BUILD THIS

UNIVERSAL
DESCRAMBLER
BUILD A MORSElRrrY
DETECTOR
Display Morse code and
radioteletype signals
on your computer

INSIDE THE
DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
Will the DSO make
analog scopes obsolete?

WHY ARE THERE

SO MANY TRANSISTORS?
How to choose the right
component for
your next design

CIRCUIT COOKBOOK
Practical security-system
circuits

c.."IIiE.illtis;
Waveform processing
using a PC
FLUKE AND PH I LIP S - T H E G LO BA L AL L IANCE I N TE ST & MEAS UREMENT

FLUKE PHILIPS
High Resolution Digital Meter:
4000 count digital readout; 20,000
countmode (Fluke 87) for 4'/, Ana logMeter:High-speed
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second -as fast as the eyecan
follow; X10 Zoombargraph mode
(Fluke 83 and 85) makes high
resolutionoffset measurements
asnap.
Backlitdisplay: Makes it easy to
readthe DMM indark, cramped
quarters. Automatically shuts - -- - - - -fiiib-'
off after 68 seconds to Frequency counter: Accurate
save the battery. down to 0.5 Hz; also measures
duty cycle

Capacitance meter:
ReCOrder: records minimums and Autoranglng, with manual ranging
maximums, plus true arithmetic at thetouchof abutton
average; audible Min Max Alert;
selectable response t1mes-
1second and100 ms (all models)
plus 1ms Peak Min Max
(Fluke 87)

Holster with Flex Stand ,. :

Protects meter and provides test
lead storage. Flexiblelegallows
meter to be hungfrom peg,
bent around apipe, or used
almost anywhere.

FLUKE 83 FLUKE 85
Vol ts,ohms,amps, diode test, audible continuity, freq~ency and dutycycle,
capacitance,Touch Ho l d ~ relat ive,protectiveholslerwllhFlex-Stand' M

$199' $229' $289'

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1InS PEAKMIN MAX
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Meet the er a There's afully annunciated display for clear 1-800-44-FLUKE, ext, 33 for the name
test bench to your job. operation. Duty cycle function. High-speed of your nearest distributor.
Fluke 80 Series do-juSt-about- analogindicator. Aprotective holster with JOOn Fluke MIg cc, Ire. P.O. Box 9090 MIS 25OC.
everything "Multi" Meter, innovative Flex-Stand for easy, adaptable
1M
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It offers everythingyou'dexpect from an operation. Audible Input Alert to reduce
1M
1:lCopyrigOt 1989, JOOn Fluke MIg Co, Inc. All rigOts leserved
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Fluke-exclusivefeaturesyoucan't buy any- warranty in the business.
FROM THE WORLDLEADER
where else. All builtwiththe most advanced All good reasons to move up to the truly- IN DIGITAL MULTIMETERS.
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technologyfor athinner, tougher, more reli- Series DMMs at your Fluke distributor. For
able package. immediate, off-the-shelf delivery. Call
F LU K E
CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
 i -
May1990 Ell!llrlnil8~
Vol. 61 No.5

BUILD THIS
37 UNIVERSAL DESCRAMBLER
Restore missing video signals with the universal decoder.
Rudolf F. Graf and William Sheets
49 MORSE/RTTY DETECTOR
Get the detector up and running.
Larry Ashworth, KA 7AFR

TECHNOLOGY
44 INSIDE DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES
A look at some state-of-the-art test equipment. PAGE 8 1
Allan C. Stover

CIRCUITS
53 WHY ARE THERE SO MANY TRA NSIS TO RS?
Learn how to select the right one .
Josef Bernard
61 SECURITY-CIRCUIT COOKBOOK =.::.:.;-:::=:-: INSIDE DIGITAL
The basics of modern home-secu rity systems. ~:..::~-::::-= OSCILLOSC OPES
Ray Marston

Ili~iil
104 Advertising and Sales
Offices
6 VIDEO NEWS 76 AUDIO UPDATE 104 Advertising Index
What's new in this fast- The searc h for t he perfect
8 Ask R-E
changing field . tweeter.
David Lachenbruch Larry K lein 105 Free Information Card
22 EQUIPMENT REPORTS 14 Letters
Jameco Electronics Metex 78 D RA WI N G BOARD
89 Market Center
M-3900 D igital Multimeter Vi deo-syn c generator.
and Integrity Electronics 60- Robert Grossblatt 33 New Lit
Hz Magnetic Field Meter
24 New Products
70 HARDWARE HACKER 81 EDITOR'S WORKBENCH
66 PC Service
Cycolor printing . The talki ng PC .
Don Lancaster J eff Holtzman 4 What's News ~

<.0
<.0
o
 ON -rHE COVER lalllD-
EleclrinicS3
You must havenoticed that video
sync signals are often scrambled or Hugo Gernsback (18841 96 7) founder
altered in some way. That's the case M. Harvey Gernsback,
editor-in-chief emeritus
if you try to copy' a macrovision-en-
coded tape; but sometimes just try- Larry Steckler, EHF, CET.
ed lto r-In-chl ef and publisher
ing to view the tape also presents
problems . You'll run into similar sync EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
Brian C . Fenton, editor
problems if you t r y to watch a
Marc Spiwak, as sociate editor
scrambled cable channel without Daniel Goodman, technical editor
the proper decoder or if you try to Teri Scaduto, assistant editor
watch one scrambled show while Jeffrey K. Holtzman
recording another. ..and t hat's in- compute r ed itor
Robert Grossblatt, circuits editor
convenient. But not if you r build our
Larry Kle in, aud io editor
Universal Descrambler. See page 37 . David Lachenbruch
cont ributing ed itor
Don Lancaster
contributing edito r
Richard D. Fitch
contributing e ditor
Kathy Campbell. editoria l assista nt
ART DEPARTMENT
Andre Duzant, art director
THE JUNE ISSUE Injae Lee, illustrator
Russell C. Truelson. illustrator
GOES ON SALE PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
Ruby M. Yee, production director
MAY 1. Robert A. W. Lowndes.
editor ial production .
Karen S. Tucker
advertis ing product ion
BUILD THE "LAWN RANGER " Marcella Amoroso
This robotic lawnmower takes the work out of cutting t he grass. production assistant
CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT
ALL ABOUT SURROUND SO U ND Jacqueline P . Cheeseboro
circ ulation directo r
Straightforward explanations of all the different surround-sound techniques. Wendy Alanko
circu lation analys t
ADD A DISPLAY T O YOUR N EXT PR OJECT Theresa Lombardo
circ ulation as sistant
Use LCD display module's to enhance the operation of your next design
Michele To rr illo , reprint bookstore
project.
Typography by Mates Graphics
Cover photo by Divers ified Photo
tDMilUiEillJ,GESi Se rvices
A look at computer benchmarks-what th ey mean and how you can write
Radio E lectronics is in de xe d in
yourown.
App lie d Sci ence & Technology Index
and Readers Guide to Periodi cal Liter.
ature.
Microfilm & Microfiche ed itions a re
As a service to readers, RADIOELECTRON ICS publi shes available plans or inform ati on relat ing t o newsworth y produ cts, availab le. Cont act circul ation de part.
techniqu es and sci entific and tec hno log ica l developm ent s. Becaus e of possibl e variances in th e quality and co ndit io n of
materi als and wo rkmans hip used by readers , RADIO ELECTRONICS discl aims any respon sibili ty f or the safe and proper ment for details.
functi onin g of reader-bui lt project s base d upon or from plans or inf ormati on publ ished in thi s magazi ne.
Advertising Sales Offices lis t e d
Sin ce some of th e equi pment and cir cuitry descri bed in RADIO-ELECTR ON ICS may relate to or be covered by U .S. patent s. on page 104.
RADIO-ELECTRONI CS discla ims any liability fo r th e infrin gement of suc h patent s by th e making, using , or selli ng of any suc h
(/) equipment or c irc uitry, and sugges ts th at anyo ne interested in su ch pro jec ts co nsult a patent atto rney.
o
Z RADIOELECTRO NI CS, (ISSN 0033-7862 ) May 1990. Published monthl y by Gemsback Publica tion s, Inc.. 500-B Bi-Co unty
oa: . Bou levard , Farmingdale , NY 11735 Second- Cl ass Postage paid at Farmin gd ale, NY and add it io nal mailing off ices . Second- Cl ass
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.e
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o c hec k dr awn on a U .S.A. bank. Singl e copies $2 .50. 'C) 1990 by Ge rnsbac k Publi cati on s, Inc. All right s reserved. Print ed in U .S.A.
The
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2
WITH CIE,
THE WORLD
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MemberNHSC
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 AT' N ws
World 's first digital optical di ets th at the fi rst uses of th e digit al
processor opt ical pro cessor will involve prob-
Scientists at AT&T Bell Labor ato- lems requ ir ing parallel pro cessing,
ri es (Ho lmdel, NJ) have built an with applicatio ns in speech and vi-
expe r ime nta l m achin e th at uses sio n recognition , sw itc hing, and
light , or ph oton s, rath er th an elec- general co mputing to follow as th e
t ron s to process inform ation . The pri ce becom es competitive.
wirel ess p ro cessor uses lasers to
t ransmi t information intern ally and Nationwide radio-computer
optical devices to pro cess th e infor - network
mati on . In a j oint venture , IBM and
Since optics can handl e many M otorola have introduced a radio
light beams at once wi th ou t inte r- network that will let portabl e-com-
fe rence , f ut ure optica l p ro cessor s put er users link to central comput-
mi ght be able to pro cess mor e th an 'Ai ~
.. ers from almost anywhere in the
1,000 ti mes as mu ch info rmati on as
t hei r electro n ic co unte rpar ts . A l-
r.::.:.:-...:.:~...: . U.S.-with out usin g tel eph on e
lin es. The 50-50 partnership, w hich
t ho u gh t he di g it al o p t ica l pro- SCIENTIST AT AT&T Bell Laboratories, is based in Lincoln shire, IL und er
cessor's capabi lities are "very mod- Michael E. Prise, adjusts a component of th e name of Ardi s, combines similar
est," t he ex pe ri me nta l machin e the first digital optical processor. services previ ou sly off er ed by
demon st rates th at the techno logy is M otorola to cli ents in New York ,
possibl e. AT&T's optical p rocessor "This processor is a major step Chi cago , and Los An geles wi th a na-
ope rates at 1 million cycles per sec- toward such a co mpute r," said Alan tio nw ide in-h ou se system design ed
o nd (slowe r than mo st per son al Hu ang, head of the O ptical Com- by M ot or ol a for IBM service techni-
comp ute rs), but its develop ers be- putin g Re se ar ch D epartm ent , cians. A M ot orola radio mod em al-
lieve that oper ating speeds of sev- w he re th e proc essor w as built. low s virt ually any brand of portable
eral hundred m illi on cy cles p er However, he added th at " signif icant compute r to be linked to th e Ardis
second (which is faste r th an most research mu st be done befor e the network .
supe rco mputers) can be achieved new technology can be turn ed into The new system, sched uled to
in th e near futu re. commercial produ cts." Huan g pre- begin in April , is said to have several
advantages over its major data-com-
munication s competitor in the por-
INPUT tabl e mark et: cellular phones used
MASK
BEAM SPLITTER S-SEED

~ aD
wi th modems. The Ardis network is

=aJH on lin e all th e time, so th ere is no

need to dial up a computer. M es-
sages th at are sent to th e terminal
w hen th e user isn't monitoring it
can be sto red and recall ed later.
~==:!' !.!#== MASK
And , since radio waves of th e pro -
posed frequency can travel wh ere
hi gh er- fr equ en cy ce ll u la r-p ho ne
waves cannot, th e service can be
OUTPUT used to link variou s location s inside
a buildin g.
Pot enti al users include poli ce of-
en fi cers, fi eld- servi ce per sonn el , de-
o AT&T'S DIGITAL OPTICAL PROCESSOR EMPLOYS 32 S-SEED 's (Symmetric self-E1ectro-
Z optic Effect Devices) on each of four arrays. The microscopic optical switches have a liver y w ork er s, and real- estat e
~ potential speed of 1 bil li on operations per second and each can drive two inputs. Each s- bro kers. Billing is to be based on th e
o SEED contains two mirrors with controllable reflectivity to infrared light, and functions as amount of use, with the proj ected
~ a NOR gate. Each array contains two 10-milliwatt modulated laser diodes that emit in the
ui near infrared and are divided into many separate beams that provide communications cost per terminal per month esti-
o between the arrays. The lenses and masks that separate the arrays serve the same mated to range between $100 and
o function as connective wiring in an electronic processor. Input/output functions may be $150. The cost per modem is not yet
r? accomplished via optical f ibers or laser beams transmitted in free space. available. R-E

4
 Introducing two advanced hand held
frequency counters incorporating many
unique features usually found only on
laboratory bench counters ,
These counters are designed for virtu rally
every measurement application from DC
through Microwave including measuring
RF transmission frequencies at the maxi-
mum possible distance.
The UTC 3000 does all of this and is also the world 's first
Hand Held universal counter timer with Period, Time Interval,
and Ratio measurement capability.

10 Digit LCD Display with Gate, Function, and InputAnnunciators,

Direct count (1 Hz resolution in 1 Sec) to over 150 MHz.
16Segment Bargraph displays Input Signal Level. Ensures reliable
counting, proven effective in locating concealed transmitters.
High Accuracy, 1 ppm 10 MHz Crystal Time Base is standard with
optional 0.2 ppm TCXO available. Also Available from Optoelectronics, 8 Digit LED Hand
More usable Sensitivity than in any other counter for efficient Held Frequency Counters:
antenna pick up measurements. Model 2210 10 Hz- 2.2 GHz General Purpose Aud io to
Microwave ... S219
Four push button selectable Gate times. Model 1300H/A 1 MHz - 1.3 GHz RF Counter . , . S169
Ni-Cad battery pack and AC adapter-charger included. Model CCB Relative RF Signal Strength BarGraph Meter
In addition, The Model UTC3000 features: With 10 Segment LED Display... S99
In addition to Frequency, additional Functions Include: Period, Model 2600H . , 5325
Ratio, and Time Interval and Average. Model UTC 3000 . . . 5375
Single Shot Time Interval 100 ns, ,1 ns averaged . Model TCXO-30 . . 5 80
Two input channels with High Impedance and 50 ohm input Model TA100 5 Tele sco ping Whip Ante nna , . 5 12

CE ~':~I!!e';!a'! r!:w'i~'!!CS INC.

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5
 VIDEO
NEWS DAVID LACKENBRUCR,
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

RDTVproponents combine. Two of the lead- Return to the 1950's. Old TV brand names
ing proponents of high-definition TV systems for continue to be revived-some 30 years or so after
the U.S. market have agreed to merge their efforts they disappeared. The latest comeback is the Ma-
at developing a system, thereby significantly nar- jestic brand, a TV line that will be fielded by a new
rowing the field of candidates for compatible HDTV company affiliated With a former major distributor
broadcasting here. In the systems merger, Philips of RCA TV sets. RCA recently eliminated most dis-
Consumer Electronics (part of the Dutch Philips tributors, and the Majestio line is being developed
group ) agreed to work with the combination of to fill the void and provide a brand for distributors
Thomson Consumer Electronics (RCA and GE who traditionally serve smaller neighborhood
brand TV sets), NBC, and the David Sarnoff Re- dealers. The revival ofthe Majestio line comes less
search Center in developing an HDTV system. than a year after the Crosley TV line made a com-
Thomson is a French-owned company that bought eback under more-or-less the same circum-
the RCA and GE consumer-electronics operations stances-a line of products to be sold to dealers
from General Electric. The Sarnoff Center is the through distributors (Ra dio-El e ctron i cs ,August
former RCA Laboratories, now a part of the Stan- 1989). Other brand names that were dropped and
ford Research Institute. resuscitated by companies unaffiliated With their
The two groups had been developing separate originators include Emerson, Capehart, DuMont,
systems. Philips had been working on a single-step and Symphonic.
approach, permitting a move from the current Note: The Crosley line was designed to replace
broadcast system to HDTV': The NBC-Thomson-Sar- the Philco brand, which is being discontinued (on
noff oombine has espoused a system called AOTV TV sets, at least) by its owner, Philips Consumer
(Advan ced Compatible TeleviSion ) that provides a Electronics. In case you're wondering what brand
oompatible widescreen pioture With improved (but will be revived next-how about Philco?
not high) definition as an intermediate step. Phi-
lips now has agreed to accept the two-step ap- Pioneer's hot "secret." Pioneer has intro-
proach. In turn, NBC-Thomson-Sarnoff has duced a videodisc pl8(Ver in England that is selling
committed itself to the "simulcast" approach to so well it's going to be taken off the market. In fact,
HDTV': That involves the use of a second channel for Pioneer'S Model 1480 is the only videodisc player .
HDTV, while contmmng to broadcast the same'pr o- that is selling worth a darn in the U.K.The reason
gram in the standard NTSC system or one cornpata- that pl8(Ver sales have been so poor is the lack of
bl e with it, instead of maintaining NTSC recorded material in the PALformat.
compatibility on one channel while using a second The secret of the 1480 is that it can play NTSC
as an "augmentation" channel to add the HDTV (U.S. standard) videodiscs through British PAL TV
information. The new partners-In-research urged sets (as well as PAL recordings, of course). Pioneer
other system proponents to join with them in de- has never conceded that the player will do that-
veloping a unified industry approach to HDTV': but it's an open secret. With some 7,000 titles avail-
Although the merger of systems was hailed in able on NTSC videodiscs, videophiles are snapping
most quarters as a positive step toward an Ameri- the machines up. However, Pioneer is becoming
can HDTV system, there were those observers who increasingly nervous about the whole thing, con-
C/) saw some danger in the endorsement of a two-step cerned that it might jeopardize its relations With
~ approach to HDTV': Those expressing apprehen- the American programs' copyright owners-some
o sion were concerned that the extended-definition movies are available on U.S. discs before they're
g: step ( called ACTV I) would satisfy the vast major- even released to theaters in Europe. So the hottest
frl...J ity of viewers-particularly since it calls for com- videodisc player is likely to be replaced by another

s
UJ patible widesoreen transmission-and thus would
preclude the future development of a true high-
~ definition system.
model that can't play NTSC discs-in effect, the
Model 1450 is going to become a victim of its own
popularity. R-E
6
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S6-9000 $129 SG-9200 -......:.:.~.:.:: ..... l:.#9610 or
RF Freq 100K450MHz $129 ~!:~ i ~~ #9620
AM M od ulation of 1KHz .::::-::::=. ~.::: : $18.95
Low distortion
- i Va riab le RF output 1961 0 Resistor Blox
rv......- ...~'oflI .05%) Provides slne.tri.squ wave 47 ohm to 1M & 100K pot
SG9500 with Digital Display 10-1MHz Sine/Square Wave from 1Hz to lM Hz 19620 Capacitor Blox
and 150MHz bullt-ln Freq Ctr $249 600ohm Output Impedance, High Output Voltage AM or FM capability 47pf to 10MFD

Digital Triple Power Supply XP-765 Quad Power Supply XP-580 AM/FM TRANSISTOR RADIO KIT
. with TRAINING COURSE
$249 $59,95
Makes a great Model AM/FM1 08
0-20V a t 1A school project
020 V at 1A
2-20V at 2A
12V at 1A 14 Transistors + 5 Diodes $26.95
5V at 5A 5V at 3A Circuits are laid out in systematic order on an over-
Full y Regulated, Short cir cuit protected with Fully regulated and sized PC board for easy understanding of the flow
2 Limit Cant., 3 Separat e supplies 5Vat.5A
s ho rt circuit protected of radiosignals, from antennato speaker. Complete
XP-660 with Analog Meters $175 course includes all parts, PC board and training
XP-575 without meters $39.95 manual. When completed you will be proud to dis-
la our master ieee.
Four-Function Frequency Counters GF-8016 Function Generator
F-100 120MH with Freq. Counter
$179 $249
F1000 1.26H
Fre~ncy, Period , Total ize, $259

.....
Se lf Check with H igh Stabilized Crystal Oven
Oscil lator, 8 digit LED disp lay
~~
CD
CD
o

CIRCLE 109 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 7

 W RITE TO:

ASK R-E
Radio-Electronics
500-B Bi-County Blvd .
Farmin gda le, NY 11735

VOLTAGE READOUT The values in the schematic wi ll things abo ut co mp uters is that w hile
Some time ago I bought a variable work for a f ive-volt indicator but yo u t hey m igh t be d esign ed to make
power supply for my bench. I had the don 't have to be a rocket scientist to your life easier,trying to und erstand
opti on of gett ing a fi xed supply but make the changes needed to have it t he m can b e any t hi ng but easy.
decided that a variable one would be work for just abo ut any vo ltage yo u They've given a w ho le new meanin g
more fl exible. That has turned out to want. The o nly t hing th at has to be to t he idea of standards.
be true for my work but the only draw- don e is to change the Zener. Since But let's take you r qu esti on s one
back I've come across is that I don't yo u're using a tr im me r to adj ust the at a time .
have any handy way of pre-settin g par- ci rcuit's t rip poi nt, kee p the Zener All of the IBM colo r systems are
ticular voltages. Do you haveany easy rati ng a bit be low the vo ltage yo u designed to be down wardl y com-
addit ion I can build that will let me want to detect. That means a 10- or patib le w ith each other-or at least
know when my supply is outputtin g 11-volt Zene r for a 12-volt circuit, a that's w hat it says on page 12 of the
five, tw elv e, or fi fteen volts?- R. 13- or 14-vo lt Zener for 15 vo lts, and manu al. W hen the VGA standard
James, Brooklyn, New York so on. was introdu ced with IBM 's PS2 se-
It seems to us that all yo u have to You'll need a meter to set the t rip ries, t here was a big p rice differen-
do is use a vo ltmeter bu t that mi ght po ints but once that's done, the cir- t ia l between it an d EG A , t he
be a pain in the neck-especially if cuit w ill reliably indicate the output p revious syste m. The way t hings
yo u wa nt to have t he ab i l ity to vo ltage. Remem ber t hat yo u' ll need stand now, VGA cards aren't much
switc h back and fo rth between vari- a separate circuit for each voltage more expe nsive t ha n EGA car ds
ous out put vo ltages. yo u want an indi cato r fo r. The parts (o n ly abo ut $75 to $100 in d if -
Fo rtun ately, th ere's a simp le way are cheap and the circ uit is mi nim al fere nce- t he same goes for th e
yo u can add some indicator s to yo ur so expense and space sho uld n't be price of the monitor s themselves),
supp ly using only a hand ful of parts a p robl em . so it really does n't pay to get an EGA
and some LED's as ind icator s. The The circuit is drawin g its power system. VGA is capab le of mu ch
circuit shown in Fig. 1 is ju st abo ut from th e supply, b ut the impedance more co lo rs and better resolu tion ,
th e easiest voltage-detection circuit is high eno ugh to keep it from load- and since yo u're go ing to be using it
we can com e up with. You'll notice ing down t he supply. If yo u f ind th at for a few years, it pays to get the
th at t here's a fairl y loose to lerance the draw is too mu ch (altho ugh I better system. Remember th at you
fo r t he Zener diode. That is inten- can't im agin e that), increase the val- buy the hardware to run th e soft-
ti on al since it's ofte n hard to fi nd ue of the t rim mer. The rule here is ware and, asti me goes by, mor e and
Zen er s w it h reall y spec ific break- that the larger the value of the trim- mor e software is go ing to show up
mer, th e low er t he draw b ut the th at's written excl usively for VGA.
-IV FRo)f harder you' ll find it is to calibrate. If yo u do go w it h an EGA system ,
POWER. t-~"Ior--""'H--~ Try to keep the t rimme r pote ntiom- you might want to upgrade to VGA
SUPPL Y eter under 15K.
R2 in the fut ure , and the chances are
/ K.
good that you ' ll have a hard ti me
,R/ >--O- - -+. -- --H VIDEO UPGRADE unl o ad in g the EG A card an d
5,k:. ZN~
,SEE I'm about to spend some money to mon itor.
TE XT) upgrade the video display on my IBM- The issue of memory is a bit sim-
compatible computer. I currently have pler. The mo re memory yo u have on
a monochrom e graphics card and an the card the better t he resolution .
FIG. 1
(J)
g amber monitor but I want to move on EGAcards have the hardware to talk
z down vo ltages . You can use t he to color. The problem I have is decid- to a maxim um of 256K b ut VGA
~ trimm er to tw eak t he vo ltage ap- in g between EGA and VGA, how cards can hand le half a megabyte. In
t) pl ied to t he Zener and have it con- much memory to get for the video t he o rig inal IBM cards, the EGA
~ du ct at a parti cul ar vo ltage. Wh en card, and w hat's the difference be- standard was 64K (expandab le to
6 t he Ze ne r di od e is trigger ed, t he tween register compatible and BIOS 128K) and the VGA standard had a
o
transisto r w ill turn on, and th e LED compatible?-J. Robert, Chalfont, PA maximum of 256K. As more man-
a: will th en light. O ne of th e mo st para doxica l ufacturer s began makin g car ds,
B
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11
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 they also began adding features to
Ca.ble TV their products that went beyond the
IBM specifications . That usually
I - meant higher display resolutions.
The problem with that is that hav-
We stock the exact parts. PC Board and AC Adaptor ing the extra capability on the card is
for two articles publ1shed In Radio-Electronics magazine rather useless unless software
on building your own CABLE TV DESCRAMBLER. knows how to take advantage of it .
Since all the expanded display ca-
February 1984 issue February 1987 issue pabilities of the various cards are
#701 Parts 19.00 #301 Parts 29.00 outside the standards set down by
Includes 011 orlglnol ports. Includes. 011 originol ports .
IBM, most software houses don't
#702 PC Board 7.95 #302 PC Board 7.95 support them. You might be able to
Originol 3x4 etched, drilled Originol SxB etched, drilled get 1024 x 768 resolution from a
and s i Ik-screened pc beard . ond si I k-screenedpc boord .
512K VGA card but, since that isn't a
#704 AC Adaptor 7.95 #304 AC Adaptor 7.95 standard resolution, the chances
Originol lB Voll DC ~ 200mo. Originol 18 Volt DC III 200mo . are that your favorite paint program
1#701,702 lit 704 29.00 I
1#301,302 & 304 39.00 I has no driver to support it.
Free article reprint with purchase. Most card manufacturers supply
software to adapt a few major pieces
Snooper Stopper 39.00 Macrovision Kit.. 29.00 of software (AutoCAD, Microsoft
Coble TV descromblers con be Mocrovision..now you see it, now Windows, GEM, etc.), to the higher
detected, protect your prtvecq you don't wHh our mocroscrubber
with the Snooper Stopper. kit. Article wos pub l t shad in resolutions that their hardware can
Free ort leI e on Coble SnoopIng. Rodio E:1 ectroni cs 1987 issue . display. The rule here is to make
sure your software can run on the
CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-332-3557 hardware you buy.
Out side USA 1- 508-699-693 5 The question of BIOS and register
Visa, Master Card and C.O.D.
Add $3.50 S & H. $6.00 outside USA.
IVisa I I Me I compatibility is one of hardware and
the final difference is mostly speed.
o& 0 EI ectroni (s Inco PO Box 3310 N. At t I eboro Ma. 02761 Both EGA and VGA cards are micro-
CIRCLE 195 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD processor-controlled devices and,
as such, they need instructions to
work-and that's what the BIOS is.
M o R E T H A N The BIOS takes video commands
from the computer and translates
them into values that are then stuff-
ed into the internal registers of the
display microprocessor.
Being "BIOS compatible" means
that the entry point for the video
routines in the card's firmware is the
same as those in the IBM. Being
register compatible means that the
microprocessor is organized in the
same way as the IBM . The former is
software compatible and the latter is
hardware compatible.
People who write graphics soft-
Surround Sound Processor by ware are always trying to make
Heathkif things happen as quickly as possi-
ble, and the fastest way to drive a
Surround yourself with a vast assortment of kitor ready-to-use electronic products display is to write directly to the reg-
from the FREE Heathkit Catalog. The Heathkit Catalog contains innovative home isters. Talking to the BIOS is both
theater components, amateur radio and weather equipment, laptop computers, self- slow and limiting.
study electronics courses and challenging starter kits forthe first-time builder. Order The bottom line is that you should
your FREE Heathkit Catalog NOW! get yourself a VGA system and it
CJ)
g --------------------------- makes a lot of sense to get a VGA
1-800-44-HEATH Send to: Heath Company, Dept. 020-894
z
o
a:
l-
(1-800-444-3284) Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 I card that specifically features both
BIOS and register compatibility.
o
UJ
Name The only other thing to keep in
--l
mind is that most of the enhanced
I
UJ
Addre ss
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o
~ L
City
State
__ ZiP J be used only on a multisync
continued on page 32
12 CIRCLE 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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13
 ;.'a; ~;" n-:;.;:.,,'
J .noi ~ ' \~J"~~"~

LETTERS
:1!~IT Jllp:'!' ,!::!
#"t;'7:;~J

L.TTR.S
~ D /O -
E L ECr.llON/cs
500 -8 "'-COlJNTY 80UL.VARD
F A .IlM/NGDALE, N Y //7~S

AVOIDING AM INTERFERENCE R-E" for "Overpowering AM Int er- amp le, let' s use th e CD pl atter
Th e "As k R-E" co l um n i n t he ference" wo rks f ine on inte rfe rence analogy, but this time let's im agin e
M arch issue of Radio-Electronics ex- from VHF and UHF statio ns, such as the CD's are sto ring digitiz ed mu sic:
plain ed to a reader how to rid a ster- FM and TV, bu t yo u can never get How many songs do you think the
eo of AM-radi o interf er en ce. As eno ugh capacitance across the in- average person co uld identify at age
Chi ef Eng inee r of a 50-kW di rec- pu t stages to bypass an AM broa d- 40? How many CD platte rs wo uld it
ti on al AM station (our studios are cast rad io station wit hout ruini ng take to hold th ose di screte mem o-
located in about a 20mV/m RFfi eld) I t he audio response of the ste reo ries alo ne? Now, how mu ch memo-
can thin k of a few easier solutions to amplifier. In many cases the med i- ry wo u ld it take to sto re t he
t ry f irst. I almost never have to reso rt u m - an d hi gh- f req u en cy i nt e r- mem ori es of events and peopl e that
to solde ring caps across an input. fere nce rides into t he set via the might be associated w ith the hear-
Ground the amp w it h a dece nt speaker leads-the longer the lead, ing of those songs? And how mu ch
piece of wi re to a goo d gro und . If the wo rse the interference. to store the sights, smells, te mpe ra-
t hat d o esn ' t el im inate t he in t er- The cure is to choke it off or by- ture, and tactile sensatio ns accum u-
ference, gro und the rest of the co m- pass it. The bypass-capacitor meth - lated over the span of 60 years?
pon ents to t he same gro u nd . O r od is cheaper and easier. A 0.1-f.LF I am eq ually dist urbed by Mr. Lan-
yo u mi ght try an AC-line RF fi lter. bypass capacitor co nnected across caster's "threshold effect ." Comp ut-
O ften the RF gets in through t he each of the speaker terminals o n the er languages, o pe rating systems ;
power supply. The f ilt ers can be ob- back of the set usually eliminates all expe rt syste ms, etc., are ju st al-
tain ed di sgui sed as computer surge of t he in terf erence. W hat is par- gorit h ms. Th o se algorit hms co uld
protectors-bu t make su re t hey ticularly nice abo ut that cure is t hat be carried out by a compute r o r by
have th e filter in them as we ll as the yo u don 't have to enter the stereo people using f iling cabinets and in-
surge protector. Also , try to keep cabi net to co mp lete the job . dex cards. Increasing a co mpute r's
the speake r and compon ent inter- The othe r solution involves chok- memory space does not autom at-
co nnection leads as short as possi- ing t he signal before it enters the icall y im pl y t he abi lity to create
ble. set, using RF chokes . O ne very-Iow- more sophisticated algo rithms. At
Here are some tips for teleph on e resistance RF choke wo uld be used t he most, it might in spire some per-
interf eren ce. If yo u hear th e statio n in each lead. The best way to choke son to thi nk of a more sophisticated
on all th e ph on es on yo ur lin e, call it off is bywind ing t he speaker leads algo rit hm to take advantage of the
th e ph on e co mpany; it's ofte n a wet aro und a fer rite rod o r torroid co re new, mo re powerful machin e.
or faulty co nnection out on a po le as close to the set as possible. I am fami liar with the theory of
th at causes th e aud io to be d e- HAROLD ISENRING, W9BTI co mp uters reachi ng a certai n mem-
tected . If th e interfere nce is on on ly Colgate, WI ory size and "waki ng up " (see
one phon e, yo u can try a O.01 -f.LF, Robert A. Heinl ein 's The Moon is a
200-volt capacitor co nnected across BRAIN POWER Harsh Mistress) , and per haps a cer-
the red-green pair. If that doesn 't I subscribe to Radio-Electronics tain nu mber of synapses co uld be
wo rk, AT&T ph on e cente rs sell an and I've always enjoyed Don Lan- the on ly req u ire me nt fo r i nte l-
effective filter fo r just that sort of caster's Hardware Hacker colum n- ligence. But even if that were t rue,
probl em. particu larly his item on the " Santa Mr. Lancaster's est i mate is stag -
As a last reso rt, call the engineer Clause Machine," which he picked geringly inadequate.
at th e statio n for mor e advice . We up at least a week before"any of the Just look at existi ng systems. My
are not obligated to wo rk o n yo u r other publ ications that I read did . desktop workstatio n at my jo b is
~ equipment, bu t it is in our best in- I was extremely disp leased by linked to a network that has abo ut
z terest as good neigh bo rs to he lp misi nformation in the January 1990 3.5 gigabytes of disk memo ry. That is
a? yo u get rid of th e p roblem . co lum n. O ne does not need to un- by no means a large networ k; in
o STUART ENGELKE dersta nd the worki ngs or struct ure fact, there are only 14 wo rkstations
~
w
Whitehouse Statio n, Nj of the brain to realize that t he stated on it. But that is already seven t imes
6 capacity of "four billio n memory bits the capacity of hi s o riginal 4 gigabit
o AND MORE.... or so" mu st be an in fini tesim al frac- " human brain" capacity. That net-
a: The so lutio n propo sed in "Ask tio n of its actual capacity. For an ex- wor k is ho o ked into th e d iv isio n

14
U\N , wh ere it can access another 5
gigabytes or so. If we co nsider thi s
very typ ical comp uter in stallation as The Only 5-Digit Sweep
one of (shall we u nde restimate) 500
loc al co mputer networ ks hook ed to AMIFMFunction Generator
t he inte rnet ... . So far I have seen no
sig ns of t hat netw o rk wa king up . At A3-Digit Price.
Nor has it inspired anyon e to create
a new category of algor ithm th at will FG3A Sueep/Iunction Generator Linear or Logarithmic Sweep
change th e face of th e world (unl ess 7 Frequency Ranges from InternalJExternal AM or FM
you 'd place a destru ctive viru s in a.2Hz to 2MHz Modulation
that categ ory). Sine, Square, Triangle, Ramp,
Hardware Hacker and other such TTL and CMOS Outputs
informati on sources are the fo rces
that help shape th e techni cal minds
of thi s and other co unt ries. Wh en
suc h po orly th ou ght out co ncepts
are present ed as facts, I wo rry that
someone might believe th em and
set us all back a few paces. I would
hate to go back to the times w hen
so me peopl e w ere afraid of t he pho-
no graph because it could "talk."
JON ROLPH
San Diego, CA B ecklTJan Indutria/'M
An Af fili ate of Emerson Electric Co.
EASIER rc REMOVAL For moreinformation and the location of your nearest authorized
Regarding " Chip Removal " (Ask Beckman Industrial dealercall 1-800-854-2708 (in California 1-800-227-9781).
R-E, Radio-Electronics, March 1990), I Instrumentation Products Division, 3883 Ruffin Road, San Diego, CA 92123-1898
was sad to see th e answer given. The 1989 Beckman Industrial Corporation. Specificationsaresubject to change without notice.
fi rst method mention ed , using a CIRCLE 177 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD ] N164-01-0590
solde r pot and ext ractor, requires
equip ment not lik ely to be available
to the average hom e techn ici an.
r------------...,
And , as you sugge ste d, th e chances
of failure are very hi gh.
A method th at has been around
for many years-t he onl y one ap-
p roved by gove rn me nt o rganiza-
tions-will work, and with practice
it is vi rtually foolpro of. Dip "so lde r-
wi ck " d esol der in g bra id (th e fin e EARN YOUR \,:,V
braid jacket from coax will do nicely) -.;j
into liquid flu x. Hold the end on th e B.S.E.E. \
joint to be cleaned and pr ess a hot
iron on the braid above th e solde r D EGREE
joint. The joint w ill almost in stantly
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liquid flu x again, and moved to th e
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e Chemtronics Inc .
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CIRCLE 54 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 15
 IMPRO PER IMPEDANCE
MEASUREM ENTS
Extend Your Frequency Impedance measurements do in-

Counter Range To 1.3GHz deed con jure up an im ag e of

co mp lex test eq uipmen t and tr icky

Without Extending Your Budget. calculatio ns. However, the meth od

suggested in M ike Rogalski's "Test
Me thods" (Radio-Electronics, March
FC130A Frequency Counter Measures Frequency, Period 1990) w ill not make thi ngs easier.
.00Hz to1.3GHz Frequency andRate per Minute (RPM) W hen the im pedance of a signal
Range 10mVSensitivity (Typical) source is co mp lex-that is, co nsists
8-Digit LED Display of resistance and eit her inductive o r
capacitive reactance- the re is no
fixe d relati on ship betw een th e ap-
pl ied resisti ve load, th e result ing
d rop in o utp ut vo ltage, and t he
equivalent resistance of th e source
impedance. The reason is th at the
phase angle of t he imp edance vec-
to r is un known . A brid ge, such as
the W heatsto ne type, drives the un-
known impedance w ith a signal of
its ow n and t he re fo re o bta i ns
ph ase -an gl e i nfo rmatio n- t he
BeckllJan Industria/'M p hase ang le between the vo ltage
A n A ffiliat e of Emers on Elec tric Co . across t he unkn own im p ed an ce
and the current the brid ge provides
For moreinformation andthe location of your nearest authorized
Beckman Industrial dealer call 1-800-854-2708 (in Callfornia 1-800-227-9781). to pro duce th at vo ltage.
Instrumentation Products Division, 3883 Ruffin Road, San Diego, CA 92123-1898 M ike's meth od wi ll wo rk for sig-
1989 Beckman IndustrialCorporation. Specifications aresubject tochange without notice. nal sources th at are generally pure ly
CIRCLE 98 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD J N16101 04 90
resisti ve, such as the line or speaker
outputs of aud io equipment. How-
ever, t he drop in outp ut w hen R1
equals th e signal source imp edance
is not 3 but 6 dB-half t he ope n
ci rcuit vo ltage. O ne mu st be careful
w hen measurin g the outp ut imped-
ance of aud io powe r amplif iers that
em ploy large amo unts of vo ltage
fee dback since th ei r dynam ic im-
pedance is very low (on th e orde r of
fract ions of an o hm). 0 0 not atte mpt
this m easurem ent without experi-
@I III ence. That co uld be th e subject of a
. ~
~ ~o~ I"'===='.g co mplete art icle in itself.

~
\J __~ ~1~~5 ARMAND LUCC HESI
'/
r :~~ Learn at home spare lim e.
...-/-d?lFI ~
In
No previ ou s expe rie nce needed! j ersey City, Nj
No costly School. No co mmuting to class.
T he Original Hom e-S tu d y cou rse pre- ETCHING TANK TIPS
pares you for the" FCC Commercial Radio- Rega rd ing the article, "Make Your
te le phon e License". T his valuable lic ense Own Etching Tan k" (Radio-Elec-
is yo ur " ticket " to t ho usands of exciting
jobs in Communications. Radio-TV, Micro- tro nics, December 1989), I'd like to
wave. Co m puters, Radar. Avionics and add a co uple of po inters .
more! You don't n eed a co llege degree to I b uilt t he board using o/16-inch
. qualify, b ut yo u do n eed an FCC Lic e nse. Plexiglas that I cut w it h a radial arm
No Need to Quit Your Job or Go To School saw using a plywood blade. It made
Cf) T his p roven cou rs e is ea sy, fast and low
~ cos t !GUARANTEED PASS - You get your
a smooth cut, and I did n't have to
5 FCC License or money refunded. Send for f ile or sand any edges. Slow is th e
r-
~
r----------------------,
a: FREE facts now, MAIL COUPON TODAY!
I COmmanD PRODUCTions I
way to go w hen cutt ing the Plex-
iglas! As no cemen t was suggested
uJ I FCC LICENSE TRAINING, Dept . 90 I in the article , I asked at my local
, I P,O. Box 2824 , San Francisc o, CA 94126 I hardware store and was advised t hat
0 I
o I . .irn me dllate Iy.I
Please rush F R E E details II
meth yl-ethyl-ketone wo uld work as
~ I NAME I
a: I co ntin ued on p ag e 35
16 IL
ADDRESS
CITY _~STATE_ _ZIP _ _ JII
CIRCLE 108 ON FREE INFORMATI.ON CARD
 YOUR ONE-STOP STORE FOR Hie ELECTRONIC VALUES
Build with the Best-Over 1000 Components in stock!
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1695
Operates
On 12VDC Module operates H II
(1) 1.5-3V DC Motor. For robotics,
or. 5VDC, board Instail and remove 6-pin to 40 -pin
projects.t va x , 5/, 6" dia. #273-223
mountable. 5/8 x Simplifies DIPs without damage . Works with
Tin y, tough and efficient! Rated 150 '12X 1 9132". With LSI, MSi, and DIP devic es. Both tools (2) Doorbell Chime. IC/mini -sp eaker
mA.1 9/1 6 x1 911 6 x 1311 6'~ #273-244 data. #276 -137
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Diode Rectifiers Speaker Stuff Dress It Up Halogen Lamps

3-Amp "Barrel" Type Diodes

200Amp Surge (1) Classy Two-Piece Enclosure.
(1) MEGACABLE'. Hi- wattage , 12-
Peak Inverse Cat. Pkg. gauge. #278-1268 .. . Per Foot 99 Accepts PC board and 9V battery.
Type Voltage No. of 2 55/8 x 2 /4 X 1'11 6 '~ #270-257 . . 4.99 (1) HPR50. For 4- cell flashlights and
(2) Gold Terminals for MEGA- '
l N5400 50 276-1141 .99 CABLE. #64-401 . .. Set of 8/4.99 (2) Project Labels. Four 7 7/8 x 3" 6-volt lanterns . #272 -1189
l N5402 200 276-1143 1.19 (3) Terminal Knobs. Screw -do wn sheets of rub-on letters and symbols . (2) HPR52. For 2-c eil flashli ghts and
1N5404 400 216-1144 129 large cable. #274-619 . .. Set 5.95 #270-201 Set 2.99 3-volt lanterns . #272-1190

""'"I~
!-:l~C;;J (2) ~.~. ~ 11:' d~'1
. ~.~ ~
(1) I (3) ~ (4) (5) ? (6) .in (7) . # (8) (4) noDo " (6) (@
(3) 2-Row Strip. #274-670 ... 1.99
(7)

(1) Phono Plug . #274-850 .. 2.49 (5) Three -Co nduct or (Stereo) ' /4" Cat. No. Each
(2) Chassis-Mount Phono Jack. Phone Plug. #274-856 3.99 274151 .99 (4) Jumper. 8-p os. #274-650, 1.E9
#274-852 2-pk.l2.49 (6) '/ 8" Plug. #274-857 2.79 274-152 1.69 (5) 45 T-Lugs. #274- 645 .. 4/79
(3) Straight Inline Phono Jack. (7) 3-Conductor. 1/8 " Phone Plug . 274-153 1.99 (6) Dual Solder-Lug Adapters.
#274-854 2.99 Stereo. #274-858 3.49 274154 .99 #274-644 Pkg. of 4179
(4) 2-Conductor '/4" Phone Plug. (8) 3-Conductor ' /4" Inline Phone 274155 1.69 (7) Heavy-Duty Bonded Wire. 25
Monaural. #274-855 3.49 Jack. #274-859 3.99 274-156 1 99 tt., 2 x 18-gauge. #278-1250 .. 3.99

Engineering Calculator 30-Range Multimeter Panel-Mount

Counter
3995
Uses Standard
7995
Tests Capacitors
1495
Electronic Symbols and Transistors Electromechanical -Counts to 99,999
One count per 12VDC pulse , pushbutt on reset.
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math a snapl Has 110 func- 1000VD C and 750VAC. With leads and data. #277- 222
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Prices apply at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers S"'DRE~ CD
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a
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17
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 EOUIPMENT REPORTS
The meter measures roughly
3 x 4 x 7 inches and weighs about a
pound. It features a 3-112-digit LCD
Integrity Electronics readout and runs on a single 9-volt
IER-109 60-Hz Magnetic alkaline battery.
Field Meter An alarm feature allows you to
pre-set an i ntens ity level above
which you want an alarm to sound.
Keep tabs on your exposure If you wish, the alarm can be turned
to potentially dangerous 60- off, and the alarm condition will be
indicated by a front-panel LED.
Hz magnetic fields. For those more interested in total
exposure than simply the intensity
at a given instant, the IER-109 fea-
tures a 200-millivolt output to a re-
CIRCLE 19 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD corder for dosimetry measure-
ments.

