) would have continued

15. Indah : "Will you go to the football

match?"
Bunga : "I shall go to the football if it ....
(A) did not rain heavily.
(B) does not rain heavily.
(C) rained heavily.
(D) raining heavily.
(E) will not rain heavily.

16. Mr.Is9ni ... the new dress if she had enough money.
(A) buy
(B) will buy
(C) bought
(D) would buy
(E) will bought

17. If you did your homework, the teacher ... angry with you.
(A) would
(B) would not be
(C) will
(D) would have been
(E) will be

18. She ... our club if we ask her.

(A) is going to join
(B) would join
(C) will join
(D) is joining
(E) would have joined

19. Unless you returned the book, hewith you.

(A) shall be angry
(B) should have been angry
(C) shall not be angry
(D) should be angry
(E) should not be angry

20. Anton would answer the question if he knew it.

In fact, he ... the answer.
(A) doesn't know
(B) knows
(C) didn't know
(D) knew
(E) has not known

21. "If my father had a car, I would take Andi to Puncak", Didi
said.
From the sentence above we can draw a conclusion that ....
(A) Didi took Andi to Puncak.
(B) Didi drives his father's car.
(C) Didi's father doesn't have a car.
(D) Didi went to Puncak with Andi.
(E) Didi and Andi will go to Puncak.

22. If Harry had failed, ... with him?

(A) would his father have been angry
(B) will his father have been angry
(C) would his father be angry
(D) did his father become angry
(E) was his father angry

23. If I ... my driving test, I shall buy a car.

(A) buy
(B) will buy
(C) bought
(D) would buy
(E) had bought
24. If you took an umbrella, you ... wet.
(A) will get
(B) would not get
(C) would get
(D) will not get
(E) would have got

25. If I ... , my father would have been angry with me.

(A) fail
(B) would fail
(C) failed
(D) would have failed
(E) had failed

PROBLEM SET 7

01.
01. I wish the driver wouldn't drive so fast. It makes me
nervous.
This sentence means that ....
(A) the driver drives his car very fast.
(B) the driver will drive his car slowly.
(C) the driver doesn't drive his car carefully.
(D) the driver will not drive his car very fast.
(E) the driver drove his car very fast.
02. If only I ... more time. I would have come to your house.
(A) had had
(B) had
(C) have had
(D) has
(E) have

03. The stranger gave me this note and went away before I
could say anything. I wish I ... his name.
(A) ask
(B) had asked
(C) asked
(D) would have asked
(E) asking

04. I wish I ..., so I can teach you now.

(A) am a teacher of yours
(B) were a teacher of yours
(C) had been your teacher
(D) will be your teacher
(E) was your teacher

05. My dear wishes she had attended the party last night.
It means ....
(A) she doesn't want to the party.
(B) she is in the party now.
(C) she is not in the party.
(D) she didn't attend the party.
(E) she was in the party last night.

06. "If only his son had studied harder." It means ....
(A) his son did not study harder.
(B) his son had studied harder.
(C) his son has studied harder.
(D) his son not study harder.
(E) his son will not study harder.

07. She went to the blackboard as if she knew the Problem.

The underlined words mean ....
(A) She actually couldn't solve the problem.
(B) She ought to know how to solve the problem.
(C) She definitely knew how to solve the problem.
(D) She should know how to solve the problem.
(E) She succeeded in solving the problem.

08. What a pity I can't speak English.

I wish I ... English.
(A) could speak
(B) speak
(C) spoke
(D) could have spoken
(E) had spoken

09. I dont know Mr. Dhany. I wish I

... him.
(A) knew
(B) know
(C) have known
(D) will know
(E) had known

10. It's a pity you didn't roll the carpet up before painting the
ceiling. I wish you.
(A) don't roll the carpet up beforevpainting the ceiling.
(B) roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(C) rolled the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(D) had rolled the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(E) didn't roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling.

11. If only I had been there, I would have made several

criticisms.
It means ....
(A) I made several criticism.
(B) I had been there for a long time.
(C) I didn't make several criticisms
(D) I would make the criticisms.
(E) I had received the criticisms.

12. If only I had known it was your birthday, I would have

bought you a gift. It means
(A) I don't know it is your birthday so I don't buy you a gift.
(B) I know it is your birthday so I don't buy you a gift.
(C) I knew it was your birthday so I bought you a gift.
(D) I didn't know it was your birthday so I bought you a gift.
(E) I didn't know it was your birthday so I didn't buy you a gift.

