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    Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts: 16-1 Draft Systems

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    Wilson Figueira
    This document discusses pressure drop in gas and air ducts for boiler draft systems. It describes how early boiler systems relied on natural draft through large passages, but modern boilers require mechanical draft due to more compact designs. It outlines the key components of a typical mechanical draft system, including forced draft fans that draw in air and induced draft fans that expel flue gases through a chimney. The document also describes the different types of mechanical draft systems: negative draft uses an induced fan to create suction, positive draft uses forced fans to pressurize the system above atmosphere, and balanced draft combines both fans. Calculating pressure drops through the system is important for specifying fans and assessing gas flow.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts: 16-1 Draft Systems

    Uploaded by

    Wilson Figueira
    37 views2 pages
    This document discusses pressure drop in gas and air ducts for boiler draft systems. It describes how early boiler systems relied on natural draft through large passages, but modern boilers require mechanical draft due to more compact designs. It outlines the key components of a typical mechanical draft system, including forced draft fans that draw in air and induced draft fans that expel flue gases through a chimney. The document also describes the different types of mechanical draft systems: negative draft uses an induced fan to create suction, positive draft uses forced fans to pressurize the system above atmosphere, and balanced draft combines both fans. Calculating pressure drops through the system is important for specifying fans and assessing gas flow.

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    Pressure drop in gas and air duct

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    978-1-4612-1250-8_16

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    This document discusses pressure drop in gas and air ducts for boiler draft systems. It describes how early boiler systems relied on natural draft through large passages, but modern boilers require mechanical draft due to more compact designs. It outlines the key components of a typical mechanical draft system, including forced draft fans that draw in air and induced draft fans that expel flue gases through a chimney. The document also describes the different types of mechanical draft systems: negative draft uses an induced fan to create suction, positive draft uses forced fans to pressurize the system above atmosphere, and balanced draft combines both fans. Calculating pressure drops through the system is important for specifying fans and assessing gas flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views2 pages

    Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts: 16-1 Draft Systems

    Uploaded by

    Wilson Figueira
    This document discusses pressure drop in gas and air ducts for boiler draft systems. It describes how early boiler systems relied on natural draft through large passages, but modern boilers require mechanical draft due to more compact designs. It outlines the key components of a typical mechanical draft system, including forced draft fans that draw in air and induced draft fans that expel flue gases through a chimney. The document also describes the different types of mechanical draft systems: negative draft uses an induced fan to create suction, positive draft uses forced fans to pressurize the system above atmosphere, and balanced draft combines both fans. Calculating pressure drops through the system is important for specifying fans and assessing gas flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    16

    Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts

    The purpose of a boiler draft system is to provide the air needed for the combustion
    of fuel and to discharge the flue gas produced in the furnace. In early days, gas
    passages in boilers were large. As a result the pressure drop owing to the flow of
    fluids through these passages was small. So most boilers did not need any external
    means for moving the fluid through the system. As with an open fire, air was driven
    through the fuel grate and the boiler furnace simply by the buoyancy force of the
    hot flue gas. This is called natural draft. Modern boilers are much more compact.
    So the resistance through the system is too large for the natural draft to overcome.
    A fan is required to force the gas through the system. This type of system is,
    therefore, called farced or mechanical draft.
    Figure 16-1 shows the schematic of a typical draft system of a modern power
    boiler. Air from the atmosphere is drawn by forced draft fans and delivered to the air
    heater. This air passes through the air heater and coal mill. It then enters the furnace,
    where the fuel burns to produce the flue gas. The flue gas passes through back-
    pass heat transferring sections, air heater, and air pollution equipment. Finally,
    an induced draft fan draws the gas and releases it to the atmosphere through
    a tall chimney. A reasonable assessment of the magnitude of the pressure drop
    through the system is essential to specify the fans. Furthermore, in most fans
    the discharge volume varies with the imposed resistance. Thus a knowledge of
    the system resistance is also important for the assessment of the flow through the
    entire boiler draft system. The present chapter describes different draft systems
    and presents methods for calculation of the system resistance.

    16-1 Draft Systems


    In a modern boiler a large number of heating surfaces are located in a very compact
    space. As a result a mechanical means, i.e., fan, is required to overcome the flow
    resistance in its compact flow passages.
    In natural draft systems the buoyancy force carries the gas through the system.
    The mechanical draft uses a fan to draw the air and gas through the system. Mechan-
    ical draft can be one of three types: negative, positive, and balanced draft. A forced

    P. Basu et al., Boilers and Burners


    Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 2000
    458 16. Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts

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    FIGURE 16-\. A typical draft plan of a boiler plant

    draft fan draws cold air from the atmosphere and forces it through the boiler draft
    system. An induced draft fan draws air out of the boiler draft system and forces it
    back into the atmosphere. A combination of these two gives the balanced draft.

    16-1-1 Suction or Negative Draft


    In this system, most of the boiler gas and air passage remains at slightly below
    the atmospheric pressure. An induced draft fan located downstream of the system
    draws gas and air from the system by overcoming the total resistance of the furnace,
    air, and gas ducts. Its disadvantage is that a large amount of cold air is drawn into
    the furnace, increasing stack losses and unburned losses. This reduces the boiler
    efficiency. Furthermore, the fan power consumption is higher for the negative draft
    system. Owing to the higher flue gas temperature an induced draft will handle a
    larger volume of gas than a forced draft fan would pump from the colder end of
    the draft system.

    16-1-2 Pressurized or Positive Draft


    Forced draft fans are located upstream of the boiler. These fans pump air to a
    sufficiently high pressure to overcome the resistance of the air and gas ducts system.
    The pressure in the furnace is above the atmospheric pressure, and therefore it is
    called pressurized draft. This type of draft requires that the gas ducts and the

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