Using the meter

Since some reports have indicat-
LONG TAKEN FOR GRANTED, THE 60-Hz to come to firm conclusions regard- ed that continuous exposure to
power lines criss-crossing our ing the relative safety of exposure to fields greater than 3 milligauss from
neighborhoods and running the 60-Hz magnetic fields generally power lines have been linked to in-
through the walls of our homes are assumed to be harmless-the stud- creased incidence of childhood leu-
emerging as a potential health ies will take years, and conflicts are kemia, we set the alarm for that level
threat. The issue is being discussed sure to arise. Because we're so en- and examined various situations
more and more frequently in the trenched in our power-generation where we might receive chronic ex-
popular press, and it shows no signs and -distribution system, it's unclear posure . In front of the computer on
of going away. whether we'll be willing-or able- which this report was prepared, the
The subject has been studied by to change even if the threat is sub- field was measured at1.5 milligaus at
many respected organizations, in- stantiated. the normal operating position. Un-
cluding the World Health Organiza- However, it seems prudent to us der an electric blanket, the field was
tion, the American I nstitute of to at least be aware of the potential measured at 66 milligaus! It's not
Biological Sciences, and the New danger, and to be aware of the surprising that such blankets are
York State Department of Health. strength of fields we encounter often referenced in reports con-
There seems no doubt that ex- every day. We recently found a good cerned with magnetic-field safety.
posures to ELF (Extremely Llow way to do just that: the model The field inside the wall closest to
Frequency) magnetic fields can IER-109 60-Hz Magnetic Field Meter our power-line drop was better than
cause biological effects. Just what from Integrity Electronics and Re- 4 milligauss, but fell rapidly only a
effects are unknown at this time, search (558 Breckenridge Street, few inches from the wall. Since our
and many studies are underway to Buffalo, NY 14222; 716-886-6985). test site was not located near a distri-
determne safe exposure levels. The IER-109 measures magnetic bution transformer, that was ex-
However, the report issued by the field intensity, or magnetic flux den- pected.
(f) New York State Department of sity, in three ranges: 2,20, and 2000 The IER-109sells for $595. Because
o
Z Health recommended that a major milligauss. A narrow bandpass filter many potential customers may be
oa: research be undertaken by utilities, gives the unit a sharp frequency re- curious about their field exposure,
f- appliance makers, and the like to sponse centered around 60 Hz-its and not need the meter on a day-to-
oW
--l find ways to reduce exposures to 3-dB bandwidth is specified as11 Hz. day basis, Integrity also offers a
W
ELF magnetic fields in homes . That sharp response is important rental service for a fee of $50 per
o(5 We're not holding our breath because harmonics can cause havoc week. It seems a small price to pay

a: waiting for the scientific community with proper measurements. for peace of mind. R-E

22
 jameco Electronics Metex
M-3900 Digital
Multimeter and Dwell/
Tach Meter
A multim eter at home on
your test bench-or in your
garage.
CIRCLE 20 ON FREE INFOR MATION CARD

WE A LW AYS C RINGE A U TILE BIT WHEN th e forward vo ltage drop of a di od e)

w e have to take o u r digital mul ti- is also offe red.
meter o ut to ou r car to check on th e Those basic features are ju st what
conditio n of its batt ery, o r to di ag- you 'd expec t fr om a basic di gital
nos e a w irin g probl em . Th er e's multim eter. But th e M -3900 isn't just Go ahead, examine
a b en ch-t op m et er. Dwell-an gl e themclosely. Pomonahas the
really no logis:al reason fo r th at, ex- =_ best tips around. From an
cept th at it just doesn't seem right to m easurem en t s an d tadiom et er SMDGrabber" to a BNCCoax
get grease on ou r expensive, high- readin g s are also avai la b le . Ta- connector, you can choose
accuracy instrum ent-even th ou gh cho mete r readi ngs, in tw o ranges of bothendsjust the way you
th e met er 's seals w ill protect it. That 2000 and 10,000 RPM, can be made want them to meet your exact
applications.

.__
meter ju st doesn't f it in with the on 4-, 5-, 6-, and 8-cylinde r engi nes The BestQuality You
wrench es and o ur ot her automotive with a rat ed acc uracy of 2%, CanBuy. From the wire or
tool s. +1di gi t. Dwell -an gl e m ea sur e- cable itself to the tip you
We have, how ever, fou nd a new ments can also be made on 4-, 5-, 6,- ..I.~ '_ want- likegold plated con-
and 8-cy li nde r engi nes w it h t he tacts, berylium coppersprings,
di git al m et er th at cries o ut t o be swaged banana plugs, and
used i n auto mot ive appli cati on s: same accuracy. moldedon stress relief.
th e M etex 3900, available in t he U.S. And, here's the best tip yet:
from Jame co Ele ctron i c s (1355 Automotive measurements Pomona's cable assemblies
Shoreway Road , Bellm ont , CA Alth ou gh electro nic igni tion has will give you many years of
- ...............----__..... accurate contact.
94002). Th e M et ex 3900 adds ta- taken over most new autom obil es, See your nearest Autho-
cho mete r and dwell-an gl e fun c- many cars still use poin ts to co nt rol rized Pomona Distributor,
tion s to th e usual resistance, current spark generat io n. The dwell angle is ~1!!!!!!!!CaIi._I=. or contact
and voltage ranges. a measure ment of t he time t hat the POMONAELECTRONICS
poi nts remain closed during th e ig- 1500 E. Ninth St.,
P.O Box 2767
Basic specifications niti on cycle. O ne result of sett ing Pomona, CA91769
The M-3900i s hous ed in a rugged , t he engine dwell inco rrect ly is th at (714)623-3463
yellow pla sti c case th at measur es suff icie nt ene rgy cannot be built up FAX (714)629-3317
about 6 x3Y2 XlY4 inches. Its front in th e co il to pro vide goo d spark.
panel features a 3Y2-digit LCD read- Po or acce le rat io n , or m issin g at
out, a 30-positio n rotary funct io n se- higher engine speeds, is th e usual
lector, fo u r inpu t jacks, and a power co mp laint. Excessive dwell shortens
sw itc h. A 9-vo lt batter y p rov ide s the life of th e po ints. --': ;:;
power to op erate th e meter. A lt ho ug h th e in cr easin g use of
The meter offe rs fiv e ranges, from elect ro nics und er th e hood makes it
200 millivolts to 1000 volts, fo r mea- diffi cul t for Saturday mechanics to
sur ing DC volts. The specif ied ac- perform many main ten ance func-
curacy is O.3%, + 1 digit. Two AC tio ns, a tacho meter is sti ll useful to
voltage ranges, 200 and 750 volts, determin e w hether t he eng ine is
FREE
provid e a wo rst-case measurement ope rating efficient ly, the choke is 1990CATAJl)G!
accu racy of 1.2%, + 3 digit s. Both working accordi ng to specif icatio ns, Ibousandsof testsolutiollS
D C and AC cu rre nt can be mea- the idl e speed is co rrectly set, and andaccessoriesin tbis neui
su red in two ranges of 2 and 20 th e lik e. , US-page bandbooi: ofquality
amps, w it h a wo rst-case accuracy of To make the automo tive measure- products. It's Free! Call or
3%, + 7 di git s. Six res ista nce writetoday.
men t s easie r, t he M-3900 co mes ,
ran g e s, f ro m 200 o h ms t o 20 eq uipped with an ext ra set of test
megohm s, p rovid e a measurement
accuracy within 1% , +2 di git s. An
audibl e co nti nuity test, alo ng w it h a
diode-test fun cti on (whi ch di splays
leads w it h clips, and a manual th at
details automotive measurem ents.
The tot al cost of th e M etex M-3900 is
$69.95 . R-E
ITT Pomona
AN I TT EMC WORL DWIDE COMPANY

Discover our strengths.

CIRCLE 101 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
 NEW PRODUCTS
BURG LAR-ALARM SYSTEM.
DIGITAL LCR METER. Billed Offe ring advanced featur es
by H ewlett-Packard as t he such as a built-in telephone
fi rst digital i ndu ctan ce-ca- di aler, an em er gen cy-mes-
pacita nce-r esi stance meter sage syste m, and a speaking
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10 error-free inst rum ent set- mon itors itselffor prope r op -
up s can be q uic kly loaded erat io n and voca lly repo rts
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card . The heart of the syste m is
With a basic accuracy of th e co nso le, whi ch voc ally
0.1 %, th e instrume nt has100- guides th e user t hrou gh a
Hz resolution and six f ull dig- CIRClE 10 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD bri ef set-up pro cedu re and
its of resolut ion for all mea- ev en m o re m ea su re me n t The HP4285A has a bu ilt -in provid es prompts and mes-
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standard s. For de ma nd in g tiei ng acc ur acy-specifica- gene ric co mmands. in it s di gita l m em ory. If a
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stant test-signal-Ievel featu re and at o ne- and two-meter meter costs $12,900. The HP auto mat ically places calls to
that co nt ro ls t he applied test cable len gths w hen Hewl ett - 42851A pr ecision -Q adapte r, as many as four numbers,
signal at the device. Di rect Packard cable sets are used . HP 42 841A bias - curr ent whi ch are selected by the
quality-facto r measuremen ts Several other optio ns can so urce, and HP 42842C bias- hom eown er d u ring in itia l
can be p erform ed in fr ac- be add ed to custo mize t he c u r re n t t est fixtu re cos t setup. A bui lt-in back-up bat-
tio ns of a seco nd w ith th e HP meter. For high-vol ume test- $4,850, $6,800, and $2,500, t ery pack is continua l ly
4285A and the o pt io nal HP ing, a hand ler interface and resp ect iv ely. Th e 001 D C monitored by t he syst em ,
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BASICTELEVISION AND VIDEO SYS
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gineering information andpractical how-to 335/281 Pub. Pr., $49.95 Club Pr., $37.50
source book covering generation, trans- INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PRO
mission , storage, and reproduction of the CESSING. By J. G. PreakisandO. G. Manolakis.
audiosignal. 584954-2 Pub. Pr., $50.00 ClubPr., $37.50
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CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR elECTRONIC
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By D. WObschal1.
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BOBMIDDLETON'S HANDBOOK OFELEC
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DIGITAL AND MICROPROCESSOR TECH
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585184-9 Pub. Pr., $42.00 ClubPr., $33.50
OPAMPHANDBOOK, Second Ed. By F.W.
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L ECGA034 ~
CD
CD
o
th e r ea ft er.
31
 b uildi ng, co mm unicatio n to
re mote si tes w here te le-
p ho ne serv ice is unre liable
or no n-ex istent, and com -
DIGITAl. READOUT mu nicat io ns within a bu ild-
DELAYED SWEEP in g w here comp ute rs are
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VIDEO CLAMP SA9600 offe rs some advan-
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HIGH SENSITIVITY data-co m mu nicatio n meth-
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2YEAR WARRANTY Call Joseph Electronics for value quotes on all KENWOODmodels. network, and a data rate fo ur
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KENWOOD '7he Company You've Been Listening To For Years." ab le over a cell ular lin k.
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OSCILLOSCOPE
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VERTICAL MODE CHI , CH2, DUAllAlT, CHOP), ADD VERTICAL MODE CH1 , CH2, ALT, CHDP, ADD
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HORIZONTAL MODE A, AlT, B, X-V HORIZONTAL MODE A, AlT, B, X-V tech niq ues p rovide a 9600-
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B0.2115TO 50m53%(1 7ranges) B0.5115TO 50m5/div3% (1 9ranges) w hile requiring less tha n 3-
TRIGGER SOURCE VERT MODE, CHI , CH2, EXT, LINE TRIGGER SOURCE VERTMODE, CHI , CH~I EXT, LINE kHz of bandwidth. The nar-
TRIGGER MODE AUTO, NORM, FIX, Si t/GtE-RESET TRIGGERMODE AUTO, NORM, FIX, SINGLE-RESET
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PROBES 2PC33 PROBE51nduded PROBES 2PC-31 PROBE51nduded peat er s n o rm all y used for

'899 "399 Reg. S1695 Model C5-5170

voice data co m m unicatio ns

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Mode1C5-5130 to be used fo r data co mmu-
Reg.Sl095 ni c at i on s. W it h a 2-watt
t ransm it o ut p ut powe r, t he
SA9600 can achieve an o ut-
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CIRCLE 190 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
amp li fie rs, and an tennas .
The radio modem ope rates
at 45Q--470 M Hz, t he UH Ffre-
q uency band allocated for
continued from page 12 b us i ness use by t he FCC.
~z
'Tn.. O t her versio ns of the SA9600
monitor since t he horizontal f re- ,<'YGIIT ope rate in th e 40&--420-M Hz
qu ency needed to do 1024 x 768 //vPb T federal gove rn ment band, o r
resolu tion is b eyond t he 31-k Hz
VGA standard . Multisyn c monitor s
aren't tha t mu ch more ex pe nsive
- 1 in t he 42Q--450-M Hz amateu r-
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The SA9600 radio modem
than regul ar VGA's, and th ey are a FIG.2
has a list price of $3,000.-
lot more versatil e. Megadata Corporation , 35 O r-
drive th e other. You didn 't tell me vil le Dri ve , Bo he mia, NY
TWO INTO ONE how pow erful yo u r ampl ifie r is but , 11716-2598.
I have a stereo amplifier and I want no matter how many watts yo u have
to connect both outputs to one speak- po uring out of each channel, dr iv-
er. My reasons for doing that are com- ing one di rectly into the other is a Lower the numbers
plicated but it will solve a need I have.
The problem is that I don 't know ex-
sure recipe for an eno rmous elec-
tro nic disaste r.
andraise the odds.
actl y how to go about wirin g th e The way arou nd the p roblem is to Controlling your blood pressure can
reduce your risk of heart disease.
speaker to the left and right outputs. co nnect things so t hat each of the
I'm not that ex pe rienced in e lec- o utp uts always sees a reasonab le
tronics but it does not seem that all I load. That's p retty easy to do, and
have to do is connect the two speaker t he most straightforward solut io n is
output s togeth er.-G . O ffr e y shown in Fig. 2. M ake sure the re-
~ Madison, AL sisto rs are chun ky eno ugh to han-
z Wh at yo u' re mi ssin g in expe ri-
oa: ence you obvio usly make up fo r in
dle the power output of the ampl i-
f ier. You did n't give me any num-
I-
o intuition . Co nnect ing th e two out- be rs but start out w ith some 2-watt
w
u:Jputs toge the r is mor e th an not a resisto rs and see how warm they
a good idea-it's definitely a bad idea. get. If they seem to get m uch too
~ If you did t hat, yo u wo uld be run- hot , repl ace t he m wit h a pair of
a: nin g th e risk of havin g one out put higher wattage resisto rs. R-E
32
 NEW LIT
ElECTRONIC TEST ACCESSO- to fi nd item s in each of te n both in mod el-number and
RIES. Fi v e n ew p rod uct m ajor prod uct categories , RCII flJ rem o t e-t y p e-numb e r se-
g ro u ps a re feat ured i n and help ful selectio n guid es q ue nces . The last sect io n
Po mo na Electronics ' 138- are provided for the reader. co nta i ns p ho tog ra p hs of
page Electronic Test Accesso - The brochu re contai ns com- ove r 220 diff erent remotes ,
Remote Controh for
ri es cata log. Th ose incl ude p l ete d e scri p t i o n s of RCA and GE Instruments to help t he reade r identify
Ie test cl ips, low-co st cable Pomona's pop ular select io n th e co rrect mo de l.- Thom-
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point test clip s, and stat ic- Ro ad , D eptford , NJ
co ntro l devices. The catalog 08096-2088, ATTN : Service
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Pomona Electro nics, 1500 East CIRCLE 22 ON FREE
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Pom on a, CA 91769; Tel. TEST & MEASUREMENT IN-
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Remote Co ntrols for RCA divid ed int o three secti on s. cu st om er s c hoose th e
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 ! STOP! in g lo g ic- con trol ci rc uits ,
and ci rc uit analys is . CA D
COMPUTER p rograms for designing cir-
cuits and PC boa rds are of-
RADIATION fered , along with co mputer-
Have you ever observed the situation where an aided mat he matics and
electric device is adversely affected by a nearby waveform-viewe r software .
computer? We look at the waveform in the time The catalog is free upo n re-
domain and think we understand it. q uest .- BSO FTSoft ware, 444
Co lto n Ro ad , Co l umb us,
O H 43207; Tel. 614-491-0832.
CIRClE 23 O N FREE
INFORMATION CARD
New solid-sta te a nd d igital SMALL-MECHANISM DE-
TV sets. stereos. and vid-
eorecorders are tougher to re-
q uirements have also bee n SIGN. A 784-page tec hn ical
pair tha n old-fas hioned tube added . Those in clud e a rack- data boo k fro m Stock Drive
type sets a nd require s pecia l
training for th e serv ice te ch- mou nt se lect io n g uide , a Products, ti tl ed Design and
nician who wor ks on them .
On ly Do few states hav e Ja ws
glo ssary of te rms, and an ab- App licatio n of Sma ll Stan -
req u ir ing competency te st s brev iations and symbols sec- dardized Component (Data
for licensin g techni cian s who
rep air cons u mer electron ics, tio n . All p rod ucts and ser- Book 757), help s th e reader
bu t fifteen years ago th e in- vices are also ind exed both
time ternational Societ y of Cer -
learn ho w to design mecha-
t ified Elect ron ic Techn ician s alp habet ica ll y and num er- ni sm s that use sm all m e-
(e ET } bega n it s own cert ifica-
10dB t ion pr ogram to qua lify t he se ically. The 536-page publi ca- chanica l-drive co m po ne nts.
per tech nicia ns a nd those in in-
ti on provides d escripti on s, The book is co mp rehensive
du s try . To carry t he CET des-
DIV ign a t ion . t echnici an s mu s t p hotographs, prod uct -selec- eno ugh to be used as a text-
have fou r years experience
and pas s a rigi d exa minat ion tion guides, and o rde ring in- book in machin e design and
on gene ral elec tro nics an d a
specific a rea of exp er ti se s uch fo rmatio n fo r mor e th an 650 related co u rses at t he voca-
as a udio or ra dio-TV.
Man y consumers look for a
prod ucts, accesso ries, and tio n-tec hnical level.
100 Cert ified Electron ic Techni - software programs. Product
cian in th e shop when th ey
J-tv nee d a ny electroni c item re- lines in 18 major catego ries
paired. are included , as we ll as list-
ings of availab le tec hnical lit-
frequency 100MHz erature and worldwide sales
The scope photos show the wave form being offices , tech n ica l cen ters,
conducted by ribbon between shielded circuit and autho rize d dist ribu tors.
and keyboard within a computer, in both time There is no cha rge fo r the
(fig. 1) and frequency (fig. 2) domain. The cata log . -Jo hn Fluke M f g.
Spectrum Probe is placed directly on the line
and has no effect on the waveform because of Co., Inc., P.O . Box 9090, Ever-
the low capacity input. Clock and waveform ett, WA 98206 ; Tel.
harmonicsare low- but unnecessaryspurious 1-800-443-5853.
is radiated by this lead up to about 70MHz.
ENGINEERING SOFTWARE. CIRClE 25 ON FREE
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per Tools #3 co nt ains d escrip-
DIV Free Consumer Checklist tion s and o rde ri ng informa- A speci al 51-page sectio n
A consum er chec klist for
se lecti ng a serv ice sho p is av - ti on for several new produ cts on rob oti c comp on ent de-
and new versio ns of existing sig n include s a d eta il ed
softwa re. Design ed for st u- spec if icatio n guide co m par-
de nts, ho bbyists, and pr o- ing 42 performance featur es
100 fession al eng inee rs, it in- of 147 indu strial- and teach-
J-tv cludes low- cost stand-along ing-class robo ts. O the r ma-
Mo de rn electronic eq uip -
men t s uc h as digi t al TVs en gi n ee ri n g p ro gram s fo r jor sect io ns in t he book
frequency 100 MHz o r ste reos s hould be re-
pai red by s pe cia lly trai ned
IBM-PC's and co mpatib les. cover design p rocedu re, se-
Fig. 3 shows the waveform being connected to peo ple. Pro g ram s are offe re d fo r lectio n, and app lication data
the outside world (read "radiated") by a rear

_
panel connenctor. There is no digital informa-
ailable free by se nding a d rawing schemat ics, sim ulat- fo r desig n i ng wi t h sma ll
sta m ped, self-addressed en-
tion present, yet there is extremely high and velope to: Che ckli st , ISCET, gears, be lt and chain drives,
MW
completely unnecessary spurious energy at 2708 West Ber ry , Fort Wort h.
speed reduce rs, AC motors,
about 20MHz. Most spectral lines above
50MHz are due to residual pickup of RF, even
TX 76 109 . Th e lis t rem ind s
cons um ers t o ch eck s uch
ite ms as "Does th e bu sin ess
...
Ilorr SomooaJ min iat ure DC motors, gear
without connecting an exterior lead, indicating have the parts for you r par - trai ns, stepper motor s, con -
ticular brand?", "Did you get
that a reasonably good radiating antenna is an es t ima te d price?", an d stant force spri ngs, unive rsal
present! "Did you check th is comp a ny joi nts, and vib ratio n mo u nts.
with th e Bett er Bu sin ess
A " Designer 's Data Sectio n"
en
107 SPECTRUM PROBE Bureau?"
incl udes more t han 50 tab les
o converts any scope into a suc h as math em ati cal for-
z 100MHz spectrum analyzer
oa: mulas , conve rsion and uni ts,
~ and material prop erti es.
ow ~~J....:.lu.. Data Boo k 757 costs $7.95
~ $199 direct ..l:.-'Ii"
,J'tlllil'lln
po stp aid in paperb ack , o r
$12.95 for hard cover.-Edu-
o Smith Design 1324 Harris Rd. CIRClE 24 ON FREE cat ional Products, P.O. Bo x
~ Dresher, PA 19025 (215) 643-6340 INFORMATION CARD 606, Mineola, NY 11501. R-E
CIRCLE 196 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
34
 Put Professional Knowledge and a
sociation 's Consumer Electronic
LETTERS Group (EINCEG). The EINCEG rep- COLLEGE DEGREE
continued from page 16 resents major manufacturers of tele- in your Technical Career through

~ ~I
visions, VCR's, audio and video
a cement. Avoid breathing the systems, telephones, personal com- HOME
fumes .
I bought the 100-watt heater at an
puters, and home-office products.
The program was set up to help indi- STUDY ; jl,. ~
electronics parts store, and later vidual consumers who are having ~I

found the same unit, but marked for difficulties resolving complaints
aquarium use, for less money at a with manufacturers. Our office acts
pet supply store. The air pump I as a catalyst, mediator, or arbitrator
bought is designed for medium-size in disputes between the consumer
aquariums. and the (member or non -member)
Your magazine and its predeces- manufacturer.
sors have been on my workbench There is a standard procedure: Add prestige and earning power to
for about 50 years, and I've built so First, the consumer should try to
your technical career by earning
many of your projects that I've lost resolve the complaint at the retail
count. I like the editorial mix the level. If that fails, the manufacturer your Associate or Bachelor degree
way it is now-some new stuff, whose address is on the warranty through directed home study.
some like the etching tank, and card should be contacted. If the Grantham College of Engineering
some on computers. Don't forget consumer feels that the manufac- awards accredited degrees in
us old "tube-type" guys who know turer has not resolved the problem
how tubes work, but aren't really satisfactorily, the consumer should electronics and computers.
sure about solid-state circuits. I use contact this office, by mail or by
a TI-99/4A computer, and I'd like to phone (collect calls are accepted An important part of being pre-
see some programs written in pure only on safety-related problems). pared to move up is holding the
BASICso I could convert them to TI The consumer must be prepared to right college degree, and the abso-
BASIC (although I'm one of the few supply his name, address and lutely necessary part is knowing
who use the orphan). phone number; the product's your field. Grantham can help you
Thanks for a great magazine, and brand name, model number, and both ways-to learn more and to
keep it coming. serial number; date of purchase; earn your degree in the process.
DAVID C. SWARTZ dealer's name and address; service
Aurora, CO history, including itemized invoices Grantham offers two degree pro-
and work orders. The consumer will grams-one with major emphasis
be asked for a brief, concise state- in electronics, the other with major
ment of the problem and of the res-
emphasis in computers. Associate
olution being sought.
All complainants will receive indi- and bachelor degrees are awarded
vidual replies. Our office forwards in each program, and both pro-
the complaint to corporate person- grams are available completely
nel who are in a position to handle by correspondence.
it, and each case is followed to its
conclusion. If this office is not in- No commuting to class. Study at
volved in the dispute, we will arbi- your own pace, while continuing
trate. Our decision is binding on the on your present job. Learn from
manufacturer involved, but not on easy-to-understand lessons, with
the consumer. help from your Grantham instruc-
The EINCEG also publishes con- tors when you need it.
sumer-education materials in the
form of pamphlets. Send a letter to Write for our free catalog (see address
SASE EIA/CEG, P.O. Box 19100, below) , or phone us at toll-free
CORRECTION Washington, DC 20036 to receive
Due to a printing error, the parts- 1-800-955-2527 (for catalog requests
the Consumer Publications List,
placement diagram in our "Solid State only) and ask for our "degree catalog."
Wiper Control" story (Radio Elec- which provides titles and postage
tronics, April 1990) was shown im- costs for these pamphlets.
Accredited by
properly registered. We have correctly SALLY BROWNE, the Accrediting Commission of the
reprinted that figure here. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR National Home Study Council
STEPHANIE L. BROWN,
STAFF DIRECTOR
CONSUMER ASSISTANCE EINCEG GRANTHAM
Radio-Electronics readers might Consumer Complaint Assistance/ College of Engineering s:
be interested in the 'Co n s u m e r Inquiries Program ~
Complaint Assistance/Inquiries Pro- 2001 Eye Street, N. vv. 10570 Humbolt Street cD
gram of the Electronic Industries As- Washington, DC 20006 R-E Los Alamitos, CA 90720 s
35
 ladia- 0 0 f:\ rr::::~"{~
Eleclronics UITODITUDD~L0~

.....

\ ~;~~;~~ ".~ '~;~~:

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36
 WARNING
Please note that unauthorized (i)
reception of cable service, (ii) sat-
ellite decoding , or (iii) video de-
coding or copying is illegal under
Federal and State law. Federal law
renders illegal both the intercep-
tion and reception of any com-
munication service offered over a
cable or satellite system, or the de-
coding or copying of videos un-
less specifically authorized by
law. Federal law imposes both civil
and criminal penalties for viola-
tions of the applicable statutes. In
addltlon, most if not all of the
states have enacted "theft of cable
services" statutes imposing
penalties for violation thereof.
Thus, the use of the unit described
in this article should be restricted
to educational, scientific, and/or Restore missing video sync signals with
informational purposes and prior
to the use thereof authorization
our universal decoder.
should be obtained from your ca-
ble service company, satellite
transmission service or video pro-
ducer. This is not intended to con-
stitute legal advice as to the
propriety of their use thereof
based upon their individual cir-
cumstances and jurisdictions.

RUDOLF F. GRAF and WILLIAM SHEETS

UNIVERSAL VIDEO DECODER & SYNC REGENERATOR

PWR
H
LOCK
V

amplitudc , or omitted entirely

from the video (see Fig. I). The video
may also be inverted, altho ugh that is
not always done . Sometimes the S};lD
pulses may be suppressed to rano
levels, at differe nt times. That r.,
to "confuse." un so phi sti c,
code rs. and makc viUc0 p,~racx more
difficul t.
With all of those sc emes. a "key "
or pilot signal must be sent along with
the scra mbled signal in order to prop-
erly recon struct the missing or di s- s::
torted sync slo nal. The key or pilot ~
sig nal may take several form s. An au- CD
dio subcarrier. usually 15.7 , 31.5 or ~
37
 94 kHz (or so me other frequency that versed. D ark areas will be light , negative) and feeds it to a clamp cir-
has a fixed ratio to the hor izontal-syn c greens will appear as red , etc. One cuit. There the blank ing pedesta l
frequency of 15.7 34 kHz) is added to would ass ume that simp ly inverting (blackest black) is clamped at zero
the video signal, and is used by the the video would correct that prob lem . volts DC, and the DC video level is
decoder as a reference to recon struct However, only the video must be in- established by referencing the scan
the sync signal. Some times a digital verted, not the sy nc . Sy nc must be left portion (line sca n) to a varia ble DC
"addressing" sig na l is used to acti- in original form . That requires sepa- level set by the cla mp or DC- level
vate and deacti vate the decoder. For rate sy nc and video channels and a co ntro l. That feature allows indepen-
our purposes , thou gh , the address ing mean s of sp litting the video from the de nt contro l of sce ne b ri gh tn e ss .
sig nals ca n be ignored since they are sy nc. Next, the video-p lus- blanking signal
not invol ved in the scrambling and Th is art icle wi ll di scu ss a sing le- is fed to a sy nc combi ner where a
descrambling process. circuit device that ca n be used to re- pulse of approximately - 0.4 volts is
Another meth od makes use of a generate any of those distorted video added to the video . The output of the
se ries of horizontal pul se s im me - sig na ls. The device w ill: sy nc combiner is fed to a burst keyer
di ately followin g th e vertical-sy nc I . Regen erate missi ng or d istorted where a new burst signal is added to
pul ses to phase lock a hori zontal fre- sy nc . the sig nal. Now we have a co mp lete
qu ency osc illato r in th e d ecoder. 2. Rem ove interfer ing signa ls from NTSC signal at the output of the bur st
Th at , in tum , is used to rege ne rate the the sy nc pul ses du e to scrambling, keyer, having a zero -volt DC blan king
missing or su p pre ssed hori zontal noise , etc . level , - O.4-volt negative sy nc, and a
sync . That system is known as a " pi- 3. In vert (or revert) video pol arity. 0- to I-vo lt video level. A video out-
lotless" method , and that's because 4. Cha nge th e DC level of video put dri ver is used to interface a 75-
no pilot subcarrier is sent along with (brightness). - ohm load to the output of the burs t
the aud io . 5 . Adjust the con tras t level s (lumi - keyer.
A ll of those method s have o ne nance). The req uis ite components of the
thin g in co mmo n: They all alter the 6 . Correct t int dis tortio n (co lor sy nc po rt io n are derived fro m a
sy nc information . But in or der to de- shifts) . CD2240 CMOS LS I video sync ge n-
cod e the signal, there mu st be a key of 7 . Gener ate scrambled video signa ls erator that operates from a l. 08-MH z
so me kind present in the sig na l that for testin g decoders and scrambling/ clock circuit. The clock sig na l is ge n-
can be used to reconstruc t the sync. descrambling experime nts. erated by a clock osc illato r that is
Sometim es , as a scr ambling tech- Please note that the un it w ill work pha se locked to a reference deri ved
only on baseband video from DC to 4 from the orig inal "defective" video
MH z. It does not operate on audio sig na l as fo llows : Th e 3. 58-M Hz
sig nals. co mpo nents are extracte d by a 3 .58-
WARN ING: this device is intended MHz filter and fed to a 3 .58 -MHz
for expe rimental use , and is defi nitely osci llator circuit. The circuit is sim-
not intended for theft of scrambled ilar to the 3.58-MHz osci llator circ uit
mater ial. See the box in the beginning used in co lor TV reception . The os-
of this article . cillator is keyed on during the burst
interval so it " looks" on ly at the bu rst
How it works sig nal on the or iginal video signal.
Present in all (NTS C) video signa ls The signal then feeds both the burst
is a colo r-bur st co mpo nent at 3. 58 keyer and a divide-b y-455 circu it that
MH z. That sig nal is the "key" from has an output at 7 .9 kHz (nomi na lly).
which all other sync and timi ng info r- Nex t, the 7 .9-kHz signal is used as a
t
SYNC IS SUPPRESSED mation is deri ved . The horizontal fre- refere nce to phase- lock the 1.08-MH z
AND LEVEL SHIFTED quency is related to the bu rst by a clock osci llator. The 1.08-MH z os -
b factor of 227Y2, and the vert ica l fre- ci llator is therefore phase co here nt
quency is related to the hori zo ntal fre- with the origi nal video signal's color
COLOR BURST qu en cy by a fac tor of 525 (N TSC burst.

nlD,~ ~
video only). If there is so me burst Note that the sy nc port ion of the
"""" , u" \IV
."V sig na l presen t, even if noisy, the de- or igina l video sig na l (if presen t) is
code r sys tem w ill be able to use it to simply discarded . Therefore it does
SYNC MISSING ge nerate the necessary signals. It wi ll not matter if the sync was noi sy, miss-
not re move video no ise du rin g the ing , or at the wro ng level. A new sync
c sca n intervals (no isy pict ure), on ly is ge nera ted and inserted .
FIG. 1- THE SYNC PULSES are altered in the sy nc so that lockup is possible .
(J) either level or total amplitude, or om itted Figure 2 is a block diagram of the sy nc Circuitry
o
z
o
entirely from the video. The video may
also be inverted. Sometimes the sync
regenerator. Figure 3 is a detailed circuit sche-
a: pulses may be suppressed to random lev- Video inp ut at JI is spl it two ways: matic . Inp ut video at J I appears
I-
oW els, at different times. One portion goes thro ugh level-con- across termination resistor R I. If de-
-l
W
trol R2 into a video amp lifier. It is sired, R I may be om itted for a IK
6 niqu e , the video is inverted . If that's amplified by a factor of ten and fed to inp ut impedance rat her than 75 ohms.
o
-c the case, you would see a picture , but a pol arity-selector circ uit. The sw itch Resis tor R2 co ntrols the level of video
a: the tone s and col or s wo uld be re- se lects the desired pol arity (usually sig na l fed to ICI , an LM 733 differen-
38
 DEFECTIVE RESTORED
VIDEO INPUT ,..-_ _... . VIDEOOUT
1V750 NOMINAL POLARllY VIDEO VIDEO 1V pop 750
VIDEO SYNC BURST
Jl SWITCH CLAMP OUTPUT J2
AMP COMBINER KEYER
CIRCUIT & SWITCH DRIVER

FROM DC
3.58 LEVEL
MHz POLARllY o---------l CONTROL R9
SYNC
LEVEL R14
FILTER SELECTOR
+ 5V -5V
3.58 BURST
,..---..., 1.08MHz LSI VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
3.58MHz FREQUENCY CLOCK TIMING VERT LOCK
LOCK
OSCI LLATOR DIVIDER & SYNC LOCK
& AMP 3.58 + 455 GENERATOR CIRCUIT
'"-_~_. MHz . . . ...