13. I wish you hadn't given him my phone number.

It means ....
(A) you gave him my phone number.
(B) you didn't give him my phone number.
(C) you hadn't give him my phone number.
(D) you would give him my phone number.
(E) you haven't given him my phone number.

14. "He spoke as if he had liked her."

It means ....
(A) He really liked her.
(B) He appeared to like her.
(C) He wanted people to think he liked her.
(D) he used to like her.
(E) He had liked her.

15. Anto doesn't have a motor cycle. He wants to have one,

but he does not have enough money to buy it.
He may say, "I wish I ....
(A) have a motor cycle.
(B) had a motor cycle.
(C) have had a motor cycle.
(D) had had a motor cycle.
(E) will have a motor cycle.

16. What a pity he can't come with us!

I wish he ... come with us.
(A) can
(B) couldn't
(C) can't
(D) couldn't have
(E) could

17. Tom talks as though he ...four languages

(A) has spoken
(B) could speak
(C) have spoken
(D) had spoken
(E) can have spoken

18. Ida : "I told him how to get

there."
Evi : "I know you did, if only he
... your advise."
(A) take
(B) had taken
(C) took
(D) as taken
(E) was taking

19. He had stolen my money, but when I asked him

yesterday, he acted as if he ... my money.
(A) did not steal
(B) had not stolen
(C) has not stolen
(D) would have stolen
(E) E had stolen

20. "The stupid boy laughs as if he were successful."

It means that the stupid boy ....
(A) laughs because he doesn't fail.
(B) laughs because he succeeds.
(C) doesn't laugh when he fails.
(D) doesn't laugh when he succeeds
(E) laughs, but actually he fails.
21. He treats us as if we ... all foolish.
(A) were
(B) had been
(C) have been
(D) are
(E) was

22. He was abroad when his father died.

He wished he .with him.
(A) had been
(B) was not
(C) has not been
(D) has been
(E) would not be

23. He acts as if heEnglish perfectly

(A) knew
(B) know
(C) known
(D) had known
(E) has known

24. He walked as if hemad.

(A) were
(B) was
(C) had been
(D) have been
(E) is

25. Andi would rather his father.him money last night.

(A) gave
(B) gives
(C) will give
(D) had given
(E) has given
This is a fairly complex topic and even the experts disagree
on the nuances. The web has vast amounts of information on
the formation and use of the conditional/subjunctive, the
decline of the subjunctive in English, and provides many
examples.

The conditional mood involves statements in which the

results or outcome are contingent (depend) on a given
situation or condition, including, like the subjunctive,
hypothetical situations. The certainty of the outcome can
vary from absolutely certain (not always considered the
"true" conditional) through generally, potentially, and rarely
certain to contrary to fact (the unreal conditional). For
example:

If you take LSD you start to hallucinate. (Certain)

When I feed my dog, he usually bites me. (Generally certain)
If he were to arrive right now, we might have a chance to
see him. (Hypothetical/uncertain).
If I made lots of money, I would invest in gold (Contrary to
fact).

The subjunctive mood treats statements of emotion, wishing,

uncertainty, and contrary to fact/hypothetical situations:

I wish he were dead!

May you always be prosperous!
I wish I were in Figi, it is too cold here.
Would that it were true!

There is a link between the conditional and subjunctive: in an

unreal present conditional statement (one hypothetical or
contrary to fact), the main clause (the result) is in the
conditional while the subordinate clause (the condition) is in
the subjunctive:

I would have more fun in Berlin if I spoke German. (I don't

speak German).
http://aeriants.blogspot.com/2010/11/kalimat-subjunctive_20.html

Kalimat subjunctive
Selamat datang para pembaca,saya ucapkan.Artikel yang saya tulis ini
adalah salah satu materi dalam mapel bahasa inggris yang perlu
ketekunan dalam mempelajarinya,yaitu tentang kalimat subjunctive,maka
dari itu saya ingin berbagi pengetahuan dengan anda.Semoga anda akan
terbantu dan paham tentang kalimat subjuctive.

kalimat subjunctive digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau

keinginan yang bertentangan dengan fakta dengan diawali dengan kata-
kata seperti Wish (berharap), if only (seandainya), would rather(lebih suka),
dan digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar
adanya dengan diawali kata-kata seperti as if dan as though (seolah-olah).

