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    Diagnosis: Diabetes Mellitus Is A Group of Metabolic Disorders Characterized by Hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

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    Ganesh Patro
    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, an autoimmune disease causing absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90-95% of cases. Blood glucose levels and HbA1c are used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and monitor disease management and complications affecting organs like the kidneys, eyes, nerves and blood vessels.

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    Diagnosis: Diabetes Mellitus Is A Group of Metabolic Disorders Characterized by Hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

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    Ganesh Patro
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    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, an autoimmune disease causing absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90-95% of cases. Blood glucose levels and HbA1c are used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and monitor disease management and complications affecting organs like the kidneys, eyes, nerves and blood vessels.

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    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, an autoimmune disease causing absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90-95% of cases. Blood glucose levels and HbA1c are used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and monitor disease management and complications affecting organs like the kidneys, eyes, nerves and blood vessels.

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    25 views2 pages

    Diagnosis: Diabetes Mellitus Is A Group of Metabolic Disorders Characterized by Hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

    Uploaded by

    Ganesh Patro
    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, an autoimmune disease causing absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90-95% of cases. Blood glucose levels and HbA1c are used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and monitor disease management and complications affecting organs like the kidneys, eyes, nerves and blood vessels.

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    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized

    by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in diabetes


    (in common parlance, the suffix mellitus is often not
    used) results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
    action, or, most commonly, both. The chronic hyperglycemia
    and attendant metabolic abnormalities of diabetes
    are often associated with secondary damage in multiple
    organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and
    blood vessels.

    Diagnosis
    Blood glucose is normally maintained in a very narrow
    range, usually 70 to 120 mg/dL. According to the American
    Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health
    Organization (WHO), diagnostic criteria for diabetes
    include the following:
    1. A fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to
    126 mg/dL, and/or
    2. A random plasma glucose greater than or equal to
    200 mg/dL (in a patient with classic hyperglycemic
    signs, discussed later), and/or
    3. A 2-hour plasma glucose greater than or equal to
    200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test with
    a loading dose of 75 gm, and/or
    4. A glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level greater than or
    equal to 6.5% (glycated hemoglobin is further discussed
    under chronic complications of diabetes)

    Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) is defined as:


    1. A fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL
    (impaired fasting glucose), and/or
    2. A 2-hour plasma glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL
    during an oral glucose tolerance test, and/or
    3. HbA1C level between 5.7% and 6.4%

    Classification

    1. Type 1 Diabetes
    Beta cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency
    2. Type 2 Diabetes
    Combination of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
    3. Genetic Defects of Beta Cell Function
    Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) (see text)
    Insulin gene mutations
    4. Genetic Defects in Insulin Action
    Insulin receptor mutations
    5. Exocrine Pancreatic Defects
    Chronic pancreatitis
    Pancreatectomy
    Cystic fibrosis
    Hemochromatosis
    6. Endocrinopathies
    Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)
    Cushing syndrome
    Hyperthyroidism
    Pheochromocytoma
    7. Infections
    Cytomegalovirus infection
    Coxsackievirus B infection
    Congenital rubella
    8. Drugs
    Glucocorticoids
    Thyroid hormone
    -Adrenergic agonists
    9. Gestational Diabetes
    Diabetes associated with pregnancy

    The
    vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into one of two broad
    classes:
    Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by
    pancreatic -cell destruction and an absolute deficiency of
    insulin. It accounts for approximately 5% to 10% of all
    cases, and is the most common subtype diagnosed in
    patients younger than 20 years of age.
    Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of peripheral resistance
    to insulin action and an inadequate secretory response by
    the pancreatic cells (relative insulin deficiency). Approximately
    90% to 95% of diabetic patients have type 2
    diabetes, and many of them are overweight. Although
    classically considered adult-onset, the prevalence of
    type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents is increasing
    at an alarming pace due to the increasing rates of obesity
    in these age groups.

    Normal Insulin Physiology and


    Glucose Homeostasis
    Normal glucose homeostasis is tightly regulated by three
    interrelated processes: (1) glucose production in the liver;
    (2) glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues,
    chiefly skeletal muscle; and (3) the actions of insulin and
    counterregulatory hormones (especially glucagon).

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