KEYING

FIG. 2-HERE IS A BLOCK DIAGRAM of the sync regene rator. The circuit removes the
"defective" sync and rep laces it with a good one.

tial video amplifier, throu gh co upling from IC3-a at pin 15 is a video signal: ' stable . -A ' momentary 'Iossor video"
ca pacitor C I. R3 and R4 are bias re- with zero volts blankin g level and may cause loss of lock in some in-
sistors for ICI , which ob tain s DC - O.4- volt sync tips added . Resistor stances . To correct that , depre ss SI
power through decoupling networks RI3 and Cl 3 are decoupling and by- and reestabl ish lock .
R5, C2 , and C3 , and R6 , C4 , and C5; pass components . Oscillator IC5 generates a 3 .58-
ICI produ ces both an in-phase and a All that's missing now is the 3 .58- MHz signal that's phase -locked to the
1800 out- of-pha se signal at pins 8 and MHz color-bur st signal . That is added inpu t signal. Co mponents C19, R24 ,
9. throu gh switch IC3-b . The burst sig- C21, and C22 form a loop filter, and
The two signals from ICI are fed to . nal comes from the oscillator and am- C16, C27 , and L3 are for power-sup-
a porti on of IC2 , a CD405 3B E triple plifier circuit to be discussed later via pl y decouplin g. Cryst al XTALl,
2-channel analog multiplexer, which R45 . The signal rise time to the con - R25 , C23, C24 , and C25 form the
is used like an analog switch. The trol input of IC3-b is limited by R44 , oscill ator circuit for IC5 , and Q2,
video polarity is controlled by the log- and RI5 is a bias resistor. Compo- R26, R27, and R28 form a pulse-
ic level at pin 10; S3 grounds pin 10 if nent s Q5 , Q6 , R16, C16, R17, and inverter circuit. The PLL circuit in
reverse polarity is desired. R7 is a RI 8 form a unity-gain video driver. IC5 is keyed on onl y during burst
pull -up resistor for pin 10. The signal The output (corrected video) across intervals; a burst-ke y pulse at pin 9
from the co mmon pole of the switch is RI 8 is fed to output jack 12. (produced by Q2) is used for that.
coupled throu gh C6 to clamp -switch In order to correctly perform all of Without that pulse , IC5 will not main-
IC2-b and to switch IC2-c . Durin g the sw itching , timin g signals are nec- tain a stable lock to the burst compo-
horizontal back -p orch (bl ack) peri- ess ary. The 3.S 8-MHz components of nent from C18. Trimmer C24 adju sts
ods , pin 3 of IC2-b and the negative the input video are picked off by filter the oscillator free-run frequency.
side of C6 is clamped to a DC voltage C I7 and Ll and fed to IC5 via R20 , The 3. 58 MH z CW signal, refer-
det ermined by R9. Capacitor s CII R21, and C18. When the horizont al- enced to the burst from the input sig-
and CI2 form a bipolar bypass elec- lock switch S l is close d, Q I is turned nal , is fed to ampli fierQ3, and associ-
trol ytic . That sets the DC clamping on, shorting the 3 .58-MHz signal to ated components (R30, R31, bypass-
level of the video signal. ground . That functi on is used for both capacitor C29 , R31, and L2-R32 is
Durin g blanking intervals, the out- setup and establishing prop er sync re- a bias resistor ). Trimmer capacitor
put at IC2-c pin 4 is switched from lations upon initial lockup. Since the C32 and C30 tune L2 to 3 .58 MH z;
vid eo to ground . Therefore, pin 4 has osc illator initi all y cannot "know " C32 is used to adjust the phase of the
a ground level during blankin g inter- which port ion of the 3.5 8-MH z signal 3.58-MH z burst reference to compen-
vals and video during scan intervals. is the burst , pushbutton S I is momen- sate for tint (hue) variations, and C31
The original " defective " sy nc is not tarily depressed . That causes the re- is a DC blocki ng capacitor. The 3. 58-
passed alon g . Instead , a new, ground- stored video image to roll horizon- MHz signal (abo ut 8- 10 volts p-p) is
level bl an kin g ped estal is inserted . tally on the video display. Switch S I is fed to R34 and IC 6. Compon ent s
Power-suppl y dec oupling net works held depressed until the image is cor- R34 , R35 , C41, and L4 form a net-
for IC2 are formed by C9 , CIO, and rectly fo rme d (ce nte red) . At th at work for coupling the 3 .58-MH z sig-
R12 , togeth er with R8 , C7 , and C8 . poin t, the sync relations are correct nal through R45 to IC3-b , the burst
Video that has been stripped of its and the osc illato r will lock up to cor- keyer. Potent iometer R34 sets the bur-
orig inal sync at pin 4 of IC2-c is fed to rect phase. Actually, that will happen st level that appears on the corrected-
pin I of IC3-a and on to the output of eventua lly anyway, since the only video output at 12. ~
IC3-a at pin 15. During sync inter- constant 3 .S8-MHz signal is the burst CMOS freq ue ncy di vid er IC 6, ~
vals, a - O.4-volt level (set by R14) is and , soo ner or later, it will slip in and along with diodes 01-D6 , Q4 , R36, <0
fed to pin 15. Therefore , the output lock up. Once locked up, the circui t is R37, and C34 , is used as a divide - ~
39
~ RADIO-ELECTRONICS

,;1 I R3 ~~R5
C2 C3 lOU ,10
0'
R81 C7t C8
-
.01 / 1011F
Rll
lK R48
10K 1011F 01 68K
. ~. + 5V " \\.. .
+ I

+ 1 ............. 7 ':' ':' POINT A

ICl "'"
14 LM733CN - 115
8
5 IC2-a
l f3 C04053
C4
l 011F
J.i C5
.01 R6
_ l OU
- - 5V

.p
C29
.01

L2
R32
lK t + 12V
R33
1000

R21
I 18/1H
lK

I 5V
R44
C28 lK
.01
8
IC8
C04040BE R45 IC9
-7
10n I LEOl
12
":" ':"
11 C02240 TC47 POWER
IC5
- -+ 16 12 ~01
CA3126E ':'
C26T'IC27 23
.0 1 ~ i OllF
131 1 1~5
R34 ~ . W. )~
R43
100 Il~~~f R54
100U
25K R35 BLANKING I
4.7K + 5V R53
':' 3.58MHz
L3 100U
R27 r 1811H SYNC
4.7K t + 12V
BURST
-e- KEY

I':: . o+ 5V
07
1N4007
12VAC J3 I::' . o + 12V
INPUT (cj)
':'
08

FIG. 3-SYNC REGENERATOR SCHEMATIC. " Defective" video is input at J1. It is then
stripped of its sync, qlven new sync, and then output at J2.
 PARTS LIST

All resistors are %-watt , 5%, un- C18-C20, C22, C26 , C28, C29, 07 , D8- 1N4007 rectifier diode
less otherwise noted. C31 , C33, C42, C4S, C47, C48, LED1-light -emitting diode , any
R1-82 ohms C50-0.01 fLF, ceramic disc color
R2-1000 ohms, potentiometer with C17, C41-100 pF, NPO Other components
shaft C21 , C35, C44-0.1 fLF, Mylar L1-L4-18 fLH choke
R3, R4, R7, R1S, R40, R46, RSo- C23-10 pF, NPO XTAL1-3.58 MHz crystal, 0.005%,
10,000 ohms C24, C32-3-40 pF, trimmer 32 pF, fundamental mode, parallel
RS, R6, R8, R12, R19, R42, R43, C25--33 pF, NPO resonant
R4S, RS1-10 ohms C3O-56 pF, NPO J1 , J2-RCA-type phono jack
R9-2000 ohms, potentiometer with C39-47 pF, NPO J3-2.5 mm power jack
shaft C36-0.001 fL F, Mylar S1 , S2-N.O. pushbutton switch
R10, R1 1, R20, R21 , R32, R39, R44, C37-C39-1 fLF, SO volts, electrolytic S3-SPST toggle switch
RS6-1000 ohms C49-2200 fLF, 16 or 25 volts, Misce lla ne ou s : cab inet (Radio
R13, R17, R24, R26,R29, R31 , R36, electrolytic Shack # 270-272A is perfectlysuit-
R37-2200 ohms C51-470 fLF, 16 or 25 volts, ed), hardware as required, IC sock-
R14-2000 ohms, potentiometer electrolytic ets (if desired), 12-volt AC, 350 mA
R16, R33, R52-R54-100 ohms Semiconductors wall transformer or other power
R18, RS5--330 ohms IC1- LM733CN differential v ideo transformer (see text)
R22, R23, R27, R28, R35, R38- amplifier Note: A complete parts kit, includ-
4700 ohms IC2, IC3-CD4053BE triple 2-chan- ing th e PC board, swi tches, po-
R25--680 ohms nel analog multiplexer tentiometers, jacks and plugs,
R3O-1S ,000 ohms IC4-74COON quad 2-input NAND and all parts that mou nt on the
R34-2S,000 ohms, potentiometer gate PC board is available from North
R41-470 ohms IC5--CA3126E TV chroma Coun try Radio, P.O. Box 53, Wy-
R47-1 megohm processor kagyl Station, NY 10804. Price
R48-68,000 ohms IC6, IC8-CD4040BE ripple carry for the kit is $92.50 + $2.50 sh ip-
R49-50,000 ohms, potentiometer binary counter/divider ping and han dling. A wall trans -
IC7-NE564N-phase-locked loop form er is available for $8 .75
Capacitors IC9-CD2240 CMOS LSI video sync extra when ordered with the kit.
C1 , C6-47 fLF, 16 volts, electrolytic generator A part ial kit consisting of only
C2, C4, C8, C9, C11 -C13 , C1S, C27, IC1o-LM7805 + S-volt regulator t he PC board and IC1 through
C40, C43, C46, C52, C53-10 fLF, IC11-LM7812 + 12-volt regulator IC12 is available fo r $72.50 +
16 volts, electrolytic IC12-LM7905 - 5-volt regulator $2.50 shipping and handling.
C3 , C5 , C7 , C10 , C14 , C16 , D1-D6-1N914B small signal diode Case is not included in either kit.

+5V

~1
L
H. LO~CK~--s--,~.:o-...J

VIDEO

':' POLARI1Y
~

CD
CD
FIG. 4-PARTS-PLACEM ENT DIAGRA M for t he syn c rege nerator. o

41
 by-455 circ uit. That results in a 7 .87- Beg in asse mb ly by first installing the case along with the PC board if
kHz signal at pin 12 of IC6; the signa l all fixed resistors . Next, install the preferred . If you exceed l4- volts AC,
is coupled via R38 and C35 to IC7 , an diodes, the four chokes, then the ca- the voltage reg ulato rs (lCIO-IC I2)
NE564 phase-locked loop frequency pacitors . Then insta ll the five potenti- may run too warm as they are not heat
multiplier that operates at about 1.08 ome ters . The two pote ntio meters R2 sinked. C49 and C5 l should be in-
MHz. Capacitor C36 determi nes the and R9 shou ld be fitted wit h shafts, as creased to 25 -volt rat i ngs and
initial frequency, and 'C37 and C38 they are front-panel controls. The use IC lO-IC I2 shou ld be heat sinked if
determine loop characteristics . The 1- of sockets for all lC's is recom - more than l4-volts AC is used .
MHz YCO outp ut from IC2 is fed to me nde d , thoug h not esse ntia l; tha t A DC power so urce canno t be
IC8, a CD4040 CMOS binary co un- makes testing eas ier. Do not install used , since we use both positive and
ter, that divides by 128 and feeds the any IC's until the last components are negative half cycles of an AC wave-
nomin al 7 .87- kH z result back to the insta lled on the boa rd . form to de rive the + 12- , + 5-, and
phase detector of IC7 . That produces Sw itches S I-S3, 11- 13, and LEDI - 5-vol t D C s upp lies. A power
a lock co ndition and the l. 08-MH z
signal from IC7 is phase -locked to the
7 .87 kHz input signal. Resis tor R40
sets the gai n of PLL IC7 , C40 and
C37 are bypass ca pacitors, and R43 is
a supply decoupling resistor.
The l. 08-MH z clock signal is fed
___ . .to video.sync ge nerator lC9 that pro-
duces requisi te timin g signals from
that clock signal. IC9 supplies burst-
keying, blankin g , and sy nc signals to
analog sw itches IC2 and IC3, and
also to Q2 . Resistors R52, R53, and
R54 provide short-circuit protection
as well as test po ints for those signals.
R5 l, C46, and C47 are power-supply
deco up ling components .
Eve n if horizont al locking is cor-
rect in phase, vertical locking may not
be , so IC9 mu st be locked up by
pu lses from lock-oscillator circ u it
IC4. Pressi ng S2 enables pulses from
IC4-a and -b to synchronize vertical
pulses ge nerated by IC9 . That is evi-
denced by a vertical rolli ng of the
video image seen on a monitor co n-
nected to 12. Swi tch S2 must be held FIG. 5-HERE IS THE COMPLETED prototype unit.
de pressed until vertical lockup (fram-
ing) is correct. can be wired to the PC board after all sw itch was not used on the prototype;
D C power ( - 5 Y, + 5Y, a nd co mpo nents exce pt the IC's are in- the plug can simply be pull ed out
+ l2Y) is supp lied to all IC's , as re- stalled. That allows the entire unit to from 13 to turn the unit off.
quired . Regulators ICIO, ICll , and be installed in one step in the case of
ICI 2 , C48-C53, and diodes D7 and your choice . The project was de- Checkout
D8 make up the power supp ly. Abo ut signed to fit a case that's 8 inches wide Ca refully inspect all co nnections
l2-volts AC at 350 rnA is required at by 6 inches deep by 2 inches high , or for co rrect so lderi ng. Next, check for
power-j ack 13. A power-o n indicator thereabouts . It 's best to use a metal ar v inadvertent so lder br idges es -
is formed by R55 and LEDI, and may case; other cases ca n be used- wood pec ially around the IC pins. Make
be omitted, if desired. or plastic is OK-b ut stray-s igna l sure correc t components have been
pickup ca n occur due to the lack of used and that all com ponents are cor-
Const ruction shielding. The prototype was built in rectly oriented. At this point , wit hout
A PC board is the preferred co n- Radio Shack's # 270-272A . Th e the lC's inserted , apply power. and
struction technique for this project to board should be mou nted on four Y2- immediately meas ure the voltages on
keep stray-s igna l pick up, ground inch standoffs (see Fig. 5). the + 5-, - 5-, and + l2-volt buses.
~ loops , or other glitches to a mini - A power so urce can be any l2-volt They should be within 0.25 volts of
~ mum . Therefore we stro ngly suggest AC, 60-Hz wall tra nsfor mer of at least those values . If any of the voltages are
a: that you either make a printed-circuit 350 mA capac ity. A power jack (13) is incorr ect , immediately remove power
o
w
boa rd from the foil pattern provided in mount ed on the rear of the case, but and find the problem . If everyt hing
rrl PC Service, or use a PC board from you can hard wire the power pack di- seems OK, keep the PC powered for
6 the source ment ioned in the parts list. rectly to the board-13 is therefore severa l minutes ; nothing should get
~ A parts-placement diagram is shown optional. A l2-volt AC genera l-pur- hot or smoke . If it doe s, locate and
a: in Fig . 4 . pose transform er ca n be mounted in correc t the problem .
42
 When the power-supp ly sectio n is
H. SYNC BAR
working, check for the following volt- VERT. SYNC
age s ( 10% unless otherw ise noted) BAR
before inserting the rC 's.
ICI pin 5 : +5V
ICI pin 10: - 5V
IC2 and IC3 pin 7: - 5V VIDEO
DECODER --r- MONITOR
IC2 and IC3 pin 16: + 5V I INmAl IMAGE
I
IC5 pin 12: + 12V I
I
IC6 pin 16: + 12V r - -:------ : ----,
Collector of Q2 : + 12V I I
Collector of Q3: + 4 to + 8V
Emitter of Q5: - 0 .6V
I
II RF
MODULATOR
__ TU~ED
TO CHANNEL
II VERT. SYNC
BAR
DEPRESSING
EmitterofQ6: OV 0 .3V 3 OR 4 I S2CAUSES
IL IT TOMOVE
IC7 pins I and 10: + 5V JI UP OR DOWN
IC8 pin 16: + 5V MOVES
IC9 pins 10 and 19: + 5V FIG. 6-HOOK UP THE UNIT as shown
here. The unit requires a baseband-video
IC4 pin 16: + 5V
input, and it outputs baseband video. If
IC2 pin 13: + 5 to - 5V (should you don't have a baseband video source,
vary with setting of R9) then you need something like a VCR with
- . IC2 pin 2: 0 to - 2.2V (should an RF input and a baseband-video output
vary with setting of R14 , adjust RI4 jack. If you don 't have a monitor that ac-
for - 0 .45V) cepts baseband video, then you need an
RF modulator or a VCR with a baseband-
Remove power from 13 and insert video input jack and an RF output.
all Ie's in the board. Next, set all
trimmer potentiomete rs and capaci- IMAGE AFTER USING S2
tors at midpoint except R14 , which up and down . Adjust R49 for a slow
was initia lly set during checkout. roll. By " tapping " S2 you should be FIG. 8-AFTER APPLYING A SIGNAL TO
Now appl y power to the board and able to lock the picture vertically. Set J1, adjust R2 and R9 for a visible image as
shown here; it may roll, but that's normal.
quickl y check for the following volt- S3 to posi tive polarity (open). Now
ages. Note that the voltages can vary depress S I , the ho ri zo n tal-l oc k indicates incorrect locku p. Tap S I
by as much as 20% . switch. The picture should roll hori- (horizontal lock) to correct the prob-
IC I pins 7 and 8: + 1.5 to + 3 .0V zo ntally and possibly ver tically, as lem . S3 can be used to change video
IC5 pin 9: - 0 .2V well. Adjust trimmer-capacitor C24 polarity, but that will norm ally require
IC9 pin 13: + 3.6V unt il the roll is slow. By " tapping " SI a slight readju stm ent of R9 to correc t-
IC9 pin II : +4. IV you should be able to lock in the im- ly set the DC levels .
IC9 pin 5: +4 .6V age hori zontally. In case you have any difficulty in
IC2 pin 9: + 3.6V Adjust R2 and R9 for a goo d im- ge tting the decode r work ing, first
IC2 pin 10 : +4 .9V age. Misadju stment of R9 will either check for a I-volt p-p video signal at
IC2 pin II: +4 . IV wash out the picture or cause hori zon- 11 . It is assumed that + 5, - 5, and
IC3 pin 10: + 4 .6V tal tearin g and loss of lock . Actually, + 12 volts are present. Next check to
IC3 pin II: +4 .1V
IC4 pin 6: + 2 .5V
1-
[BLANKING
11JlS -.j ..
I
52Jl5
- ( ) .. -
.. I
I
Testing and using : : DC LEVEL VARIES WITH R9 :
Hook up the unit as show n in Fig. r-!------- +
6. Connect a video monitor to J2 . If -- - - - OV-_-::D-::-_- - - - - - - - - - - -- GND REF
no such device is availab le , you can ---- - -- - - O.4V -T -----------
use an ordinary TV tuned to CH3 or / (VARIES WITH BURST (APPROX O.25V pop
CH4 with an RF modulator con nected SYNCPULSE
SETTINGR1 4) VARIES WITH R34)
as shown in Fig. 6 . Rotate R9; there
FIG. 7-THE WAVEFORM AT J2 should look like this when the circuit is powered up with
should be a blank raster on the screen , no video input to J1.
white , gray, or black , adju stable with
R9. Figure 7 shows what the wave- you can deliberately scramble a pic- see that IC5 is producing a 3 .58-MHz
form at J2 should look like on an ture by adjusting R9 so that the new signal. Al so check for abo ut 8-12 '
oscilloscope at this point. sync pulses are suppressed with re- volts p-p at 3.58 MHz at pin 10ofIC6 .
Now apply a video signal to J I. spect to the video. Toggle-switch S3 Check for a 7 .8-k Hz pulse train at pin
Adjust R2 and then R9 for a visible sho uld inve rt th e video yie ldi ng a 12 of IC6. C heck for a 1.0 8-MHz
image as shown in Fig . 8 . It may roll, negative pict ure . clock signal at pin 23 of IC9 . Those
but that's normal. Set R9 for bare ly If th e resul tan t image has weak are just a few troubleshoo ting tips in
visib le white clipping, and then back co lor, adjust the burst-level co ntrol case you have any problem s. How- ~
off a bit. Adjust R2 for proper co n- R34. Tint shifts ca n be adjusted with ever, you shou ldn't experie nce any ~
trast. Next , depress vertica l- lock C32, if necessary. Instability in the probl e ms if yo ur wo rk ma ns hip is ~
switc h S2 . A bar sho uld roll visibly co lor of the received picture norm ally good . R-E 0
43
 Join the modern era
with an instrument that gives you
a whole new way of looking at waveforms!
ALLAN C. STOVER

WHILE MOST ENGINEERS AND TECHNI-

cians can't keep their hands off the
INSIDE DIGITAL
newest and latest test instruments,
others have to be convinced that the
newest equipment is actually better
than what they're using. It took many
OSCILLOSCOPES
years for the digital multimeter to sup- nitely and recalled from memory for attenuator and vertical preamplifier in
plant the analog variety as most popu- comparison, a feature not shared by each channel, and are then multiplex-
lar. And, undoubtedly, a comparable analog storage oscilloscopes, which ed to a delay line and the vertical
period of time will be required before store a waveform for a limited period output amplifier. The amplified ver-
Digital Storage Oscilloscopes on a CRT, but not in memory. tical signals deflect the electron beam
(DSO 's) will be able to outsell their The DSO is essential in Automatic from the Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) in
analog predecessors. Test Equipment (ATE), where a com- proportion to their levels.
DSO's aren 't ideal for all applica- puter acts as controller, receiving The delay line slows the vertical
tions, so understanding how they measured values and changing mea- signal long enough for the sawtooth
work can help you decide if they're surement parameters like vertical sen- waveform from the horizontal sweep
right for you. They offer some fea- sitivity and sweep (or, in this case , generator to move the electron beam
tures that analog vers ions can 't sampling) rate. across the CRT, after the oscilloscope
U) match: is triggered . Without the delay line,
o
z Digital timing, more accurate than Analog oscilloscopes the initial part of the signal waveform
~ that of analog versions. Before diving into how DSO's prior to the trigger point would be lost
b Waveforms can be manipulated to work, you should first be familiar at the left side of the CRT. Since the
~ highlight certain features for special with the characteristics of an analog inputs pass through the entire vertical
6 analysis, letting a user zoom in on version; a block diagram of a two- channel circuitry before reaching the
o areas of interest. channel model is shown in Fig. I . The CRT, the inherent vertical channel de-
C? Waveforms can be stored indefi- two inputs pass through a front -end lay is usually longer than that experi-
44
 SIGNAL1
VERTICAL
OUTPUT
AMPLIFIER

SIGNAL 2

HORIZONTAL
._- - - - - - - - ---+-1 SWEEP
GENERATOR

FIG. 1-SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM of an analog oscilloscope, with two vertical chan-
nels and an external signal input. The two vertical channels are multiplexed before
application to the vertical and horizontal circuitry. The external and internal triggers can
trigger the horizontal sweep, whose output is applied to the horizontal input of the CRT.

e nced by the trigger signal as it passes

through the trigger circ uits and hor i-
zontal sweep ge nerator, SCOPESCREEN
A vertical amplifier needs enough
bandwidth to pass an applied input
wit hout distortion, which translates
into increased cost. Bo th vertical pre-
am plifiers use part of their individual
inputs for trigger ing purposes. Trig-
a
gering can also be external, with the
user selecting the desired option by SCOPESCREEN
ma nual switching . The trigger-com-
pa ra tor starts the hor izontal sweep
generator, dete rm ining the vertical
level in a given waveform where the
oscilloscope is triggered .

Triggering basics
Since triggering IS Important in SCOPE SCREEN
DSO op erat ion, let 's cover some
basics . Suppose an externa l trigger
arrives before a sig nal. The beam
starts sweeping, and the signal ap-
pea rs somewhe re later (toward the
right side) on the CRT. In fact , if the
triggering occ urs long enough before c
the signal, the sweep would finish be-
fore the signal arrives , and no wave- FIG. 2-THREE EXAMPLES OF TRIGGERED WAVEFORMS. An example of the CRT with
form would appea r on the CRT. If the normal triggering on the positive-going slope is shown in (8). An example of early, or pre-
triggering is sho wn in (b) , where the normal trigger point is visible in the early part of th e
trigger occurs after the signal begi ns, display, letting the glitch before the main waveform to be detected and observed. Finally,
the CRT will display a later portio n of (c) shows an example of late, or post-triggering, where the trigger occurs early in ti me,
the signal at the left-hand side of the letting the latter po rtion of the waveform be obs erved .
CRT.
Fig. 2-a shows an example of ea rly, the front end consists of attenuator, digiti zed version stored in memory
or pre-triggering , Fig . 2-b shows nor- vert ic al pre ampl ifi er , and tr igge r, until the microp rocessor can display it
mal , on-time triggeri ng , and Fig. 2-c each with the same function as in the on the CRT. The available waveform
late , or post-triggering. This idea will analog versio n of Fig. 1. However, the storage mem ory is determined by the
be important later, when discussing two vertica l c ha nnels of the DSO DSO 's record length. The longer the
DSO triggering . aren't multiplexed as they are in the record length , the longer the wave-
analog version; eac h has a separate form you can store, although you may
Inside DSO's path to the microprocessor, permit- be able to display only a piece at a
The DSO is similar to an analog ting data to be ca ptured on both chan- time . The band width of all circui try
osc illoscope in certain regards, but nels simultaneo usly. after the AID con verters, includ ing
different in others. Figure 3 shows a An input goes through an Analog- the CRT, can be much lower (some- <0
block diagram of a two -channel DSO; to-Digital (A/D ) converter, with the times called slower) than the DSO 's g;
45
 SIGNAL 1

SIGNAL 2

EXTERNAL
TRIGGER

FIG. 3-5IMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A 050. The front end is similar to that of it s
analog predecessor. After the vertical preamplifier, however, the inputs are dig itized by an
AiD converter, and stored in memory until the microprocessor can process them and
display the waveform on the CRT.

rated bandwidth . On ce an input is -~~--------_.--------"--------- -

digiti zed , the circuitry thereafter need
only run at the digital word rate to SCOPESCREEN
keep it displayed on the CRT.

Sampling "
.--........... _-.-_... ,..
'
" ............. .... . . --
/
A DSO doesn ' t process an input
continuously as does an analog ver-
sion; it samples at a rate determ ined
by its digital clock. Figure 4 shows a
sampled signal displayed on a CRT.
When bu ying a DSO, not only the
analog band widt h need s to be consid-
ered, but also the sampling rate, to FIG. 4-5AMPLING OF A WAVEFORM ON A D50. The D5 0 either needs more sample
determine how high a frequency it can points, or to connect the dots, to make the wavefor m appear continuous.
handl e . If it had to display a sinuso id,
for example, but took a rando m sam- mode , if the DSO has that capability. gering and sampling is increased, giv-
ple every cycle or two , the CRT image DSO 's use several sampling meth- ing a string of sam ples in tim e
wouldn't look anythin g like what it od s , the two mo st common being appearing on the CRT.
should. real-tim e and repetitive. Sampling is The visual results of both random
In order to reconstruct a con tinuou s performed und er direct micro - and sequential sampling are ident ical .
signal with finite bandwidth from processor control , as shown in Fig. 3. Each gives the same number of sam-
equi spaced digital samples of it, the Real-t ime sampling is used to capture ples on the CRT, so the user sees the
rate at which the samples are taken , single-shot waveforms, since a high same signal with either method. The
called the sampling rate , must be at sampling rate is needed for enough main d ifference is that random re-
least doubl e the signa l bandwidth ; points in one swee p for an accurate petitive sampling samples the signal
thi s minimum sampl in g speed is rec on struction. Th e an alog band- witho ut regard to triggering, so many
called the Nyqui st rate , after the engi- width of the DSO front end has to be samples are taken before the trigger
neer who discovered this principle . high enough in order to prevent ana- occurs, lettin g the signal before the
Sampling slower than the Nyqui st rate log distortion. trigger be recon structed; this is useful
causes aliasing , a form of signal dis- Repetiti ve sa mpling is used for in troubl eshooting glitches. Since
tortion whic h can rende r a reco n- per iod ic wavefo r ms that c a n be random sampling collects signal in-
structed signal useless. sampled over an adequate period of formation both before and after trig-
Some DSO manufacturers use the time , not single-shot events. The two ge r ing, th en puts it to g eth er in
Nyqu ist rate to calc ulate their digital types of repetitive sampling are ran- relation to the trigger time , both be-
band width , w hich gives a hi gh e r dom and seq uential equivalent-time fore and after, the DSO provides pre-
spec ification than others that use four sampling . The former is done con- trigger capability.
or more points per period . You need to stantly without waiting for triggering . The tim ebase os cillator block in
~ know how indiv idual manufacturers The DSO stores the time each sample Fig . 3 perform s the same function as
z ca lc u la te b a nd width to co m pa re is taken , and when enough point s are the horizont al sweep block in Fig. I,
a? DSO 's. The higher the actual sam- gathe red, reconstruct s them on the except that the timin g is digital and
o piing rate, the better the resultin g rec- CRT in the order they occurred after con siderabl y more accurate than in
~ onstructed CRT signal will appear. If triggering . The latter is don e with the the analog case. The delay and com -
6 aliasing occurs during measurement , DSO waiting a ce rtain inter val after mand block in Fig. 3 is timed by the
~ you may need to change the sweep triggering, and then taking a sample. timebase osci llator, and in turn COOl"-
ex: speed, or switch to an un ali ased On each pass, the time between trig- dinates the operation of the AID con-
46
ve rters a nd th e wavefo rm sto ra ge
memor ies for both channels. , AUTOMATICTEST EQUIPMENT (ATE)
IEEE-488 GENERAL PURPOSE INTERFACE BUS (GPIB)
Automatic testing
Figure 5 shows a DSO in a simple
~ ~~ ~
I
ATE system. The AT E computer co n- )'
trol s the test eq uipme nt and read s DIGITAL
SIGNAL STDRAGE ' OTHER
measurement result s tran sm itted via OSCILLOSCOPE ~EASUREMEN
SOURCES GEAR
Ge ne r a l Purp o s e Int er fac e Bu s (DSO)
(G PIB). (See Radio-Electronics ,
July 1988 , Page 57, The Genera l Pur-
I t
p ose lnterfa ce Bus , by Vaug hn D . ~ I
Martin.) The ATE co mputer ca n ana- -, SIGNAL
ly ze sampled signa ls to determine ,." SWITCHI NG
NETWORK
amplitude , freq ue ncy , pul se width ,
'J
and other characteris tics .
Since th e DSO ha s a mi cro-
processor, it can analy ze waveforms
I
PROCESSOR/
CONTROLLER
I
ell
by itself, and send the results to the
TEST FIXTURE ;
ATE compu ter via GPIB . Produ ct
testing that once required techn icians CONTROL AND
to make complex judgment s of os- TEST SIGNALS
ci llosco pe signals ca n now be done
via ATE usin g a DSO to analyze sig-
nal s at hi gh s pe eds and w itho ut
I OPERATOR
TERMINAL
~ UNIT UNDER
TEST (UUT)
I
hum an erro r. FIG. 5-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TEST SETUP where a DSO is used in conjunction with
ATE. The computer controls the DSO via GPIB, as are all the other test equipment in the
DSO features system. Waveform parameters can be sent to the computer via GPIB for process ing .
A DSO ca n store waveforms indefi-
nitely, provided power is continuou sly t

available , and the signal isn 't over- TABLE,1-DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE (DSO) MANUFACTURERS
written. In the DSO block diagram in
Fig. 3 , there 's volati le digital..mem ory Analogic Corp. John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc.
between the AID co nverter and the 8 Centennial Dr. 6920 Seaway Blvd.
Peabody, MA 01961 Everett, WA 98203
micropro cessor. DSO 's have several
(508) 977-3000 (206) 347-6100
fea tures that allow signals to be ma- (800) 343-8333 (800) 443-5853
nipulated , have certai n characteristics \ .
highli ght ed , or co mpared to one an- B&K-P.recision Maxtec Inti. Corp.
Kikusui IntI. Corp.
other. Some of these are: 6470 W. Cortland St.
19601 Mariner Ave.
Chicago, IL 60635
Automatic measurements: A DSO Torrance, CA 90503
(312) 889-1448
ca n mea sure a number of digital wave- (213) 371-4662
form characteristics and display them Hameg, Inc. (800) 545-8 784
on its CRT, including rise time , fall 88-90 Harbor Rd.
Port Washington , NY 11050 Leader Instruments Corp.
time , del ay after trigger, peak-to-peak 380 Oser Ave.
(516) 883-3~3 7
voltage, offset , freque ncy, overshoo t, Hauppauge, NY 11788
(800) 247-1241
pulse width , and dut y cycle , among (516) 231-6900
others. A user can also control the Heath Co. (800) 645-5104
position of cursors on the CRT to dis- Hilltop Rd.
play the difference in time and ampli- St. Joseph, MI 49085 Nicolet Oscilloscope Div.
(616) 982-3200 5225 Verona Road
tud e b et we en t wo p oint s o n a
Madison, WI 53711
waveform . These features speed up Hewlett-Packard Co.
(608) 273-5008
me asurement s , improve accuracy, 1820 Embarcadero
(800) 356-3090
and eliminate hum an error. Palo Alto, CA 94303
Infin ite persistence: This feature , (415) 857-8500
Tektronix, Inc.
also ca lled point-accumulate mode , Hitachi Denshi America, Ltd. P.O. Box 500
lets a techni cian see the total j itter in a 175 Crossways Park W. Beaverton, OR 97077
signal. The signal on the CRT is never Woodbury, NY 11 797 (503) 627-9000
era sed ; it j ust accumulates on th e (516) 921-7200 (800) TEK-WID E
CRT. The stable parts of the signal
show up as solid lines, but any jitter pl ay s minimum a nd m a xim um can be connected to a graphic printer
beco me " fuzzy," and the width of the exc ursions of a waveform over time , or plotter for a hard copy of a CRT s:
fuzzy region indicates the amo unt. thereb y showing the maximum and im a g e w it ho u t n eedin g a n os - ~
Envelope mode: Simi lar to the infi- minimum point s of jitter. cilloscope camera . ~
nite persistence feature, in that it dis- Har dcopy outp ut: Some DSO 's Averaging: Th is lets you display 0
47
 the average of a repenti ve signal,
smoo thing out jitter and noise for a
clearer display.
Pre- and post-triggering: A DSO
sam ples and stores signal data in nu-
merous ways. It can sample and store
data in a constant stream, then display
whatever is in memory whenever trig- 0BGEJ@
B
ger ing occurs . It ca n sample signal
data eit her long before or long after C2J00CD
triggering. A techn ician can observe 800@
what occurs on a signal eith er pre- or GJ00C
post-trigger, as shown in Fig. 2. GOOC
DB
What's available
A variety of DSO's are available;
see Table 1 for a list of some of the
major manu facturers . Figure 6 shows
a Hewl ett -P ackard (HP) 5450lA
DSO, a low-cost version of its top FIG. 6-THE HEWLETT-PACKARD 54501A DSO is a low-budget versio n of the manufac-
turer's t op-of-the-Iine models. It has fo ur channels, a repetitive waveform bandwidt h of
model. The 5450lA has four chan- 100 MHz bandwidth, and a single-shot bandwidth of 1 MHz. It featu res a 10-megasample/s
nels, a repetitive waveform band- digiti zing rate, and time -base and channel cont rols similar to t hose of analog os-
widt h of 100 MHz, a single-s hot cill oscopes, but controlled through an on-screen menu and universal controls.
bandwidth of I MHz , and a IO-mega-
sample/s digitizing rate . It also fea- the DSO unattended. If the waveform Timebase Windowing lets a user zoom
tures time -base and channel control s exceeds a limit, the results can be in on a specific waveform area . The
sim i la r to those of a na lo g os - stored , printed , or sent to a comp uter. HARD COPY key prints a hardcopy out-
cilloscopes , but co ntrolled via an on- This mode allows auto matic measure- put of the DSO CRT. The SAVE and
screen menu and un iversal controls. ment of 16 different pulse parame ters , RECAL L keys let a user store and recall
Operating an HP 5450 lA is dif- and lets a user define measurement four instrument setups in nonvola tile
ferent from and much easier than op- thresho lds, like the standard rise-time memory. The AUTO SCALE key auto -
erati ng an ana log osci lloscope . When measurement from 10% to 90%. matically scales time , voltage , and
a user presses a menu key, a list of The Hewlett-Packard 5450lA has a trigger level for a stable display.
availab le functions appears on the number of other useful features . continued on page 69
right side of the CRT, each one in-line
with a function key ju st to the right. A
user selects the desi red funct ion, and
enters the desired value via either the
keypad or the universal knob on the
fro nt panel. The fo llowi ng features
are also co ntrolled via on -screen
menu s:
Display Menu provides variable
persistence for disp lay of worst-case
jitter, noise averaging , and envelope
disp lay mode s, as well as the ability to
" connect the dots" whenever individ-
ual data po ints are visible on the CRT.
De lta VlDelta T controls the posi-
tio ning of cursors to read the dif-
ferences in voltage and time between
two points on a waveform.
Waveform Math lets a user mathe-
mat ically manipulate two signals.
The math includes A + B, A-B ,
A x B, and A versus B.
en Waveform Save lets a user store
o
z
oc:
waveforms for later use in four non-
volatile waveform memories, and two
I-
oW volatile pixel memories.
....I Measurement Definition lets a user FIG. 7- THE TEKTRONIX 2432A DSO has a 300-MHz bandwidth and a 250-megasample /s
W digitizing rate. The 2432A includes signal averaging that reduces noise on repetitive
6 set measurement limits, and lets the si gnals. A smoothing feature uses a digital low-pass filter to improve the SNR for single-
o
DSO itself determine if a waveform shot waveforms. There's also an AutoStep feature that lets a user build and run test
c: passes the test. A user can even leave procedures automatically, or by computer via GPIB.

48
 TOKEY TRANSMITTER
FOR RT TY

D6
lH4003
b:=:U ]J2 11
1
16 RY2
RIO
4.7K
02
T1P42C

R84 R93 ROO

22K 20K 68K
RS7 C84
6SK .00'1
FIG. 4-THE AFSK AND INTERFACE SECTION contains a DB25 connector that can be
plugged into your IBM PC/compatible ser ies port for decoding CW with your computer.

Construction
02
1N4003 Various parts and kits of pa rts are
available from the source menti oned
01 C4 in the parts list. Foil pattern s for the
1N4003 .1 two PC bo ard s (the main board and
03
1N4003
the displ ay board) are provided in PC
PL1
Ser vi ce . However, bec aus e of their

\
GROUNDED
AC PLUG
C5
.1
co mp lexi ty, th ey are not recom -
mended for beg inn er s . Part s-pl ace -
ment diagram s for the two boards are
show n in Fig . 6; the two boards are
Vee co nnec ted togeth er by two I8-p in
I-"-'I~--..- -o rig ht -a ng le he ad e rs ( H D R I a n d
+ 5V
HDR2-HDR 2 is not show n sche-
C6 mati call y, as it is used in various
.1
places throu ghout the circuitry).
You should mount the 5-volt reg-
ulator to the case (a metal case can
dissipate a lot of heat), and mount the
circ uit boa rd in the case in such a way
as to kee p lead length s under four
FIG. 5-SCHEMATIC FOR THE POWER SUPPLY. Power consumption is about 5 watts. inches. The other two regulators (lC2
lJ)
o and IC3) don 't dissipate enough heat
Z is shown in Fig . 5. Power consump- The other 7805 (lC2) is set up to to req uire off-boa rd mounting .
oa: tion is abo ut 5 watts, and all of it goes output about 10 volts by attaching the After you've assembled the boards
I- ground term inal to a 4 .3-volt Zener
oW th ro ug h th e vo ltage reg u la tors and checked them carefully for poor
...J (IC I- IC3) . Therefore , one of the 5- d iod e , D7 . A 7912 (IC 3) provid es soldering, etc . , you must install them
W
o volt regulators (IC I) mu st be heat- - 12 volts. Since current dem and s are in an appropriate case. The one used
is sinked or else it will overheat during low, tho se two regul ators do not re- for the proto type measures 9 .8- X
<l:
a: operation. quire heatsinkin g. 1.75- X 1O .25-in ches, and an identi -
50
 DDD
FIG. 6-PARTS-PLACEMENT DIAGRAMS for the main board and the display board. The
main board is very complex, so you probably won't want to make it yourself.

~ 066~ AVv-J
 PARTS LIST
All resistors are Y4-watt film except C57, C58-D.0068 f-LF, mylar IC41-401 8 presettable divide-by-N
where otherwise indicated. C61, C62, C64, C65-0.047 f-LF, my- counter
R1, R3, R6, R12, R43, R45, R49, lar D1-D6-1N4003 rectifier diode
R5 5, R81, R82 , R89-39 ,000 C66--C69, C86--C89-0.01 f.l.F, mylar D7-4.3-volt Zener diode
ohms C70, C71-D.15 f.l.F, mylar D8-4.7-volt Zener diode
R2, R9, R52, R53-27,OOOohms C72, C73-0.068 f.l.F, mylar 01 , 02- TIP42C PNP transistor
R4 , R7 , R8 , R19 , R22 , R2 4 , C74, C75-0.03 f.l.F, mylar LED1 , LED1 6-green light emitting
R59-R62, R85-47,000 ohms C83, C84-D.001 f.l.F, mylar diode
R5, R13, R86, R87-68,000 ohms Semiconductors LED5, LED12-red light emitting di-
R10, R11 , R1 4, R2B-15,000 ohms IC1 , IC2-LM7805 5-volt requlator ode
R1 5-R18, R69, R7G-33,000 ohms IC3-LM7912 - 12-volt regulator L E D2 - LE D4 , L ED 6-L E D11 ,
R21, R51 , R76-220,000 ohms IC4- NE570 compander LED1 3-LED16
R23 , R90-20,000 ohms , % inch IC5 , IC26, IC36 -LM 311 vol tage Other components
single-turn potentiometer comparator T1-FP24-500 .
R25 , R26 , R34 , R74 , R77-330 IC6, IC25-LM324 low-power quad HDR1, HDR2-1 8-pin right angle
ohms op-arnp header
R27, R30, R31 , R78, R79-2200 IC7, ice, IC27, IC28-4066 quad bi- HDR3-2-pin jumper header
ohms lateral switch S1 , S4-DPDT PCmount switch
R2G-270 ohms IC9-74LS1 4 hex low-power Schot- S2-DPDT PC-mount switch with
R29,R32,R33,R35-R39,R41 ,R50, tky Schmitt-trigger inverter center off
R56--R58, R63-R65, R71 -R73 , IC10, IC11, IC14, IC15- 74L S1 61 S3-12 position rotary PC-mo unt
R75-1000 ohms synchronous binary counter switch
R40-470 ohms IC12, IC16-74LS30 8-input NAND J1-J4- RCA type ja ck , chass is
R42, R44, R48-48,000 ohms gate mount
R46, R47, R92-10,000 ohms IC13, IC17-74LS244 octal tri-state J5-DB25 connector
R54, R8B-30,000 ohms buffer RY1, RY2-16-pin PC-mount relay
R66, R91, R93, R94-20,000 ohms IC18-74LS10 triple 3-input NAND PL1-grounded AC line cord
R67, R68, R95, R96-20,000 ohms, gate Miscellaneous: case, hardware,
te-turn potentiometer IC19-2.4576-MHz crystal oscil/ator wire, solder, etc.
R80-4700 ohms IC2G-74LS90 decade counter
R83, R84-22,000 ohms IC21, IC24-not used
R10D-R105-2000 ohms IC22-2732 EPROM Note: The following items for the
Capacitors IC23-74154 4-to-16 line decoder PMX-200 Morse Detector are
C1 , C2- 1000 f.l.F, electrolytic IC29-7416 hex inverter buffer with available from Power Mountain
C3, C29, C30, C40, C46, C63-10 high -voltage open-coll ector out- Systems, P.O. Box161, Cora, Wy-
f.l.F, electrolytic puts oming 82925. Double-sided silk-
C4-C28 , C41, C4 7 , C77 , C78 , IC3G-74LS147 10line decimal to 4- screened PC boards, $79.95;
C8o-G82, C85-0.1 f.l.F, mylar line BCD encoder discrete parts kit (no boards or
C31 , C34-e36, C49, C51-0.0047 IC3 1, IC32-LM358N low -powe r case), $159.95; pre-programmed
f.l.F, mylar dualop-amp EPROM, $15.95; detector soft-
C32, C33-0.0027 f.l.F, mylar IC33-1488 quad MDTL line driver ware package for IBM/compati-
C37, C38, C43, C44, C59-1 f.l.F, tan- IC34-1489 quad MDTL line receiver ble, $19.95; black brushed
talum IC35-7414 hex SChmitt-trigger ln- aluminum case ready for you to
C39, C45-2 f.l.F, tantalum verter drill, $79.95; complete kit (con-
C42, C6G-30 pF, ceramic IC37, IC42-74LSOO quad 2-input tains everything), $269 .95; an
C48, C76, C79-0.22 f.l.F, mylar NAND gate assembled, aligned, and tested
C50, C52-D.002 f.l.F, mylar IC38, IC39-LM555 timer unit, $389.95. All prices include
C53, C55-0.003 f.l.F, mylar IC4G-74LS05 open collector hex in- UPS Ground, or mailing cha rges
C54, C56-D.0005 f.l.F, mylar verter in the USA.

cal one is available from the source when you change S2 (170- , 425- , and eter, R68, on IC32 sets the DC thresh-
mentioned in the Parts List. A pho- 850-Hz) you are cha nging the input old voltage for squaring up the AC
tograph of the insta lle d boards is bandp ass filter width. You must make input waveform (VADJ, IC32 pin 1). To
shown in Fig. 7. your measure men ts at IC 6 pin 1, set it you must use a frequenc y cou n-
which is prior to the NE570 AGC ter and a clean sine-wave generator.
Tune up circuit; otherwi se the AGC will pre- Set your generator to 1500 Hz and
The ma ster osci llator is cry sta l- vent you from seeing the filter 's actual feed about a I-volt signal into the
contro lled and preset. Si nce we 're response . PMX-200 , using the counter as a fre-
~ dea ling with a digital syste m, set up Potent iometer R23 sets the input que ncy reference . Set the potentiome-
z isn' t very difficult. However, a few level , but the setting is not very crit- ter so that the center LED on the upp er
~ tips will make tune up easier. ical. If you don't have a scope to row is lit. Nor mally you will see two
o If you want the best possible perfor- check for audio-c lipping at the output LED's lit and , as you approach the
~ mance you sho uld use an audio-sig nal of the front filter sect ion, ju st set it to a correct setting, the two LED 's will
6ui generator and a frequency counter to level whe re the de tec tor seems to merge until only one is lit. So , as long
(5 verify that the filter circuit s are per- work well . as your genera tor is clean, the adj ust-
C? formi ng as designed . Rememb er that The 20K, ten- turn trim potent iom- continued a ll page 88
52
 Why Are
There so Many
Transistors? I

IT'S EASY TO BECOME

overw he lme d by th e
num ber of tran sistor de-
vices availa ble . Understa nd ing Selecting the right transistor
where they all co me from ca n make it
eas ier to se lect the one best suited to for a particular application
your needs. Suppose the instru ctions does not have to be frustrating .
in a given project art icle call for " any
general-purpose tran sistor." So you JOSEF BERNARD
leaf through the back of Radio-Elec- transistors into classes acco rding to
tronics, or pull out the pile of cata- the purpose makes se nse . To use a
logs you've acc umulated as the result bul ky heavy-duty power tran sistor high c urre nts or voltages wi th out
of fill ing ou t reade r-serv ice ca rds that costs several dollars to do a job overheating, melting . or explod ing.
month after month, and look to ee that co uld that co uld j ust as eas ily be Another important cha racteristic is
who's got a goo d deal on general - handled by a sma ller, less-expensive breakdown voltage, or the maxim um
purpose devices. version is foolish. The question is, voltage that a particul ar device ca n
Let 's see, whe re are they'? " RF whic h speci fica tio ns make it "j ust handle . Depending on whether it's in
tran sistors '? " " Power tran sistor s'? " right?" the milli volt , volt, or kilovolt range .
.. Small-signal transistors?" "Switch- Each class of transistor is designed the required size . packaging. operat-
ing transistors?" Since you're build- spec ifically for a particular type of ing c harac teristics, and price of a
ing a little aud io amp lifier. you proba- ope ra tio n, and those characteristics transistor can be affected. There are
b ly want "sma ll-sig na l" trans istors; are what makes it suita ble for a par- small-signal transistors designed for
after all it'll be handl ing only a sma ll ticular job. In some cases, the main only a few volts and milliamperes of
signal. Fine . OK, let' s see what there criterio n is the max imum frequency curre nt, an d power tran sistor s de-
is in th at ca tego ry: Hmmrn . . . that a device ca n funct ion at for rated signed for massive amperages.
2N2222, 2N3904 , 2N3906, and perfor mance , ca lled unity-gain band- Ano ther c lass of tra ns isto r a l-
about 15 other types . Maybe your pro- w idth, or fr; it is the frequency at together is the sw itch ing transistor, or
c ured-w ith-difficulty da ta book will which the voltage gain drops to one. saturated sw itc hing device. Whil e
g ive you a better idea . RF transistors , for instance, can have sw itc hing transistors ca n be , and
Well , that' s no help either. With I r's of hund red s- or eve n th ou - often are, used for sma ll-signal ampli-
so mething on the order of 30 .000 dif- sands-of mega hertz, while good old fica t ion (a nd vice-ve rsa), th ey 're
fere nt types of bip ol ar tran sistors .. general purpose " types get by with a really desig ned just to turn a low-level
alone . there are at least 15 pages of much lower value. current on or off. TIley do that by
s mall-signa l devices, and on ly one or Gain is another factor used to di- being driven to saturatio n with a base-
two also appear in yo ur Jameco or vide devices into classes. Whet her or em itter voltage beyond the level for
Digi-Key catalog . How do you decide not a spec ific transis tor has a spec ific useful amp linca tions. Dependin g on
which is the right one? Why are there ga in can be a matter of either design com pone nt type, app licatio n, and
so many? or practical limitations. Power tran- packaging , transistors ca n be divided
sis tors, for exa mple, are built pri- into over three dozen classifications. s::
Transistor classes marily for high-power loads. Whi le ~
Even the most confused parts hu nt- their ga in may not be as impressive as Where transistors come from <0
e r will have to agree that di viding that of other varieties, they can handl e No device in a data book slips in by gs
53
 SELECT 5 BOOKS
for only $4 9 5
(values to $133.70)
and get a FREE Gift!