Kalimat subjunctive juga bisa dikatakan kalimat bentuk pengandaian, kata-

kata yang dipakai untuk kalimat subjunctive diantaranya(wish,if only,would
rather,as if,dan as though).Kalimat subjunctive dipakai untuk menyatakan
keadaan yang berlawanan dengan situas sebenarnya.

Pengelompokan kalimat subjunctive dibagi menjadi 2:

a.Untuk kalimat subjunctive saat sekarang (present)

s+wish/if only/would rather+os(orang)+v2

example:
l wish l mastered all the tasks discussed in the class.

NB: tinggal ganti kta wish dengan would rather.

untuk if only: if only+os(orang)+v2
Sedangkan kalimat subjunctive untuk as if dan as though
examplenya:
he always acts as if/as though he were(v2) the manager.

b.Untuk kalimat subjunctive masa dulu (past)

wished/would rather/if only/as if/as though+had v3

example:
l wished he had finished her task.
if only he had finished her task.
l would rather he had finished her task

she talked as if/as though had visited petanahan beach.

Info lain tentang kalimat subjunctive adalah bentuk kalimat angan-angan.

Namun topik kalimat subjunctive ini berbeda dengan Conditional.
Conditional adalah kalimat pengandaian juga namun perbedaannya adalah
Conditional dilengkapi dengan syarat-syarat tertentu untuk mengandai-
andai. Misalnya "Aku akan mengundanya jika aku jadi kamu."

Penggunaan Subjunctive:
Kita menggunakan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu
kegiatan yang sebenarnya tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan kalimat
subjunctive ketika berbicara tentang kegiatan yang seseorang:

* Inginkan agar terjadi

* Harapkan akan terjadi
* Membayangkan akan terjadi

demikianlah sedikit pengetahuan tentang kalimat subjunctive yang dapat

saya share dengan anda semoga bermanfaat,, terima kasih
Bagi anda yang lebih banyak pengetahuan tentang kalimat subjunctive
dapat memberi masukan pada saya.
http://wawasanfadhitya.blogspot.com/2012/11/subjunctives-wish-if-only-would-rather.html

subjunctives-wish-if-only-would-rather
Subjunctive
adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Namun topik Subjunctive ini berbeda dengan
Conditional. Conditional adalah kalimat pengandaian juga namun perbedaannya adalah
Conditional dilengkapi dengan syarat-syarat tertentu untuk mengandai-andai. Misalnya "Aku
akan mengundanya jika aku jadi kamu.".Subjunctives adalah sebuah harapan di masa yang
akan datang atau bentuk penyesalan dari harapan yang tak terwujud.

Pembagian Subjunctives:
Present Subjunctives
Past Subjunctives
Past Perfect Subjunctives

Struktur Subjunctive

be (present)
Dalam kalimat Non-Verbal, semua Subject dalam Present Subjunctive menggunakan "be",
tidak ada "is'am'are".

I be
you be
he, she, it be
we be
you be
they be

be (past)
Dalam kalimat Non-Verbal, Semua subject dalam Past Subjunctives memakai "were".

I were
you were
he, she, it were
we were
you were
they were

Kata kerja lain (past & present)

Semua kata kerja harus dalam bentuk "Bare Infinitive" yaitu tidak mendapat imbuhan
apapun seperti "s", "es", "ing", atau "-ed".

I work
you work
he, she, it work
 we work
you work
they work

Penggunaan Subjunctive
Kita menggunakan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang
sebenarnya tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan subjunctive ketika berbicara tentang
kegiatan yang seseorang:

Inginkan agar terjadi

Harapkan akan terjadi
Membayangkan akan terjadi
Contoh:

The President requests that you be present at the meeting.

It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

Subjunctive biasanya menggunakan kedua struktur berikut:

Kata Kerja: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest
+ that
Ekspresi: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Contoh:

The manager insists that the car park be locked at night. (Bukan: The...car park is
locked)
(Manager itu berharap agar semua area parkir dikunci pada malam hari)

The board of directors recommended that he join the company. (BUKAN: The....that
he could join)
(Dewan DIreksi merekomendasikan agar dia dapat bergabung dengan Perusahaan)

1. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES
Present Subjunctives adalah harapan di masa sekarang maupun di masa yang akan datang.
Ciri-ciri dari Present Subjunctives adalah Kata Kerjanya dalam bentuk "Bare Infinitive".
Contoh:

May God bless you!

