Furnace Technology

Gas purging in the

undertaking a programme of development.
For success, seven principles needed to be attained:
Permeable ceramic able to resist penetration if in contact

induction furnace
with liquid metal.
Capable of delivering small volumes of purging gas in a
controllable manner.
Compatibility with the Capital Refractories range of lining
Grant Cullen from Capital Refractories materials in the sintered state.
Ltd explains how the company has its Able to operate for the life of the induction furnace lining.
Ease of installation and operation.
gas diffuser technology for the induction
Cost effective.
furnace products in use throughout the Safe.
world following its initial trials just over
two years ago. From this programme a range of gas diffusers was
developed for use with a range of induction furnaces from

C apital Refractories made a Patent Application

encompassing the systems technology. Over 1,000
gas diffuser units have now been supplied and are in use,
40 to 10,000kgs + capacity. This, together with a proven
mode of installation and operation, addresses all seven
principles.
from these a mass of information has been accumulated
that clearly demonstrates the wide ranging benefits which Installation and case studies
can be attained by application of this technology. Figs. 1 to 5 of the operation of an induction furnace
Gas diffusers, or as they are more commonly known, melt indicate how the process operates.
porous plugs have been in use for more than 25 Since the process was introduced, significant feedback
years, originally being developed for use in steel ladles has been received from users, those benefits identified
operated in electric arc furnace and basic oxygen vessel including temperature homgenisation, improvement in
steelmaking. They are an integral part of the process casting quality, reduction in nitrogen content, cleaner
route for secondary steelmaking. metal and increase lining life.
Vacuum tank ladle degassing and temperature Further explanation of these identified benefits may be
homogenising in steel ladles eliminated many of the found in the following customer case studies.
problems associated with variable temperatures during
multi-ladle continuous casting sequences. Over the Temperature homogenisation
years, these characteristics, both metallurgical and A UK producer of high nickel alloys (Monel, Inconel,
practical, have been established and well documented. Incalloy) using a brick lined, five-tonne furnace had severe
The principal advantages identified are temperature and erosion associated with excessive temperature on the
compositional homogenisation, degassing and cleaner furnace barrel approximately 250mm up from the furnace
steel. base. The introduction of argon gas via a gas diffuser
immediately eliminated this problem.
Gas diffuser availability Calculation of the original temperature in this zone
Gas diffusers have been available for foundry ladle indicated that it was in the order of 2,000C. This has
applications but have never made the impact seen in the enabled the client to have a melt campaign on a lining
tonnage steel industries, or more recently in reverbratory of two weeks where previously they were relining every
aluminium melting and holding furnaces. weekend.
Classical steelmaking methods such as the electric
arc which has two distinct melt phases in which oxidation Improvement in casting quality
where deleterious gases like hydrogen and nitrogen A Sheffield foundry operating a 300kg induction
can be removed during the carbon/oxygen reaction and furnace melting predominantly 13%Cr/4% nickel alloy
reduction where oxygen and those oxidation products steel suffered a scrap rate due to casting defects
can be removed. associated with gas in the metal that at times exceeded
Induction furnace melting does not promote these 20% and in addition caused significant reworking of many
reactions, whilst hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen can be more pieces.
absorbed by the melt from the atmosphere. This pickup After the introduction of the gas diffuser and argon
can be inhibited by processes that have been developed purging, scrap castings due to gas defects were
to shroud or blanket the melt, making use of the fact eliminated and reworking was significantly reduced.
that inert argon gas is denser than air by blowing argon It is believed that this improvement (there were no
gas onto the melt, or dripping liquid argon, as has been other changes to practice) was due to reduction in gas
described by the SPAL process. content of nitrogen in the metal.
Whilst significant progress has been made using these
methods to improve metal quality, neither of these Reduction in nitrogen content
methods of delivering argon can address other issues that A UK specialist foundry producing MoCrV high alloy
include melt homogenisation, reduction in gas content iron in a 600kg induction furnace experienced high scrap
of that already in the charge materials such as oxide rates on hydraulic seals castings, almost all castings
films on scrap, or promote the removal of non-metallic being scrapped when nitrogen levels exceeded 0.04%.
inclusions from the melt to the slag. Prior to introducing the argon purge in the furnace, the
Capital Refractories, as a major supplier of induction average nitrogen was 0.041%.
furnace linings, believed that the benefits identified Argon was introduced during meltdown and right
above could be introduced to coreless induction melting, up until tapping. After the first week of argon purging