<0
<0
o

54
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uniqu e, some old favor ites-
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57
 accident; they're all there for a reason.
Many new designs come about as the
resu lt of techno logical advance, or
improved manufacturing. For exam -
ple, when power MOSFET 's became
practical to produce in large com mer-
cial quantities, a whole new product
line was launched . That obvious ly
didn't mean that all previo us power
transistors already in use were now
obsolete. Rather, those older prod ucts
contin ued to be manufactured be -
cause there were many circuits where
they performed we ll in, possibly at
lower cost.
Take the 2N2222 general-purpose
NPN bipolar transistor; it drives re-
lays, small aud io amplifiers, digital
inverters, etc . However, not a ll
2N2222's are alike, and the four dies
in Fig . I prove it; a die is an actual
chip, minus packaging an d lead s .
When you buy a Digi -Key 2N2222,
even though it's electrically identical
to all others, its geometry might be
any of those shown. Unless you find
out which d ie is used , you'll probably
never know the difference . For exam -
ple, Fig . l- c is the type of die typically
associated w ith 2N2222A-class tran-
sistors .
D ifferen t die geometr ies have
sligh tly di fferent operating param-
eters. The unity-gain bandwidt hs for FIG. 1-THIS IS WHAT TRANSISTOR DIES look like under a microscope. The names of the
the dies in Figs . l-a-l -d are: iT = different geomet ries are: (a) SSC, (b) JGA, (c) DCA, and (eI) TNL.
340, 420, 300, and 400 MHz, whi le
their typical maximum co llec tor-base However, for a company that antici- Th ose devices exceeding spec ifica-
breakdown vo ltages are: VCBO = pates the purch ase of mi llions of a tion s can be ma rke ted as a premium
140 , 130, 110, and 95 volts, respec- specific device to request that a part product for those who need superior
tive ly. Obviously, parameters like rise be produced to exact specifications charac teristics . For examp le, the
time and ga in ([3) also vary between may well be more economical . Taking mean desired cutoff frequency might
mode ls . that route is often cheaper than using a be 200 MH z, but a number of devices
Quite a few new products arise device that may already exis t, but of might be made with much hig her val-
from the requirements of design engi- questionab le availability. It may be ues , say 300 MHz. While those co uld
neers. The calcu lations for a specific identical in all but one minor charac- be used by the origina l buyer, they're
circ uit may call for product specifica- teristic to ano ther that already exists, reall y was ted . Th ere are probably
tions tha t can't be met, at least wit hin but no semiconductor ma nufac ture r other uses fo r suc h a high-perfor-
required tolerances, by any existing wi ll turn down an order worth mil- mance part , so it's culled out and so ld
device. If a large enough quantity of a lions. He'll produ ce it, and anot her separately-at a premiu m price .
new device is requ ired, or if the man - par t number w ill find its way into a Some devices mee ting very high
ufacturer sees a general-market po- data book . tolerances may be classed as "mil-
tent ia l, he'll set his engineers to Adding to the pro liferation of de- spec" or " high-rel( ia bility)" part s.
work, and the product wi ll eventually vice types is the fact that solid-sta te They have to mee t stringent test crite-
be manufactured and wind up in the manufacturing isn't an exact process . ria and , if they pass, they get thei r
next data book . It 's certainly much less of an arcane own part num bers. Simi larly, there
A small manufacturing company in art and more of a science than it was may be a sig nificant number of parts
(f) search of a transistor may take the many years ago . There are still num er- with a cutoff frequency of only 125
a
Z time to investigate preexisting devices ous variables, however, that can't be MHz . The buyer certainly can't use
oa: in the hope of finding one for a specif- precisely controlled. During a man- them, but they're not worthless , and
I-
a ic job . Sometimes redesigning a cir- ufacturing run, there are always some they aren't discarded . So meo ne is out
w cuit arou nd an existing device to take devices that either fall short of or ex- there wit h less critica l design needs,
....J
W
6 advantage of its characteristics may ceed specified tolerances; examples who ca n use suc h out-of-spec parts .
o

avoid the expense of having a special are gain, breakdown vol tage, and Actually, ma ny" general purpose"
a: part man ufactured . power dissipation. parts originate tha t way.
58
 CATALOGS ON
FLOPPIES
To make the job of selecting
transistors easier, several
companies now let you enlist
the aid of a computer. Here
are two examples.

FIG. 1-FROM THE SPECS IN SECS FIG. 5-DATA-ENTRY SCREEN for the
menu "Small Signal Devices," option G Precision Decisions parametric search
is "JFET Amplifiers 1 MHz)." for matched transistors.

FIG. 3-A LIST OF MOTOROLA devices

satisfying the selected parameters, with
some specifications on each.
FIG. 2-IN THE " PARAMETRIC SEARCH FIG. 6-PARAMETRIC SEARCH results
mode," the user can select one or more for matched transistors from the PMI
database.
parameters of the desired transistor. PHchl.. " ' l I t ll " I. . . . .. b. hll.. ''''c\. t.hl.. 4_
,mltt_UtlIIOl1$ MlllfbII
t" uU-.. I _,lltlett
1 1t l h l - t ...-A... I... Co_ rhou
The floppy catalog SPECS IN boIl ..-trDl,I t.l1 Ce_r h,..
tt.td.el Tu.. h t , ... It has 7,000 devices and 20,000
UIlU . , e Jeh ntCu
SECS handles all discrete Motorola U. l h n e-,.,.. t ....
1.'1....... 1101. ,.. , 11111'"
cross-references in 58 categories, for
products, over 7,500 parts; you can iIl. . tO So.oltCN.
"-lt l,lu"'l Motorola's entire discrete product
m la" . l nll"" ", ' '''.ct Ll_ .
then use a databook for specifica- , .." t "-Mri..
S.lu ~'f1ct1 Llet l..
s.-tt .."'""" ..... llCh "' I line, including optoelectronics, RF,
tions. Also , PRECISION DECI- k rl . ce & . ..t _Wi -tr'tfi' C ' rUac U
U "Jl rK t..rv
CATAl." I IttTJllCTIOIlI
power, small-s ignal , and specialty
SIONS from Precision Monolithic, ,'r_ ' .,._ , , t -. l I I M t . Pf l'-
items, and has both part number and
<h-. '" l ..' f. l '" h i .. , ..... ... , ~ ~ . ~ . . . .. >
I. " .\ ~ ' 1' l ~r .1 " I~ '" h .", _<1''' ~'
Inc. (PMI), accesses a complete line If'
I
E ~ ,",
t ~g ' ~ ..- 1'
1.. r. 4I. t
..4 I"" , til \ - ,- 1.,. \- n .. 1'1"
; r ~l 19 ,_hr _ r - 1<:1'
.. !'W,g ' parametric search modes. Once sat-
of ana log signal-conditioning and isfactory devices are displayed, you
data-conversion IC's; both use pa- can use a catalog for more data. Cop-
rametric search methods. ies are $2.00 from the Motorola Sem-
To illustrate how such software op- FIG. 4-PRECISION DECISIONS MAIN iconductor Literatu re Distribution
erates, simple parametric search will menu; the user can select from the dif- Center, PO Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ
ferent part types shown.
be shown using both packages. In 85036, (602) 994-6561 or (800)
SPECS IN SECS, the user can select 521-6274 (part number DK101/D
different languages, product catego- A similar set of examp les for REV-1).
ries, and screen colors. On selecting PRECISION DECISIONS is shown Precision Monolithics, Inc. (PMI),
a specific entry in each column, and in Figs. 4-6. Figure 4 shows the main also has a floppy-disk catalog called
performing a search, the entries are menu; the user can select from the PRECISION DECISIONS, with their
stored to save time on the next run. different part types shown. Figure 5 complete line of analog signal-con-
Here, "English" (option B) , "Small shows the data-entry screen for a pa- ditioning and data-conversion IC's,
Signal Devices" (opti on P) , and rametric sear ch of matched tran - using both part number and param-
"Monochrome" (option U) were used. sistors; the parameter values shown etric search modes. Packaging, pric-
On hitting Enter, a menu appears are the minimum and maximum per- ing, and competitive cross-referenc-
(see Fig. 1); "JFET Amplifiers 1 missible. You can also get data on a ing are included. Availablecategories
MHz)" was selected. specific part , if you know the one are op-amps, D/A and N O convert-
Another menu (not shown) dis- you're interested in. Finally, Fig. 6 ers, matched transistors, voltage ref-
plays the types of JFET amplifiers. shows the results of the parametric erences and comparators, sample-
Selecting the "Parametric Search " search from Fig. 5 for matched tran- and-holds , analog switches , multi-
mode from that menu gives the one sistors from the PMI database meet- plex ers , military/ae rospace prod-
shown in Fig. 2. SPECS IN SECS ing the specified parameters. ucts, the part numtieririg scheme,
tells whether the values in the menus The SPECS IN SECS Motorola new products, sales offices, surface-
and prompts are minimum or max- Data Disk floppy-disk component se- mount and ext reme temperature
imum, and the limits on the values lection guide from CyberSoft, Inc. , range devices, and a user directory.
that can be entered. Figure 3 shows a 440 E. Harmony Ave., Mesa , AZ For a free copy, call the PMI Commu- ,
~

list of appropriate Motorola devices, 85204, (602) 962-0075, has signifi- nicatlons Dept. , Santa Clara, CA CD
CD
with specifications on each. cantly modernized device selection. 95052, (408) 562-7470. R-E o

59
 The number of devices that won' t
meet spec ifications in a given run can
be predicted statistically, and there are
frequently eno ugh to be included in a
catalog as a new product with a sepa -
rate part numb er. That' s not to say that
quality control or manufacturing are
at fault-it 's just that some parts meet
s pe c i fica t io ns a nd so me don 't.
What's a company supposed to do , TO 3 TO-92
ju st throw them away? The name of METAL CASE PLASTIC CASE
the ga me is profit, and if somebody
can use them , why not wring out the
maximum profit possible?

The case for cases

A given part isn 't -set apart from all
others only by ratings and electrical
characteristics. The same part can be
packaged several different ways, each
TO-5
with its own part number, or with SOT-23 METAL CAN
_. suffixes to differentiate them. Certain
applications may need " rugge dized"
parts to withstand extreme tempera- FIG. 2-TRANSISTORS CASES come in a wide variety. These are a few of the more
ture , humidity, or shock, or special common versions.
ceramic or metal packaging instead of
plastic. A part originally spec ified for supplier is obviously much smaller requ est. " Vendors re ce ive man y
such extremes may be worth produ c- than the range of offerings from even phone calls and letters from people
ing in a less rugged version for more the smallest manufacturer. How do trying to locate such-and-such a part .
ordinary use . Bin go, another part tho se peopl e narrow down th e On occasion, such requests arise from
numb er. choices? The line stocked by a com- specific projects that appear in such
Power dissipation is another factor pany like those adverti sing in Radio- magazines as Radio-Electronics .
that ca n add part number s to data Electronics depend s on two main fac- The individual responsible for the
books , and ca n vary according to tors: availabilit y and customer need , project may have used an "orphan"
packaging . A transistor in a plastic which works out to the familiar law of transistor he found at the bott om of a
TO-92 case may safely dissipate only supply and demand . junk box . Som e peopl e (a nd you
a few hundred milli watts. A TO-220 Manu facturers-both of transistors know who you arel) are unwillin g (or
tab-type case may raise that to a few and equipment that uses them-fre- unable) to look for a more readily
watts, while a heavy duty metal TO-3 quentl y find them selves with more of available substitute, and so they re-
case can push it even higher. The con- a particul ar part than th ey need . quest the oddball one . If there are
tents are identic al ; the point is that There 's no problem with quality, ju st enough such requests, a vendor will
cas es affect dev ice ch aracteristics. inventory, solved by selling the ex- see a profit and add the item to his list.
Sometimes the part numbers may be cess . There are firms specializing in Sometimes, albeit rarely, there' s no
id enti c al , w it h onl y the s uffix disposing of excess inventory, takin g readily available substitute; that, too ,
changed to denote the different case , it off an overstocked comp any's hands is a reason to stock it. Whatever the
although new cases sometimes get en- for a price probabl y less than that reason , if there are enou gh requests
tirely new numbers. Some comm on originally paid or asked . Sometimes for an item , a source will be located ,
cases appear in Fig. 2. an over-inventoried manufacturer can and it'll find its way into a catalog.
Size and shape are also important. sell directly to a vendor through an ad
Som eone design ing a high-density indicating his excess stock placed in How do you choose?
PC board may need a part in a case of the classified ads of a trade publica- Selecting the right part may at first
specific shape or size , so he can fit as tion. The low price you may pay isn 't seem difficult from the plethora of
many devices as possible in a given a reflection of item qua lity, but rather transistors available; all you need is
space. Such custom packaging isn 't the sacrifice that th e over stocked common sense . First , determine the
cheap and manufacturers may deem it manufacturer had to make to dispo se category. If you' re buildin g a huge
worth while to make a part available in of the excess. audio amplifier, you need a power de-
~ a cheaper, more conventional case to Many devices in a vendor 's catalog vice . If your project will operate' at
z increase availability. are there simply because they're con- moderate power, perhap s an audio de-
o sistent best-sellers. As long as people vice of some sort such as a small-
a:
l- keep buying 2N2222's, they'll keep signal transistor will work. If it' ll be
ow Where do they get them?
--l As you browse through your l am- appearing in vendor price lists. De- oscillating or switching at high fre-
W
o ec o, Di gi- Key, or o the r cata log pendin g on supply, their price may quencies, a switching transistor may
is searching for part s, the selection of vary, but they'll still be there . Some- be needed , although at audio frequen-
-c times , a device is a frequent "special-
a: tran sistors offered by your favorite Continued on page 68
60
 OMESECURITY
OOKBOOK
An introduction to
modern home-security systems.
FIG. 1-SIMPLE RELAY-AIDED non-latch-
ing fire alarm u ing thermostat tempera-
ture sensors.

ALTHOUGH I T' S UN RTUNATE . T HE RAY MARSTON

chance of be ing attacked . robbed , or
inc in er at ed in yo ur own hom e is
stead ily increasing . Fortunat Iy, the
odds agai nst those kinds of dis sters
can be grea tly improved by takin g
few commo n-se nse prec aution s, like
using goo d locks on all doors and
locking a ll windows at ni ght. The
odds can be imp roved even further
FIG. 2-THIS SIMPLE SELF-LATCHING
with a good electro nic home-security
panic burglar alarm with N.O. panic but-
sys tem. tons or pres ure pads is adequate for
Home sec urity is a fairly large and many domestic applications.
involved subjec t. To understand it,
you first need to understand the basic Intruder prevention
principles of sec urity- system installa- Intrud ers are a very real menace ,
tion, some cr iminal psycholo gy, and and are generally divided into either
to exam ine some actual burglar alarm thu gs or burglars . Thug s b nerally
syste ms . We' ll deal with all of those operate by having one or more tale s
topic s here, and co ntinue the subject attack you either as you open your
in future art icles . Let 's start with front door. Sometim es , an attack can
so me of the basic principles that are occur late at night after or durin g a
involved in a modern home-secu rity break-in.
system . The first defense against thu gs , as
with fire , is common sense: have a
Basic precautions peep hole and chain on the front door.
The disasters most likely to strike An excellent second defense is per-
you at hom e are fire and intruders. manently armed panic buttons near
Most home fires are caused by things likely attack points , like the front and
like lit cigare ttes , piec es of smo lder- rear doors , living room , and bed-
ing coa l or wood falling onto rugs , roo m, arrange d to operate a se lf-
overheated electric a pplia nces, o r latching alarm when they're mom en-
clot h igniting from the heat of gas or taril y activated, as shown in Fig 2 .
electric stoves . Panic buttons are ordinary N .O. push-
The first line of defense aga inst fire button switches . A simple pani c sys-
is co mmo n sense, and the seco nd is a tem like Fig. 2 , can easily be used
fire-alarm syste m. The latter ca n be with most bur glar alarm s. Of course,
soph isticated, including smoke and ON /OFF key switch S4 is an absolute
gas dete c to rs , o r s im p le, lik e a necessity to make the circuit prac-
nu mber of Norma lly-O pe n (N .0. ) tical , to let it be shut off once it's
t hermostat s, mo u nte d a t ce iling activated .
height , con nected in parallel and ar-
ranged so that they tr igger an alarm if Burglary prevention
any of them close . A ny fire alarm is Any burglar alarm system ca n be
bette r than none at all , provided it's brok en down int o the three block s
relia ble, and a simple therm ostat sys - shown in Fig . 3 . The first is the "sen-
tem like the versio n shown in Fig . I sor netwo rk ," whi ch detects an actual
can easi ly be used w ith most burglar or possible intru sion at one or more
alarms. protected points, and sends a signal to
61
 causes a significant Doppler shift. but consumes I mA of quiescent cur-
Such systems can be falsely triggered rent via RI-QI (in practice, that can be OFF~ S6
...----", SZ.,.l-o 0--+ 12V
by a draft moving curtains or drapes, reduced to a negligible level with a 12V ON
or by insects close to the ultrasonic more elegant relay driver) . It can also ""'-J'-O--4-+--l A:-3 85
sensors. be easily modified for N .0. switches , N.D.
Infra-red systems normally
monitor along an invisible line-of-
sight beam, and sound an alarm if the
as shown in Fig. 7.
In a practical contact-operated
alarm system, the sensor switches ac-
.LL..(")- j. . . .4_ - -:..:r...
T~

beam is broken by a physical object. tually connect to the inputs of a con- S4

Most alarms of that type use single trol center, which houses the N.D.
beams , and can easily be falsely trig- electronics and battery, plus a nurriber
gered by insects, as shown in Fig . 4 . of switches that allow different sys-
R1
A few such systems use dual beams, tem sections to be turned on or off, or 12K
as shown in Fig. 5, activating only to be tested. Ideally, the control center L......-- - - -- -4
when both are broken simultaneously. should be housed in a burglar-proof rog;o---o;o~
Those beams are separated by 10-25 box with a key-operated ON /OFF '=' N.C. N.C. N.C.
em, to prevent being falsely triggered switch . Figure 8 shows a typical con- FIG. 7-BURGLAR ALARM CIRCUITusing
by insects. trol-center panel with six switches . N.C. and N.O. sensor switches.

ries-connected N .C. sensor networks

INFRA-RED
TRANSMITTER
It- -- --::i~
- - --+-W
\\ INFRA-RED -
RECEIVER
can be enabled or disabled by wiring
such a series string of-N .Cv-sensors in
parallel with Sl , as shown in Fig. 9.
LE01 01 Here, the sensors are enabled with Sl
open, and disabled with SI closed.
FIG. 4-A SINGLE-BEAM IR ALARM SYSTEM CAN easily be false-triggered by an insect Parallel-connected N .O. sensor net-
breaking the beam. works can be controlled by wiring
such a series of parallel N .O. sensors
in series with SI, as shown in Fig. 10.
In that case, the sensors are enabled
when SI is closed, and disabled when
SI is open.
INFRA-RED INFRA-RED
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
Planning a system .
The most. popular burglar alarm
type uses switch sensors. Let's look at
FIG. 5-A DUAL-BEAM IR ALARM ACTIVATES ONLY when both beams are broken simul- the actual techniques of planning such
taneously, and can not be false-triggered by small insects. an installation in a house. A building
can, for the present, be regarded as a
The most popular system type is box with an enclosing " perimeter"
the electro-mechanical switch variety. around a number of interconnected
These switches can be either micro- compartments . That perimeter is the
switches or reed relays connected to shell, containing walls, floors, ceil-
doors or windows, or pressure pads ings , doors and windows. To commit
under rugs. They can all be of the S3- S2 Sl a crime, an intruder must penetrate
Normally-Open (N.O.) variety (acti- N.C. N.C. N.C. the perimeter, the owner's first line of
vate by closing), or the Nor- ~--o--o-o-o defense . .
mally-Closed (N .c.) type (activate by 01 Once an intruder enters a building,
opening), or a combination thereof. If RY1 1N4001
01 he can move from one room to the
N .O. switches are used exclusively, a 12V R1 2N3704 next only along paths determined by
(>}180n 12K '='
self-latching burglar alarm can be internal doors and passages . In doing
made by wiring all switches in paral- FIG. 6-SIMPLE BURGLAR ALARM WITH
so, he must pass over or through cer-
lel and connecting them to buzzer N.C. switches, drawing 1 mA of quiescent tain " spots, " or checkpoints, as
BZI via relay RYI , as shown in Fig. 2. current. shown in Fig. II, the ground-floor
That may involve a lot of wiring, but plan of a medium-sized mid-terrace
the circuit consumes zero standby The main ON/OFF switch is (SI) of house. To move between the kitchen
the key type, and S2 is a pushbutton (a likely break-in area in the average
o current.
Cf)

Z If N. C . switches are used ex- that enables the alarm and battery for home) and the living room requires
oa: clusively, a self-latching burglar a functional check. The remaining passing through the kitchen door, ad-
~
o alarm can be made by wiring all four switches are toggle types , allow- jacent point "X," and the living room
UJ
--l switches in series and connecting ing sensors to be enabled or disabled. door. Those " spot" locations repre-
UJ
o(5 them to BZI via a transistor-aided re- Figures 9 and 10 show the connec- sent the owner's second line of de-
lay, as shown in the version in Fig. 6 . tions for turning individual sections fense .
-c That circuit uses minimum wiring, of the sensor network on and off. Se- The house owner can use perimeter
a:
62
 pressure pad in the hall near the din-
ing roo m door, or one on the stairs . .
OFF
That arra nge ment makes no attempt
FRONT ON ON ON ON
M~lN tf4~ ON to keep a burglar out, but uses "spot "
DOOR~ STAIRS~ GARAG~ AUXI LlAR~ ALARM ~ defense to detect him once he 's in-
side . Th e approach is highl y cos t-
OFF OFF OFF OFF effective, and gives reason ably good
S6 S5 S4 S3 protection.
By contrast , Fig . 12 assumes exten-
sive peri mete r and spot defense . Its
FIG. 8-TYPICAL CONTROL-CENTER INSTRUMENT PANEL. owner has decid ed to try to scare off

r:;
SENSORS
iJ.6.
T~ S2
N.C.
L
ON

. N~~.

FIG. 9-METHOD OF ENABLING /DISAB-

TO ALARM
SYSTEM

- x

LIVING ROOM KEY

ling series N.C. sensor switches by oper- c:=:::J = WINDOW

ating S3.
P = PANICBorrON

SH = SPY HOLE

OFFC\ JON x =PRESSURE-PAD SWITCH

''0 S1
I sEN;oRsl
TO ALARM
SYSTEM DINING ROOM

S~\:I N.O.
N.O.
S3~ HALL

FIG. 1o-METHOD OF ENABLING /DISAB -

ling parallel N.O. sensor switches via S1.

defense , spot defense , or a co mbina- FIG. 11-GROUND-FLOOR PLAN OF A MEDIUM-SIZED mid-terrace house with min imal
tion thereof. Perimete r se nsors in- spot and panic defenses.
clude micro switches or ree d-re lay/
magnet comb inations fitted to exter- Two examples potential burg lar s by using cle ar ly
nal doors and wind ows, and window Figures 11 and 12 show alternate visible window foil on selected win-
foil fitted to the windows on external ways of installing security systems in dows , bot h in front and in back. Som e
door s, windows , and skylights. Spo t the ground floor of a medium-sized foil is really connected into the alarm
sensors include pressure-pad switch- mid-terrace ho use . In bot h cases , a system, and some is dummy foil. All
es fitted under rugs or carpets , micro - peep ho le is installed in the front door, externa l and intern al doors are pro-
sw itch or reed -r e lay/ ma g net do or with panic buttons at three likely at- tected by door sw itches, and two pres-
switches, and baited traps using an tack points. The two ho uses differ sure pads are on the stairway, Also,
attractive or val uable item (like a co nside rably, however, in the methods baited traps are placed in both the
clock) placed on top of a concealed of burglary protecti on that are used. livi ng and dinin g rooms . Tha t house
microswitch . Figure II presupposes that a burglar has exce llent protection .
When plann ing an installation, you will most like ly enter via the French
should try to thin k like a burglar. Nor- windows of the living room , or the Installation notes
mall y, a burglar enters from an easy kitch e n door or window. If he uses the Pressure pad s are available as small
access point obsc ured from the view French window s , he ' ll be detected by mats; they' re exce llent spot defense
of neighb ors , like a back door or win- a pressure pad under a mat or carpet, devices , easily hidd en under rugs and
dow. Often , they 'll eve n break in but if he enters via the kitc hen , he 'll carpe ts . Both standar d and sta ir types
using tools from your own ga rage, so find nothing worth steal ing . So, he 'll are available . However, they' re fairly
include the ga rage in any sys tem open the kitchen door into the hall , sensitive and ca n be set off easily by
layout. Almost invaria bly, a burglar's where he 'll be detected by another large ca ts and dogs; if you own a pet,
first actio n after gaining entry to your pressure pad. make sure it's co nfined when the pres-
home is to provide for rapid escape by In the unlikely event that a burglar sure pads are on.
opening a back door, and then to start enters the hou se from the front, he 'll Wind ow foil is adhes ive -backe d CD
CD
stealing. eventually be de tected by yet another al uminum stripping that bo nd s to o
-- 63
 you can enter and leave without
WF WF sounding an alarm . Keep all wiring
(DUMMY)
\ neat and concealed, and test each sec-
tion as it's installed . If possible , fit
P

OS os
your system with both internal and
external alarms. The external unit
shou ld be prominently displayed in
KITCHEN
LIVING ROOM front of the house , where it'll act as a
deterre nt; weather-proof housings are
BTl
availab le.
BT = BAITED TRAP

Home-security circu its

os =DOOR SWITCH
We've already looked at the very
_x OS
r : - - - - - - - - -----<jA simple burglar alarms shown in Figs.
OS P = PANICBUTTON
2,6, and 7 . In reality, they need modi-
SH = SPY HOLE fication to be practical. A major de-
fect of the circuits shown in the Figs. 6
Ix DIN ING ROOM
and 7 is that they cons ume I mA of
quiescent current via RI-Q I. That can
HALL be overcome by increasing RI to 12
megohm s, and using a CMOS inver-
ter as a buffer between R I and Q I, as
shown in Fig. 14 . That circu it con-
os sumes I I-lA of quiescent current.
In practical inst all atio ns , long
FIG. 12-GROUND-FLOOR PLAN OF A MEDIUM-SIZED mid-terrace house with a high wires used to interconnect series sen-
level of perimeter and spot defenses, plus minimal panic defenses. sor switches tend to pick up spurious
pulses and signals, especially during
glass, and couples into an alarm sys- thunderstorms. The purpose of R2-C I
tem using special connector blocks. is to act as a low-pass filter to reject
The strip breaks when a window is such signa ls, and minimize suscep-
shattered. Door and window switches tibility to false alarms . Note that Figs .
are usually a reed -relay/magnet com - ~
I 0--+-- +--- - - '
2 and 14 each show the left-hand relay
bination. The magnet goes in the edge contacts being used to provide self-
of the door or window, opposite the 01 latching action . An alternat ive is
reed-relay installed in the frame, as 2N3904 shown in Fig. 15 . Here, self-latc hing
shown in the version in Fig. 13. When L . . - - - - - I RY1 is performed by a bistable made from
12V 01
a door or window is closed, the mag- SENSORS (>}120n 1N4001
ICI-a and ICI-b, and low-pass filter
net holds the reed-relay in one posi- R5-C2 causes the bistable output to
tion. When it' s open , the magnet ~ 51 14 -=- R4 latch low when S6 is first closed.
moves away, making the reed-relay 6N.C. 4.7K
If any sensor switches are then acti-
switch states . Most commercial ver- vated, a logic high is fed to pin 20fthe
sions have two sets of output wires in bistable via the low-pass filter R3-CI,
the reed -relay, one giving N. O. opera- which latches high and turns on Q I
tion, and the other N .C. operation . and RYI , activating buzzer BZI. In
When you plan your installation , Fig. 15, R2 is in series with the sensor
don't forget to provide for some switches, letting the circuit be acti-
means of bypassing the front door, so FIG . 14-THIS CMOS -A IDED ALARM vated by either the series switches or
draws only 1 j-lA of stan dby current. parallel pressure pads across RI. That

R3 Rl
56K 12MEG ...:t..
R2
10K

en ~ 53
o ~ N.C.
z
oa: ~S4
I-
6N.C.
o
UJ ~ 55
oj FIG. 13-PLANS SHOWING METHOD OF <5 N.C.
o CONNECTING a reed-relay /magnet com- ~SEN50RS
o bination to form a door/window-activated
~ sw itch. FIG. 15-A SIMPLE SELF-LATCHING BURGLAR ALARM .

64
 via any of a num ber of parallel panic
switches or therm ostats. If you com-
bine the circuits shown in Figs. 16 and
17, you' ll still need an independent
ICI and IC2 , since they need separate
supplies .

A comprehensive system
RYl Most of the burglar alarms exam-
12V
( 120Q ined thus far give useful but limited
pe rfo rman c e . Th e fina l ve rsio n,
shown in Fig. 18, gives outstanding
performance and has several sophisti-
cated features. It uses a + l2-volt sup-
FIG. 16-AN AUTO-TURN-OFF BURGLAR ALARM with 4-minute turn-off delay. ply and draws a few j.LA of quiescent
current. The + l2-volt power to the
CMO S circuitry is smoothed via 0 3
and C4 , enabling th e circu it and
alarm generator (BZl) to use the same
..:I.. 88 OFF : I supply. Normally, with S7 clo sed and
N.O. ON ~ -
+ 12V- - -OS;;o- -- - ,.. - ~
I I
--R all sensors inactive, LEDl, RYl , and
..:I.. 89
KEY SWITCH I r- --tl BZl are all off. Low-pass filters R3-Cl
N.O.
01 :l I '--=.... and R6-C 2 suppress any tran sients.
..:I.. 810 1N4001 : : If any sensor switches acti vate , the
~_-"-I
o -'.:N.:.::.O"-.
---02@ " input s of ICI -a and ICI -b go high ,
RESET

2N3904 '* turning on LEDl and RYl, the latter

through Ql , ICl -c , and ICI-d . As RYI
turn s on it self-latches via the left-
hand contacts, and activates BZl via
FIG. 17-PANIC AND FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT that can be added to the circuits of Figs. 16 the righ t-hand contacts. Note that the
and 17.
self-l at ching rel ay is permanentl y
makes a very versatile burglar alarm; sensors. In Figs. 15 and 16, QI and wired to the + l2-v olt supply, and can
idea lly, the alar m ge nerator (BZ I) RYI are perm anentl y conn ected to the be activated at any time by eith er the
should be powered by a com pletely power supply, even when S6 is open panic buttons or thermo stat s.
separate supp ly. and the senso rs disabled . That makes If key-switch S7 is initially closed ,
Figure 16 shows how Fig. 15 can be adding accessories like fire detectors or if pushbutton S6 is pressed and
modified for auto-turn-off action, so and panic switches , which must be released , the R7 -C 3-ICl -c network
the alarm so unds as soon as an intru- perm anentl y enabled, easy. disabl es Ql for about 100 seconds . At
sion is detected , but turns off auto- Figure 17 shows a practical add-on the end of that period, the circuit re-
matic all y after four minutes . That pan ic and fire alarm circuit for use turn s to normal operation. That's of

OFF + 12V
R2 03 ON S7
10K 1N4001 KEY SWITCH
04
1N4001

R4
10K

C1
Sl ~J R1 .01
N.O.' l 12MEG
II
R5 LEDl
1K

FIG. 18-COMPREHENSIVE HIGH-PERFORMANCE home security system.

action is obtai ned via ICI -a and IC I- with the circuits shown in Figs. 15 and grea t practic al value, since when the
b, which act as a monostable that driv- 16 . Here , IC2 -a and IC2-b make up a system is first turned on via S7, LEDI <0
es RYI via QI , and is triggered via the flip-flop that turn s RYI on through Q2 should stay off. R-E <0
o

65
 --... ,--
. . ...
- ........
"- e-




o

C/)
u..J
:::r::
u
Z

Q;
"0
o(J
Q)
"0
>
l-
I-
0::
Q)

-5

_.
'0
w
..
~:" ~- " . ' >,. I..
o
iii

--.
t I-

.0---""
0 ,.. o
C/)
u..J
:::r::
Z
W

.
Z

.,..----,:.~ "-'0
-==""====::"
o u on,

...... !::::. ..-- .. Z

::
~ o
t . ~ '1....- ~

o
 en
w
::I:
U
Z
~
m

..:
C1l
'0
o
U
C1l
'0
>-
l-
I-
a:
C1l
;:
'0

II
w
c
en
a:
w
C
...J
o
IJJ

 ---------------7INCHES---------------.!
UNIVERSAL DESCRAMBLER FOIL PATTERN. It's a single-sided board.