(Semoga Tuhan memberkatimu)
Have a good time!
(Selamat bersenang-senang)
Long live the President!
(Semoga Presiden panjang umur!)

2. PAST SUBJUNCTIVES
Past Subjunctives adalah harapan yang tidak terwujud di masa sekarang. Ciri-ciri dari Past
Subjunctives adalah Tenses yang digunakan dalam bentuk "Past".

Kata/Frase yang sering digunakan dalam Past Subjunctives adalah:

 Wish
If Only
As if
As though
Would rather
It's time

Wish
Kata wish berfungsi untuk:

a. Menunjukkan Future Time

Rumus: S + wish + would/could + Verb

Contoh:

It's raining. She wishes it would stop.

(Hari sedang hujan. Dia berharap hujan akan berhenti)
Faktanya: Sekarang masih hujan dan belum berhenti

I wish Fatimah could come.

(Saya harap Fatimah bisa datang)
Faktanya: Fatimah tidak bisa datang

b. Menunjukkan Present Time

Rumus: S + wish ... + S + Past Verb

Contoh:

They wish I were there.

(Mereka berharap saya ada di sana)
Faktanya: Saya tidak ada di sana

She wishes I would not come.

(Dia berharap saya tidak akan datang)
Faktanya: Saya akan datang

If Only
If Only yang kita gunakan disini artinya adalah "Seandainya".
Contoh:

If only she were not here.

(Seandainya dia tidak ada disini)
If only they could speak English.
(Seandainya mereka bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris)

Would Rather
Selain dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan "lebih suka", would rather dapat juga digunakan
pada Subjunctives, yang artinya sama, "lebih suka".
Contoh:
 I would rather you went now.
(Saya lebih suka kamu pergi sekarang)
They would rather I not call them.
(Mereka lebih suka kalau saya tidak menelpon mereka)

As if / As though
As if dan As though mempunyai fungsi dan arti yang sama, yaitu "seolah-olah".
Contoh:

Edi talks as if he knew everything.

(Edi berbicara seolah-olah dia tahu segalanya)
They act as though they were the real actors.
(Mereka berakting seolah-olah merekalah aktor yang sebenarnya)

It's Time
It's time disini diartikan dengan "Kini saatnya". Ada 2 pola dari It's Time, yaitu:

It's time + to infinitives

It's time + Subjek + Past Form
Contoh:

It's time to get up.

(Waktunya bangun)
It's time to go to the movie.
(Saatnya pergi ke bioskop)
It's time you sent the letter.
(Waktunya kamu kirimkan surat itu)
It's time I went to school.
(Waktunya saya pergi ke sekolah)

3. PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES

Past Perfect Subjunctives adalah sebuah ungkapan harapan yang tidak terwujud di masa
lampau. Ciri-ciri dari Past Perfect Subjunctives adalah kata kerjanya dalam bentuk Past
Perfect.
Contoh:

I wished they had invited me.

(Saya harap mereka telah mengundang saya)
Faktanya: They didn't invite me.

You talked as if you had been there.

(Kamu berbicara seolah-olah kamu ada di sana)
Faktanya: You were not there.

They would rather I had called them.

(Mereka lebih suka kalau saya sudah menghubungi mereka)
Faktanya: I didn't call them.

If only I had rejected him.

(Seandainya saya sudah menolaknya)
Faktanya: I didn't reject him.
 Situasi Tidak Formal
Pada situasi tidak formal, tidak ada aturan main seperti penjelasan di atas.
Contoh:

She talked as if she was there.

I wish she is here.
Pokoknya mau formal atau informal, jika kita menggunakan kata-kata seperti wish, as if, as
though, would rather, it's time dan if only, maka sebenarnya kita sudah menggunakan
bentuk Subjunctives.

sumber:http://ismailmidi.com/english-205-subjunctives.html

http://hidayatullahahmad.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/

Subjunctive terdiri dari present danpast yang memiliki aturan penggunaan

masing-masing. Kata-kata yang digunakan
dalam subjunctive adalah wish (menginginkan/ mengharapkan),as if/ as
though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka), if only(seandainya/
jika saja).

