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January 18, 2015 3:51 pm | 1 Comment | Frozee Categories

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1. Main bearing
2. Top end bearing = Cross Head / Gudgeon Pin bearing
3. Bottom End Bearing / Crank pin bearing
4. Thrust Pad bearing Email *
5. Pedestal bearing (generator alternator side insulated bearing)

Support crankshaft and keep it aligned.

To remove heat produced by friction

Cross head Engines:

Transmit load from cross head pin to connecting rod

Allows relative movement of con rod & cross head pin

Trunk Piston Engines:

Transmit load from gudgeon pin to connecting rod

Allows relative movement of con rod & gudgeon pin

Transmit load from con rod to crankshaft

Allows relative movement of con rod & journal
Marine Engin

1. Operating temperature of bearing

2. Working temperature of bearing
3. Minimum oil film thickness
4. Rate of oil flow
5. Rate of heat production High Voltage System on Ships
6. Power loss of bearing.
Insulation Resistance Tests of High
Voltage Equipment

Earthing Down in High Voltage System

1. Fatigue & compressive strength to carry load depends upon thickness of the bearing.
2. 0.3 mm white metal can withstand 141 bar pressure and 0.08 mm white metal can withstand Life Boat Release Gear Mechanism on
211 bar pressure. Ships
3. Thin lining has poor conformability and too soft material tends to flatten under heavy loads
Lambda Controller and Jet Assist System
4. Too hard material withstands high loads, posses high frictional characteristics & may be brittle with
on Ships
poor fatigue characteristics.
5. Softness & modulus of elasticity of bearing alloy should be as low as possible but hard enough Pneumatic Control Systems on Ships
to withstand heaviest continuous loading or chock loading without plastic deformation.
6. Soft metal flows locally without damaging the harder steel called conformability.
7. Soft metal allows abrasive particles to embed to prevent damage to journal.
8. Corrosion resistance is required to withstand corrosive attack from lube oil.
9. Compatibility between bearing & journal under boundary condition
10. Anti-weld & anti-score property between shaft & journal during start up & stop and by using turning air compressors air conditioning

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gear. boiler boiler blow down boilers cargo cargo

11. Antifriction & wear properties depends upon type of oxide film that material forms on pumps centrifugal pumps chemical tankers
reaction without lube additives. circulation system cooling water system cross

head bearing oil system cylinder lube oil

systemdiesel engines explosimeter

fire detectors fire fighting fire triangle
White Metal
freshwater generator freshwater
generator on ships heat exchangers
White Metal = Tin (Sn) + Antimony (Sb) + Copper (Cu)
indicator diagrams inert gas system
Thin walled bearings, stiff cross head assembly (88% Sn + 8% Sb + 4% Cu)
invention of diesel engine lube oil system
Thick walled bearing, flexible crosshead & Bottom end bearing ( 87% Sn + 9% Sb + 4% Cu)
magnetic particle testing main bearing oil
Tin forms soft matrix to accommodate misalignment
Antimony forms hard cubes to withstand load of journal. Tends to float and segregate marine
system main engine

during casting engineering marine

Copper holds antimony in evenly dispersed pattern, solidifies first. engineering
Copper Lead & Lead Bronze
study materials
meo class
marine main switch board

exam questions panting pid

Copper Lead & Lead Bronze = Brass (Cu + Zn) & Bronze (Cu + Sn) controller positive displacement pumps
Can withstand 3 times higher load than white metal
pounding proportional control pumps
Copper / Bronze matrix supplies the strength
relief valve safeties in main switch board
Lead remains in free state, provides bearing properties and steel strips provides backing
sewage treatment plant smoke detectors
Overlay of 0.024 -0.04 mm thickness of lead tin, lead tin copper.
stp systems of main engine types of chemical
Running in prevents acid attack against lead but poor embeddability & conformability
tankers

Aluminum Tin

Aluminum Tin = Al Matrix + Si (minor) + Overlay7 (Pb+Sn) + Steel Backing

Soft Aluminum forms the matrix and provides embedability & conformability
Tin held in suspension provides bearing properties
Lead Tin Overlay of 0.02 mm for initial running in
3 times load carrying capacity than white metal but requires hardened journal
Resistant to acid attack and fatigue strength same as Cu & Pb

For thin shell bearing, wall thickness to diameter ratio varies 0.05 mm for 40 mm shaft diameter
and 0.02 mm for 400 mm shaft diameter.
Have interference fit or bearing crush
Interference fit resists relative movement, prevents fretting.
For correct axial location of shell but not intended to resist motion
Recessed below bearing joint face.
Free spread Bearing shell in snapped into bearing housing
Bearing can be held in place when inverted during assembling.

The external circumference of a pair of bearing shell is slightly larger than the bore of housing. The
difference is called nip.