TRANSISTORS higher than required , if you follow middl e ground , it's hard to go wrong.
good engineering practice and over- Once you' re in the ballp ark , there 's
continued fro m page 60
design. A device usable up to I MHz no abso lute right or wrong . R-E
cies th at sa me sma ll-s ig na l device will work ju st as well at 100 kHz as it
(most likely a " general-purpose " de- will at the high end of its range. If
vice) will also do . your applica tion falls within those ex-
In most cases you don 't even have trem es , you ca n use the device . And if
to lo o k at specificatio ns- unle ss you ge t the " higher-quality" part at a
you' re " pushing the edge of the enve- bargain price , so much the better.
lope ," worki ng somewhere out at the There are seve ra l co mputer pro-
. outer fringe s of a category, almost any grams to simp lify electro nic design .
transistor in a class will do suffice. If One has a library of about 12,000
you want to be more part icul ar, start transistors , while another only 200 or
~ scrutiniz ing th e spe cificatio ns, bu t so . The rationale behind the seeming-
z bear in mind th at your app lication and ly sma ll selectio n in the latter is that
a? the specifications don 't have to match there rea lly aren' t that ma ny different
b perfectly. tran sistors-it j ust seems tha t way.
~ If your amplifier has to handl e up to Many are the same device in a dif-
6 100 kHz, there 's no reason why the ferent package , or behaving slightly
o cutoff frequ encies have to be exact. differentl y fr om it s pe ers wh en "Great color hars!"
~ You can esta b lis h cutoffs slig htly pushed to its limits. If you stick to the
68
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OSC I LLOSCOPES Sync Pod option can capture un - waveforms.
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continued from page 48
5450lA also has an internal TV trig- manufacturers is Analogic Corp. of
The triggering capability of the HP ger. Peabody, MA . Their DSO, the Data
5450lA shows the versatility of Figure 7 shows the Tektronix 6100 Waveform Analyzer shown in
DSO's . Users can select a "time- 2432A, with a 300-MHz bandwidth Fig. 8 , is much more powerful than
qualified pattern trigger," for exam- and a 250-megasample/s digitizing most , with numerous accessories , in-
ple, where the DSO will trigger only rate , The single-shot bandwidth is 100 cluding plug-in front ends from 100
on a glitch , Logic triggering allows MHz for band-limited signals. The kHz-125 MHz in bandwidth,
triggering only for certain user-de- repetitive mode uses an equivalent- RS-232C serial and GPIB interfaces,
fined conditions . A user can select a time sampling technique (random and preprogrammed handshaking, a pro-
particular pattern of either positi ve- or multiple point), The Tektronix 2432A gramming language, and an incredi-
negative-going edges to trigger on for has a number of other useful features, ble array of math functions , There's
each of the four channels, Triggering including envelope mode , averaging, also a calculator-style keyboard, and
occurs only when the selected pattern and smoothing . Averaging reduces soft keys on the display.
occurs. A user can also specify a pat- noise on repetitive signals, while It's not just a DSO, but a spectrum
tern using any three channels, with smoothing greatly improves Signal- analyzer. There are two or four inde-
pendent channels , letting you display
magnitude, phase , real, and imagin-
ary parts of frequency spectra simul-
taneously, You can add , subtract,
multiply, divide, differentiate , and in-
tegrate signals, and display power
spectra or histograms, do con-
volution , auto- and cross-correlation,
find fundamental frequency, RMS ,
peak-to -peak, mean, standard devia-
tion, and rise time, and signal averag-
ing , all in real -time , and store up to
32K points per waveform . There 's
also a double floppy-disk drive add-on
for storing waveforms and programs ,
FIG. 8-THE ANALOGIC CORP. DATA 6100 WAVEFORM ANALYZER is much more power-
ful than most DSO's, with many accessories, includi ng plug-in front ends from 100 and extensive technical support.
kHz-125 MHz in bandwidth, RS-232C serial and GPIB interfaces, preprogrammed hand- Since DSO's are here to stay, you
shaking, a programm ing language, and soft display-keys. It's also a two- or four-channel should get familiar with them. Most
spectrum analyzer, with numerous math functions on the calculator-style keyboard (see manufacturers provide a tutorial
text), and can both work in real-time and store up to 32K points per waveform. There's a
double floppy-disk drive add-on to store waveforms and programs, and extensive tech - handbook that you should read if you (0
(0
nical support. have access to one . R-E o

69
 /'.-;===============~
Hall Effect Resources

HARDWARE Sha pe Memory Alloys

Cycolor Print ing Secrets
low Noise Amplification
Unusual Mec ha nica l Stuff

HACI{ER DON LANCASTER

Cycolor printing secrets

IF YO U EVER FIND OUT WHATEVER IT IS WE in di ameter. Zill ion s of them are uni- For instance, if you've got hard
are do ing here, pl ease be sure and formly spread out one cylit h deep cyan cylit hs and soft magenta and
let m e k n ow . A t an y rat e, t h is over a po lyester carrie r, similar to a yellow cylit hs, t he n t he magenta
mon th 's goo dies include a bran d- piece of ph oto film . and yellow dyes w ill get released
new co lo r im agin g p ro cess, low- Each cylith starts out wi th a soft and w ill mi x to form a red im age. For
no ise am p lifie rs, Hall-Effect d e- oute r shell . The f irst cylit h type is a blue im age, those yellow cyliths
vices, and some unu sual new non- full of a liqu id cyan (process blu e) hard en , leavin g th e magenta and
electro nic it em s t hat cry o ut fo r leu co dye. The secon d cylith type is cyan cyliths soft . Squashing the soft
hacker use. As usual, all of our refer- full of magen ta (red d ish-p u rp le) cylit hs mixes a magenta and cyan to
enced sources appear in either th e dye. The t hi rd cylith type is full of produ ce a dee p blu e. And so on.
upcom ing Hall Effect resource side- yellow dye. One more ti me. Bunches of cylith
bar o r in th e Names and Numbers The cylith shells are sensitive to capsules are on the polyester car-
box. Please check out those side- different co lo r light. On exposure, rier. Some of the capsules get selec-
bars before using th e free help line. the cylit hs w ill harden . For instance, tively hardened w hen exposed to
And please make you r produ ct and red light wi ll harden th e cyan cylit hs light. A pressure rolle r then squas-
yo ur literature requ est s to anyone bu t leave t he magenta and yellow hes t he soft capsules, releasing th eir
list ed in either side bar speci fic, ones soft. Wh ite light w ill harden all dye onto a suitable f inal paper, plas-
rat her than gene ral. O nwa rd and of the cylit hs, w hile black (no light at tic, or slide material. Like stomping
upward ... all) w ill leave all the cyliths soft. on balloons . A brie f heat ing com-
To create a co lor print or slide, an p letes th e imagi ng process. Neat
The Cycolor process im age is p roj ect ed o nto t he de- stuff.
Co lo r co pie rs are gett ing bett er ve lo pe r sheet co nta i ni ng all t he A free and inte resting broc hure
and better. Wh ile th ey cannot to day cylit hs. Afte r expos u re, yo u r d e- o n Cyco lo r is avai lab le t hro ug h
challe nge p roduct ion co lo r pr inti ng velo per sheet w ill co nsist of a mi x- Mead Im aging , w hile leadin g com -
or ph otograph ic processes fo r cost ture of hard and soft cyliths. You panies offering Cyco lor mach ines
or clarity, th e handw ritin g is on the now have a laten t im ag e on your in clu d e Brothe r, Norits u , Pic -
wall . As yo u mi ght expect, t here are sheet that is somewhat similar to a Mo u nt, and t he fo l ks at Seiko-
now d o zen s of new co lo r tec h- co lor negative. Mead.
nol ogies in one stage of develop - Th e d evel op er sheet is t he n Probably the best way to start off
ment or anot he r. Seve ral of the placed in p ressure co ntact w it h a hack in g t hat st uff is to get fr ee
obvious needs th at any co lor system suitab le pape r, slide, or transpare n- demos of the vario us machin es and
mu st meet are accurate co lor regis- cy material. The pressure b reaks all then rip off small qu antiti es of the
t rat io n , low materi als cost, den se of t he soft cylit hs, releasing their in- sup plies fo r yo ur own testing and
reso lutio n, and t he ab i li ty t o te rnal dyes. The hard cylit hs remain use.
fait hf ully rep roduce an or iginal. intact and do not release t hei r dye. I can th ink of doze ns of spe-
One of t he candidate systems is cialized hacker uses fo r this new
called t he Cyco lo r process . That one NEED HELP ? tech no logy. W hat can yo u come up
is in vol ume produ cti on , so lves w it h?
(J)
o most registratio n probl ems in one
Z swell foop, and appears to be emi - Phone or write your Hardware low-noise amplifiers
oa: nently hackable. Hacker questions directly to: The best of new integrated circuit
f-
oW The key Cyco lo r secret lies in the Don Lancaster amp lif ie rs now offe r noi se lev els
materi als used. Figure 1 shows de- Synergetics
-.J that are muc h lower th an a circu it
W Box 809
o tails. Picture t hree different egg-like Thatcher, AZ 85552 b ui lt from d iscrete compo ne nts ,
o packages called cyli ths. Each cylith (602) 428-4073 and sig nificantly lower t han w hat

a: is around one-third of a mil (0.0003 ") vacuum tu bes used to be able to

70
 Figure 2 shows some possib le
cho ices for Linear Techno logy am-
HARDENS HARDENS HARDENS
plifiers that will give you the "best"
UNDER RED UNDER GREEN UNDER BLUE
LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT noise performance fo r a given im-
peda nce leve l or freque ncy range.
Of the prev io us gene ration devices,
the Precision Mono lithics OP-37 is
co nside red the "pa rent" of t he new-
er low-n oise devi ces in the same
way that the or iginal 741 started the
w hole op-am p unive rse.
Let's look at a typica l dev ice. The
POLYESTER CARRIER Linear Techno logy LT1115 is an ultra-
low -noise and low -disto rtion audio
op amp. It wo rks best w hen AC co u-
pled at hi gher gains and ove r an op-
FIG. 1-THE CYCOLOR PROCESS uses tiny cylith microspheres. Each of the cyliths is
initially soft, but hardens under exposure to certain light wavelengths. Crushing the soft ti mum input source impedance of
cyliths releases a dye that creates the final image. 30 to 300ohms. Figure 3 shows yo u a
simp le mi cr oph on e p reamplifi er
accomplis h eons ago. Fifth and f inally, ci rcuit noi se is a th at rece ives balanced input s (for
Four of t he leaders in the f ield of very stro ng function of frequ ency hum cance llat io n) and provid es a
ul tr a-low-noise chips include Linear and source im pedance. There is no single-en ded output w it h a gain of
Techno logy, Precision Mono lithics, such thi ng asa uni versal " Iow noi se" 300. The tota l of co mbi ned noi se
Burr-Brown, and Analog Devices. am plifier. In fact, a " low noi se" amp and ha rmo nic distortio n is under
W hi le all of those sources have run in the wro ng freque ncy range or 0.028pe rcent ove r a 20-Hz to 20-kHz
lots of free and excelle nt techn ical at the w rong input im pedance wi ll bandwidth.
info availab le, I am most im pressed actually generate more noise than Sho uld yo u t rul y and genuinely
w it h t he Lin ear Tech no logy offer- mi ght a plain old op -amp. need the lowest vo ltage noi se yo u
in gs at the present time. Thu s, if yo u want low noi se, it is can possibly get, and already have
But, befor e we really get into thi s, supe r impo rtant that yo u have all total and absolute co nt rol ove r all
let us shatte r a few hacker myth s th e data sheets and applicatio ns lit- t he usual grou nd, hum , stabi lity,
i nvo lv ing low-noi se am plif icatio n. eratu re on hand fo r the device you and stray noi se sources that usually
First off, in no way wi ll a low-n oi se want to use, alo ng w ith a tho rough swamp hac ker-cir cu it first -stage
amp lifier by itself red uce the noise understandin g of the optio ns avail- noi se figures, there is one sneaky
from an already noisy source. All a able in ot her chips . t rick you can pull. At least it's the-
low -noi se amp lifier can do is limi t There are two types of noise that oretically possib le.
t he amo u nt of extra noi se added by the first stage of an integrated amp li- Simply arrange several low- noi se
its ow n amp lif ication process. f ier can generate. They are voltage amp lifie rs in parallel and sum all of
Second, in the overwhelming ma- no ise and current noise. It turns out t he ir o ut p uts in to a seco nd-stage
jority of hacker circ uits, most noi se that current noi se is directly prop or- low-n oi se amplifie r. The gain goes
p robl em s are caused by im p rop er tio nal to the square root of th e first up wi th the num ber of amp lif iers,
c i rcuit layou t, slo p py decoup ling, stage collecto r current, whil e vol t- whil e the noise only goes up as th e
in stabiliti es, poor shielding, and un- age noi se is inversely prop o rtion al square root of t he num ber of ampli-
d esired gro und currents. Switc hi ng to the square root of the co llector fiers in use.
fro m an ordi nary amp lifier to a low- cu rrent. Five pa rallel amp lifie rs seems a
noi se one in such in stances w ill not Iffen the right one do n't git ya, the pr actical limit, w hich, in theory, can
in any significant way reduce your left one w ill. reduce yo ur first stage noi se by a
appare nt o utp ut noi se. It cou ld Voltage noise te nds to be co n- factor of slight ly over two. In the real
eve n make things mu ch worse. stant with frequency and mor e im- wo rld, that works only fo r input im-
Thi rd, the wider the bandwidth, porta nt at low impedance level s, pe da nces l ess tha n ten o hms .
t he mor e no ise yo u are go ing to w hi le cu rre nt noi se tend s to in- Worse yet, circuit strays are likely to
have. The wideband circuits are in- crease sharply below a noise corne r eat yo u alive if yo u attempt it. M ore
heren tl y noi sier t han narrow band (o r "1/f") frequ ency in th e low aud io details on t he LT1028 data sheet.
o nes. All ot her thi ngs being eq ual, range. Current noi se is more impor-
noi se w ill increase as t he squa re tant at high er in pu t impedance lev- Unusual mechanical goodies
root of yo ur bandwidth. Most often , els than low ones. There has been plenty of un usual
if yo u quadruple yo u r bandwidth, Voltage noise is usually measured non-electron ic stuff piling up here
you double the no ise invol ved . in nanovolts per square root of lately, much of it with great hacker
Fourt h, integrated-circuit no ise bandwidth (n vV'HZ), w it h any val ue potential. Time for a rundown.
te nds to increase d ramatically at ex- under 1.0 be ing fai rly decent. Cur- .First and fore most , if you really
tre me ly low freq uencies. If a preci- re nt n o i se gets m e asu r e d in want to get a hand le on thi ngs, pick s::
sio n DC respo nse is not needed, picoa mpe res per2.9 uare root of u p yo u r f ree samp le k it from ~
yo u wi ll be better off capacitively ba ndwidth (pAYHz), again w it h Grip Works. (0

co upling an AC or aud io amp lifier. anyt hing und er 1.0 being desirabl e. A new mate rial known as Trovicel 8
71
 materi al simp ly by remeltin g it .
10 k Hz The produ ct is available from two
to eight inches thick, in cylinde rs up
a>- to nin e inches in di ameter, and in
UJ
LT1028 LT1037 LT1001 LT1012 bu lk. You cou ld easily recast their
::J
a 1 kHz - wax into any shape you want to . It
UJ
a: me lts at 310 degrees Fahrenh eit.
u.. LT1115 LT1055 O ne good source fo r machinable
~
::J 100 Hz - waxes is Freeman Sup p ly . Prices
~
start at $4 per pound .
X
LT1037 LT1001 LT1 012 The Ame rican Safety Razor folks
~
are obvio usly one sharp out fit . Their
10 Hz
I catalog lists zillio ns of different low-
50 500 5K 50K 500K 5 Meg 50 Meg cost blades, including ripple on es
INPUT IMPEDANCE LEVEL for cutt ing po tato chips and bi g
mu th a ones nearly eigh teen in ch es
FIG. 2-ANY LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER has to be specified over a certa in input-impedance
level and a certain frequency range. Here are Linea r Tech nology's selections for the
lon g! The variety here is amazing .
" best" low-noise op-amps. Note that a misapplied " low-no ise" amplifier can actu ally be One obvio us proj ect arou nd here
noisier than a regular one. is a $5 cutte r for laser-prin ted bu si-
ness cards . I'm wond er in g if you
lo oks lik e a really goo d board prod- tho ugh hac ksawi n g and powe r cou ldn't use th eir blades fo r a c1am-
____uct for u?~ on__E;~e rY!bJ !lg _h~c k~ r _.__ 5 ~_~~~_~~ g~ r~ _!:lQDEl c o '!l m~!:l g~_d...: R.l!1g R..aR. ~r_c~ tter_as2Ye IL A proper
from cases throu gh prototype mod- You can bond it with or di nary PVC suppo rt, of course, would be essen-
els and displays. Trovicel is a rigid cemen t, and eve n grind o r we ld it. tia l fo r it to wo rk .
fo am ce nt e r pl astic sheet t h at Free samples are available. In w hat ju st mi ght be the most
com es in lot s of attractive co lors and Sho uld yo u need any cu rve d obsc ure free t rade journal in th e en-
in several t hick nesses. It is li ght- p lywood in tubes, q uarte r-ro un d, tire wo rld, Power and Bulk So li ds
weight, tough , paintable, outdoor half-ro und , or with a radiu sed end , cove rs such things as bin-l evel de-
rated,printable,pretty,and self-ex- try some of the Deco Shapes pro d- tec tors an d si m i l a r goodies .
tin gui shing. You work it with pretty uct from Lam in ates Incorporated . Amazingly, several hacker helplin e
near any hand or power to ol , al- There seems to be a lot of interest calle rs per wee k are asking for that
lately in machinable waxes. Besides so rt of st uff, espec ially f or agri-
bein g ob vio usly ideal fo r CAD/CAM cultural elect ronics.
t rain ing and p rogra m deb uggi ng, A new p roduct called Scotch 9703
th e material iswe ll suited for one-of- Co nd uc tive Ad hesive Transfer Tape
a-kind mo ckup s, pro of- of- con cept from 3-M has a very unu sual proper-
HANDS-ON BOOKS
model s, and fo r " does -it-fit?" prod - ty. It conducts elect ricity through its
Hardware Hacker Reprints II 24.50
Ask The Guru Reprints I or II 24.50 uct verification. thickness but not along its length.
CMOS Cookbook 18.50 Wit h a mach inab le w ax , yo u r From face to face, th e resistance is
TIL Cookbook 16.50
Active Filter Cookbook 15.50 tool s stay sharp, the chips are safe, u nd e r 0.1 o h ms. Yet , along its
Micro Cookbook vol I or II 16.50 and yo u can easily recycle yo ur final length , it in sulates to the point of
Enhancing your Apple I or II 17.50 allowing 500 vo lts across a ten mil
App leWriter Cookbook 19.50
Apple Assembly Cookbook 21.50 OUTPUT gap !
Incredible Secret Money Machine 10.50 +18V Embedd ed silver-plated part icles
LaserWriter Reference (Apple) 19.50 1 J.lF 4.7 J.l F
PostSCript Cookboo k (Adobe) 16.50 app arentl y do th e tri ck. Adhe sion
PostScript Ref. Man. (Adobe)
PostSCript Prog . Design (Adobe)
22.50
22.50
'IH values are in th e 50-oun ces-per-inch
Real World Postscript (Roth) 22.50 range fo r most substrates. Free test
samp les are available.
UNLOCKED SOFnNARE
Finally, sho rt shape metal all oy
LaserWriter Secrets (lie/Mac/PC) 29.50
PostScript Show & Tell 39.50 w ire samp les are available free from
Intro to PostScript VHS Video 39.50 1 J.lF Beta Phase. These magic wires can
PostScript Beginner Stuff
PostSCript Perspective Draw
39.50
39.50 H be bent into any shape at all and w ill
PostSCript Techn ical illustrations 39.50 -18V stay that way until heated to hot cof-
PostScr ipt Work In Progre ss 39.50 f ee t emp er ature s. Th en t hey' l l
PostSCript BBS stuff 19.50
Absolu te Reset lie & lie 19.50 rapidly spring back to th eir original
AppleWrlter/Laserwriter Utilities 49.50 size and shape . You can repeat the
Enhance I or II Compan io n Disk 19.50
(f)
a AppleWrlter CB or Assy CB Disk 24.50
1K shape-a nd-resto re pro cess zill io ns
Z of times . App licatio ns includ e ev-
oa: FREE VOIC E HELPLI NE VISA/MC
eryt hing from hi gh-d ensity zero-in -
f-
a MICRO PHON E INPUT sertio n-fo rce connectors to de nt is-
UJ
-l try.
UJ FIG. 3-AN ULTRA-LOW-NOISE balanced
o preamp ci rc uit that uses the Linear Tech- Tell yawh at. For th is mon th 's con-
o
nology LT1115. Comb ined noise and dis - test, just d ream up an off-the-wall
a: CIRCLE 83 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD tortion is under 0.028 percent. use for any of those unique new
72
 NAMES AND NUMBERS
American Safety Razor MWK Industries
Razor Blade Lane 1440 S State College Blvd , 3B
Verona, VA 24482 Anaheim , CA 92806
(703) 248-8000 (800) 356-7714
CIRCLE 226 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRClE 237 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Analog Devices Omega Engineering

One Techno logy Way Box 4047
Norwood, MA 02062 Stamford, CT 06907
(617) 329-4700 (203) 359-1660
CIRCLE 227 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 238 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Beta Phase Power/Bulk Solids

1200 Chrysler Drive PO Box 650
Menlo Park, CA 94025 Morris Plains, NJ 07950
(415) 494-8410 (201) 292-5100
CIRClE 228 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 239 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Burr-Brown 80386 32-bit processor, 12/6 MHz (switchable).

Precision Monolithics 40 MB (28ms) hard drive.
6730 South Tucson Blvd
1500 Space Park Drive " One 3.5" 1.4 MB floppy disk drive .
Tucson, Az 85706 " 2 MB RAM (expa ndable to 3 MB).
Santa Clara, CA 95052 " MS-DOS 3.21 included. " 100% IBM compat ible.
(602) 746-1111
CIRClE 229 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
(408) 727 -9222 " "Page-White" fluo resce nt backlit LCD dis play
with 10.5" viewing area.
CIRCLE 240 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD Supports: MS OSI2 ve rsion 1.0, Xenix, and
also Microsoft Windows/386 environments.
Freeman Supply Zero wait state.
Raytheon Socket for 80387 numeric co-processor.
1246 West 70th Street
350 Ellis Street Intem al Hayes 2400 Baud modem.
Clevelend, OH 44102 Serial & para llel print er ports.
Mountain View, CA 94039 Resolution: 640 x 400 pixels.
(800) 321-8511
CIRCLE 230 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
(415) 968-9211 79-key full function detachable keyboa rd .
" "Fast" charge NiCad battery pack included.
CIRCLE 241 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD " Dim.: 13.25"W x 14.75"0 x 4.75"H.
"WI: 14.7 Ibs. "One Year Warranty!
Grip Work s Facto ry New & Perfe ct!
Sharp
6916 South Broadway Expans ion Slot 1 MB
Sharp Plaza
S1. Louis, MO 63111 Due to a specia l ar- Memory, Carry Case,
Mahwah, NJ 07430 ra ngem ent . w e Battery Pack also
(800) 827-GRIP were able to obtain available.
(201) 529-8757
CIRClE 231 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD a large inven tory of
CIRClE 242 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD these laptop com-
puters. As a result,
Manufacturer 's
Laminates Inc " we can now offer Suggested Retail
them to yo u at
35 Engineers Road Silicon Valley Surplus HUGE SAV INGS!
$8,499"00
Hauppauge, NY 11788 4222 East 12th
(800) 221-5454 Oakland, CA 94601
CIRCLE 232 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD (415) 261-4506
CIRCLE 243 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD Item No. B-1970-12 8086
Linear Technology Insured Ship/Ha nd.: $20.00

1630 McCarthy Blvd Teledyne

Miliptas , CA 95035 1300 Terra Bella Avenue FOR FASTEST
(408) 432-1900 Mountain View, CA 94039 SERVICE CALL
CIRClE 233 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD (415) 968-9241
CIRCLE 244 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
TOLL FREE
Maxim
120 San Gabriel Drive Texas Instruments
1-800-729-9000
Sunnyvale, CA 94086 PO Box 1443
(408) 737-7600 Houston, TX 77001
CIRClE 234 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD (800) 232-3200
CIRCLE 245 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Mead Imaging
3495 NewMark Drive 3M/Scotch
Miamisburg, OH 45342 3M Center Bldg. 220-7E-01
(513) 495-9100 St Paul, MN 55144
CIRClE 235 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 246 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Motorola Trovicel Huls

5005 East McDowell Road Turner Place Box 365
Phoenix, AZ 85008 Piscataway, NJ 08855
(602) 244-6900 (201) 981-5000 ~

co
CIRCLE 247 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD co
CIRCLE 236 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD o

73
 materi als. There wi ll be the usual th ose terminals. In th e absence of shows yo u o ne typical digital Hall-
d o z en o r so In credible Sec ret any magneti c f ield, yo ur current will Eff e ct se ns o r, th e Spra gu e
Money Mach ine book pri zes, alo ng be uni form acro ss th e f i lm , and UGN- 3013, which is a three-terminal
w ith an al l-e xpe nse-pa id (FOB there w ill be no Hall output vo ltage. device abo ut the size and shape of a
Thatch er, AZ) tinaja qu est fo r two Now, sho uld a magnetic field be small signal tr ansistor. The pri ce is
go ing to th e very best of all. applied into th e film, the current und er a doll ar.
As usual, send all your writte n en- w ill shift towa rds one edge or the A supply vo ltage is appli ed . Whil e
t ries directly to me at Synergetics, ot he r, and a Hall voltage will be gen- th at can range fro m 4.5 to 25 vo lts,
rath er t han to Radio-Electronics. erated wh ose stre ngt h is propor- the usual + 5 is ty pical. There is an
ti on al to the magn eti c f ie ld and op en-coll ector out put t hat is off in
Hall-effect devices w hose polari ty depend s on the po- th e abse nce of a magn etic f ie ld .
There are lots of different ways of larity of th e appli ed magnetic fi eld . Note that yo u mu st provide an exter-
sensi ng magn etic fi eld s, rangin g The Hall actio n is related to the nal pull-up resistor to get an output.
from a compass on up. In past issues magnetic defl ecti on phenom enon Typical supply current is three mill i-
and in the Hardware Hack er re- used in a televi sion picture tube and amp eres, plu s t he "o n" current
pr ints, we 've looked at th e flu x gate foll ows th e " right-hand rul e" wh ere throu gh the load resistor.
magnetometer, that appears to be th e resultant force of a magnetic The chip is guaranteed to turn on
far and away the best method for field causes an electron beam cur- w ith a magnetic field of 500 Gauss,
sensing and measurin g the Earth 's rent to move sideways. or rou ghly 500 tim es the strength of
magnetic f ield . The Hall volta ge is usually rather Earth's magneti c f ield . It's also guar-
- Another magnetic -field sensor is low, and is ty pically in -th e tens of anteed to t urn -off w ith a magnetic
called a Hall-Effect device. Whil e millivolts. In most Hall applications, fi eld of less than 30 Gauss. To pre-
no t nearl y sen siti ve eno ug h fo r fairly strong magn ets are required to vent any chatt ering , a snap-acti on
accurate electroni c compass uses, a be placed quite close for rel iable hysteresis of 75 Gauss or so is usu-
wid e range of Hall devices are avail- ope ration. ally provid ed via an input Schmitt
able for use in positi on- and speed- In general, th ere are tw o types of tri gger.
sensin g d evi ces that can in ter act Hall-E ffect se nso rs, lin ear and A cheap Alnico magnet a third of
w ith nearb y magnetic mat eri als . digital . Lin ear sensors are u sed an inch in diam eter and a quarter
Our resour ce sidebarfo rthis month w henever yo u w ish to measure t he inch thi ck will activate your ch ip
show s yo u a few of th e leadin g actual st rength of a magnetic f ield. A from a di stance of 0.15 inch es. Sen-
sources of useful Hall-Effect prod- Caussme ter is one in strument that sitivity drops off dramatically with
ucts and in formation . can use Hall-Eff ect devices to mea- di stance. On th e other hand , flu x
Figure 4 shows you how th e Hall su re medium-stren gth ma gnetic co nce n trating pol e pieces can be
Effect wor ks. A th in film of selected fi eld s. F. W Bell is a major source for added for exte nded range, as can
sem iconduct ing material has a cur- th e precision lin ear Hall devices and st ronger magnets.
rent appl ied to it from a top- edge instrument s. Other devices are available with
terminal to a bo tt o m-edge terminal. Digital senso rs are used wh en - d iffer en t sens it iv it y. Some are
Two additio nal cont acts are placed ever th e pre sence or absence of a bip olar in whi ch yo u purpo sely
midway alon g th e sides of the f ilm . magnetic field is intend ed to pro- rev erse th e app li ed f ield , rath er
The Hall volta ge will develop across duce a "ye s-no" o utp ut. Figure 5 than dropping it to zero . That can
give you a more reliable sensing as
alternat e po les of a magnet go f lip-
pin g on by.
Two excelle nt and sometimes free
books on th e Hall Effect include the
Hall Effec t Sen sors data book
SN-500 from Spragu e, and the Hall
Eff ec t Tran sdu cers applicati on s
book fro m Micro Switch. The latter
shows a $10 opt io nal list pri ce.
There are bun ches of hacker uses
fo r Hall-Ef fect d evices, since th ey
can sense th ou gh a modest non -
co ntact ing di stan ce in a di rty en-
vironm ent. Obvi ou s di gital u ses
now includ e hi gh -r el iability key-
en board s, aut o mo t ive ignition co n-
o
z
oa:
tacts, shaft-angle encoders, position
detectors , mod el-railroad control s,
o
UJ
speed sensing, bru shless DC motor
commutatio n, and tilt switch es.
....J
UJ
6 Linear application s include cur-
o
<l:
FIG. 4-THE HALL EFFECT in a semiconductor will produce a transverse output voltage rent sensing, circuit breakers, and
a: that is proportional to the strength and direction of a magnetic field . d ire ct m agn etic-field measure-
74
 Other data books this month in-
clude the new Precision Analog and
Power Control IC Handbook from
Teledyne, and a new Linear Inte-
grated Circuits databook from
Raytheon. Looking at short forms,
Sharp has a pair of them out, one
titled RFComponents for CATVSys-
tems, and the other RFComponents
for Satellite Receivers.
Andtwo free new surplus flyers:
MWK Industries for lasers and op-
tics, plus Silicon Valley Surplus for
great robotics prices.
What appears to be a stupendous
breakthrough is described in A light
source smaller than the optical
wavelength, beginning on page 59
of the January 5, 1990 issue of
Science. That one is downright scary
in its potential.
Freesamples this month include a
MC14507 single supply RS-232 driver
from Motorola, a Johnny-come-
FIG. 5-THE SPRAGUE UGN3013 is a low-cost Hall-Effect sensor having a snap-action lately imitation of the Maxim chips
digital output. The open-collector output remains high in the absence of a magnetic field that pioneered this field. Also, there
and goes low when a field is present.
are a bunch of freebie chips from
Texas Instruments. Those include
ments. Hall devices also show up in and Level; Data Acquisition; Con- theirTL499A battery-backup DC-DC
all the usual surplus catalogs, and in ductivity and PH; Pressure, Strain, converter, a TL1451A pulse-width
many of the ads that you'll find right and Force; and Electrical Heaters modulator chip, and their SN75C188
here in Radio-Electronics. handbooks . They all include useful line-driver circuit.
engineering info. And, all of them Turning to my own products, for
New tech literature are available free upon a profession- the fundamentals of digital inte-
Certainly the fanciest data books al-sounding request. Unfortunately, grated circuits, check into both my
in the industry are in the free series the Omega prices are extremely classic million-selling TTL and
available from Omega Engineering. high . Then again, they would have CMOS Cookbooks. I do have some
These thick hardback volumes now to be to pay for the aggressivedistri- autographed copies on hand here
include their Temperature; Flow bution of all their exotic catalogs. for you.
I also have a new and free mailer
HALL EFFECT DEVICES AND RESOURCES for you which includes dozens of
insider hardware hacking secret
F.W. Bell Siemens sources. Write or call for a copy.
6120 Hanging Moss Road 19000 Homestead Road As always, this is your column and
Orlando, FL 32807 Cupertino, CA 95014 you can get technical help and off-
(407) 678-6900 . (408) 257-7910 the-wall networking per that Need
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Help? box. The best calling times
are weekdays 8-5, Mountain Stan-
M & C Magazine Sprague
dard Time. Let's hear from you . R-E
2994 West Liberty Avenue 70 Pembroke Road
Pittsburgh, PA 15216 Concord, NH 03301
(412) 343-9666 (603) 224-1961
CIRClE 249 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 253 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Micro Switch Texas Instruments

11 West Spring Street PO Box 809066
Freeport, IL 61032 Dallas, TX 75380
(815) 235-6600 (800) 232-3200
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Sensors Magazine Wabash Magnetics

1244 Reamwood Avenue 1375 Swan Street
Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Huntington, IN 46750
(408) 744-1500 (219) 356-8300
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75
 AUDIO
UPDATE
The search for the perfect tweeter Larry Klein,
Aud io Editor
IN EVERY YOU NG MA N'S LIFE TH ERE ARE ste reo LP's we re still six to seven have di sappeared ; others have re-
certa in milestones on th e road to years away.) appeared using new material s that
maturation . For exampl e, I recall the As I recall, my fri end 'stw eeter was co nt r ib ute d t o imp ro ved perfor-
circumstances su rrounding my first a small Univer sity horn fed by a man c e an d reli ability. H ere' s a
tweete r and crossover as tho ugh it matchin g crossover, each selli ng for brief- and incompl ete-rundown :
were yeste rday. The tim e was 1951 , abo ut $12. That was not an incon- The Electrostatic Tweeter. Usually
and I had recently assembled my siderable sum in 1951, since at the th ou ght of as a mod ern high-tech-
very f irst audio syste m-a Garrard time I was making $70 a week as an nol ogy device, th e elect rostatic driv-
change r wi th a GE ph on o cart ridge ele ct ron ic tech n ic ia n . U n f o r- er--o r at least the co ncept of such a
fee di ng a Bell 8-watt in tegrated am- tun ately, after several listening ses- d evi ce-h as been aro u nd si nce
pli fi er drivin g a GE1201 single-co ne, . sio ns my fr iend 's tweete r no lon ger abo ut 1925. As a twee te r, it co nsists
12-inch "full -range" spea ke r. Th e sounded qui te as mi racul ou s as it of a very thi n conductive di aphragm
speaker w as housed in a hom e-built had at fi rst hearing. Its sound had a supported in close pro ximi ty to a
and-as I learned later-badly mis- nasal , raspy quality t hat co nside r- per forated metal plate-o r sand-
tuned bass-refl ex cabin et. ab ly dampened my pleasure w it h w iched between a pair of plates as in
I was satisfied w ith th e sound of the newl y heard highs. (Dampi ng, Fig . 1. A fixed high-voltage charge is
my modest setup until a chance ac- as a matt er of fact, was exactly w hat applied between the metal plates (P)
quaintance invited me to auditio n was mi ssin g f ro m t he Universit y and the diaphragm (D). The audio
his system . Little did I know as I took horn ; as I learned later, it suffered signal voltage is stepped up by a
th e Lexin gton Avenue subway up- f ro m severe dia p h ragm and horn t ransfo r me r to an appropri at ely
town that I was about to expe rience resonan ces.) That wast he start of my high value to override the fi xed elec-
an audi o epiphany. My fr iend's sys- Great Hi-Fi Tweeter/Crossover Hunt
tem turn ed out to be overwh elming th at lasted for at least a decade. o
in its sophi stication; it actually had a
separate little horn-loaded speaker Tweeters I have known
called a twe eter design ed specifical- Virtually all tw eeters in th e early
ly to reproduce th e high frequen- Fifties were horn-loaded, and t heir
cies! And , furthermo re, he ow ned d esign ers ap parent ly had lot s to
two specia l demon str ati on di scs learn abo ut reson ance co ntrol. In
with hi ghs on them for the tweeter ge ne ral, the tweete rs we re direc-
to reproduce. As I sat th ere in his tion al, harsh, and holl ow sounding.
living room regaled by th e record ed Afte r making a pest of myself at nu-
sounds of shattering glassand wh is- merou s hi-fi salo ns (as they we re
tling tea kettl es, I realized that I was called in t hose days), I f inally sett led
h ear in g t he fu ture , an d th at I on the only co ne tweete r I co uld
needed to upgrade to it . f ind : a 5-inch model and associated +
It w asn 't t h at I h ad n ' t see n 3,000 c ps (H z) bee swax -f i li ed -v
tweeters in th e catalogs , it was ju st crossove r, bo t h made by W harf -
th at I mi sjud ged them to be simply eda le, a Brit ish manu fact u rer. My
CfJ
o anothe r example of pr icey audio ex- new tweeter didn 't prov ide in stant
Z cess (suc h as sepa rate tone arms aud io ecstasy, but at least I fi nally
oa: and turnt abl es) t hat co nt ributed had highs w itho ut harshness.
I-
o more to sno b appeal th an to sound In the next two decades, th ere Fig. 1: FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM D is sus -
W
.....J quali t y. But my ears w er e now was a proli ferati on of twee te r de- pended between plates P in a typical
W push-pull electrostatic tweeter. The polar-
o o pened , and I vowed that m y next signs driven, I think, by the newl y
o-c audio purchase would be a tweeter. acknowl edged ,inadeq uacies of ex-
izing high-voltage DC supply is applied at-
the secondary of the matching audio-in-
a: (I say "a" tw eeter because in 1951 istin g mod els. Some of the designs put transformer.

76
 DIGITAL VIDEO STABILIZER
trostat ic charge and thereby pro- ered a single lo ng voice-co il /di - ELIMINATES ALL VIDEO COPY
duce diaph ragm motion. Transient aphragm that is both low mass and PROTECTIONS
respo nse can be quite good as a driven over its entire length.
direct result of the very low -mass The Dome Tweeter. Deve loped by
diaphragm. At th e pr esent time, it EdgarVillchur in1957, dome tweeter
appea rs t hat dynam ic co ne/dome designs are current ly fo und in mo re
tweeters have progressed suffi- speaker systems tha n any other type
Whi le watching ren t al
movies, you will notice an- WARNING:
noyi ng p e riod ic co lor
ciently that to many listeners they of high-frequency reproducer. Mr. darke nina, color shift, un- SCO
aud ib ly compete w ith t he elec- Villc hur, incidentally, was also the
wanted li nes, flashinq or
jagged edges . Th i s is
Electronics and
fo under of Aco ustic Research and caused by the co py protec- RXII dealers do
trostatic des igns-and don't req uire ti on jam ming sianal s em -
bedded in the VIdeo tape, not encourage
a high-voltage power supply. the developer of the acoustic-sus- such as Macrovision copy people to use
The lonvac Tweeter. Invented by a pensio n speaker system, wh ich also protect io n. Dig it al Video
Stabilizer. RXII co mp letely the Dig ital
Frenc h engi nee r na med Sigm und has achieved wo rld-w ide accep- elimi nates all copy protec-
Video Stabilizer
ttons and jam ming signals
Klein (no relati on ), it used a high- tance. The dome was t he first truly and brlngs you crystal clear to durlicate
pictures .
vo ltage RF signal to ion ize the air in a successfu l attempt to produce a FEATURES: renta movies
small open-ended quartz eleme nt. small radi ati ng surface (whic h en- Easy to use and a snap
to Instal l
or copyrighted
To produce sound, the RF vo ltage sures good dispe rsio n) that also had State-of-the-a rt In- video tapes .
teg rated circuit tec hnol-
was aud io modu lated, causing the substantia l powe r respon se. (Fig. 3) RXII is in-
Un l ike a co nve ntional co ne di-
~ ~
auto mat ic no tended to stabi -
ion ized air to expand and contract at need for any
aphragm (which is driven at its apex
troub lesome adj ust- lize and restore
aud io freq uencies . This truly mas- ments
crystal clear
Compatible to all types
sless "d iaphragm" was free of reso- of VCRs and TVs picture quality
nances and had exceptional high- DOME The best and most excit-
ing Video Stabilizer in for private
frequ ency bandwidth and transie nt the market
home use only.
U9ht weight (8 ounces),
respo nse . The tweete r appeared and Compact (1x3.5x5 )
( Dealers Welco me)
briefly in th e U.S. unde r the Du- : ~.:~~~\:~~~~~ ~iCo~X
battery which will last 1-
Kane brand name, and in England as 2 years.
the lon ofane. The need for a high-
pow er RF osci llator-along with the ToOrder: $49.95 ea + $4 for FAST UPS SHIPPING

machin ed q uartz ce ll-u lt imately 1-800-445-9285 or 516-694-1240

Visa, MlC, COD MF: 9-6 (battery not included)
lim ited its popu larity. sea ELECTRONICS INC.
Fig. 3: SIMPLIFI ED DOME TWEETER. The Dept. CBY 581 W. Merrick Rd. Valley Stream NY 11580
The Ribbon Tweeter. This is an- do melvoice-coil assembly in the original Unconditional 30 days Mon ey Back Guarantee
other old-timer (c. 1923), but there design was supported by fou r drops of CIRCLE 197 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
are several curre nt speaker systems buty l-rubb er com pou nd.
using ribb ons as tweete rs. Simpler
w ith res u lti ng flex i ng and reso -
in both co ncep t and execut ion than
nances), t he do me sits directly on its
t he ionic and electrostatic tweeters,
dr iving voice coi l and has essentially
t he ribbon is merely a thin strip of
t he same diamete r. Various hard
corr ugated co nducting fo i l sus- ! ~
and soft materials are now used in
p en ded in a powerf ul mag net ic
f ield. In t he latest desig ns, the fie ld
do mes: pheno lic, butyl, copper,
alumin um, titani um, and mi xtures
~
...s- --- ~:-.
~
- ..._ .
-~

is created by group ings of many

of boron, carbo n f ibers, diamond
sma ll magn ets epoxied in to pos i-
dust, and heaven knows w hat else.
tion , instead of two (or four) large 1 Unit 10+
The intentio n is to decrease t he
magnets as show n i n Fig . 2. Jerrold S.B. $74 $55
mass and stabilize the dome shape
Basically, the ribbon can be co nsid- Jerrold SB w/Irimode $90 $70
without introducing resonances. In- Oak N-12 (wNS) $89 $65
cide ntally, in a recent co nversion , Scientific Atlanta $109 $75
Ed Villc hur said that because of its Pioneer $109 $75
superior dispersion character istics, Panasonic converter $98 $79
he regards the co nvex d iaphragm 73 channel converter $79 $59
tweeter (which is sort of a dome
wit h skirts, deve loped by. All ison
We Beat Anyone's Price!
Aco ustics) as a basic improvement 30 Days Money Back Quaranty
on t he dome configuration . Free Catalog
Tweeter progress over the years Visa, MIG, GOD or send money order to :
has been tru ly astonish ing , and to - US Cable TV Inc. Dept. KGT
day it's poss ib le to reali ze excep- 4100 N.Poweriine Rd., Suite F-4
tiona l high -frequency performance
Pompano Beach, Fl 33073
PLEATED METAL FOIL" - from designs that are simpler and
~
OR METALLISED FILM
AXIS OF
cost far less than those of yesteryear.
That'sjust as we ll, cons idering the
1-800-445-9285
MOTION Please have make and model number of the
quant ity and quality of the recorded equipment used in your area ready.
Fi g . 2: RIBBO N TWEETER in si mp lified high freq uencies found on the best No Florida Salesl
form. of today's dig ital recordings. R-E It's not the intent of US Gable TV Inc. to <D
<D
o
defraud any pay TV operator and we will not
assist any company or individual in doing so. 77
CIRCLE 198 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
 DRAWING
BOARD ROBERT GROSSBLATT,
Video-sync generator CIRCUITS EDITOR

THE VIDEO CI RC U IT W E'VE BEEN BU ILD - horizontal sync pulse. As you can
ing isn't quite at the point where see from Fig. 3, it takes only two
you can use it to tun e in th e news , parts to make it work. The width of
but it's getting there. the output pulse is determined by
Way back when we f irst started I the RC product. We're talking about
I
our adventures in videoland (Radio- I
I
straight multiplication . Due to the
Electronics, January and February I
I I
fact that we're using a capacitor in
1990), we looked at a simple block
diagram of the circuit we needed. If
1-- hl0 A7.zD# 7?1'J. ,8MNK~-1
//./;I1/4A>o~O::W.?>5
the timing chain, there's a delay be-
tween th e time you trigger the chip
you refer to it now, you 'll see that 77;11: 5 ~1lWAAU: /N and the time the output pulse is
;#1C,A:Vse ~.s
most of the work is fini shed . We've generated-but that is more of a
got the master clock generator and drawback when you want to pro-
FIG. 1
have just fini shed the arithmetic cir- duce long pulses . The problem can
cuits t hat generate the frequencies be minim ized by using small-value
4SZ8
we need to produce NTSC video. capacitors and, since we want a5-lLs
The last part of the timing circuit I T/#/I)/G .I-A pulse, the inherent charge -dis-
we have to come up with is the on e T/.+jINGZ -A charge delay in the capacitor won 't
that produces the actual pul ses to be much of a problem.
control the electron beam in the The timing circuit we developed
television. What we've done so far is produces positive-going signals, so
create the triggers that will enable we 'll be feeding them to pin 4, the
horizontal and vertical sync, but we positive trigger input of the 4528.
still have to d esign t he pul se circuits The resistor and capacitor values
t hem selves. -oUTPt/T-A will generate a pulse width of about
4.7 ILs. The actual value you 'll get
Horizontal sync pulse GROUND depends entirely on the compo-
The re's certainly no shortage of nents you use. A metal-film resistor
monostable multivibrators, also FIG. 2 and mica capacitor are the best
know n as pul se generato rs. You can choices for overall stability but, if
build th em fro m somethin g as sim- short a puls e and yo u want to keep you can't get your hands on those,
ple as a resistor and capacitor or as th e should ers nice and sharp, you
standard as a plain old 555. There need something other than a 555. /575'7'- .26 Hz.
are so me special co nsideratio ns in The most common way to make HO!<IZOlYrAL
o ur application (pulse w idth and accurat e monostables is to use a D-
shape), meaning th at we have to go type fl ip flop in combination with an rY
a bit beyond those meth od s. RC network. That is such a routin e
The diagram in Fig. 1 shows all th e combinatio n, that special M SI chips
t iming information for th e parts of were developed for it. Those lC's
~ t he hor izon tal interval and, if you have been around for a while , and
Z take a goo d look at th e numbers, one of th em , th e 4528 dual mono-
~ you' ll und erstand the probl em . We sta b le multivibrator, is a g o o d
b have to have a horizontal sync pul se choice for usto use. You can see th e
~ with sho rt rise and fall ti mes, and pinouts in Fig. 2.
ow t he pulse wi dth has to be, accordi ng Since th at is a dual chip, and each
o-c t o th e NT SC stand ard , 4.71 0.05 half can be used ind ependently, we
(( microsecond s. Wh en yo u need t hat can use on e section to generate the FIG. 3

78
standard carbo n resistors are fine.
Try to avoid using a ceramic-disc ca- r lEL lJ 0/1 F IELD THO
pacitor since the value stamped on 57 TART ..:5J/4,RT
th em is usually nothing more than
w ishful thin kin g. Sho uld yo u have
any probl ems, yo u can add th e t rim-
m er show n in th e sche mat ic to
tw eak th e pul se w idth.