Penggunaan Subjungtive
Penggunaan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang
sebenarnya tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan subjunctive ketika berbicara
tentang kegiatan yang seseorang, yang inginkan agar terjadi, harapkan akan
terjadi, membayangkan akan terjadi

Contoh:

1. The President requests that you be present at the meeting.

2. It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
3. If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

Subjunctive biasanya menggunakan kedua struktur berikut:

Kata Kerja: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request,

suggest + that
Ekspresi: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Contoh:

The manager insists that the car park be locked at night. (Bukan: Thecar
park is locked). (Manager itu berharap agar semua area parkir dikunci pada
malam hari)
The board of directors recommended that he join the company. (BUKAN:
The.that he could join). (Dewan DIreksi merekomendasikan agar dia
dapat bergabung dengan Perusahaan)
E. Rumus Penggunaan Subjungtive

1. Present Subjunctive
Present Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu
pada masa sekarang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense.

Wish

Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

Contoh : I wish you visited me. (Artinya: Saya berharap kamu mengunjungi
saya.) (Faktanya: You dont visit me.)

As if /As though

Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were

Contoh : The girl dresses as if it were summer now. (Artinya: Perempuan itu
berpakaian seolah-olah sekarang musim panas.)
(Faktanya: it is not summer now.)

Would rather

Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

Contoh : Shelly would rather he told the truth. (Artinya: Shelly lebih suka dia
mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)
(Faktanya: He doesnt tell the truth.)

If only

If only + Subject + Verb 2

Contoh : If only she knew. (Artinya: Seandainya dia tau.)
(Faktanya: She doesnt know.)
2. Past Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada
masa lampau, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Wish

Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh : She wished (that) she had had more time last night. (Artinya: Dia
berharap bahwa dia punya waktu lebih kemarin malam.)
(Faktanya: She didnt have more time last night.)

As if /As though

Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh : Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (Artinya: Jeff terlihat
seolah-olah dia telah melihat hantu.)
(Faktanya: He didnt see a ghost.)

Would rather

Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh : I would rather he had been here. (Artinya: Saya lebih suka dia
sudah berada disini.)
(Faktanya: He was not here.)
1. If only
If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been
Contoh : If only Rachel had not been at home last night (Artinya: Seandainya
Rachel sudah tidak ada di rumah kemarin malam.)
(Faktanya: Rachel was at home last night.)
3. Future Subjunctive
Future Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada
masa yang akan datang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense.

Wish

Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would + Verb 1

Contoh : I wish you would come to the party tonight.(Artinya: Saya berharap
kamu akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)
(Faktanya: He will not come to the party tonight)
I wish Fatimah could come. (Saya harap Fatimah bisa datang)
(Faktanya: Fatimah tidak bisa datang)

It is

Subject(1) + It is + Subject(2) + Could / Would + Verb 1

Contoh : Its raining. She wishes it would stop. (Hari sedang hujan. Dia
berharap hujan akan berhenti)
(Faktanya: Sekarang masih hujan dan belum berhenti).
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-subjunctive.htm

Subjunctive
The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in
English.

Structure of the Subjunctive

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For
all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is
the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past) be all other verbs (past &

(present) present)
I were I be I work
you were you be you work
he, she, he, she, he, she, it work
it were it be we work
we were we be you work
you were you be they work
they were they be
The subjunctive does not change according to person (I,
you, he etc).

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events
that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the
subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

wants to happen
anticipates will happen
imagines happening
Look at these examples:

The President requests that you be present at the

meeting.
It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
If you were at the meeting, the President would be
happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:

the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose,

recommend, request, suggest + that
the expressions: it is desirable, essential,
important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive:

The manager insists that the car park be locked at

night.
The board of directors recommended that
he join the company.
It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
It was necessary that every student submit his
essay by the weekend.

Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always

the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is
past or present. Look at these examples:

Present: The President requests that they stop the

occupation.
Past: The President requested that they stop the
occupation.

Present: It is essential that she be present.

Past: It was essential that she be present.
The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in
American English than in English, where should +
infinitive is often used:

The manager insists that the car park should

be locked at night.
It was essential that we should vote as soon as
possible.

We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was"

after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at
these sentences:

If I were you, I would ask her.

Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Why do we say "I were", "he were"?