High load carrying capacity; approximately 5 time > conventional bearing

Uniform wall thickness permits better metallurgical control of white metal casting process.
High Bond Strength and ultrasonic method of bond testing between layers is accurate.
Reduced thickness & absence of keying grooves results in higher fatigue strength
Blistering on bearing surface due to Hydrogen emission form is less.

Oil Grooves to avoid at pressure areas as oil tend to escape high to low pressure zones
Circumferential grooves to compensate with increase length of the shell
Longitudinal groove is not extended to ends to avoid excessive side leakage.

Circumferential groove most effective and satisfactory

Oil supply at all angle and wide variation of load angle.

Conventional bearing

1. It is made of forged steel and running face is lined with white metal.
2. Vertical clearance is adjusted by shims.

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3. Not easy to replace and must be done remodeling.

4. Not easy to handle, transport and store.
5. Suitable oil grooves design is required.
6. Lower load carrying capacity.
7. More cost in manufacturing.

Thin shell bearing

1. It is made of tri-metal, they are steel shell, copper or lead alloy and thin layer of soft metal surface.
2. Easy replacement in case of bearing worn out. ( Re-metalling method no longer required)
3. No need to adjust by shim ( can not be adjusted by shims.)
4. Easy handling, transport and storage as spare.
5. Higher bearing load carrying capacity.
6. More economy in manufacturing.
7. No need to take lead reading.

1. Defective tag
2. Insufficient nip clearance
3. Suddenly applied extreme load.( pounding)
4. Improper fitting
5. Incorrect size of bearing use
6. Due to over tightening bolts
7. Frictional force from the back of the shell and keep.

1. Thin shell bearings are used and bearing on either end of crosshead pin.
2. No shim used with thin shell bearing
3. Oil grooves or gutter used on bottom half to distribute oil.
4. Grooves do not extend to end and grooves are small because of loaded half.
5. Grooves to be limited otherwise reduce bearing surface.
6. Lubricating oil is directly supplied to crosshead bearing
7. Bearing material usually Sn-Al with Pb-Sn overlay.

High sudden load Effect of combustion is directly on bearing

High bearing pressure Bearing is placed high in engine, Space limitations, Reciprocating.
Diameter & length Diameter & length of bearing are low, Bearing area limitations, High specific
loading
Possibility of bearing distortion Bending moment & deflection are maximum at center, Pin
bored at center (earlier model engines), Less stiffness & high stress concentration,
Bearing surface deflection, Alignment difficulty.
Lubrication Unsatisfactory or difficult oscillating moment, Con rod swings over 25 to 30 degree.
Oil supply disturbed Difficult smooth & uninterrupted oil flow.
2 stroke engine Unidirectional load.

Conjugate Deflection Sulzer Engines (crosshead pin bored at center)

Crosshead mounted mechanical lub oil pump MAN Engines (oil supplied when load is lowest &
oil film is not broken at highest pressure)
Continuous full length bottoms half of crosshead bearing MAN B & W, Sulzer Engines.
Eccentric bored bearing & machining shell Fiat Engines
Large diameter stiff crosshead pins L/D ratio less (small con rod and crank throw ratio.
Sliding velocity high & lub oil film improved)
Hardened cross head pin high degree of surface finish < 0.1 microns
Thin shell bearing & improved material.

1. Bearing shells are in place by interference fit

2. There is no relative movement of housing & shell
3. Effective heat transfer between shell & housing is essential
4. Cap holding bolts are to be closely pitched to prevent distortion
5. Housing is robust to prevent excessive strains on shell.
6. Housing is not too stiff to prevent localized load concentration on bearing.
7. No fretting marks at the back of bearing shell and crush at bearing shell ends within limits.
8. Medium & High speed engines Con Rod bottom end bearing housing tendency to distort.

BEARING CAPS

Load is always on down wards & construction is light

Load rotates but bearing cap is rigid

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Bolts centers are kept close together.

Two halves of bearing housing is kept concentric by fitted bolts, stepped cap & serrate cap

BEARING BOLTS

Adequate tensile strength

High resilience, capacity to absorb maximum strain before yielding
Reducing diameter to bottom of thread over the length of the bolt reduces localized stress
except at fitted.

Reference:

Oral Guide by MIN ZAR TAR

Posted in: Bearings, MEO Examination Study Materials, Motor Engineering Knowledge | Tagged: advantages of Thin
Shell Bearings, Aluminum Tin, bearing operation, Bearing Working Conditions, classification of bearings on ships,
Copper Lead & Lead Bronze, Cross head Engines, difference between conventional and thin shell bearing, different
bearing materials, function of bottom end / big end bearing, function of main bearing, function of top end bearings, new
modification of cross head bearings, nip of a bearing, peculiarities of main bearing groove, properties of bearing
materials, properties of oil grooves on bearing shell, thin shell bearing, thin shell bearing shifting, Trunk Piston Engines,
White Metal

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