The vertica l interval

Just ast he horizon tal sync pul se is
on ly one of th e signals fo und in the
horizontal interva l, a vertical sync
pul se is o nly one of several signals
yo u' ll fi nd in t he vert ical interval.
Just w hat sort of stuff will show up
the re dep ends on the broadcaster,
=-==-===-==----==-=--- ~., ~
- - '"" =-~
_-
th e area you live in, and th e ope n

- - ..... =--...!..I----_~-
_ . .
mindedn ess of the FCC. The only
t h ing t hat reall y has to be t here,
ho wever, is vert ical sync.. .and a bit
more. FIELD ONE F IEL D 7)1/0
Severa l t hings have to happ en E /VP END
duri ng the vert ical inte rval. Thin gs
get a bit co mp licated because the -- - - -- ;+O~L.ZONTAL --eE T~ce

NTSC standard calls for interlaced - - ._ .- - J/.E~ T/C,,4L !<.ET!<,AC-.e

vid eo . Rem em ber t hat f ie ld o ne - -- -- - V IS/,8L E ?ICTURE
scans all the od d-numbered hori-
zontal lin es (1 , 3, 5, etc.), and f ield FIG. 4
two scans th e even-numbered lin es.
Each field covers t he enti re picture side of the screen (ho rizo ntal sync), pre-equ alizing pulses (two pe r line
area on the screen . Bot h f ields co n- or to t he to p of the screen (vertical for three lines of video). If you look
tain a co m plete vert ical-blanki ng in- sync). carefull y at Fig. 5 yo u'll see that the
te rval and t hey both have the same If yo u thi nk of field one as begin- f irst pre-e qualizing p ulse for field
informati on du ring the interval. But ni ng w ith the end of a verti cal inter- one occurs a full line after a horizon -
each f ield carries diff erent picture val, t hen the f irst f ield starts w ith a tal sync pu lse w hile the firs t pre-
in fo rmati on so t here has to be a way full li ne of video and the second equalizing pul se in fie ld two occurs
of telling them apart. field starts w ith a half lin e of video . a half line after hori zon tal sync. That
In t he NTSC standard, the re are That means t hat f ield one starts at di fference in tim ing is the mecha-
262Yz lin es per f ield (525 lin es per th e upp er left of th e scree n and ni sm used to identi fy wh ich f ield is
frame), and it's that half lin e that ends at the cent er of th e bott om . It bein g painted on th e screen .
fo rms the basis fo r di stin gui shing fo llows th at field two starts at the It's important to notice that there
between f ield o ne and field two . top center and ends at th e bottom are no real horizon tal sync pulses
That is evide nt in Fig. 4 w he re the right. during the first ni ne lines of the ver-
two fields are d raw n as you would Th o se di ff erences between t he tical interval. In order to maintain
see them o n the screen. You can see two fie lds may be evide nt to the eye the horizo ntal sync in the receiver
how thetwo fields are co mb ined to but they're not the sort of di stinc- during that period, there are two
make up o ne frame . And, as yo u tio ns that are needed to p rovide a pre-equalizing pul ses per line . Each
mi ght guess, the co ntrol signals are means of electro nically knowing pulse is half the width of a horizo n- .
exactly th e same for both . w hich fie ld is being paint ed on t he tal sync p ulse and, since they occu r
You mu st keep in mind that the screen. In o rder to un derstand that twice as often , t hey provide the
two fields di ffer fro m each ot he r in we have to take a close loo k at th e same DC level as o ne ho rizonta l
tim ing, not signals. Th e movem ent anatomy of t he vert ical interva l. sync pu lse. That is done because the
of the electron beam in th e tube is The first nine lin es in each f ield's circu itry in yo ur TV integrates the
co ntrolled by t he hardware in the vertica l interva l are shown in Fig. 5 DC level on each line of video to
TV. The beam's deflection ang le as it I've put one right on top of anoth er det ermine what to do with th e elec-
goes from left to rig ht and back to help yo u see the difference be- tron beam. On e level will be inter-
again is not controlled by t he signals tween them . The two contain the preted as horizontal sync and, as
sent to t he TV. It's dete rmi ned by the same number of p ulses but they dif- we'll see in a minute, a greater level
hardware in the TV's deflecti on cir- f e r in t he i r timi ng relat ion shi p w ill be interpreted as vertica l sync.
cuitry. The only co ntrol that the vid- (phase) with the rest of the video The vertical sync signal is really ~
eo signal has ove r the movem ent of signal. ju st an inverted version of the pre- ~
th e beam is to make it go to the The beginning of the vert ical in- eq ualiz ing pulses and that means U;
beg inn ing of the next line on t he left terval is marked by a series of six t hat each p ulse is very w ide (92% ~
79
 the circuitry needed to make sure
9 PL/LS~S
I -3 L lIVE. 5
IVR.T s)'..vc
.3 L./N.E:S
I E~ .PULSS!
..3 L./NE..S
they showed up at the correct time
would have to be designed as well.
That is w hy most of the early sync
n"-"'r-1,-,r .-,r-, r ---, r - , ...--- , r F /E LP generato rs were really expensive.
ONe: That kind of stuff isn't designed
from di screte parts these days be-
cau se t h ere are sync-generator
nr-,r-,r...,,-.,r-Ir--, r- ' r---, 1. --. rF/eL.L>
T;yo chip s that do the whole job for you.
For our purposes, we can generate
IIA L F
L./NE IJ IEP .Pt/L.Se5 1VE,RT S )"AlC If:<;) PtlLSE5 1
3L/,N,ES 3L/ NeS ..3 L/N .E 5 non-interlaced video and produce a
single vertical sync pulse that's wide
FIG. 5 enough to be detected by the TV's
vertical-deflection circuitry. The
duty cycle). The result is that the Interlace or non-interlace only signal we'll need in the vertical
three lines (4, 5,' and 6) in which Even though the NTSC standard interval will be a long vertical sync
vertical sync appears have a very calls for interlaced video, it's not an pulse; the equalizing pulses are un-
large negative value-as a matter of absolute requirement for getting necessary since we're not going to
fact it's the most negative value in images on the TV screen. Broadcast interlace the image.
the video signal-and that's exactly TV is interlaced but a lot of comput- The field of video we're going to
what triggers the vertical-deflection ervideo is non-interlace. If you want produce will be 262 line s long but
circuitry in your TV. By integrating to do non-interlaced video and you some of that has to be reserved for
the DC level on each line, the TV also want to paint more than 400 or vertical blanking. That is for two rea-
can detect the presence of the ver- so lines of video on the screen, it's sons: The first is that most TV sets
tical sync signal and move the elec- clear that you have to do something overscan the image so that some of
tron beam to the top of the tube. to avoid the flicker that would be the lines fall outside the screen area,
Remember that when the vertical caused by having the top part of the and th e seco nd is that a certain
deflection circuitry in the TV is acti- amount of time is needed for ver-
vated by detecting the vertical sync 5 "'1. <j'~ H.z- tical sync.
VE~T/c..fiL
in the video signal, it only moves the We can solve the first problem by
beam to the top of the screen-not Ye-<: r / CA L not putting any picture information
sYNC .Pt/L S c
the top left corner of the screen. at th e very beginning and end of the
Moving the beam to the left is the image ; we'll leave the beam turned
job of horizontal sync. Since field off. The second problem can be
one starts at the top left of the handled by following the NTSC
screen and field two starts at the top standard and making our long ver-
center, you can understand why the tical sync pulse at least three hori-
TV has to be told which field it's zontal line s wide.
about to paint. In order to build a Actually generating the vertical
correctly aligned frame from two sync pulse is simple since we have
fields, the two fields have to be lined ~8 cs _ half of the 4528 available. By using
A370,1(. 6 8 opF -
up. If vertical sync doesn't appear at the values shown in Fig. 6, the chip
the right time, a properly interlaced will output a negative-going vertical
FIG.6
image is impossible. sync pulse with a width that's exactly
Figure 5 shows that there are six image start to fade before the elec- three lines long. As I mentioned ear-
more equalizing pulses in the three tron beam worked its way down to lier, you should use metal-film and
lines (7, 8, and 9) following the ver- the last line on the screen . That mica parts to make the pulse as
tical sync signal. Although they are means either using a tube with a accurate and stable as possible but,
identical to the pre-equalizing high-persistence phosphor (like on ce again, add the trimmer shown
pulses , they're officiall y the-you IBM monochrome monitors), or in- in th e schematic if you're in doubt
guessed it-post-equalizing pulses. creasing the horizontal scan rate as to th e measured values of the
In the early days of TV, they were (IBM EGA and VGA monitors). parts you 're using.
needed to maintain interlace but, as Once you assemble the circuits
with so many other thin gs, modern Generating vertical sync we've di scussed and add them to
technology has made them ob- A properly constructed video sig- th e circuitry we've developed so far,
solete. You'll still find them in the nal will have all the eq ualizing and you'll have a working video-sync
en signal but they're not really used for syn c pul ses w e'v e be en t alking gene rato r. I know I promised we
o
Z anything at all. Even the di stinction about but, as you can imagine , the would get some images up on the
o between pre-equalizing pulse s and circuitry needed to properly con- tube this month, but it took a bit
0:
~
o post-equalizing pulses has disap- struct the vertical interval can get to lon ger th an I had planned on to get
UJ
-l peared. Most people today just con- be really complex. You 'd need a thi s far. Next month we'll produce a
UJ
6 sider the vertical interval as having separate pulse generator for the real 75-ohm video signal, and we'll
o-c two signals: equalizing pulses (sans equalizing pulses (and an inverter to put more than dots on the screen-I
0: prefix), and vertical sync. make the vertical sync pulses), and swear. R-E
80
 '~

EDITOR'S
WORK~ ~ I
.
BENCH .. ~~.~.

IThe Talking PC

p eech synthesis on a PC is
S hard to come by, if not expen-
sive-usually. Street Electronics
has come to the rescue with the
Echo PC +, an under $200 (de -
pending on host PC) setup that
includes a PC board, an external
speaker with volume control, and
software. The software (which is
supplied on both 5- 1/ 4 - and 3-Y2-
inch diskettes) includes several
speech generators, demonstra-
tion programs, and assorted mis-
phenomena ca n be though t of cellany. A 50-page booklet ex -
Jseriesustivity
t ab out any ob servable ac -
can b e represented as a
of numb ers, and , u sing
and a n a lyzed just like a wave-
form , be it an electronic wave-
plains how to install and use the
Echo PC +. Special versions of
the tech n iques described in th is form, a stock "waveform," or a the card are available for PS/2's
article, you can write s im p le lotto "wavefor m ... More generally, with the MicroChannel bus, for
BASIC programs to analyze those those things ca n be thought of Thndy 1000's, and the Apple II. I
numbers in an y manner desired. s im ply as a series of events occur- looked at the PC version.
For example , s tandard ele c- r ing over a period of time. Any The half-length board plugs
tronic waveforms (sine waves , such se ries of even ts can be sub- into any 8- or 16-bit PC expan-
square waves , s aw tooth waves , jecte d to what mathematicians sion slot and has two connectors.
etc.) can b e exp ressed as a se ries and sc ien t is ts refer to as numer- One connector (a li s-inch mini
of numbers com puted fro m stan- i cal analysis or tim e-s eries plug) is for the ex ternal speaker;
dard equations . In addi tion, you analysis. the other (a standard 17 -p in D
can capture t hat type of se r ie s Don't be intimidated by the ter- connector) is an IBM-compatible
from real-life waveforms ge ner- minology. Time-series analysis is game port. The board includes
ated by an ADC (Analog-to-Dig- nothing more than basic mathe- half-a-dozen logic devices (bus
ital Converter) or a di g ital - m atics applied to a series ofnum- buffers, a PAL presumably used
storage oscilloscope. b ers. To see h ow easy it really is, for decoding, etc .), an NE558
Not only that, but non-elec- let's look at some exa m ples . quad op-amp, an LM380 for au-
t ronic phenomena a re also ame- dio output, and a proprietary
nable to t he s ame types o f Tables speech chip. The board is laid out
analyses. For exam ple , you cou ld To an alyze a s er ies of numbers, well , and construction is excel-
analyze the Dow Jones industrial t he numb ers n eed to be orga- lent.
average over a p eriod of ti me, or nized into some form for easy ref- The software consists of two
you could track the perform ance erence . The most familiar and programs : Talk and Words. Both
of any individual stock. Even lot - easiest form of organization is a load as memory-resident pro- s:
tery results a re candidates for simple tab le of values like the one grams that capture ASCII text ~
that type of analysis . sh own in Table 1. You might rec - sent to a phantom output device ~
The point is th at each of those continued on page 83 (LPT3, for example). s
81
 Talk and Words default. Although the external was that, you are, and you win .
Talk is a generic text-to-speech speaker has its own volume con- One way of overcoming Words'
converter that can pronounce trol, you can also set volume un- limited vocabulary is to load both
any word based on a set of rules der program control using the Talk and Words into memory.
stored in the program . Talk's Volume parameter, which may Then when you send a string to
"voice" is synthesized and me- range from 0-15 (14 is default). Words, any text that it can't pro-
chanical sounding. It is based on The Delay command allows you cess it will send on to Talk . How-
the LPC (Linear Predictive Cod- to specify a delay between each ever, the two voices are so
ing) technology used in TI's spoken word; values are specified different that maintaining con-
Speak 'ri' Spell games. in tenths of a second, and may tinuity is impossible.
Words, on the other hand, range from 0-20. Delay is inde- One problem with Talk is its
speaks in a more natural sound- pendent of Rate; 0 is the default. inability to deal with compound
ing way. Words has a limited 700- In addition, each program has words and words that break the
word vocabulary consisting of several unique performance pa- "rules" of English pronunciation.
the actual digitized sounds of a rameters . Since it has its own For example, Talk pronounces
female voice. Words' vocabulary limited "intelligence" for decid- typewriter as tip-eh-writer. How-
includes all the letters of the al- ing how to pronounce any given ever, by breaking compounds up
phabet, numbers from 0-9, the combination of letters, Talk al- into the component parts, it will
months of the year, and many lows you a fair amount of control often pronounce them correctly.
common words (electronics, over how it forms its interpreta- To get Talk to pronounce rule-
hello, good-bye, you, me, 'qu es - tion: For-example, the program - b reakers correctly, you must mis-
tion, multiply, etc .). There are can operate in either of two basic spell the word. For example, for
some strange omissions, how- modes : Word or Letter. In Letter the first syllable to be pro-
ever. Boy and man are both in- mode, every letter of every word is nounced ee rather than eh, elec-
cluded, but neither girl nor pronounced separately. In Word trolyte must be spelled
woman is. mode, however, the product's in- eelectrolyte.
You can increase Words' vo- telligence is put to the test. I also had trouble getting the
cabulary in a limited way by Echo PC + to pronounce other
adding one of seven prefixes and words correctly. Rigid, for exam-
suffixes (dis-, ex-, re-, un-: -d, -t, - ple, sounded more like a croaking
s) to a word by enclosing the addi- frog than a word. And though it
tion in parentheses. For example: did all right with words like
I like her. Brian, Jeff, Marc, Carl, Bob,
I (dis )like her. John, Julian, Larry, Kathy, Terry,
I like(t) her. I had to spell Byron as two words
I (dis)like(t) her. (bie ron), and I was unsuccessful
The version of the product that in getting it to say the first sylla-
I saw doesn't allow you to add to FIG. 1 ble of Andre (an dray) to rhyme
the digitized vocabulary, but with the first syllable of father; it
around the time you read this, Within Word mode, there are insisted on rhyming it with
the company should be introduc- several punctuation modes: hand. (Sorry, Andre!)
ing a DSP (Digital Signal Process- Some, Most, and All. In All mode,
ing) board for about $500 that every punctuation mark is pro- How it works
will allow you to digitize any au- nounced. In Some mode, Talk Both Talk and Words work by
dio signal and convert it to a form tries to pronounce sentences hooking into the appropriate
suitable for playback through the with end-stops (question mark, BIOS interrupt and capturing
Echo PC+. period, semicolon) correctly. output sent to a COM or LPT
Questions, for example, end in port. Then you force the board to
Fine tuning English with a slight rise in speak simply by "printing" the
Several parameters affect how pitch . desired text to the appropriate
both Talk and Words speak. For One other mode ("Caps") avail- port. For example, if you start
example, you can vary the speech able in Talk forces words spelled Words like this
rate of ei ther program by sending in all caps to be pronounced letter Words Ipt3:
this command: by letter. That mode could be any ASCIl data you send to LPT3
*RATE=n useful in creating an interactive will be interpreted and pro-
where n has a value from 0 (slow) spelling tutorial. nounced by the program, if pos-
~ to 15 (fast). The default value is 2 . Words' special features include sible. You can set the software up
~ You may find, as you gain experi- the prefixes and suffixes dis - to respond as any legal COM Or
a: ence with Echo PC +, that you cussed above, and the ability to LPT port.
o
w
can increase the rate somewhat. speak several complete pre-pro- The demo programs allow you
u:J Other parameters common to grammed phrases, including to type a line at a time at the key-
6 both programs include pitch, vol- disk drive, I am, I win, it is, se- board and send it to the Echo
~ ume, and delay. Pitch can vary lect one ojfol, that is correct, that PC +. To get it to talk from your
a: from -63-+63, with o being the is right, United States, when own programs, you just PRINT or
82
WRITE the desired string to the power, but its on-screen display pability is indispensable if you do
appropriate port. For example , is mighty ugly for this day and much work with on-line systems,
the manual supplies the follow- age , and its spelling checker is E-MAIL, etc.
ing BASIC program: almost more trouble to use than There's a lot more to Word, but
10 OPEN "LPT3:" FOR OUTPUT it's worth. (However, a new ver- no space to give it justice. For me,
AS #1 sion of the program is due out in it seems to have the right balance
20 PRINT early spring; we'll see....) between formatting tools and
30 INPUT "Enter text: U;A$ That leaves Word. Even though text creation tools, unlike much
40 PRINT # 1,AS I've only used ita few weeks so far, of the competition, which tend to
50 GOTO 20 it has grown on me quickly It is push too far one way or the other,
60 END highly customizable, offers a or are simply disorganized con-
Some versions of BASIC won't wealth of display modes (includ- glomerations of features . Word
le t you PRINT in that fashion; the ing, on a VGA, very nice 30- and 5.0 lists for $450, but you can
manual includes another exam- 34-line graphics modes that do a pick it up mail order for little
p le with some in -lin e assembler decent job of displaying italics more than szoo.ecos
co de that does the same thing. and boldface text). Like Word Per-
Examples are a lso provided in fect, its macro facility amounts to ITEMS DISCUSSED
several varieties of Pascal and C. a miniature programming Ian- Echo PC + ($ 179 .9 5 (PC),
All in all, consider ing the price guage. On~ of Word's mo~~~a- $134.95 (Apple II), $199 .95 (Mi-
of t he product, my complaints mous (and Justly so) capabilities Ch 1) $249 95
are reallyjust nit-picking. If you'd - isthestylesheet.,orsetofformat- - - cro. . ann_e__ i: : '.
. . (RS-232), Street E lectromcs
lik e to add speech to a science- tmg attnbutes
fair project, an interactive demo, h you h can apply
' to C orpora tiron , 6420 V'ia R ea, 1
text. Even t oug you can t see Carpinteria, CA 93013. (805)
or a self-paced, PC-based tu- fonts, etc ., on-screen, you can 684-4593 .
torial, the Echo PC + is an excel- enable a so-called style bar along CIRCLE 256 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
len t buy. trn. the left side of the screen that
provides a one- or two-letter in- Word ($450), Microsoft
dication of the style of each para- Corp., 16011 NE 36th Way, Box
graph. The style bar thus gives 97017, Redmond, WA
I WARE
SOFT-] : you the ability to produce nicely
formatted documents without re-
quiring the expensive hardware
98073-9717. (206) 882-8080.
CIRCLE 257 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

resources required by graphical

word processors (Word for Win-
dows, Ami) and desktop publish- WAVEFORM
ing packages.
Word has many other features, continuedjrom page 81
including on-line help, a good
IWar of the Words spelling checker and thesaurus,
multiple windows, support for
ognize it as the solution to a typ-
ical beginning algebra p rob lem :
many printers (including Laser- Forfive values oj X rangingjrom
or d processo rs have been Jets and PostScript devices), and zero to two compute a table oj
W evolving rapi d ly over the
past few years. Due to my work
a document-management func-
tion that allows you to create a
valuesjor Y=X2 .
w ith different clients, I have summary sheet that remains TABLE 1-Y=X2
checked out a ll the major con- with the document and that
tenders during the past year or specifies the original author, date Entry x y
so, including Word Perfect 5 .0, of creation, and a one-line sum- 1 o o
Word 5 .0, WordStar 5.5, XyWrite mary of contents. You can then 2 0.5 0.25
III Plus. and several lesser pack- search for a specific document 3 1.0 1.0
ages. I can state unequivocally based on the summary using a 4 1.5 2.25
that Word Perfect was my least special load function . 5 2.0 4.0
favorite, due mainly to the lack of Word also has a built-in outlin-
any log ic in the way its com- ing function that, although no Essentially the same approach
mands are assigned. Many peo- match for Symantec's Grand - can be taken on a PC using any
p le would c laim the same of View, is better than nothing, and standard spreadsheet program,
WordStar, but that's fa lse; Word- has the benefit of being built-in, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this
Star commands are for the most so you can do things like apply case, the five values of X have
part well organized, it just takes a styles to different outline levels . been entered manually in the five
wh ile for the system to sink in. Word naturally stores docu- cells or elements of column A.
An d there's no question that ments in its own format, but it The values in column Bare ob- ~
WordStar has the best page pre- can also load and store ASCII text tained by entering the necessary ~
view of any non-graphical word directly, in both line- and para- formula in each of the B cells . For cD
p roces s or. XyWrite offers a lot of graph-delimited forms . That ca- example, the formula in Bl would ~
83
 ing five items of data in a Getting the data in
spreadsheet is not so bad, but Typing data into the program
think about entering (and per- gets old fast ; it would be nice if we
a c forming calculations on) 500 were able to bring data into the
1 0 0 items by hand! program directly.
2 0.5 0.25
To gain a better understanding For example, a di gitizing os -
1.0 1.00
of how the problem might be gen- cilloscope could be a source of
3
eralized and attacked using data. The data would be a series
4 1.5 2.25
BASIC, consider the program in of numbers representing the am-
5 2.0 4.00
Listing 1. plitude of a waveform captured at
6 The first few lines of the pro- discrete po ints in time ; each val-
7 gram prepare an array of the de - ue is stored in the scope's memo-
sired size. The statement in line ry. Then , if the scope has an
Fi g . 1 . STORE DATA FOR Y =X2 i n a 10 specifies that arrays a re num- RS-232 interface, the data could
spreadsheet p rogra m. T he X va lues a re bered from one (1), not zero (0), be tra n s fer red to a disk file on
stored i n co lumn A, and th e Y va lues in because computations are usu- your PC and subsequently read
co lumnB. ally easier. Line 20 asks you to into a numeric array of the type
enter the number of values you discussed earlier. The waveform
FOR 1=1 lO5 want to calculate, and line 30 data could then be p rocessed just
LET Y(I)=X(I)*X(I) uses an INPUT statement to as- li ke data typed in b y hand . Of
NEXT I
sign the desired number to varia- course, the method of transfer-
ARRAY X ARRAYY ble n . Now that the program ring data to the PC depends on
X(1) 0 Y(1) 0 knows how many numbers you the scope, data-capture software
want to process , the arrays for running on the PC, etc. However,
X(2) 0.5 Y(2) 0.25
storing those numbers are cre- most digitizing scopes provide
X(3) (0 Y(3) 1.00 ated with one or more DIMension transfer utilities for dealing with
X(4) 1.5 Y(4) 2.25
statements. their scope's data for mat.

X(5) 2.0 YIS) 4.00

LISTING 1

Fig. 2 . STORE DATA FOR Y = X2 in a two- 10 OPTION BASE 1

dimensional array in a h igh-level pro- 20 PRINT "ENTER THE NUMBER OF X 'VALUES TO PROCESS."
gramm ing l a ng u a g e (B A SI C . Pa scal, 30 INPUT N
etc.). 40 DIM X(N), Y(N)
b e Al x AI , the formula in B2 50 FOR 1::01 TO N
60 PRINT "ENTER THE ";I;nth VALUE OF X."
wo u ld be A2 x A2, and so on. 70 INPUT XlI)
T h e same pri n c ip les app ly 80 NEXT I
when u sin g n umer ic arrays in 90 FOR 1=1 TO N
any h igh -level programming la n- 100 LET Y(I)=X(I)*X(I)
g uage (BASIC, Pa s ca l , C, Fo r- 110 NEXT I
tran , ' etc .). We 'll s how bas ic 120 FOR 1=1 TO N:PRINT X(I),Y(I):NEXT I
techniques in BASIC here; it cer- 130 END
tainly wouldn't be difficult to
adapt ou r techniques to other The next step is to get some For some applications (purely
languages. numbers into those arrays for theoretical analyses , for exam-
processing. Lines 50-80 handle ple), input data can be generated
Arrays that chore by requesting val ues by a program. For example, the
An array is a set of subscripted from you n times, one at a time. program in Listing 2 can be used
variables or elements; you can The process of squaring each ar- to generate a sine wave (SWAVE)
think of it as shown in Fig. 2. In ray value occurs in lines 90-110 . composed of any number of
that figure, array X has five ele- Last, line 120 prints all X and Y points (n) and cycles (ey) that you
ments (with subscripts 1-5). The values. choose. .
first element is X(1), the second is Even though that program is A plot of the data generated by
X(2), and so on. ArrayY also has quite simple, it contains all of the that program is shown in Fig. 3 .
five elements , subscripted the essential steps necessary for ar- The plot was created using a pro-
same way. ray processing: gram called Graph-in-the-Box,
~ The nice thing about creating 1. Dimension the necessary ar- which captures data printed to
zo and manipulating an array in a ray variables . the PC s creen . Of cou r se you
a: p rogramming la n gu a ge is that 2 . Input the values for use in could wri te your own cus tom
of-- the elements of the array can be compu tations. graphics routine, but Graph-in-
LU
u:J referred to and operated on with 3 . Do the element-by-element the-Box works well with many
o FOR loops. That allows a single array computations. types of programs.
~ general formula to be applied to 4 . Output the results of the As a point of interest, the s ine
a: every element in the array. Enter- computations. wave in Fig. 3 was generated with
84
 LISTING 2 ments. That's a simple computa-
tion. Just add up all the values in
10 OPTION BASE 1 the array and divide the result by
20 PRINT "ENTER NUMBER OF POINTS TO USE." n. For the sine wave in Fig. 3, that
30 INPUT N would be done as shown in list-
40 DIM SWAVE(N) ing 4 .
50 PI=3. 141593 The RMS (root-mean-square)
60 PRINT "ENTER NUMBER OF CYCLES DESIRED." value of that waveform could b e
70 INPUT CY computed in a similar manner as
80 FOR 1=1 TO N
shown in Listing 5.
90 SWAVE(I)=I-1 /N
100 SWAVE(I)=CY*SWAVE(I) When computing average,
110 SWAVE(I)=SIN(2*PI*SWAVE(I RMS, or similar values from
120 NEXT I waveform data arrays, keep in
130 OPEN "0" ,#1, "B:SWAVE.DAT" mind the definitions of the cal-
140 FOR 1=1 TO N culations and how they apply to
150 WRITE #1,SWAVE(I) the data. For example, you would
160 NEXT I expect the average value of a sine
170 CLOSE wave (or similarly symmetric
waveform) to be zero. But that
will be the case only if array
SWAVE contains an integral
1. 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . ,
number of sine wave cycles. If
SWAVE contains a non integral
number of cycles, say 1.5 cycles,
1.0 the average value of the array
would be nonzero by an amount
determined by the extra half cy-
0 .5 cle. To get the correct value in
that case, you would have to re-
strict the calculations to just the
o. 0 1--L------1~---_I_---___\-------1 array elements covering an integ-
er number of cycles.

-0. 5 LISTING 3

200 FOR 1=1 TO N

- 1. 0 210 SWAVE(1)=SWAVE(I)*2
220 NEXT I

- 1. 5 L.."""'T'T.,..,...,..,.,.,.TTTT""""M'T'T"TTT'rTTTTTTT"TTT'rTTTTTTT"TTT'rTTTTTTT.,..,...M'T'TTT'n'--....J - Sine Wave

LISTING 4

300 AVG=O
310 FOR 1=1 to N
Fig. 3. THIS GRAPH REPRESENTS two cycles oj a sine wave. The data was generated
by the BASIC program shown in Listing 2 .
320 AVG=AVG+SWAVE(I)
330 NEXT I
340 AVG=AVG/N
64 equally spaced points over two amount of time per point is gen- 350 PRINT AVG
full cycles . There is no "frequen- erally referred to as the sampling
cy" inherent in that representa- interval. The key point here is that your
tion. Frequency enters the pic- program simply operates on the
ture only when you assume that Simple analysis operations numbers that you give it,
each point represents some in- Once you have an array of nothing more, and nothing less.
crement of time, which could be data-however you get it-you It makes no assumptions about
picoseconds, microseconds, sec- can begin analyzing it with wave- the meaning of those numbers.
onds, minutes, months, or what- form-processing techniques.
ever you choose. For example , you might want Calculus made simple
For example, let's say you want to scale the data upward or down- The greatest attribute of array
Fig. 3 to represent a sine wave of 1 ward in value. Let's say you want or waveform processing is that it
kHz . Then you would assume to double the value of every array dramatically simplifies what
that each point represents an in- element . That can be don e by would otherwise be extremely dif-
crement of 1 ms (the period, 1/100 0 multiplying the array by a con- ficult calculations. Take calculus
Hz) divided by the number of stant as shown in Listing 3. for example. Pencil-and-paper in- ~
points covering one cycle (32 Or say you want to know the tegration of anything but the ~
points/cycle in this case), giving average (mean) value of the data simplest functions can be a <0
0.03125 ms per point. . The stored in an array with n ele- nightmarish task. But with array ~
85
 LISTING 5 computing the value of n . To get
around that problem, the last val -
400 AVG"'O ue (the value for n) is assumed to
410 FOR 1=1 TO N be equal to the preceding value
420 SWAVE(I)=SWAVE(I)*SWAVE(I} (n-l) .
430 AVG=AVG+SWAVE(I)
440 NEXT I A sampling of statistics
450 AVG=AVG/N Until now all of our examples
460 RMS=SQR(AVG)
470 PRINT RMS have been of calculations on ar-
ray values. Sometimes, however,
processing, any function repre- ' zero and element two equals the especially in statistics, the analy-
sented by a series of numbers can first incremental area (0+ 1). Al- sis may be more a matter of
be quickly and easily Integrated ternatively, you could assume searching out specific array val-
or differentiated. that the first element of INTE- ues or rearranging array values
Integration, for example, is the GRAL should contain the first in- to cast a new slant on the data.
process of computing the area cremental value of FUNC, in For example, after accumulat-
under a curve. In array process- which case the FOR loop should ing a large array of data, you may
ing, that means multiplying each start incrementing from one need to find the maximum or
element of the array by the sam- rather than two. minimum value of data and its
pling interval value (e.g . the time To differentiate a function, you location in the array. Finding
-in cre m en t represented.by each - simply . compute -t h e p o in t -b y-. - maximum. cmintmum.cand mid-- - -
sample). Integration is then com- point slope (rise over run) of the point values is a common re -
pleted by computing at each array values. The general for- quirement when analyzing pulse
point the sum ofthe samples pre- mula is: m =(Y2 - Y 1)/(X2 - X 1 ) . waveforms for rise time, fall time,
ceding that point. Listing 6 Listing 7 shows one way to make width, etc . Maximum, mini-
shows one example. the computation. mum, and midpoint values are
In that program segment, IfFUNC is a ramp ofvalues run- also useful in analyzing stock
FUNC is the array containing the ning from 0 to 29, as obtained market data. Listing 8 shows
waveform or function values to from the preceding integration how to search an array (X) for its
be integrated, and INTEGRAL is example, the values computed maximum value.
the array containing the results for DIFF will all be equal to 1. That In that example, MAX will con-
of integrating FUNC . If, for exam- is to be expected since the dif- tain the maximum value found
ple, FUNC has 30 elements ferentiation operation is the in- in the array and MAXPT will con-
(n =30), if all elements are equal verse of integration. tam the array element number
to one (1), and if the sample inter- As a point of interest, notice where that maximum was found .
val is one (dt = 1), the computed that the differentiation routine If you want to find the minimum
values for INTEGRAL will be 0,1, uses a FOR loop running from 1 value, simply change the less-
2, 3, ... 29. The computation as- to n - 1. The reason is that for n than sign in line 820 to a greater-
sumes that there are no values points, there are only n - 1 inter- than sign. (You'll probably want
(and thus zero area) preceding el- vals between those points over to change the variable names to
ement number one. Hence, ele - which slopes can be computed. MIN and MINPT as well .)
ment one always has a value of Also, there isn't a final interval for It should be noted that, in the

LISTING 6 LISTING 8

600 PRINT "ENTER SAMPLE INTERVAL VALUE" 800 MAX=X(l)

610 INPUT DT 810 FOR 1=2 TO N
615 SUM=O 820 IF MAX<X(I} THEN MAX=X(I)
620 FOR 1=2 TO N 830 IF MAX=X(I) THEN MAXPT=I
630 FUNC(I)=FUNC(I}*DT 840 NEXT I
635 SUM=SUM+FUNC(I}
640 INTEGRAL(I}=SUM LISTING 9
650 NEXT I
145 DIM HIST(44)
150 FOR N=l TO 44
155 FOR 1=1 TO COUNTE-1
(f)
LISTING 7 160 IF N1(I}=N THEN HIST(N)=HIST(N}+l
o 165 IF N2(I} =N THEN HIST(N) =HIST(N} +l
z
oa:
700 PRINT "ENTER SAMPLE INTERVAL VALUE" 170 IF N3(I}=N THEN HIST(N)=HIST(N}+l
710 INPUT DT 175 IF N4(I)=N THEN HIST(N)=HIST(N)+l
o
UJ
720
730
FOR 1=1 TO N-1
DIFF(I)=(FUNC(I+1) -FUNC(I})/DT
180 IF N5(I)=N THEN HIST(N)=HIST(N)+l
-l
UJ 185 IF N6(I)=N THEN HIST(N)=HIST(N)+l
740 NEXT I
o 750 DIFF(N}=DIFF(N-l)
190 NEXT I
o 195 NEXT N
a:
86
 Rates:Ads are 2W' 2%". One insertion$950. Sixinsertions S925.each .Twelve
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So what does the histogram

data tell you ? Well, out of 42 lotto
F r equ enc y
12 drawings. lotto numbers 28 and
11
38 only came up once. Are 28 and
38 due to come up soon, or are
10 they slightly defective lotto balls
9 that will continue to come up less
8 - frequently than the others? How
about lotto number 20 ? It came
7 - - up more frequently t h a n the
6 1- - - others . Maybe 20 will continue
5 - - - - .--- - that t ren d and should be in-
cluded in your lotto picks as long
4 - - as the trend continues. Perhaps,
3 f- - - by showing you the "hot" and
"cold " numbers, a histogram can

M
2 f- - f-- -
weigh the odds sl ightly in your
- - -
~-
f-

o 1 2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 44

Lo t to Number p Ul se
t
!VVv \

Fig . 4 . THIS HISTOGRAM SHOWS THE FREQUENCY with w h ich n umbersj rom 1 to 44
appeared in 42 d raw ings oj a st at e lottery . -2
o t 1 27
MAX'search, if array X contains lotto numbers will tell you h ow
several values equal to MAX, only often each number occurred . For 4
the last occurrence of the m ax- exam ple, Figure 4 s h ows a h is to-
imum will b e retained in MAXPT. gram plot of number frequencies
Ca p tu r in g the location of each from a ser ies of 4 2 w in n ing lotto
m aximum point co u ld be done by numbers. The 42 sets of w inning
using a n array for MAXPT. nu mb ers we re com p iled an d
Another way to provide insight stored in s ix a r r ays (NI-N6). lis t-
into data is with a histogram. A ing 9 s h ows a BASI C program -1 ' - - -- -- - - - - ---'
histogram shows you how many tha t incr ements t he values in o i 64 ~
times each value occurs in a n a r- each of the 44 bins in HIST de- Fig. 5. MATHCAD lets you e nter equa - ~
ray. For example, running a his- pending on the values in the cor- non s in a n a lge braicjorm , a nd th en see .....
CD
togram on a s er ie s of winning responding bins of n . pl ots oj the results. CD
o

87
 favor. Probably not--but it's fun
to try anyway. MORSE/RTTY DETECTOR
Histograms can also be used to continued from page 52
analyze non-integer data as well
(for example, digitized wave- DB25 CONNECTOR ICt MOUNTED TO CASE
forms and stock market prices).
When that is the case, you need
to write a more complex histo-
gram routine where "bins" are de-
fined to cover a range of numbers
(0-1, 1-2, etc.).

Into the stratosphere

Whatever your area of interest,
you can create analysis programs
to enhance and broaden your un-
derstanding. When y'c>u start out, RIGHT
your analysis routines should be ANGLE
kept relatively simple; the exam- HEADERS
ple routines presented here will
get you started. But as you pro-
gress, you'll want to enhance
those routines or create other
more specialized routines of your
own.
Whenever you modify an exist-
ing routine or create a new one,
MAIN DISPLAY
you should test it on known data. BOARD BOARD
For example, a MAXimum search FIG. 7-THE BOARDS ARE INSTALLED as shown. Notice how the two right-angle headers
routine can be tested by setting hold the two boards together.
one point in an array to a higher
value than all others. You know ment isn't very difficult. SPACE and MARK frequencies, for
what value you entered in the ar- You will have a problem with that 170-Hz shift.
ray and at what element, and adjustment if your AC waveform The FSK output-level-set control,
those are the values the MAXrou- doesn't have a 50150 duty cycle . A R90 , should be adjusted for 'the best
tine should return. For routines low distortion sine-wave generator is results with your particular trans-
that must interpolate values be- the best for the job. ceiver.
tween points, such as a midpoint Potentiometer R67 sets the DC
search routine, you may need to threshold for the LM311 Schmidt- Software
print the test array values and trigger limiters, and the schematic in- There is a CW receive program in
manually compute the midpoint dicates "I. 9Y." You want to set R67 the public domain, which works well
value and location as a means of for 1.9 volts on IC32 pin 7. The poten- with the detector on IBM PC's or
verifying the routine's operation. tiometer should be adjusted for op- clones . The software, MORSE.ARC, is
The most important point is to timum performance on RTTY and. also available on the RE-BBS
begin by writing and testing your CW on off-the-air signals. 1.9 volts (516-293-2283). If you order some-
own waveform processing rou- should be close, if not exactly right. thing from the source mentioned in
tines. The experience gained will If you want to use the FSK gener- the parts list, you'll be sent a free copy
build a strong fundamental un- ator, then you need to use a frequency of that program, upon request. The
derstanding of numerical analy- counter to set the two oscillators to BBS file also contains the source code
sis methods, processes, and 15,000 Hz and 13,300 Hz. Notice that for the EPROM.
nuances. those frequencies are ten times the The designers of the detector have
Ultimately, however, you may actual output. Be certain that you use also designed custom software for
want to concentrate less on pro- temperature-stable capacitors such as their decoder, along with software
gramming and more on analysis. Mylar, polypropylene, or polystyrene that will get you started on designing
For this step, there are a number for the 555 timer circuitry. your own CW program, as well as on
of PC software packages that pro- Remember that the MARK or idle designing your own EPROM. See the
(J) vide sophisticated analysis ca- frequency is the lower of the two. If Parts List for ordering information .
D
Z pabilities, in both menu-driven you short JP4, then the output will The computer has forever changed
~ and htgh-level equation-oriented stay at the SPACE (higher) frequency communications by making CW and
t5 programming formats. Figure 5 so you can make the adjustment. You RTTY a lot easier. Now, even without
~ provides an example of equation- can do the same thing by setting the knowledge ofCW, you can listen in on
6 oriented programming with NORMAUINVERT switch to the "invert" people all over the world with a PC, a
o MathCAD. position . The actual output frequen- general-coverage receiver, and our
C? continued on page 97 cies will be 1500 Hz and 1330 Hz for PMX-200 detector. R-E

88
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CATALOG: hobby/broadcasting/HAM/CB: Cable "M-35 B C OMBO UN IT I Ch 3 outpu t onlYI 9900 7000
TV, transmitters, amplifiers, surveillance devices, ' M-35 B COMBO UN IT WITH VA RISYNC 109 00 7500
computers , more! PANAXIS , Box 130-F5, Para- ' M INI CO D E IN- 121 9900 62 00
dise, CA 95967. ' M INICO D E IN- 121WITH VARISY NC 109 00 65 00
' M INICO D E VARISYNC WITH AUT O O NO FF 145 00 105 00
ECONOCOO E tnurucoc e subsut utet 69 00 42 00

rraI
;9 00
FINALLYI
An interest in g and worth-
ECONOCODE WITH VA RISY NC
"M L D 1200 -3 ,Ch 3 o utpul l
' M L D- 1200 -2 I Ch z outouu
99 00
99 00
4600
6200
6200
wh il e pr oject. Thi s EASY- ' ZENITH SSAVI CABL E REAOY 175 00 125 00
TO-BUILD c i rc uit lets yo u
INTE RFERENCE FILTE RS ICh 3 0n ly, 2400 1400
us e any regul ar TV s ot 4S
a s imple OSCILLOSCOPE. ' EAGLE PD-3 OESCA AM B LER ICh :~ o u t p u t fJnlyl 11900 6500
DETAILED PlANS: U. ~5 No modif icat io ns to TV! 'S C IENTIFIC ATLAN TA ADO-O N REPLAC EMEN T OESCRA MB L ER 11900 8500

TV-SCOPE
PEHH RESEARai. Box 3543
Ti ny. sv batte ry powered.
Goes anywhere! Order now!
Ask for ou r FREE CATAlOG
'CALL FOR AVAILABILITY

Wll11 ll1lSport. PA 17701 of other pl ans and kitsl

Output Price TOTAL
Quantity Item Channel Each PRICE
SURVEILLANCE transmitter kits are available to
law enforcement agencies that operate on frequen-
cies they prefer. Four models of each; telephone,
room, combination telephonelroo m transmitters
tune from 65 to 305 MHz. Send $1.00 (overseas
airmail $2 .00) fo r cata log . Included is Popular
Communications book review of " Now Hear This! Californi a Penal Code #593-D forbids us SUBTOTAL
Electronics Eavesdropping Equ ipm ent Design " Shipping Add
by Winston Arrington. Book contains 58 transmitter from shipping any cable descrambling unit
to anyone residing in the state of California. $3.00 per unit
schematics. SHEFFIELD ELECTRONICS, 7223
Stony Island Ave., Chicago , IL 60649-2806. COD & Credit
Prices subject to change without notice. Cards - Add 5%
INVESTIGATORS, experimenters - Quality plans. TOTAL
~
Micro and restricted devices. Free catalog. Seif ad- PLEASE PRINT
dressed stamped envelope required. KELLEY SE
CURITY INC., Suite 90, 2531 Sawtelle Blvd., Los
Angeles, CA 90064. 8
_ _ _ _ _ _ Zip,

o Money Order
_

o Visa o Mastercard
~~
NEW HE ,NE ~
~ LASER TUBES $35 U
~ Dealer Inquiries Invited.
Free Catalog! FOR OUR RECORDS:
DECLARATION Of AUTHORIZED USE - I, the undersigned, do hereby declare under penalty 01 perjury
.f
:...
MERE DITH INSTRUMENTS : 6403 N. 59th Ave. that all produc ts purchased, now and in the future, will only be used on cable TV systems with proper !
G len dale, AZ 85301 (602) 934-9387
authori zation from loca l oIficials Of cable company oIficial s in accordance w.ith all applicable federal and
l
f
"The Source fo r Laser Surplus IJ
state laWS, FEDERAL AND VARIOUS STATE LAWS PROVIDE FOR SUBSTANTIAl CRIMINAL AND CML
PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED USE.