We sometimes hear things like "if I were you, I would
go" or "if he werehere, he would tell you". Normally, the
past tense of the verb "to be" is: I was, he was. But
the if I were you structure does not use the past simple
tense of the verb "to be". It uses the past
subjunctive of the verb "to be". In the following
examples, you can see that we often use the subjunctive
form were instead of "was" after:

if
as if
wish
suppose

Formal Informal

(The were form is (The was form is possible in

correct at all times.) informal, familiar
conversation.)
If I were younger, I If I was younger, I would go.
would go.
If he weren't so mean, If he wasn't so mean, he
he would buy one for would buy one for me.
me.
I wish I weren't so I wish I wasn't so slow!
slow!
I wish it were longer. I wish it was longer.
It's not as if I It's not as if I was ugly.
were ugly.
She acts as if she She acts as if she was Queen.
wereQueen.
If I were you, I should Note: We do not normally say
tell her. "if I was you", even in familiar
conversation.

Some fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are

some examples:

Long live the King!

God bless America!
Heaven forbid!
Be that as it may, he still wants to see her.
Come what may, I will never forget you.
We are all citizens of the world, as it were.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood

The subjunctive is a grammatical mood found in many languages. Subjunctive forms of

verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion,
possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred the precise
situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is an
irrealis mood (one that does not refer directly to what is necessarily real) it is often
contrasted with the indicative, which is a realis mood.

Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses, particularly
that-clauses. Examples of subjunctive use can be found in the English sentences "I suggest
that you be careful" and "It is important that he stay by your side." (The corresponding
indicative forms of the emboldened verbs would be are and stays.)

English
Main article: English subjunctive

The subjunctive in Modern English occurs in a variety of contexts in which the form of the
verb used is different from what it normally would be, given the implied time of the action.
Regardless of the subject, the form of the present subjunctive verb used to express present or
past desires and the like in that clauses is the bare form of the infinitive (not preceded by
"to"). Hence, the present subjunctive of "to go" is "I go", "you go", "he/she/it go", "we go",
"they go". For instance: "It was required that he go to the back of the line" (compared with
the past indicative "Everyone knows that he went to the back of the line"); and "It is required
that he go to the back of the line" (compared with the present indicative "Everyone knows
that he goes to the back of the line").

The English subjunctive also occurs in counterfactual dependent clauses, using a form of the
verb that in the indicative would indicate a time of action prior to the one implied by the
subjunctive. It is called the past subjunctive when referring counterfactually to the present,
and is called the pluperfect subjunctive when referring counterfactually to the past. It occurs
in that clauses following the main-clause verb "wish" ("I wish that she were here now"; "I
wish that she had been here yesterday") and in if clauses expressing a condition that does not
or did not hold ("If she were here right now, ..."; "If she had been here yesterday, ...").

The terms "present subjunctive" and "past subjunctive", such as those appearing in the
following table, refer to the form and not to the time of action expressed.[3]:p.270 (Not shown in
the table is the pluperfect subjunctive, which uses the had-plus-past-participle construction
when the counterfactual time of action is the past.)
 Future Present Present
Present Present Past Past Future
indicati negative negative
indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive
ve indicative subjunctive

I will if I were
that I not
own to own I do not
that I own own
that I owned he/she if own
to own I own that I owned that
that he/she/it /it will he/she/it he/she/it
(examp he/she/it he/she/it he/she/it he/she/it
owned own were to does not
le owns own owned not own
that we will own own
regular we/you/th that we/you/th that
we/you/they own if we/you/th
verb) ey own we/you/th ey owned we/you/th
owned you/th we/you/th ey do not
ey own ey not
ey will ey were own
own
own to own

I will if I were
be to be that I not
that I be
that I were he/she if be
I am that I was I am not
that he/she/it /it will he/she/it that
he/she/it he/she/it he/she/it he/she/it
were be were to he/she/it
to be is be was is not
that we will be not be
we/you/th that we/you/th we/you/th
we/you/they be if that
ey are we/you/th ey were ey are not
were you/th we/you/th we/you/th
ey be
ey will ey were ey not be
be to be

Time past, past,

present or present or
of present or past present future future present or
future future
action future future

counterfactua
doubtful
desire in lity in if desire in
possibility
Usage that clauses or in that
in if
clauses that clauses clauses
clauses
after wish

As shown in the above table, the form of the subjunctive is distinguishable from the
indicative in five circumstances:

1. in the third-person singular of any verb in the present form;

2. in all instances of the verb "be" in the present form;
 3. in the first and third persons singular of the verb "be" in the past form;
4. in all instances of all verbs in the future form; and
5. in all instances of all verbs in the present negative form.