350 FTJ December 2007

 Furnace Technology
average nitrogen was 0.033%. Lower nitrogen
returns were subsequently recycled back to
the furnace, the figure then falling to 0.022%.
There have been significant cost savings
from the massive reduction in scrap rate and
also in not having to remelt accumulated own
arisings and degass in an AOD.
Fig 1. This illustrates a typical
induction furnace melt with
Cleaner metal atmospheric gases above the melt,
A US foundry specialising in NiHard and dissolved gases (H2 and N2) in the
NiResist irons together with a wide range melt plus typical non-metallics
of steel alloys for wear parts applications
has reported a significant reduction in non-
metallic inclusions since introducing the gas
purging process to its induction furnace. The
first indication of this came via the furnace
operatives who reported that the volume of
slag appeared to be greater on melts treated
with argon. Subsequent metallographic
examination confirmed cleaner metal.
A Dutch foundry manufacturing castings
for the North Sea oil industry was an early
proponent of the gas diffuser system after Fig 2. The argon gas is turned on
and flow is established via the gas
trials showed improvements in impact
diffuser, through the lining and
strength of steel thus treated due to into the melt
reduction in inclusion count.

Increase in lining life

An increase in lining life was an
unexpected gain from the development of
the process, although it was anticipated that
homogenising temperature (as previously
described) would have a positive effect on the
condition of the lining. A significant number
of clients now report increase in lining life Fig 3. The swarm of argon gas
since introducing the process. bubbles start to float non-metallics
A lost wax foundry in east Lancashire to the surface of the melt. Gases
in the melt diffuse into the argon
melting grade 316 stainless steel averaged 80
bubbles, which have lower partial
melts on a lining although the company had pressures
to reline after reaching around this number
of melts due to slag build up on the furnace
sides which progressively reduced capacity.
Subsequent to introducing the gas diffuser,
the lining was so clean during the first
campaign that it was wrecked at 120 melts,
Fig 4. The argon passing through
although upon examination it was discovered
the melt, as well as floating
that the lining could have comfortably run non-metallics to the top, forms a
a further week. The foundry now averages blanket on the melt, shielding the
140 heats per campaign and reports superior melt from those atmospheric gases.
casting surface-finish after shot blasting If deemed a requirement, argon
can be turned on as soon as the
compared with previous casts. charge is added, displacing the air
Again, the amount of slag rising to the melt and ensuring melting is conducted
surface and being removed is greater than in an inert atmosphere
prior to introducing the purging process.
A stainless foundry near Milwaukee in the
US reported that its first campaign achieved
156 melts compared to 70-80 previously,
the company now being in the process of
Fig 5. The slag, containing those
converting a further nine furnaces to the gas non-metallics floated out of the
diffuser system. melt during the gas purging, can
be removed prior to tapping thus
Capital Refractories Ltd; tel:
preventing potential entrainment
(+44) 1246 811163; fax: (+44) 1246 819573; in the castings. The blanket of
e-mail: [email protected] argon will continue to shield the
www.capital-refractories.com metal during tapping. For certain
metals, argon purging in the
ladle may be advisable, as well as
shrouding the mould