CB Tricks II book. Power amplifier design and theo-

ry, UHF CB tune ups. Send $19.95 MEDICINE MAN
CB, PO Box 37, Clarksville, AR 72830.
DETEC TION - Surveillance, debugg ing, plans ,
kits, assembled devices. Latest high-tech catalog
$5. DET ECTION SYSTE MS, 2515 E. Thoma s,
# 16-864F, Phoenix, AZ. 85016.
DESCRAMBLlNG, new secret manual. Build your
own descra mblers for cab le and subscription TV.
Instruction s, sche matics for SSAVI, gated sync,
sinewave, (HBO, Cinemax, Showtime, UHF, adult)
(0
$8. 95 , $2.00 post age. CABLETRONICS, Box (0
30502R, Bethesda, MD 208 24. o

91
 I I BUILD remote control car starter. Without keys
ASSEMBLE YOUR OWN from home turns on/off engine, heater/air condition.
lights etc .... Locates car in crowded park ing lot:
COLLIMATOR PEN COMPUTER FOR LE$$ Send $5. 00 SASE. for detai led instruction . As-
A low power colli ma- sembled unit with program mable 300ft range key-
tor pen conta ining a
MOVPE grown gai n
10 MHz 8088 Compatible Kit
crrn MHz8088 Motherboatd
.256KB RAM (&401<8 max)
_-",=--_, $379 ch ain tran smitter $169 .95 . N.Y. ENGINEERING
CENTER , PO Box 0831, Syosset , NY 11791-0831.
guided GaAIAs laser. IBM PC developm ent tools tim ing software extender
This coll imator pen de- 1!lOW f'<Mer Supply
boards . DETROIT DATACOMM, 1409 West Mile.
livers a maximum ew Floppy D1.kController
One !5 1/..' 360KB OrNe
Mod Hghts. MI 48071.
output power of 2.5 mW
at 25 -c MonoGraphicl Card wI P PRINTED circui t boards made to your concept. Full
. 101Key~d service - shor t runs - 25 years in business. Write
These collimated laser CaM (3LED,2Button,Key) or call - SHORE PROTO CIRCUITS, 36 Fairview
sources are designed for ~ .12' Amber Mono MonRor Avenue. Little Silver, NJ 07739 . (201) 747-6 300 -
indust rial app licat ions . Inotallatlon Guide & MarlJaI (201) 747 -6301 (fax # )
such as data retrieval.
telemet ry. alignment etc. 12 MHz 80286 Compatible Kit $669 FUZZ bus ter buster. Activates radar detectors.
The non-hermetic stai nless steel encapsulat ion 12 MHz80286Motherboard Great for testing radar detectors at ham ventions .
!512KB RAM (.. MB max) Build from parts in your sh ack. For comp lete plans.
of t he pen is specif ica lly designed for easy
.2OCNI Power Supply assemb ly instructions and parts list send 8,19.95 to
alignment in an optical read or write system. and
Floppy DIIk Controller RICH CONSULTING, Box 8206 , Fort Wayne. IN
consists of a lens and a laser device. The lens One !5 1/..' 1.2 MB OrNe 468988206 .
syste m collimates the diverging laser light. The
MonoGraphicl Card wI P
wavefront qua lity is diffr acti on limited. .101 Key KeyboaId BARGAIN plan . Desk top computer stand. Easily
The housi ng is circular and precisio n manufac- . 0 - (3lED,2Button,Key) _ _ .__ built. Personal pride . Send $4.00, now... CREATE,
tured with a diameter of 11.0 mm and an accuracy .12' Amber Mono MonRor -.:Y ~~m ' PO Box 440062 . Aurora. CO 80044 .
betw een + and - 111'm. . lllIla/laIIon Guide & Manual INSTA NTA NEOUSLY reduce stereo volume. De-
LI~T PRIGE $1 80.00- PRICE $39.99 20 MHz 80386 Compatib le Kit $1399 vice mutes stereo while phone in use. PC board.
complete instr uctions only $14.95. TR IAD TECH-
All Componanll Fully Tnted Before Ship
Quality Components - Low PricesSince 1983 One YewWerranty on All Part.
NOLOGIES, 7184 Manc hest er, St. Lou is . MO
63143-2408 .
---- -- lASER DIODE' 11lIla/1al1on AIMiIableat No Extra Chasge III . - .
VISA & MIC add 3'l' AmeKadd ..%
Designed for general PrIce & QuantRyIUbjecI to change wRhoutprior notice

@
industrial low power ap- 1!5%Reltocldng Fee on All Non-Defective Rem.
plicati ons such as read-
ing optical discs. optical JINCO COMPUTERS INC.
memor ies. ba r code
scanners. security sys- 5122WALNUT GROVE AVE.
tems. alignment etc. SAN GABRIEL, CA 91776
The gain guided laser
~ aa is constr ucted on a n- Tel: (818) 309-1108
UUU type gall ium arsenide Fax: (818) 309-1107
substrate wit h a Metal
Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxial process (MOVPE). CIRC LE 180 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
The device is mounted in an hermetic 5OT148D
(dia meter 9.0 mm) encapsulation . BEST BY MAIL
Rate.: Write National , Box 5, Sa rasota, FL 34230
The 581053is standard equipped with a monitor
diode. isolated from the case and optica lly coupled MONEYMAKING OPPORTUNITIES
to the rear emitt ing facet of the laser. This fast
EARN $50,000+ . OBTAIN 100 bankcards. Send stamp.
responding monitor diode can be used as a sensor Universal. 3010 Wi lshire. #414. Los Angeles. CA 90010.
to contro l the laser optica l output level. BUILD your own remote con trolled robot! Plans.
free details, ROBO T WORKS, Box 1979. Colorado
I 1ST PRICE $38.00- PRICE $9.99 Spr ings , CO 8090 1.
We CarryA Full Line of Components REMOVE lead vocals from standa rd stereo rec-
ords , CDs, tapes. FM broadcasts, so you can be the
BUY BONDS
CALLFORFREE CATALOG lead singe r of your favorite band. Theory/schematic
$6.95. PCB and par ts also availab le . WEEDER MASTERCARD AND VISA are now accepted
EPROMS TECHNOLOGIES, 14773 Lindsey, Mt. Orab , OH for payment of your advertising . Simply
STOCK ~ PINS DESCRIP110N 124 2599 1l1O+ 45154.
1702 24 256x 41ns 399 319 34 1
complete the form on the first page of the
CIRCUIT design software : f ilte rs. amp lif iers.
2108 24 1024 x 8450ns 5.19 550 4 95
crossovers . osci llators . timers and morel Disk and Market Center and we will bill.
2158 24 1024x 8 450ns 399 3.19 341
211 6 24 2048 x 8 450ns (25v) 319 303 2.13 docu mentation $19.95. PC/MS DOS . Info $1.00 .
21161 24 2048 x 8350ns (25v) 3.39 322 2.90 BRUTECH, Bo x 596 . Weila nd. Ontar io . Canada
l MS2116 24 21M8 x 8450ns 629 598 538 L3B 5R3 . EDUCATION & INSTRUCTION
21CI6 24 2048 x 8 450ns (25vCMOS) 3.59 3 41 3 01
2132 24 4096x 8450ns (25v) 379 360 3 24 DAZER defe nder kit! $44.95. Universal IC tester LEARN IBM PC assembly language. 80 samp le
2132A2 24 4096x 8200ns (21v) 3.19 360 3 24 pla ns ! $5 .00 . cata log $1.00. QUANTUM RE - programs. Disk $5. Book $18. ZIPFAST, Box 12238.
2132A 24 4096x 8250ns (21v) 3.69 351 3.16 SEARCH, 17919-77 Ave nue , Edmonton . Alberta l.exinqton, KY 40581-223 8.
2132A-4 24 4096 x 8 450ns (21v) 309 2.94 265 T5T 2S1. .
TMS2532 24 4096 x 8 450ns (25v) 579 550 4.95 MAGIC ! Four illustrated lessons plus inside infor-
21C32 24 4096 x 8 450ns (25vCMOS) 4.19 398 358 70 WATT aud io amplifier. Simp le and easy to build . mation shows you how. We provide almost 50 tricks
216420 28 8192x 8 200ns (21v) 399 3.19 341
2164 28 8192x 8250ns (21v) 359 341 307 Plans $6.00. T.J.L. ENTERPRISES, Suite 302R E, includ ing equipment for four professio nal effects.
2164A20 28 8192x 8200ns(12.5v)
1902 Ridge Road, West Seneca. NY 14224. You get a binder to keep the mate rials in, and a one-
399 3.19 341
2164A 28 8192 x 8251Jns (12.5v) 359 341 3 07 year memb ership in the International Performing
TMS2564 28 8192x 8251Jns (25v) 6.19 645 581 Magicians with a plastic membership card that has
21128-20 28 16,384 x 8200ns (21 v) 5.19 5.50 4.95 your nam e go ld-embossed. You get a one-year sub-
21128 28 16,384 x 8250ns (21 v) 479 4 55 4.10 scription to our quarter ly newsletter " IT's MAG IC!"
21C128
21158-20
21256
28 16,384x 8250ns (21v)
28 32,768 x 8 200ns (12.5v)
28 32,768 x 8250ns (12.5v)
539 5.12
599 569
4.99 4.14
4.61
5.12
427
FREE CATALOG! Order now! $29.95 for each course + $3.50 postage
and hand ling . (New York reside nts add app licable
21C256
2151220
28 32,768 x 8 250ns (12.5vCMOS)
28 65.536x 8 200ns (12.5v)
599 5 69
1049 9.97
512
897 1-800-648-7938
For all information 17023629026
state and local sales tax). THE MAGIC COURSE,
500-B BiCou nty Bou levard. Fa rmin gdale, NY
21512 28 65.536x 8250ns(12.5v) 949 9.02 8.12 11735.
21C512
21CI024
28 65,536 x 8250ns(12.5vCMOS) 999 949
32 131.072 x 8200ns(12.5vCMOS) 27.99 2659
854
2393
JERROLD HAMLIN OAK ETC.
68164 24 8192 x 8451Jns 18.99 1804 1624
(J)
o
68166 24 8192x 8451Jns 15 99 15.19 1367
CABLE TV Com p u te r Ki ts

~
UNICORN ElECTRONICS

II
Z They're Fun, Easy to build. IB ~
o[C ~ 100 10 Canoga Ave. Unit B -8 aiiIIil DESCRAMBLERS Compatible, Educational, Pow erful
with Wholesale Prices. All Kits
include a free Assembly Manual
I- L:::J Chatsworth . CA 91311 IWItl Compare our low Low Retail Prices!
oUJ Guaranteed Prices & Warranties!
f ree Software, One Yeor Warranty
and 24 hour Phone Support Line
...J
UJ
O RD ER BY PHON E (TOLL FREE)
Orders Shipped Immediately! = Ask for our Free Catalog
6 (800) 824-3432 (OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA) REPUBLIC CABLE PRODUCTS INC. ( 516) 9 8 1 - 9 473
IN CALIFORN IA (818) 341-8833 _ General Techn ic s
is 4080 Paradise Rd. # 15 Dept. RE-90 4 \~2 Quality Com p ute r System s
-c
[C
O RDER BY FA X (818) 998-7975 Z Las Vegas, NV 89109 . Assembly a: Testing .ba ila ble
P .O . Bo x 26 76
La ke Ronkon ko ma, NY 1 17 79

CI RCLE 1 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

92
 SATELLITE TV
FREE catalog - Do-it-yourself save 40-60%. Lowest
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SiaN, INC., 2009 Collegeway, Fergus Falls, MN
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DESCRAMBLER : Build our low cost video onl y,
satellite TV descrambler for most satellite channels.
Uses easy to get, everyday parts. Board & plans
$35.00 US fund s. Board , plans & part s $99.00 US
fund s. Wired & tested unit $189.00 US funds. Send
check, money order or Visa to: VALLEY MICRO
JERROLDOAKSCIENTIF1C ATLANTA HAMLIN WAVE ELECTRONICS, Bear River, Nova Scotia,
ZENITH MANY MORE CALL TOD AY! Canada BOS 1BOor phone (902) 467-3577 . 8am to
4pm eastern time. Note: educational project only.
" Only quality products sold" Easy to use
" Satisfaction guaranteed" Knowl ed geable sal es staff
Not to be used illegally.
CABLE TV secrets - the outlaw publication the
- ". ,
. ..f,
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t
' .~" ' -
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" Most orders shipped within 24 hours . cable companies tried to ban. HBO, Movie Channel, .. \ . . - -~_-.>-
CALL FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG Showt ime, descramblers , co nverters, etc. Sup-
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plus $29.50
MAKE THE CONNECTION
W

5114 Balcones Wood Dr.#307 Dept.298

Austin TX. 78759 .................... PRESENTING............ ........
CABLE TV T ELX1 TELEPHONE FM XMTR (3 MI) auto-
matically operates when phone is used . Crystal
DESCRAMBLERS cl ear cla rity with fin e tu ne and rang e cont rol.
.................... STARRING ........ ............ Non detectabl e $29.50
BE a recording engineer; Train at home for high JERROLD, HAMUN, OAK
paying - exciting careers . Free information. AU AND OTHERFAMOUS MANUFACTURERS
~ . ~
010 INSTITUTE, 2174 Uni on St., Suite 22K, San AN ESTWARRANTYPROGRAM AVAILABLE
-. "l

Francisco, CA 94123 . l O\VEST RETAJL.fWH OlSALE PRICES IN us,

ORDE RSSHIPPEO FROM STOCK WITHIN 24 HOU RS ..... -=--...,. . '. r, t
BASIC cleaning and maintenance TV one half hour, FORFREE CATALOG ONLY '-8oo-545-89Z7
VCR one hour $38.00 eac h. JAMES BRADFORD, FORALLINFORMATION 1-818-71 6 -5914 'ATR-1 AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDING
PO Box 38359 , Detroit, M I 48238.
DEVICE t ape s telephon e conversation all
FREE subscriptions to over 200 major computer automati cally $19.50
and business magazines - guaranteed . Write for
ALL THREE OF ABOVE FOR $59.50
free information: SEABIRD, 4N Militia Drive, Lex-
ington, MA 02173. CALL OR SEND VISA , MASTER CHARGE ,
MONE Y ORDER , ETC. 10 AMA ZING CONCEPTS,
BOX 716, AMHERST, NH 0303 1. (603) 673-4730.

* Fully Assembled
--- -~.~-- ,
: ..-'- ~- .11
~ ~~'1 "t~ __'.....,-,

SM-328
'. ,;. . :"
SM333
~-, :t-~
SM -666 TA-2200 ----...J_ :~ = :. . . . r't ,rt-.~ ::
We provIde transformers for most of our Mark V amplifier kits.
AMP LIF IE RS KIT A SSM B .
MIS CELL AN EOUS KIT AS SMB .
MODEL DESCRIP TION
MODEL
TA28MK2
DESCR IPTION
Dig ital Voice Reeorder &&.. . .. . .. ... . .... .. .. ... . ... 30.00
TY-23B
TY-25
3 Chan n el Co lo r Li g ht Co ntroll er
Ste reo Lou d sp eak er Pro t e ctor
* .
$ 56 .04
12. 65
$74 .50
18 .88
TA-50A/B MultlPurpose Melody Gen erator 11 .84 $ 16.58 TY-36 AC/ DC Qu.rtz DI9it., C lock . 18 .00 25 .20
TA-50C MultlPuroose Me lodv Generator 12 .65 17 .71 TY38 Sound/Touch Co ntrol Swi tc h _._ .. .. . ., 1 2.00
TA120MK2 35W CI " An Main Pow er Mono Amp . . . 27 .16 38.81 TY-41MKV Infar ed Rem o t e C ont rol Uni t w/c ase .. ~ . ... . 20 .00 35. 00
TA-3oo 30W MultlPu rpooe Single Ch.nnel Amp... . .. .. . 20 .00 29 .00 TY42 Bar/Dot Level Met er . 24 .1 5
TA302 60W Stereo Power Booster .. ... . .. .. .. . . 50.00 70 .00 TY43 3'12 D191t.1 pan el Meter A .. .... ... .. . .. ... . ... .. . 29 .00 38 .00
TA.323A 3OWx2 St er e o Pre- main Amp . . . .. ... . .. . . .. ... . 29 .50 38 .35 TY-45 20 St ep s Bar/Dot Audio Le vel Di sp l. y AA .. .. . . 3 6 .45 46 . 14

.l..
TA.377A HI-QUALITY FET Stereo Pre-Amp .... ... A. .. ... .. .. .. . . 59.95 75 .00 TY-47 Sup erior Electronic Roul ette . ... . ... .. .. ... .. .. . . 19. 46 27 .2 4
TA-400 40W Solid St.te Mono Amp", .. ..... . ... . , 28 .00 34.93 SM 222 7 Ba nd H IFJ Gr aphi c Equ a li ze r ... 6. .. ... .. ... 26 .80 38 .80
TA 477 120W Mo sfet Power M on o Amp . . . . .. ... . .. .. .. . 68.00 8 5 .0 0 SM328 4 Ch ann el Profess ional Color Li gh tControlJ er " 150.00
TA-BOO BOW+BOW DC Pr e-M.ln& PowerAmp.A... 60 .92 79 .20 Aud io /Video Surround Sou nd Pro c e sso r .. 6 2. 00 B3 .00
SM333
~~:gg~A ~:+~~~~~~C"~r':-t\~rno;;:~:~in~~4i
: :8:~;
59 . 72 SM 66 6 Dyn ami c Noise Redu ction" 26 .00 34 .00
49 .37
TA.1000A 100W Dyna m ic C ia .. " A" Main Po wer Mono Amp . 59.69 80 .58 INSTRUM ENT S KIT A SS M B .
TA-l500 l 00 W x 2 CI... " A" DC Stereo PreMaln Amp& 7 3 .70 95 .8 1
TA-2200 FET Sup erc las s ADCPreAmp. AAA 47 _70 58 .24 SM43 3 /2 Mul ti -F u nctio na l Le d D.P . M. Iw /A BS pl astic ca se)AA 34 .50 43. 00
SM -48 ' Hi-Pr ec ision D.P .M . "'AA .. ... ... .. .... .... . .... 38 .00
4'1, 48.00
TA'2400A Electron ic Echo& Revel .tlonAmpA.......... . . .. 93 .30 11 6.80
TA-2500 HQ Pre-Amp. w /10 b.nd graphic eau.llzer* . 90 .80 SM48A 4 1/2 HI-Pre c is ion D.P . M. w/ A BS pl as t ic c a se AA A .... 41.20 5 2 .00
TA2800 BI-FET IC Pre-Amp. w/3 wa y ton e control...... . . .. 4 8 .90 SM-4 9 3'12M ulti-F uncti o na l LCDD. P. M l w/ hold fun ct lo n) ... ... 3600 44 .5 0
~~:= ~~W ~~HI~~r~~:.~O';~n~ zs:.m.lo. ~.~~~~.)~g :~ 6 3 .57
41 .38
103.00
SM- l00
FC- l 0 0 0 A 1 GHz Freq ue ncy Counte r
M ETAL CABINETS WITH ALUM INUM PANEL:
*
150 MC DI9ita i Freq ue n cy Count er "' A A . .. .. . .. ... . 79 :00
. 90 .00
17 9 .00

POW ER SU P P LIES K IT A S SM B . MO DEL

MATC HING H" x W " x D'
LG-12 73
TA-2800 . TA-377A 3" 12" r:
TR-lOOA
TR355A g:~ ~~ ~t~::~~~~:~Cp~~.;-:~s~~~riylW~~.~.~~!.~."'''' iUg 69 .50
20 .76
19 " 11 1/2'
LG-1664 4" 16"
TA3 22 i . TA-3 2 3 A. TA-377 A
LG1924 4"
8"
TA-80 2 . TA -8 20 A. TA-15 00 . TA-120. TA-800. TA-l 0 00 A
TR-355B D-30V 3 A Regul.ted DC Pow er Supply .... ... ... .; .. 14.55 20 .76
5" 19 " 11 1/2" LG-1925
TR-503 TA4 77 . TA800 . TA-15 00 . TA l 000A
D-5OV 3A Re9ul.ted DC Pow er Supply AA .. .. . . ... . 15 .75 2 .... 1 9 " 22 .65
8" LG1983
TA377 A TA2800 TA-2200 . TA 120 M KII
- WE ACCE PT MAJ OR CREDIT CARDS MON EY ORDERS AN D CHEC KS- BUS INESS & SHOWROOM HOURS ,PACIFIC TIME! MUN FRI 9 30A M 5 00 PM SAT 10 OOA M - ~
SOOP M TERM S $1 000 M IN O RDER S20 M IN CHARGE CARD ORDE R WE SH IPUPS GROUND ' /, DD1 Q%OFTOTAL ORDER ,MIN S300,FOR SHIPPIN G OUTSIDEUSA AD D <0
20q", M IN $5 001 TRANSIT IN SUR ANCE ADDS"OF TOTAL,OU TSIDE USA ONLY , CA RESIDENTS ADDSAL ES TAX ' ALL M ERCHANDI SE SU BJ ECTTO PRIORS ALE PRICES ARE <0
SUBJECT TO CHA NGE WITHOU T NOTICE WE ARE NOT RESPONSIB LE FOR TYPOGRAPH ICAL ERRORS a
MARK V ELECTRONICS, INC. - 80 19 E. Sla uso n Ave., Monteb ello. CA 90640 ! '7:;~tT.l 93
CIRCLE 93 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
 CABLE TV CONVERTERS
& EQUIPMENT

All Jerrold, Oak, Hamlin, Zenith , Scientific

Atlanta, Magnavox and all specialized cable
10+ equipment available for shipment within 24
UNITS
PANASONIC W IRELESS
hours. For fast service MC / VISA or C .O .D.
CONVERTER . .. 85.00 69.00 telephone orders accepted (800) 648-3030
JERROLD 400 COM BO WIRE MOTE 60 Day Guarantee (Quantity Discounts)
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JERROLD 400 OR 450 REMOTE HAND
UNIT 24.00 15.00
ENDS. Send self-addressed Stamped enve-
JERROLD JR X 3D IC 84.00 65.00 lope (60 postage) for Catalog.
JERROLD SB ADD ON 74.00 .. 55.00
JERROLD SB ADD ON WITH TRI-BI 95.00 .. . 70.00
OAK M-35 COM BO 79.00 . . . 50.00
OAK MIN ICODE (N-12) 84.00 59.00
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SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA.SA-3
ADD ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 109.00 . .. 75.00 Order your 260 page catalog and price lilt with over
INTERFERENCE FILTER
14,000 money .aving electronic pam and equipment!
(CHANNEL 3 OR 6) . . . . . . . . . . 24.00 . . . 14.00 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
Send $3.00 in a check or money order, or call
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COMBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 275.00 . . 215.00
Censol idated Electronic ., Incorporated
EASY work! Excellent pay! Assemble products at
PIONEER DES CRAMBLER 250.00 200.00 home . Ca ll for information. (504) 641-8003 Ext.
TOCOM ViP 200.00 .. 175.00 706 Watervliet Ave., Dayton, Ohio 46420-2599
5192.
ZENITH FLASHIN G 175.00 . . 150.00
ZENITH SSAVI .. . . . . . 125.00 90.00 Name' -,- _ MAKE $50/hr working evenings or weekends in
EAGLE PD-3 95.00 75.00 your own electronics business. Send for free facts.
Add1'lll1, _ INDUSTRY, Box 531, Bronx, NY 10461.

VIDEO-LINK City State Zip _ YOUR own radio station! AM, FM, TV, cable. Li-
censed /unlicensed . BROADCASTING, Box 130-
Enterprises, Inc. CIRCLE 70 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
F5, Paradise, CA 95967.

520 GLENBROOK RD., SUITE 202

STAMFORD, CT 06906
SATELLITE descramblers, all types , reasonab le
ORDERS: 18006229022 prices. Catalog $4.00. SKYWATCH, 238 Davenport
Road, Toronto, Ontari o, Canada , M5R l J6.
CATALOG & INFO: 2039757543 VIDEOCIPHER II manuals. Volume 1 - hardware,
MONDAY - FRIDAY 10AM - 5:30PM, E.S.T. Volume 2 - software. Either $32.45. Volume 3 -
projects/software - $42.45. Volume 4 - repair-
IMPORTANT: Have make and model $97.45. Volume 5 docum entation - $42.45. Vol-
# of the equipment used in yo ur area.
.... _----_ . .... . -_ .-
ume 6 - Experi mentati on - $42 .45. Cable
Hacker's Bible- $32.45 . Clone Hacker's Bible -
$32.95 CODs : (602) 782-2316. 220+ Megabytes
OUTPUT PRICE TOTAL IBM -P C/ XT software - catalog-$3 .00 . TELE-
OTY ITEM CHANNEL EACH PRICE CODE, Box 6426-RE, Yuma, AZ. 85366-6426.
ATLANTIC GROUP ENTERPRISES INC. Buy sat-
ellite equipment. Dealing directly with the seller. We
can show you how. Toll free 1 (800) 446-4039.
NO CONNECTICUT SALES. It SUBTOT. VIDEOCYPHER II descrambling manual. Sche-
is not theintentof V1DEQ-UNK 1-7'=-::-'-'-+-----1
Shipping matics, video and audio. Explains DES, EPROM,
to defraud any pay television $3/ Unit CloneMaster, 3Musketeer, pay-per-view (HBO, Cin-
operator and we will notassist 1--==:--+-----1 emax , Showtime, adult, etc.) $13.95, $2.00 postage.
any company or individual in Add COD:
5% Collection of software to copy and alter EPROM
doing so. 1----+---.., codes, $25. CABLETRONICS, Box 30502R, Beth- INVENTORS : We submit ideas to industry. Find out
TOTAL esda, MD 20824. what we can do for you. Call 1 (800) 288-IDEA .
PLEASE PRINT:
LET the government finance your small business.
oNAMECASHIER'S CHECK D M.O. D C.O.D.
_
Grants/loans to $500,000. Free recorded message:
(707) 449-8600 . (KS1).
ADDRESS _
CITY/STATEIZIP _ EARN $1000's extra as a part-time computer
PHONE _ dealer. Where to buy products at big discounts . Who
to sell to. Financing without cash. Obtaining free
SIGNATURE _
software. Exclusive dealer trade shows. Step-by-
WAIVER. Since I, the undersigned, fully
Major Makes & Models! step check list. Industry inside knowledge. Written
understand that the ownership of a cable decoder Will match or beat anyone's prices! by industry pioneer. Order now, only $24.95 plus
does not give the owner of the decoder the right to $4.00 shipping/handling, CA residents add $1.81
decode or view premium cable channels without Dealer discounts at 5 units! sales tax. CORNERSTONE PUBLICATIONS, Dept
proper authorization from their local cable company, Examples: BA, PO Box 5151, San Jose, CA 95150. Allow 2-4
(f) hereby declare under penalty of perjury that all weeks.
o products purchased, at any time, will only be used HAMLIN COMBOS . $44 ea. (Min . 5)
z
oa:
on cable TV systems with proper authorization from
local officials or cable company officers in
OAK ADD/ON ..... $40 ea. (Min. 5) EASY! Moneymaking one man CRT rebuild ing
machinery. $6 ,500.00 - $11,900.00. CRT, 1909
accordance with all applicable federal and state OAK M35B $60 ea. (Min . 5) Louise, Crystalake, IL 60014. (815) 459-0666.
I- laws. Federal and various state laws provide for
oW substantial criminal and civil penalties for
...J unauthorized use.
W
6
Ci
Dated: Signed: BUY BONDS
-c CIRCLE 64 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
a:

94
SINGERS' WorldtS
l lo.n \C~li'ft" W" ... . ,~ ~kCUQll;" err -
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WANTED
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"i",'lar 10 the a mp . bmoro nlvtlu,o n." pu l'

COMPUTER BOOKS INVENTORS OUt I O WIl I, M..\\ 't l" u <h ri u .n nd .

OI'C I.. ~I "," lro J Ihu "' I ~ I.. ~ ..l III b Ol h
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ l..---'''-'lnR''''''
LE '''--'-'
17....9'-'O' 'N:!....!CJ:!FR.' INFOR"",TION C~RD

When You Need Resistors, We Sell You Resistors

(And Gravy), But Not Printed Matter!
Resistorsare one of the most common of electronic component parts a nd having a good reliab le source for the m is a necessity.
Foryearswe have been the lowest price leader in this (and many other) areas, and the following price com parison table proves
that although we ask for a year ly Membersh ip Fee of $35.00, you can recover your investment quickiy after purc hasing just a few
thousa nd resistors, and what you will save on more tha n 10,000 additionai items that we stock , is the so-c alled 'g ravy' p art of the
who le deal.
Resistor Electronic Digi-Key Digi-KeY Jomeco JDR
Quantity Sintec
Type Buyers Club (No DIsco LKlt) (Max Disco un t) Electro nics Mic rodevices
1/4 Watt. 10 S 0.50 S 0.375 S 0.50 S 0.50
5% Carbon- 100 $ 0.77 1.70 1.275 2.50 2.00 S 4.00
Rim (Bulk) 1.000 4.76 8.10 8.10 11.95 15.00 12.00
10.000 43.20 72.00 72.00 99.50
1{4 Wa tt . 10 0.32 1.00 0.75
1%. Meta l- 100 1.16 3.90 2.925 3.29 8.00
Rim (Bulk) 1.000 6.25 20.00 20.00 17.95 30.00

It is not th at th ese oth er firms are trying to rip

12 Months Savi ng Guarantee 30 Days M oney Back G u ara n tee
yo u off, th e fa ct is th a t a dvertising in severa l
We will refund the fi rst year M embership W e w ill refund the f ull M em bership
Fee of any member who has purchased Trade Magazin es each m onth a nd print ing and Fee of any new m ember of Electronic
$300 or more worth of products fr om mailing hundreds of th ousands of virtua lly th e B uyers Club wh o w ithin 30 D ay s
Electronic Buyers Club and has not same cata log eve ry few m onth s cost a lot of after recei v i ng the Membership
saved an amount greater than the first m on ey and th ey hove to c harge more. Call us B i nder, r eturns the Binder to E BC
year M embership Fee, i f buying the same t oday a nd sta rt re c e iving c o mponents for yo ur and asks for the canc ellation of
i tems elsewhere. money instea d of printed matt e r. M em bership.

~Iectron ic 1803 N.W. Lincoln Way . Toledo, OR 97391

~uyers
PHONE (All 50 States & Canada) : 1-800-325-0101
(Clu b
A Division of International Components Corpora tion FAX: (503) 336-4400 Hours: 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM PST
<0
<0
o
CIRCLE 187 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 95
 COMPUTER BUFFS HOBBYISTS,
AND SHARP SHOPPERS CABLE TV CONVERTERS
Smart shoppers always look for compo-
r--------------~
CABLE TV converters and descramblers dls-
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100" I'C/XT CompatIblol
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CRYSTAL CONTROLLED MI RONAVE ANTENNAS
FOR OVER THE AIR CABLE SYSTEMS (WIRELESS
o 2617T -B UILD
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inallofu~
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CIRCLE 106 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
 CABLE TV
WORKBENCH
capabilities from s imp le t o s o- DESCRAMBLERS 10 Lot
phisticated . You can go fr om JERROLD'" TriBi Mode. SI05.00 $85.00
continued.from page 88 maximums and min imums t o JERROLD'" SB-3 OR 2 $89.00
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histograms , linear regress ions , Oak N-12 WN .5.... . ... S99.95 $62.00
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.- 57 ...:: .......
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CIRCLE 53 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

f':.A?3ss EMINENCE .~"

18" EMINENCE WOOFER
@ MOTOROLA PoIydax MADE IN 1lSlI.

_iil"'
..
100 oz. magn et, 3" voice
coil. 250 watts RMS. 3SO

1-800-338-0531 ' ln trnat

e .iilionallt
lnc . @PIONEER'
watts max . 8 ohm. 30 Hz
re sonant frequ ency. 22-

1------------_-----------_------------1
3-WAY IOOW CROSSOVER 15" WOOF ER 12" SUB WOOFER
2700 Hz respo nse.
Efficiency: 95 dB tW/t M.
Paper con e, treated
acco rdian surround. Net
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we ight: 29 Ibs.
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12 dBloctave roUoll.
800Hz. 5000Hz
Original S a nyo coils. 100 watts RMS. 145 $98.90 $89.50
crossover po ints. 8
woofe r. Pap er watts max. Is = 25 Hz. 6 ohm # 290-200 (1-3) (4..u p)
co ne with ve nted (4 and 8 ohm comp atible ).
ohm. tOO watts RMS. dust cap a nd SPL=89 dB tW/t M. TITANIUM COMPOSITE
# 260-210
$12.50 $9.95 treated cloth Response: 25-700 Hz.
(l-9) (lOup) su rround. 12 oz. OTS= .3t. VAS= to.3 cu. tt.. TWEETER
mag net. 60 watts Pioneer # A3OGU3O-55D.
SPEAKER CONTROL RMS. B5watts Net weig ht: 6 Ibs.

PANEL
max. 8 ohm.
Resonance : 26 Hz.
# 290-145 ~1~~)80
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and built-in LED power
meter. 5-x 2 1/2- 100
watt version available
$14.50 $12.90 #291-155 $23'" $21 90
(1-5) (6-up)
# 260-235 (l..5 ) (6-up)

12" POLY WOOFE R PIONEER HORN

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tOO watts RMS. t45 watts Mylar dome . 2.93 0 %.
max. 4 and 8 ohm compat - barium ferrite magnet . 8
ible (6 ohm), 2" voice coil. ohm. Response: 1800-
1s=25 Hz. OTS= .t 66. 20000Hz. 35W RMS.
GRILL FRAME KIT
VAS = to.8 cu It. 50W max . Is = 2000 Hz. With this kit you
Response: 2l).t8OO Hz. Net SPL= tOO dB. Pioneer can make speaker
weight: 9 Ibs . Pioneer # AHE60-5tF qriU frames up to
# A3OGU4O-5lD 30" x 40". Kit
# 290-125 $36.80 $34.50 #270-050 $6.50 $5.90 includes 4 comer
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CIR CLE 56 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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- - - - - - with 48 pages of Computer Peripherals & More! - -

: iIIoscope Probes Prototype MOTHERBOARDS

snuation: x1 / x10 WM2
aacitance
80): 180p F g::,:::::,.""","
Design Stations 2OI'11U386
Only $629.951 :." ..... ;-:P:.:, '.' "';
---.
IF; (LF210) :
: /17pF

80 40MHz Oscilloscope
Probe $ 19.95
10 1OOMHz Oscilloscope
WM1 & WM2 Features: Removable solderless bread-
board Variable and fixed DC power supply Multi-
frequency signal generator ' Analog multimeter 8 bicol-
or LEDs (red & green) 8 logic switches ' Logic probe
Lighted power switch Fuse overload protected
All wI OK RA M

JE3520 Pictured

JE100l
.
,
:
Jameco ' .n,S"'Hz8OS8 (PCXT)
,
;..,:;-- $89.95
.

Probe $ 29 .95 Stu rdy rug ged ize d case JE3005 Jameco Baby BI2"'Hz802B6 (AT) $199.95
WM1 Specia l Features : 4 potentiometers Built-in JE3010 Jameco Baby 8J16"'Hz80286 (AT) $299.95
speaker JE3011 Jameco Baby 8J2O...Hz 80286 (AT) $389.95
TEST EQUIPMENT WM2 Special Features : Pulse Generator Binary JE3025 A"',Baby 20 Hz80386 $1199.95
'dStar 2 0M Hz Os cillosc o pe coded decimal (BCD) to 7-segment decoder/driver ' DB25 JE3026 A..., Ful'S" 25"'Hz80386 $1899.95
11 GHz Fr equ ency Cou nt e r connector ' Frequency counter (1Hz to 1MHz) JE3028 A"'I FullSze 33MHz80386 $2299.95
JE3520 Jameco Baby 20 Hz80386 $629,95
WM1 Analog Prototype Station $199.95 JE3525 Jameco Baby 25MHz80386 $1199.95
WM2 Digital Prototype Station $249.95 JE3533 Jamecc Baby 33 Hz80386 $1699.95

IBM EGA & Multiscan Monitor Packages

Compatible JE201 2
CSsesand - Casper 14" EGA monitor and EGA card -p ackaqs
Power Supplies (720 x 350 max. resolution)
JE1059 EGA Monitor & EGA Card $459.95
>'\
,'\, Relisys 14" Multiscan monitor and EGA card
package (800 x 600 max-.resolution)
JE2057 Multiscan Monitor & EGA Card $559.95
smetheus 9600 Baud JE1010 Flp-TopSlaoj,WPCXTCase $39.95
JE1 0ll SIdeSlardanl PCXTCase $39.95
dem JE1030 150 wau PCXT Poser &Wy $59.95
JE1032 200 wau Bally AT Power&Wy $89.95 A.R.T. EPROM Programmer UVP EPROM Eraser
JE1035 300wau AT Power&Wy $I39.95
OE JE2011 V,r1Jeaj Case >0'30<7>'1 PM.S\Wy $249.95
IB JE2012 "',Ne<ll:al Case w'2OQW PM. SurPy $149.95
IB JE2014 Flp-TopBallyXTTurtlOCase $69.95
JE2019 Flp-TopBallyATCase $69.95
Programs all current EPROMs in the Erases all EPROM's Erases 1
retex Digi tal Mul timeters 2716 to 27512 range plus the X2864 chip in 15 Min. and 8 chips in 21
ex General Specs:
IBM PC/XT/AT EEPROM ' RS232 port Software incl. min. UV intensity; 6800 UW/CM2
ndhe ld. high accuracy
Compatible Keyb oards
IDC Voltage, AC/DC ::"\ EPP $179 .95 DE4 $69.95
ent. Resistance, Diod es,
tinuity, T ransistor hFE
n ual ranging w/overload
action M4650 Soldering and Desoldering Stations
'50, 36508 & M4650 only :
o measure frequency and capacitance JE2017 60 Watt Analog Display Soldering Station Electronic temperature
'50 only : Data Hold Switch ' 4.5 Digit JE2015 B4Key StandardATStyle control from 200' to 878'F Cartridge heating element for a
Layout $59.95 longer life of the soldering tip

~ I
,10 3.5D,g't Muibmeter $49.95
i50 3.5Dig,t Mulbmeler w/Frequency & FKB4700 IOI Key EnhancedLayout XY1683 $59.95
Capaotance $69.95 with 12 FunctionKeys.. ... $69.95
J E20 16 t t t -KeyEnhanced withSolar
60 Watt Analog Display Soldering Station ' Electronic temperature
1508 Same as M3650 wiBallJrapl1 $74.95 control from 200' to 878'F Ceramic heating element for a
PoweredCalculator........ $79.95
i50 4.5D'9't w/Frequency. Capaatance and JE2017 l04Key Enhancedwith Trackball steady temperature and long life XY1683 ---- ~
DataHold Switch $99.95 (MicrosonCompatible).... $99.95 XY2660 $89.95
60 Watt Digital Display Soldering Station' Electronic temperature
control from 200' to 878'F Temperature displayed on easy
PROTOTYPING PRODUCTS 3.5" and 5.25" to read .560H 3-digit LED readout Nichrome heating
,meeD Solderless B re a dboards
Flop py element
Disk Driv es XY960 $99.95
30 Watt Electronic Temperature Controlled Desoldering Station
MPF11 Pictu red
Electronic temperature control from 212' to 842'F Self-
contained high rotary vacuum pump /
XY999
Sony XY999 $279.95
M PF11 3.5' 720Kb Internal Drive.... $ 49. 95
SMK 5.25' Installation Kitw/Faceplate.. $14.95
Dim. Contact B ind ing TEAC
Hard & Hard/Floppy Disk Controller Cards
L" xW' p olo t, po st s price MFMH.a rd RLL Hard MfMH.udlFloppy RLl HudlFloppy
FD55 B 5.25' 360Kb Half Ht.. $89 .95
11 3.25x2.125 400 $4.95
13 6.5 X2.125 FD55G 5.25' 1.2Mb HaltHI. $ 99. 95 computer Type Part NO. 1 Price Part No. 1 Price Part No . 1 Price Part No. 1 Price
830 $6.95
14 6.5 X3.125 1,360 $12.95
15 6.5 X4.25 1,660 $17.95
Mitsubishi 8088(PCiXT)@3:lInlerle.ve XTG E~179.95 l004A27X1$89.95 JE1OWS109.95

Jameco
!6 6.875X 5.75 2,390 $22.95 M F353 B 3.5' 720KbHall Height ...$ 9 9. 95 80286 (ATY386 @ 2:1Inter1eave l003V"''''11$129.95 l003VSR11$1.9.95 l003VM...Z11.99 5 l003VSR2116995
!7 7.25X 7.5 3,220 $32.95 M F355B 3.5' 1.44Mb Half Height $119.95 80286 (ATY386@ 1:1 Interle... 1I106V......,1$1.9.95 II106VSR11$169.95 II106VMM2116995 lII06VSR211B995

5 Sho reway Road $50.00 Minimum Order- U.S, Funds Only

mon t. CA 94002
Hour Order Hotl ine (415) 5920097
( 's (415) 592-2503 or (415) 5952664
3X 176043 Ans. Back; Jam eco 8 1mt
a Sh e e ts - SOC each
~
~

' ~
M--
-,
lMal~ASIIIaoftI
CA Residents Add 6%, 6.5% or 7% Sales Tax
Shipping - Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
(May vary according to weight and shipping method)
Terms: Prices subject to change without notice.
We are not responsible for typogra phical error s.
K1$2.00 Pos tag e fo r a FREE SO-Page Catalog~. We reserve the nght to substitute manu facturer s
990 Jam eco Electronics 5/90 ~ "" C.A ... .. UT I Items subject to availability and prior sale
I is a regi stered t radem ark at ~~~ Products pictu red may only'be representative
rnational Business Machines Complete list of termswarrantres IS available upon request
24Hour Ord er Hotline (4 15) 5928097 The FollOWin g Se rvi c es Are A lso Available Thro ugh (415) 592 8097 From 7AM 5PM P.S.T .:
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CIRCLE 114 ON FREE IN FO R MAT ION CARD

 AK. Puerto Rico - 2186816674

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P4141 1000 /25
P4142 1500125
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,hMlI'" W.. l>4'., I'P'OQ l ' I ,>t lu ..,.,, ~_ ,.. I""'U s It. C-s.._ Moo , oco ,,"t-. d ' :;)fmonlf"lJOI' r _ _ '.. ~ 1\ nnt,r""" Il""~ .'I"--"I",. " .." 'I.JIU S AI.fU OOB--t2-4 tt Add tJOO 1 000 1 99 99 . N ET
.1....... C.......14-.1 M<'. .. " .25 00.nd Up . . No Charg . 1 100 00 1 24999 . l I O' .
<{ WHENORDERING BY PHDIIE. CAlli 1 00 3 44 4SJ!l lAl( n il 2 11 61166 141 BY MAIL SEND YOUR ORDER to olGI KEY PO BOI 6Jl. tk." R,, " f .ll, Mil SilO! c.n.d nd M. d c o .. Add.Soo 250 00 14 99 !t9. l e n I S ' .
a: :~~ :';':..l:::~ :',,~~'7..~ ,7:.":::~:;:"t;:'::'..{': ::,1 ~1:'1t.::,~ ~ ~p~:g:::~:::~~i~r::A:'Gi-::,.r~:;r"Z;;;;;~~ I" .... ~ K..--Ifu llJ''''' r" I.. ,...,.......... . .1 ... , . , _ ... \ . .. .. I"'M
I _ : 1= :Ou~999 99 ~~: t:::
100 CIRCLE 82 ON FREE INFOR MATION CARD
 1 pole 10position
decimal encoded ~~ ~ High qualitymdded ABS

;;=!~;:~s~::s[f
'
switches which ,-'. I M.H. Rhodes, Inc. instrument endoaurel.
inter10ck to make '.... Mark-Time# 90007 IntegratedPC board
up desirednumber standoffs and two sets
Wall-box timer lits of wrtlcal mounting slots 2 X 2 configuration with a 2 pin _
or cigits. Terminates 10 11 pc pins(1 eom- standard 3" deep wall connector attached. Thelour -
lor hoot and rear sub peneis.Al1enclosures are
monand10poles). Each section measures box. Rated20 amps @ 6" wide X6 114" deep . QlOioe of lIne helglts. batteries can be separated into .
.31"wide X.20"high X.78" deep. Endplates 125 Vac. Turn knob to Indudes nonskid rubber feel and hardware. single AAsize solder tab nickel
can be added toIorm a .94"high bezel. Ayailable in beige, i""'Y, iliad<,and blue. cadmium batteries orresoldered . :
CAli SWTH9 $1.25 each
desired time. Includes
hardware, beigewall =- -= Pinel ht. CATI 18
2 114" CATlMH-A $7.50aach 10 "" $65.00
10-88 intoother oonfiguralions. .
10 for $10.00 SPECIALSALEPRICENOW
plate,and knob. UL and CSA listed. 2518" CAT'MB-B $7.75aach 10""$65.00
END PLATES CAli SW9EC $3.00per pack " 10 packs for $25.00
CATI TMC-6 $5.75 each 3" CATI MB-C $6.00 IllCh 10 lor $70.00
$1.00 per set Please color. CAT# NCB"41AAU
&%Tl c; 99 PHOTO TRANSISTOR'Jl
TO-lacue " l h _.For <I:3===
_ _anglo Y10wIng appllc:ollonl. Spoc:1raJly and
mocI>anlcal1ycorrpatlbiowthTIl31B.
CAT. nt.. $1.00 oadl 10 10<$9.00

10-18 c.H withwindow .