However, even when the subjunctive and indicative forms are identical, their time references
are usually different.

The verb "to be" is so distinguishable because its forms in Modern English derive from three
different Old English verbs: beon (be, being, been), wesan (was, is, wast), and waeron (am,
art, are, were, wert).

Some modal auxiliaries have a past subjunctive form. For example, the indicative will as in
He will come tomorrow has the subjunctive form would as in I wish that he would come
tomorrow. Likewise, the indicative can as in He can do it now has the subjunctive form could
as in I wish that he could do it now. And the indicative shall as in I shall go there has the
subjunctive form should as in If I should go there, ...."

In Early Modern English, the past subjunctive was distinguishable from the past indicative
not only in the verb to be (as in Modern English) but also in the second-person singular of all
verbs. For example: indicative thou sattest, but subjunctive thou sat.

Nevertheless, in some texts in which the pronoun thou is used, a final -est or -st is sometimes
added; for example, thou beest appears frequently in the work of Shakespeare and some of
his contemporaries.
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/subjunctive_mood.htm

What Is the Subjunctive Mood? (with Examples)

The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a
condition that is contrary to fact.

The form of a verb in the subjunctive mood may differ from the form with the same subject which is
not in the subjunctive mood. For example:
I was in your position two years ago.
(not in the subjunctive mood)
If I were in your position, I would do the same.
(subjunctive mood)
Examples of the Subjunctive Mood
Here are some examples of verbs in the subjunctive mood:
I wish it were still in use.
(it was becomes it were)
The board recommended that the motion be passed immediately.
(motion is passed becomes motion be passed)
She suggests that Mark work full time from Saturday.
(Mark works becomes Mark work)
He said it was essential that Johan guard the box.
(Johan guards becomes Johan guard)
It is imperative that the game begin at once.
(game begins becomes game begin)
Through common usage, the non-subjunctive forms of verbs are gradually replacing the subjunctive
forms. Many of the examples above sound incorrect. In summary, the changes are:
Non-
Subjunctive Subjunctive
Non-subjunctive Form subjunctive
Form Example
Example
It is essential he be
is He is allowed. be
allowed.
If I were ordered, I'd
was I was ordered. were
go.
present verbs in the third person singular He cooks. remove the s I wish that he cook.
(i.e., ending s)

Verbs Which Attract the Subjunctive Mood

The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, command, demand, insist, order,
recommend, suggest, and wish.
Adjectives Which Attract the Subjunctive Mood
The following adjectives often attract the subjunctive mood: crucial, essential, important,
imperative, and necessary.
What Is Mood?
Mood is the form a verb takes to show how it is to be regarded (e.g., as a fact, a command, a wish,
an uncertainty).

There are three major moods in English:

The Indicative Mood. This states facts or asks questions. For example:

o They are playing the guitar.

o Are they playing the guitar?
The Imperative Mood. This expresses a command or a request. For example:

o Play the guitar!

o Please play the guitar.
The Subjunctive Mood. This shows a wish or doubt. For example:

o I suggest that Lee play the guitar.

o I propose that Lee be asked to play the guitar.
o If I were Lee, I would play the guitar.

Read more at http://www.grammar-

monster.com/glossary/subjunctive_mood.htm#XQtImhoC3BawbeR4.99
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-simple-past-future-tense

Pengertian, Rumus dan Contoh Past Future

Tense

Pengertian Past Future Tense

Past future tense atau future in the past adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk
membicarakan masa depan dari perspektif masa lalu. Lebih spesifik, bentuk ini
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, baik secara
sukarela maupun yang direncanakan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di
masa depan pada saat berada di masa lalu. Past future tense sering digunakan
pada reported speech.

Rumus Past Future Tense

Past future tense dibentuk dari modal would dan bare

infinitive atau dibentuk dari auxiliary verb be (was, were), present
participlegoing, dan infinitive. Apa itu infinitive? Infinitive merupakan particleto
+ bare infinitive.
Dengan demikian rumus past future tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan
interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.
 Jenis
Rumus Past Future Tense Contoh Past Future Tense
Kalimat

He would forgive you.

S + would + bare infinitive

positif S + was/were + going to + bare Lia was going to give two beautiful scarfs to
(+) infinitive her friend.

He wouldnt forgive you.

S + would + not + bare infinitive

negatif S + was/were + not + going to + bare Lia wasnt going to give two beautiful scarfs to
(-) infinitive her friend.