Infrated ~ phd. dk>do. AAASIZE $ '.OOoadl
CAT. nL-31B $1.00 ... . 10 tor Si.SO l .2 ,.". ' 80 mAh
CAli HCB-AAA

~~w~.m>CH e ~,~:w. MSIZE $2.oooadl

1.25 YOb !500mAh
CAli HCB-AA
ITT PUSH ' BUTTON M SIZE $2.20 oadl
ITTMOP\.aeries. 314'X ~ WI1llSOLDER TABS 200 ASSORTED ~ fOIl
1/2" grey rectangular ~ CAli NCB-SAA 1/4 WATT RESISTORS
keycap. S.P.S.T. N.C. C SIZE $o<.25aach Bent leada . carbon COfl'1). and carbon fMm.
Push to dose. RATED: 0. 1 ImP IWitolling, l.2YOb 1200 mAh CAT' GRES $1.00 per U&Ortrnenl
0.25 am p carry aJrrent P.C. mount CAli HCB-e
CAnPB-ll 65eeach' 101or$6.oo o SIZE $0<.00 aach
1.2 YOb, 2OOmAh
200 ASSORTED ~
100 lor $50.00 1/2 WATT RES ISTORS ~
CAli HCB-D
Bent lead&, carbon COfl'1). and 111m.
SPOT PUSHBUTTON CATI GRABRE $1 .00 por ulOnmont
Marquardtf 1843 ~
Rated 6 amps@ 12!>'250Vac. ,
Blackplastic pushbuttlln.

~
Swi1l:h body: !J'Z'X .94"X !'G . 1" long_
flas_
_ wlIh 3 112"rad and
1doal1o<
CAn PH-18 $1.65 eo. '10 lor $15.00

i
_leflasho.ltrciloprojocts. COOTROL:
CAli FLT-S 210< $ 1.00 RaIad5.5" , 0 Vdc
PUSHBUTTON SWITCH (WII_ . on 3-32 Vdc).

~
15 VALUES OF
GClThoms"'" 35-420 LOAD: '0 _ 41' 240 Vac ELECTROLYTICS
S.P.S.T . normally open momentary 2114" X , 3I."X7tr. Conl_ both axial and
pushbunon switch. Red plastic CAli SSRLY'OB $0.50 ea.
OUANTITY DISCOUNT
radial a1yIH lrom 1 .mld. ~
actuator 0.57" diameter. Chrome CATI GRABCP $'.00 por auor1mont
' 0 lor $85.00 "2510< $175.00
bezel 0.68" diameter. Threeded
00 lor $300.00 ' 100 10<$500.00
bushing mountsin .5l1' diamelerhole. Rated
3 amp @ 2SJVac. Solder looplenninaJs.
CAn PB20 $1.00 each

*rtj]!.lft~ll~~["',~!l~1
U lhoped pacilago
wtIhmoontlngOOlS.
l tr _ lng.

~
ALl PLUG
31..' mourt!ngMIl.
r. llIR~Y CAT. OSlU
... 120VAC 50c oadl
Tho line< wMIngIof., _ I e sa_ game. ' 0 10<$0<.00" 10010<$0<0.00
OUTLET Oporaleo on a Vdc. 8 dlgk alpha-nu.-lc - .
12 Vdc 0 !500 ma. CAr. DCTX,2S $0<.00 .. buttonkeypad, 1. _ , 2I.C:I, 1
and _
pIe,._
iOOdiol. Topand _ _ of keypad buI10ns
a Vdc 0 200 ma. CAT. DCTX~ $2.25
9 Vdc 0 1 """, CAr. DCTX.e5' $5 .00
24 Vac 0 625 ,... CAr. ACTX2412 $3.25

SERVO\%MOTORt
are Iunc:Ikln keyI. Riddle3 I'OWI are alphabetic.
NoIns1rucllono ... . - . e-X .45".
CAn ST-4 $1.75 each 10 for $15.00
To-82 TRANSISTORS
2O......adTQ.92pialtlcCMO
1tanslltonl . V.1ow aylIo of
11 i
NPNand PNP.Soma _
3 Vdc HM) wth pocemlornlt.-.
IMI Produc:1l _ _ rnotI<ad, ...... ltsndar<IlOIIkIng.
ldeaIfor roboOca Of remote CAT. GRTRN $2.00 per .........
conIroI modo!oxporImontalIon.
12 VOLT D.C. COIL S.P .D.T.
40 "",,",
_ _. A19N-HO-1Dil NON POLARIZED PLUG
_eo awo><. 140 dog __ Q2E-l64P
Primary: BOO ohm CAli LCAC 210. $1.00
Pot conMded 10 motorvan. 100 lor $0<5.00 ~ ~
::.~~..- ~~
335 ohm ooll SacoodaIy: 800I80O ohm SWITCHES
lrom _!500 103000 ohma. 1.53" X0.95" X 1.65".
SugarCIbo liz . 0.77" X0.81" X 0.63" high.
o.ar diameter ntJber whMfctIIChId10 motorlhaft .81" X A2" X.44" h~P.c. mounl S p.e. pins on 0. 181' CWltWI POLARIZED PLUG "
CIt! be uud at c:apIWl or c:.n be 1y remoYed. CAn Lcp, 60c each puohbutlOn and
P"'!'POd wtlh capaclors, _ and _. whhpins on DIP opadng. Prirnaly Indudanco:300 mH"*,,, II 111Hz, 1 \lOll
10010< $50 .00 rocMr awttc:hM. Our choioe .
CAr. RLY717 $1.500a0h CATlTCTX,1 $ l.25each 101or$11.oo CAn GRABSW $2.00 per .........
CAn SVO-2 2 for $1.00

(0
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CIRCLE 107 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD

 PARTI SIZE SPEED PINS PRICE
Oel'id'c
4164-150 65536,1 15On$ 16 2.49
HIGH-TECH FR-4 EPOXY GLASS LAM/NA TE WITH GOLD PLA TED

. ' . -":M-[--J-.
4164-120 65536" 12005 16 2.89 EDGECARD FINGERS AND SILK SCREENED LE GENDS
4164-100 65536" lOOns 16 3.39
TMS4464-15 65536,4 150ns 16 3.59
TMS4464-12
TMS4464-10
41256-150
65536,4
65536,4
262144xl
120ns
lOOns
1500s
16
16
16
3.95
4.95
2.59
SPOTLIGHT
41256-120 262144xl 1200 5 16 2.95
41256-100
41256-80
262144 xl
262144xl
l OOns
80ns
16
16
3.15
3.75
For some "me now JDR. and nearty a ll the computer
Industry . have Ibted Norton SI and Landmark benchmark.
_ 4 _
-..........I ."lu,\
4125&-60 262 144xl 60ns 16 5.25
Ugure, In thei r odverttsements. one of the Rrstthings I look at FORXT
41425&-100 26214 4x4 l OOns 20 12.95
414256-80 262 144x4 80ns 20 13.45 when compartng computer1 ls their be nchmark rat ings .
JDRPR1 WITH . 5V AND GROUND PLANE ........... 27.95
1 MB-12O 1048576, 1 120ns 18 11.95 As relative measures of speed between various syste ms, JDRPR2 ABOVE WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT 29.95
1 MB-1oo 1048576x1 lOOns 18 12.35 these rati ngs w ill ge nera lty te Uyou which ls the fastest, but JDR PR2PK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR2 ABOVE 8.95
1 MB-80 1048576" anne 18 12.95 they con mislead and hide Information" the b uye r d oe sn't
pay close attentk>n to the complete system. FOR A T
The rati ng numbel' s only Indicate the a mount 01 work that J DR PR10 16BIT WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT .... 34.95
SIMM/SIP MODULES the processor Is able to do In a period of time. Because the JDR PRlO-PK PARTS KIT FOR JDRPR 10 ABOVE . 12.95
PARTI SIZE SPEED TYPE PRICE program t!'lOt tests for speed Is v~ry srngll, It Is unable to evalu-
41256A9B12 256K x 9 120ns SIMMIPC 36.95 ate the systems response In many reel worid sttuatlor\s. FORP5/2
41256A9B-80 256K x 9 80ns SIMMIPC 49.95 Just as you wouk;j select speakers rated compatible wnh JD RPR32 32-BIT PROTOTYPE CARD .. . 69.95
421DDOA8B10 1MB ' 8 100ns SIMMIMAC 109.95 your stero amplifter, matching a computer syste m's compo- J DR PR16 16-BIT WITH 110 DECODING LAYOUT 49.95
421DDOA9B1 0 1MB x 9 100ns SIMMIPC 113.95 nents to each other and to the Jobto be performed Is the key . JDR PR1&-PK PARTS KIT FOR J DRPR16 ABOVE 15.95
421DDOA9B-80 1MB '9 80ns SIMM/PC 119.95 J DRPR16V 16 BIT FOR VIDEO APPLICATIONS ...... 39.95
256KX9SIP-80 256K x 9 80ns SIP/PC 54.95 So compare speed ratings . and took for these featu res:
256KX9Slp60 256K x 9 50ns SIP/PC 64.95 Memory Type: 1Mb RAM is mexe cost enecttve EXTENDER CARDS
1MBX9S IP-80 1MB' 9 80ns SIP/PC 124.95 than 256K RAM SIMPLIFY PRDTOTYP ING AND TESTING
Interleaving: Interleaved memory runs foster with
EXT-8088 8-BIT FOR 8088 MOTHERBOARDS 29.95
fewer walt states
STATIC RAMS Memory Cache: Bigger is better, but more expensive
EXT-80286 16BIT FOR 2861386MOTHERBOARDS .. 39.95
EXT 16 MICROCHANNEL 16BIT .. . 69.95
PARTI SIZE SPEED PINS PRICE Cache Desig n : 4-woy set assoclottve Is better than 2-wa y.
HM6116Lp2 2048,8 120ns 24 5.49 EXT32 MICROCHANNEL 32BIT 99.95
whi ch is better tha n d irect mopped
HM6264LP-15 8192,8 150ns 28 4.95
HM6264LP-12 8192,8 120ns 28 6.49 Derick Moore, Dlrecfor 01 Eng lnee rlng
HM43256Lp12 32768,8 120ns 28 14.95
HM43256Lp1 0 32768, 8 100ns 28 15.95 PC BREADBOARD-ON-A-cARD
EPROMS

62 BUS LINES
USE UP TO 24 14P IN ICS
MATH COPROCESSORS PARTI
271&-1
SIZE
2048x8
SPEED
350ns
Vpp
25V
PlNS
24
1940 TIE POINTS
_IT COPROCESS ORS DB25 D-SUB CONNECT.
8087 5 MHz 89.95 . t _I' SYEAR
2732A
2764
4096x8
8192,8
250ns 21V
12.5V
24
28 PDS-604 $49.95
80872
8087-1
8 MHz 129.95
10 MHz 169.95
In'e- WARRANTY 2764-250
2764200
8192x8
8192x 8
450ns
250n s
200ns
12.5V
12.5V
28
28
27C64 8192x8 250n s 12.5V 28

~
1.6-B1TCOPROCESSORS SOLDER STATION
80287 6 MHz 139.95 27128 16384x8 25On5 12.5V 28
80287-8 8 MHz 209.95 27128A2OO 16384x8 200ns 12.5V 28 UL APPROVED
80287-10 10 MHz 239.95 27256 32768x 8 250ns 12.5V 28 ADJUSTABLE HEAT SETTING
8OC287 12 MHz 299.95 2725&-200 32768x8 200ns 12.5V 28
TIP TEMPERATURE READOUT
27C256 32768,8 250ns 12.5V 28
32-B1T COPROCESSORS 27512 65536,8 250ns 12.5V 28 REPLACEMENT TIPS @ $2.95
80387-16 16 MHz 359.95 27C512 65536x8 250ns 12.5V 28 168-3C $59.95
80387-SX 16 MHz 319.95 27Cl0120 131072,8 200ns 12.5V 32
8038720 20 MHz 399.95
8038725 25 MHz 499.95
8038733 33MHz 649.00
EPROM ERASERS SOLDERTAI L
8PIN ST .11
WIREWRAP
8 PIN WW .59
ZIF SOCKETS
ZIF 14 5.95

74 SERIES LOGIC DATARASE " $39.95 14 PIN ST

16 PlN ST
.11
.12
14 PIN WW
16 PINWW
.69
.69
ZIF-16
ZIF-2O
5.95
6.95
SHIRT POCKET SIZE I 18 PIN ST .15 18 PIN WW .99 ZIF24 7.95
7400 .19 74LS32 .18 74LS245 ALL SIZES UP TO 4 AT A TIME 20 PIN ST .18 20 PIN WW 1.09 ZIF28 7.95
74LSOO .16 74LS73 .29 74LS273 ERASES MOST EPROMS IN 3 MINUTE
74LS02 .17 7474 .33 74S288 24 PlN ST .20 24 PIN WW 1.49 ZIF-40 10.95
7404 .19 74LS74 .24 74LS322 DATARA SE II 28 PIN ST .22 28 PIN WW 1.69
74L504 .16 74S74 .49 74LS367 40 PlN ST .30 40 PIN WW 1.99
74504 .29 74LS138 .39 74LS373
7406 .29 74LS155 .59 74LS374
7408 .24 74LS163 .39 74LS393
74LS08
7432
.18
.29
74LS240
74LS244
.69
.69
74LS682 SOLDER-cUP D-SUBS IDC'S
74LS888
FEMALE IDE20 .55
.45 DB09S .49 IDE34 .89
.59 DB15S .69 10520 .65
C.P.U.'s MISC PALS 1.49 HDB15S 1.59 IDS34 .75
8000 DAC0800 3.29 16L8 .69 DB19S .75 IDB09P 1.39
1793 9.95 16R4 .69 DB25S .75 IDB09S 1.45
8052AH
COM8116 8.95 16R6 1.35 DB37S 1.39 IDB25P 2.25
BAS IC 34.95
MC146818 5.95 16R8 1.85 DB50S 2.29 IDB25S 2.35
8088 5.99
8250 6.95 MM58167 9.95 2OL8
8251A 1.69 INS8250 6.95 2OR4A
NSl6450 10.95 2OR6
8253-5
8254
1.95
9.95 LM317T .69 2OR8 CABLES AND GENDER CHANGERS
8255-5 2.49 NE555 .29 2OX8 MOLDED ; GOLD-PLATED CONTACTS : l OllS SHIELDED
8741 9.95 LM741 .29 CBLPR INTER 6 FT. PC PRINTER CABLE . ..... 9.95
8748 7.95 7805T .49 CBLPRNTR25 25 FT. PC PRINTER CABLE ............... 15.95
8749 9.95 78121 .49 CBLPRNTRRA RIGHT ANGLE PRINTER CABLE 15.95
8755 14.95 75150 1.95 AN ENTRY-LEVEL CBLDB25-MM DB25 MALEDB25 MALE 6 FT 9.95
75154 1.95 PAL DEVELOP- CBLDB25-MF DB25 MALE-DB25 FEMALE 6 FT 9.95
(/) 14411 9.95 MENT KIT FROM CBLg.SERIAL DB9 FEMALE-DB25 MALE 6 FT 6.95
6S00
0 65C02' 7.95 CUPL FULL CBL KBD-EXT 5 FT. KEYBOARD EXTENSION 7.95
Z 6522 2.95 CRYSTAL SUPPORT FOR
l6L8. 16R4, 16R6.
CBLCNTMM
CBLFDC-EXT
36-PIN CENTRONICS MlM
37-PIN EXT. FLOPPY CABLE
14.95
9.95
0 V20 OSCILLATORS
16R8. 20L8. 20R4,
a: 1.0MHz 5.95 20R6. 20R8. AND
CBLMNT 9
CBLMNT-15
9-PIN MONITOR EXTENSION
15-PIN MONITOR EXTENSION CABLE 9.95
6.95
f-- 1.8432 5.95 20X8.
0 20.0 4.95 CBLMODEM MODEM DB25-DB25 FEMALE 6.95
MOD-MPLSOFT GENDERVGA DB9-DB15 ADAPTOR 4.95
ill 24.0 4.95 $99.95
-l GENDERg.25 DB9-DB25 SERIAL ADAPTOR 4.95
ill
0
0

a:

102 CIRCLE 113 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

DEALERS CIRCLE 170 ON FREE INFOR MATION CARD
4800/2400 BAUD VGA COMPATIBLE HARD DISKS KITS
PACKAGE
FAX/DATA MODEM 21.4MB $199 21.4 MB '$24 9
$119 95 $4 99 95 32.7MB $219 32.1MB $279
FAX TR AN S ~l I S SI O N ONLY
42. 8 MB $339
720 X 540 MAX RESOLUTION,
4800 BAUDFAX CAPABILITY 640 X 480 IN 16 COLORS, 528 X 480
TO ANY GROUP III FAX RESOLUTION IN 256 COLORS IBM STYLE MONITOR
2400 BAUD ~ . 22B IX DATA MODEM
XT/AT COMPATIBLEHALF CARD
VGA, EGA, CGA, AND MGA COMPATIBLE
VGAP KG (INCLUDES VGA CARD AND MONITOR)
65.5MB $389
ME NUDRIVEN SOFTWARE
MULTIPLE FAX TRANSMISSIONS
TO GROUPED ADDRESSES
VGA MONITOR $3 59. 95 80.2 MB $569
MCT.FAXM /
14' ANALOG VGA GLARE RESISTANT SCREEN 720 X 480
TILTiSWIVEL BASE ' FRONT MOUNTED POWER SWITCH
VGAMONITOR
&9seagate
Ava. FORM DRIVE JCT AT F/H
2400 BAUD MODEM R ELISYS MULTISYNCH $429.95 SIZE MODEL
SPEED FACTOR OHLY Krr tar
FULL FEATURED MULTISCAN MONITOR WITH UNLIMITED

$8995 COLORS , 800 X 560 RESOLUTION, 14' NON-GLARE DISPLAY

AUTO SWITCHING TTUANALOG VIDEO INPUT
JDRMULTI
21.4MB
32.7MB RLL
42.8MB
5T225
5T238
5T2511
65 MS
65 MS
28 MS
5-114'
5114'
5114'
$199
$219
$339
$249
$279
$389
$309
$379
$449
65.5MB RLL 5T2nl 28 MS 5114' $389 $449 $549
2400 1120013CO BAUD
FULL HAYES COMPATIBILITY I EGA SPECIAL I CARD 01 MONITOR.,JUST $4 79 , 80.2MB 5T-4096 28 MS 5 1/4" $569 $679
CO NFIGURE AS COM1, COM2, COM3 122.7MBRLL 5T-4144R 28 MS 5-1/4' $699 $759 $659
OR COM 4 BUILTIN SPEAKER AUTO JDRRGB 14" RGB MONITOR $ 23 9 .9 5
21.4MB 5T'1 25 40 MS 31/2' $259 $299 $373
WA IT FORDIAL TONE AND AUTO-REDIAL ' PROCOMM NECMULTI3D DIGITAL 1024X768 RESOLUTION .. $ 64 9 .9 5
32.1MB RLL 5TI38R 40 MS 3-1/2' $289 $339 $429
CO MMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE ' MADE IN THE USA JDRMONO 12' TTL MONOCHROME GREEN $69.95
MCT24I JDR'AMBER 12' TTL MONOCHROME-AMBER $ 6 9. 9 5
MCT121 1200 BAUD INTERNAL MODEM ..........

Minifoot CASE qUALITY

SMALL FOOTPRINTMINIUPRIGHT FOR t=::::::....--- - - K
, EYBOARDS
8088 OR MINI 2861386 MOTHERBOARDS STANDARD KEYBOARDS:
ROOM FOR 6 EXPANSION CARDS BTC5060 AUTOSEN5E FOR XTIAT $ 59 .9 5
HOLDS 3 5114 a 1 31/2 DRIVES (1/2 HT) MAX5060 WITH TACTILE FEEDBACK (286 ONLY) $ 64 .9 5
200 WATT POWER SUPPLY
2-DIGIT LED SPEED DISPLAY ENHANCED KEYBOARDS:
12" H X 16'L X 8' W BTC5339 AUTOSENSE FOR XTI AT, AUTOREPEAT $6 9. 9 5
CASE120 K103A AUDIBLE 'C LlCK' STYLE $84.95
MAX-5339 MAXI-SWITCH WITACTILE (286 ONLY) $84.95

U ttlefoot CASE ULTRA HIGH DENSITY

s PAcI, SAVING DESIGN HOLDS
ALL SIZES OF MOTHERBOARDS -;~ MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY READIWRITE 720K DISKS, TOO
FDD-1 .44X BLACK FACEPLATE
AND INCLUDES: 250W POWER SUPPLY FDD1.44A BEIGE FACEPLATE
DRIVE CONTROUERS:
MOUNTS FOR 3 FLOPPY & 4 HARD DRIVES FDD-1 .4 4 SOFT SOFTWARE DRIVER $ 19. 9 5
TURBO a RESET SWITCH LED SPEED MCTFDC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $ 29. 9 5
DISPLAY POWER a DISK LED'S MCTFDCHD 1.44MB FLOPPY CONTROLLER $49 .9 5 1/2 HEIGHT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES:
ALL HARDWARE, FACEPLATES a SPEAKER MCTFDCHD4 4-FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $59.95 FD55B 5114' TEAC DSIDD 360K
CASEl00 MCTHDC HARD DISK CONTROLLER $7 9 .9 5 FD55G 5114' TEAC DSlHD 1.2M ..
MCTRLL RLL CONTROLLER $89.95 FDD-360 51/4' DSiDD 360K
CASEFLlP FOR 8088 MB'S $39 .95 MCTFH FLOPPYIHARD CONTROLLER $13 9. 9 5
CASESLlDE FOR 8088 MB'S $39 .95 FDD1 .2 51/4' DSlHD 1.2M .
MCTAFH 2861386 FLOPPYIHARD $149.95
CASE 70 FOR 286 MB'S $89 .95 MCTAFHRLL 286/386 RLL CONTROLLER $19 9 .9 5
CASE50 FOR MINI 286 MB'S ..... $59.95
CASE.JR MINI-286 W/150W PS $ 149. 9 5 DISPLA Y ADAPTOR CARDS:
MCT,MGP MONOCHROME GRAPHICS $4 9.9 5

MODULAR PROGRAMMING SYSTEM

MCT,CG
MCTEGA
M C T V G A 8
COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTOR
ENHANCED GRAPHICS ADAPTOR
8-BIT VGA, ANALOG OUTPUT
$4 4. 9 5
$ 149 .9 5
$16 9 .9 5
20MHZ 386
16/20 MHZ
$629
MCTVGA16 16BIT VGA, ANALOG OUTPUT $19 9 .9 5 16 MB RAM CAPACITY 8MB
MODULES USE A COMMON HOST ADAPTOR CARD-
1 SLOT PROGRAMS EPROMS, PROMS, PALS, MORE!
MCTMGMIO MONOGRAPHICS MULTI 110
MULTIFUNCTION CARDS:
$119.75 ON BOARD(0 K), 8 MB RAM CARD
USES 256K OR 1MB SIP RAMS
' _. r:~,
.J
. 1
HOST ADAPTOR CARD $29.95 MCTMIO MULTIIiO FLOPPY CONTROLLER $7 9. 9 5 8 SLOTS: 1X32-BIT RAM . 1.,0:
MCTIO MULTI 110 CARD $59.95 2X 8-BIT a 5X 16-BIT .: .!
UNIVERSAL INTERFACE FOR ALL
PROGRAMMING MODULES! MCTAMF 2861386 MULTIFUNCTION $ 13 9 .9 5 MEMORY INTERLEAVING
-e 'j
" SELECTABLE ADDRESSES
PREVENTS CONFLICTS
" MOLDED CABLE
MCTAIO
MEMORY CARDS:
2861386MULTI 110CARD $ 5 9. 9 5 AMI BIOS XT-SIZE BOARD
MCTM386-20
MCT C3 8 6- 25
~
25MHZ MINI 386 WICACHE .. $ 1 199 .00
-
MCTRAM 576K RAM CARD $49.95 MCTC386-M4 11214MB RAM CARD (0K) . " $ 9 9 .9 5
MODMAC MCTEMS EXPANDED MEMORY CARD $99.95 MCT-386MB20S 10/20MHZ 386 $799.00
MCTAEMS 2861386 EMS CARD $ 129. 9 5 MCT386MB25S 10/25MHZ 386 $999.00

'it':::~'f:AL $499.95
PROGRAMS EPROMS, EEPROMS, PALS, BIPOLAR PROMS,
8748 a 8751 SERIES DEVICES: 16V8 AND 2OV8GALS (GENERIC
~iScan 400 DPI
10MHZ MINI-286
AT COMPATIBLE' KEYBOARD SELECTABLE 6/10MHZ
EXPANDABLE TO 4MB ONBOARD WITH 1MB DRAMS (0K)
ARRAY LOGIC)FROM LATTICE, NS, SGS TESTS TTL, CMOS,
DYNAMIC & STATIC RAMS ' LOAD DISK, SAVE DISK, EDIT,
BLANK CHECK, PROGRAM, AUTO, READ MASTER, VERIFY AND
$199 95 SIX 168IT , TWO 8BIT SLOTS AMI BIOS LED SUPPORT
MCTM286-10
MCTM28612 8112MHZ MINI-286 $19 9. 9 5
COMPARE TEXTOOL SOCKET FOR .3" 6"W. IC'S ( 840 PINS) UP TO 400 DPI 32 LEVELS
MODMUP OF GRAY SCALE -ssw OR 3 MCTM28616N 8116MHZ 286 $ 28 9 .9 5
HALFTONE MODES, SPEED OVER MCTM28620N 10/20MHZ 286 $ 38 9.9 5
EPROM MODULE $119.95 RUN WARNING LIGHT INCLUDES MCTXMB STANDARD 4.77MHZ 8088 $87.95
PROGRAMS 2432 PIN EPROMS, CMOS EPROMS a EEPROMS SCANEDIT II AND DR. GENIUS SOFTWARE M C T T U R B O 4.77/BMHZ 8088 $ 9 5 .95
FROM 16K TO 1024K HEX TO OBJ CONVERTER AUTO, GS-4500 MCTTURBO10 4.77110MHZ SINGLE CHIP 8088 $9 9 .9 5
BLANK CHECKiPROGRAMN ERIFY VPP 5,12.5, 12.75, 13,21
a 25 VOLTS NORMAL. INTELLIGENT , INTERACTIVE a QUICK
PULSE PROGRAMMING ALGORITHMS
MODMEP EPROM PROGRAMMER $129.95 P@~ LOGITECH MICE
MODMEP-4 4 EPROM PROGRAM MER ..
MODMEp8 8-EPROM PROGRAMMER
MOD,MEp16 16-EPROM PROGRAM MER ..
. U 69 95
.. 259.95
..

99.95
PROGRAMS 27XX AND 27XXX EPROMS UP TO 27512
SUPPORTS VARIOUS PROGRAMMING FORMATS a VOLTAGES
SPLIT OR COMBINE
..~, THREEBUTTON SERIES 9

lO GinGH: ~~ORf:~ ~~~~~~~~IBLE.

CONTENTS OF
LOGC9 SERIAL MOUSE $9 8 .9 5
OTHER MODULES SEVERAL EPROMS OF
LOGC9-C SERIAL (NOT PS/2 COMPATIBLE) $79. 9 5
DIFFERENT SIZES
MODMPL PAL MODULE . LOGC9P SERIAL MOUSE WITH PAINTSHOW $ 109 .95
READ, WRITE, COPY,
MODMIC DIGITAL TESTER MODULE BLANK CHECK a VERIFY LOGC9-PC SERIAL MOUSE WITH PAINT/CAD $ 154. 95
MODMBP BI-POLAR PROGRAMMING MODULE .. SOFTWARE FOR HEX LOGB9 BUS MOUSE $89.95
MODMMP MICROPROCESSOR PR OG. MODULE . AND INTEL HEX FORMATS LOGB9P BUS MOUSE WITH PAINTSHOW $1 0 4 .9 5
MOD.MPLSOFT CUPL SOFTWAR E MODEPROM LOGB9-PC BUS MOUSE WITH PAINTICAD $ 149 .9 5

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ADVERTISING INDEX
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108 AMC Sa les 16 Pacific Cab le 91
75 Ace Products 36 56 Parts Express \. : 97
107 All Elect ronics 101 101 Pomona Electronics 23

35 MHZ DUAL TRACE Amazing Concepts 90,93 78 Radio Sha ck 17

OSCILLOSCOPE
WIDE BAND WIDTH VARIABLE HOL DOFF 106 Amer ican Design Components 96 197 SCO Elect ronics 77
1X/l OX PROBES
MODEL-3500 (SHOWN ) 84 Appliance Serv ice 36 188,189 Sencore 33, CV4
20 MHZ DUAL TRACE
OSCILLOSCOPE $389 95 67 Banner Techn ical Books 26 196 Sm ith Design 34
TV SYNC FILTER COMPONE NTS TESTER
1X/1OX PROBES 98,176 Beckm an Industrial. 15, 16 Sta r Circ uits 27
MODEL 2000
THEULnMATE 177,178 Beckman Industrial. 25,26 83 Synerge tics 72
3.5D1G"DMM
BAS IC DC ACCURAC Y ",0.25% 109 C&S Sales 7 1M TEC I ffl
34 RANGE S
TEM PERATURE. TRAN SISTOR
& RESISTANCE FEATURES
70 CEI 94 198 U.S. Cable TV 77
DMM-300 (SHOWN)
CIE 3, 11 186 Unicorn 92
3.5 DIG"
FVLL FVNCnON DMM ' 4 9.95 50 Caig Laboratories 27 64 Video-Link 94
BAS IC DC ACCURACY ",0.25%
22 RANGE S 54 Ch emtronics 15 184 Viejo Publications 26
DMM-200 $49.95
3.5 DIG" POCKETSIZE DMM ' 2 9.95 193 Chenesko Products 36 185 WPT Publication s '. 69
BASIC DC ACC URACY ",0.5% 14 RANGES
DMM-l00 Comma nd Productions 16
3.5 DIG" PIIOBE TYPE DMM $54 95 58 Cook's Institute 15
AUTORANG ING Gernsback Publications. Inc.
ACIDC 2V 500 V. 500-B Bi-County Blvd.
RESIST ANCE: 2K2M
Crossword Puzzles Club 96
DPM-looo (SHOWN) Fa rmingdale. NY 117 3 5
195 D&D Electronics 12 1-516-293-3000
HIGH/LOWLOGICPROBE '17.95 Fax 1-5 16 -2 9 3 -3 115
DET ECTS TIUC MOS LOGIC ST ATES Damark International 73 President: Larry Steckler
MEM ORY FUNCTION FREEZE S DATA FOR LATER USE Vice President: Cathy Steckler
LP-2800 127 Deco Industries 36
PULSER PROBE FOR QUICK DEBUGGING' 1 9.95 For Advertising ONLY
INJECTS PULSE INTO TEST CIR CUITV ARIABLE W IDTH
82 Digi-Key 100 1-516-293-3000
TIL. DTL. TRL. HTL . HINIL. MOS. & CMOS COMPATIBLE Fax 1-516-293-3115
LP-540 179 Electro nic Goldmine 95
Larry Steckler
Electronic Technology Today CV3, 96 publisher
Arline Fishman
Electronics Book Club 54 advertising director
JIM'S BARGAIN 121 Fluk e Man ufacturing CV2
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credit manager
HUNTERS CORNER 191 Global Specialties 13
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advertising assistant
Jim Wharton
JDR's VP Sales
Gra nt ham College of En gineering 35 S ALES OFFICES

86 Heathkit 12 EASTISOUTHEAST
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187 Internati onal Components Cor p. . 95 Eastern Sales Manager
Radio-Electronics
1I3,170 JDR Microdevices 102-104
259-23 57th Avenue
REGULAR LIST $29.95 1I4 Jameco 98, 99 Little Neck, NY 11362
3.5 DIGIT LCD, OVERRANGE INDICATION 1-718-428-6037 , 1-516-293-3000
550V MAX IMUM COMMON MODE VOLTAGE 1I5 J ensen Tools 36
MIDWESTITexasl Arkansasl
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
180 Jinco Computers 92 Okla.
LOW BATIERY INDICATO R
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200 HOUR BATIERY LIFE
190 Joseph Electronics 32 Midwest Sales Manager
BAS IC DC ACCURACY .7%
Radio-Electronics
DMM-301 EXPIRES 513190 King Wholesale 90 540 Frontage Road-Suite 339
Northfield. IL 60093
87 MCM Electronics 89
en
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Z
oa:
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2233 BRANHAM LANE . SAN JOSE. CA 95124
53
93
MD Electronics
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97
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I lllgl\lolAudIo
AUDIO PROJECTS ADVANCED MIDI AMATEUR RADIO ..... DIO ..... $9.95. Covers
..... $5.95. Practical cir- PROJECTS ..... $5.95. $6 .95. A mate ur is a all kinds of digital re-
cuits to build and ex- Circuits Included are a I r- = "'-'- '. unique and fascinating co rd i n g m eth od s-
p erim ent wi t h . In- MIDI indicator, THRU hobby. This book gives CD , OAT a nd Sa m -
clude s AID con verter, box, merge unit, code the newcomer a com- piing. Bridges the gap
input a mp lifie r, di git al genera to r, ped al, pro- prehensive and easy to between the technician
delay line, com pander, grammer, channe lizer, und er stan d guide to a nd th e e nth us ias t.
echo effect and more. and analyzer. the subject. Princi ple s and meth -
~~ ...- - -- ..... ods are explained.
o
PCP108 -COM
o PCP107-DIGITAL o BP251-COMPUT- PUTERS AND MUSIC
LOGIC GATES AND ER HOBBY ISTS ..... $9.95. Explains the
FLIP FLOPS .. .. . HANDBOOK .. .. . ba si cs of comp ute rs
$10 .00 . T h o rou g h $8.95. A wrap up of ev- _ _~ 11~ an d music with no pre-
treatment of gates and erything the computer v io us know led ge of
flip- flops fo r en thu si- ho bbyis t n e e d s to com put er s nee de d .
asts, student and tech- know in one easy to Covers types of music
nician s . On ly a basic use volume. Provides a software and explains
knowledge of e lec - rang e of useful refer- how to set up your own
tronic s is needed. ence material in a sin- co mputer mu sic stu-
gle source . dio,

o BP195-lNTRODUCnON TO SATELLITE TV..... 59.95. A definitive introduction to o BP239-GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR MULTIMETER ...., 55.95. Covers
the subject wrftten for the professional engineer, electroni cs enthusiast, or others basics of analog and digital meters . Methods of component testing includes
who want to know more before they buy. 8 x 10 in. transistors, thyristors, resistors , cap acitors and other active and passive devices .
o BP19G-ADVANCED ELECTRONIC SECURITY PROJECTS.....55.95. Includ es a o BP97-IC PROJECTS FOR BEGINNERS.....55.50. Power supplie s, radio and
passive infra-red detector, a fiber-optic loop alarm , computer-based alarms and an audio circuits, oscillators, timers , SWitches , and more. If you can use a soldering iron
unusual form of ultrasonic intrud er detector. you can build these devices.
o BP23&-POWER SELECTOR GUIDE .....$10.00..Complete guide to semiconduc- o BP37-50 PROJECTS USING RELAYS, SCR'S & TRIACS..... 55.50. Build pri-
tor power devices . More than 1000 power handling dev ices are includ ed. They are
ority indicators, iight modulators , warning devices , light dimmers and more.
tabulated in alpha-n umeric sequ ency, by technical specs. Includes power diode s,
Thyri stors , Iriacs, Power Transistors and FET's. o RADlo-l00 RADIO HOOKUPS.....53.00 . Reprint of 1924 book let presents radio
circuits of the era including regenerative, neutrodyne, reflex & more.
o BP234-TRANSISTOR SELECTOR GUIDE .... .510.00. Compani on vo lume to
BP235 . Book covers more than 1400 JEDE C , JIS , and brand-specific devices. Also
contains listing by case type , and electroni c param eters . Includes Darlingt on o BP42-SIMPLE LED CiRCUiTS..... 55.50. A large selection of simple applications
transi stor s, high- voltag e device s, high-current devices, high power devices. for this simple 91ectronlc component.

o B~INI-MATRIX BOARD PROJECTS..... 55.50. Here are 20 useful circuits o BP127-HOW TO DESIGN ELECTRONIC PROJECTS.....$5.75. Helps the reader
that can be built on a mini-matrix boa rd that is just 24 holes by ten copper-toil strip s. to put projects together from standard circuit blocks with a minimum of trial and
error.
o BP82-ELECTRONIC PROJECTS USING SOLAR CELLS.....55,50 , Circuits with I
application s around the home that are powered by the energy of the sun. Everything o BP122-AUDI0 AMPLIFIER CONSTRUCnON.....$5.75 . Construct ion detail s for
from radio receivers, to a bicycle speed ometer, to timer s, audio projects and more. preamps and power amplifiers up through a l oo-watt DC-coupled FED amplifier.
o BP117-PRACTICAL ELECTRONIC BUILDING BLOCKS-Book 1..... 55.75.
Oscillat ors, Timers , Noise Gen erators , Rectifiers , Comp arators , Triggers and more. O BP92-GRYSTAL SET CONSTRUCTION.....55.50. Everyth ing you need to know
about building cry:stal radio receivers.
o BP184-lNTRO TO 68000 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE..... $6.95. The 68000 is a
great new breed of microp rocessor. Progr ammin g in assembly language increases [J BP4&-PROJECTS IN OPTOELECTRONICS..... 55.50. Includes infra-red detec-
the running speed of your progr ams. Here's what you need to know. tors, transm itters , modul ated light transmissi on and photographic applications.

o BP179":"ELECTRON IC CIRCUITS
o BP185 -ELECTRONIC SYN
THESIZER CONSTRUCTION ..... $5.95.
FOR THE COMPUTER CONTROL OF
ROBOTS ..... $7.50 . Data and circuits for CHECK OFF Use this book to learn how to build a
reason abl y low cost , yet wo rthw hile
inte rfaci ng the co mpute r to the rob ot's monophonic synthes izer and learn a lot
motors and senso rs.
THE BOOKS YOU WANT about electronic music synthesis in the
process .
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