Would he forgive you?

Would + S + bare infinitive?

interogatif Was/were + S + going to + bare Was Lia going to give two beautiful scarfs to
(?) infinitive ? her friend?

Contoh Kalimat Past Future Tense

Beberapa contoh kalimat past future tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah
sebagai berikut.
Contoh
Fungsi Kalimat Past
Future Tense

I knew
you would
prepare all the
things for the
meeting.
(Saya tau kamu
akan
mempersiapkan
segala hal untuk
Past future tense untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan secara sukarela pertemuan
(would). tersebut.)

Past future tense untuk menyatakan aksi yang direncanakan (was/were going to). They told that
 they were
going to
visit Lombok.
(Mereka
mengatakan
bahwa mereka
akan
mengunjungi
Lombok.)

I thought
she was going
to enroll the
course.
(Saya pikir dia
akan mendaftar
kursus
tersebut.)

My uncle told
me that
he would
come on time.
(Paman saya
mengatakan
pada saya
bahwa dia akan
datang tepat
waktu.)

She promised
she would
give me a box
of banana cake.
(Dia berjanji
dia akan
memberi saya
sekotak bolu
Past future tense untuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat janji (would). pisang.)

My father had a
strong feeling
Past future tense untuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat prediksi (would & was/were that the
going to). weather would
bewarm.
 (Ayah saya
punya perasaan
kuat bahwa
cuaca akan
hangat.)

I thought that
the
authorities were
going to
investigate all
allegations of
fraud.
(Saya pikir
otoritas itu akan
menyelidiki
semua dugaan
penipuan.)

Bentuk Pasif dari Past Future Tense

Rumus bentuk pasif dari past future tense adalah sebagai berikut.
S + would + be + Verb-3 / Past Participle

atau

S + was/were + going to + be + Verb-3 / Past Participle

Contoh Kalimat Active dan Passive Past Future Tense:

No Active Past Future Tense Passive Past Future Tense

I knew she would finish the task in an hour. I knew the task would be finished in an hour.
(Saya tau dia akan menyelesaikan tugas tersebut (Saya tau tugas tersebut akan diselesaikan
1 dalam satu jam.) dalam satu jam.)

We thought a new car was going to be bought

We thought Rizma was going to buy a new car. by Rizma.
(Kami pikir Rizma akan membeli sebuah mobil (Kami pikir sebuah mobil baru akan dibeli
2 baru.) oleh Rizma.)
Soal Past Future Tense
Related Posts:

Simple Future Tense

Simple Past Tense
Past Future Perfect Tense
Reported Speech
Auxiliary Verb
Semoga penjelasan materi past future tense ini bermanfaat dan mohon maaf jika
ada kekurangan.

References:

1. Future-in-the-past. http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/Future-In-The-Past.htm.
Accessed on December 11, 2012.
2. Talking about the Past. http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/verbs/talking-about-past. Accessed on December 11, 2012.
3. Future in the Past .http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureinpast.html. Accessed
on December 11, 2012.
http://www.grammaring.com/as-if-as-though

AS IF / AS THOUGH
Clauses that start with as if / as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if they are
followed by an unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive). Otherwise, they
express that the statement is true.

The past subjunctive after as if / as though indicates an unreal situation in the present. However,
if the situation is true, we use a real tense to express present time:

He looks as if he knew the answer. (he gives the impression that he knows the answer, but he
(probably) doesn't know or we don't know whether he knows or not)
He looks as if he knows the answer. (he knows the answer)

If we put the verb preceding as if / as though into the past tense, the present
simple knows changes into past simple, whereas the past subjunctive knew stays the same.
Therefore, both sentences will read as follows:

He looked as if he knew the answer.

Consequently, the meaning of this sentence (whether he knew the answer or not) can only be
deduced from the context.

The past perfect subjunctive after as if / as though is used to refer to an unreal past situation. If
the situation is true, we use a real tense to express past time:

He seems as if he hadn't slept for days. (it seems that he hasn't slept for days, but he (probably)
has or we don't know whether he has or not)
He seems as if he hasn't slept for days. (he hasn't slept for days)

If the preceding verb is put into the past tense, the present perfect hasn't slept changes into past
perfect, while the past perfect subjunctive hadn't slept stays the same:

He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days.

For diagrams and quotes related to this topic, check out our e-book The Grammaring Guide to
English Grammar.