FTJ December 2007 351

Furnace Technology

Understanding refractory corrosion

Because consumables related to melting operations are refractory is a phenomenon of
expensive, in order to keep costs in check, a thorough major importance. Infiltration
of liquid into a refractory
understanding of the processes involved is highly desirable. can be divided into two main
cases. These are infiltration of
I n their paper Corrosion resistance of castables in
channel furnaces for ferrous foundry presented
at the 2007 WFO Technical Forum organised by
process. Access to this data in
simple systems is possible, but
will not be easy to determine
a capillary system by a wetting
liquid (slag at the upper part
the WFO and VDG, J Soudir and L Ronsoux from in the case of complex multi- of channel furnace bath for
Calderys Central Research Department, St. Quentin component castable and slag example) or penetration of non-
Fallavier, France, said that corrosion of refractory systems; e is a function of slag wetting liquid under pressure
in service is a complex phenomena, which has a viscosity (from temperature) (iron at the bottom of vessel for
multitude of origins and processes. Therefore, and from agitation level, example.
predicting corrosion resistance and thus selecting which is almost impossible to Looking at the parameters
a precise product for a given application can be determine in practice. influencing infiltration depth
difficult. It thus appears that trying to of slag against time, it is
foresee the corrosion resistance clear that only the equivalent
A possible way to approach chemical corrosion
of several castables in a given radius Re is a physical
mechanisms and identify castable and slag
application by the evaluation of refractory parameter that has
characteristics that are interesting to evaluate
the corrosion speed is not really a direct influence and must be
to help in selecting the correct refractory, is to
feasible as it is impossible to taken into consideration for
consider relation (1), that gives the speed of
obtain all the data describing castable selection or ranking.
dissolution of a given refractory compound into a
the system (refractory, slag, Access to Re can be achieved
liquid slag.
operating conditions). It is using a simple test method
restrictive, as it takes no consisting of measuring
SpD = dn/dt = D.A.(Cs-C)/e (1)
account of thermo-mechanical infiltration depth of the oil
phenomena such as thermo- with well-known rheological
SpD: speed of dissolution of the considered characteristics (selected to be
compound; t: time; C: concentration of the cycling, mechanical stresses etc.
The aim of this particular close to estimated physical
considered compound in the slag at time t; Cs: characteristics of slags at
concentration of considered compound when paper was to propose several
simple ways to obtain an operating temperature) at room
saturation of the compound in the melt is reached; temperature against time.
Cs-C: gap to saturation, the driving force of the initial evaluation of refractory
corrosion resistance. Infiltration speed, values of
dissolution; D: coefficient of diffusion of the Re, as far as total accessible
considered compound in the slag; A: area of the Guidelines were proposed on
characteristics to be taken porosity for the tested castables
interface compound/slag; e: thickness of the after treatment at operation
boundary layer. into consideration regarding
castables, slags and their temperature can thus be
The authors said that, looking at the various established.
parameters of this relationship and following the systems to permit the first
castable selection or ranking. Values of Re may vary with
initial remarks, it is evident that D is directly linked treatment temperature and
time for a given castable, as
Characteristics the capillary structure may
and parameters on change with sintering time.
castables This is particularly the case for
castable containing fume silica,
closing porosity and modifying
Refractoriness tortuosity after long sintering
One of the first parameter to time, resulting in a strong
take into consideration is the reduction of infiltration speed.
refractoriness of the castables
under consideration, which Characteristics and
can be tested in several ways.
One of the easiest and quickest parameters on slags
is to estimate the liquidus
temperature of the castable One of the first physical
Fig. 1. Configuration of the interface refractory/slag. matrix (fraction below 100m), characteristics of slag to
expressed in a ternary system in take into consideration is its
to temperature, thus Sp increases with T; A is the order to be able to use ternary viscosity. This characteristic
real contact area between slag and refractory, SpD phase diagrams. cannot be easily measured or
thus being directly influenced by the infiltration estimated from data banks for
capability of slag. Porosity and capillary structure Infiltration resistance and complex slag composition.
of the castable, regarding slag viscosity or behaviour However, one way for
wettability will be parameters to evaluate. It has already been mentioned getting an initial feeling and
Cs-C is the driving force of the dissolution that infiltration of slag into ranking of slag consistency

352 FTJ December 2007

 Furnace Technology

at a given temperature, is to using the hypothesis that all the porosity of the infiltration depth between
measure deformation and castable is located in the matrix, and that 100% of the two cycles will reduce the
flow temperature using hot the porosity is infiltrated by slag. Refractoriness thickness of the slag infiltrated
microscopy. is estimated reading liquidus temperature of this layer spalling at each cycle
Ranking of slag capability composition and phases present at 1600C in a due to the different thermal
to infiltrate castable (ranking ternary phase diagram, especially the amount of expansion coefficient of the
of viscosity) can also be fine- solid phase remaining. infiltrated area.
tuned taking into account Ranking of castables will thus be done This can be achieved by
potential slag modifications considering the highest percentage of solid phase selecting a castable with a
during infiltration of remaining and the highest solidus temperature. low Re and also by a castable
refractory (modification due containing additives that will
to temperature decrease Chemical compatibility of the system strongly increase the viscosity
against infiltration depth or (slag matrix) of the penetrating slag
chemical composition changes The first rough ranking of the compatibility
after dissolution in the first
due to refractory component permitted from the refractoriness evaluation can
millimeters of slag penetration.
dissolution). be fine-tuned by taking into consideration rules of
In the case of an acidic slag,
Testing modified slags (for further slag oxides (as Fe or Mn oxides) or alkali,
these additives can be SiO2
or special addition in castables (MgO from A.M
example those containing and Cr2O3, but not MgO from
spinel, Cr203 for example).
increased amount of manganese Al2O3.MgO spinel, which would
This fine-tuning can be achieved using
oxides or SiO2, MgO, Cr2O3 decrease penetrating slag
basics information from binary phase diagrams
etc gives an initial first idea viscosity, and thus increase
as eutectic temperature (when existing) and
about slag viscosity changes penetration speed.
saturation composition of a given refractory
that can results from process
compound (MgO, Cr2O3 etc) into the considered
modification. Examples of these Cupolas under the
slag component. The highest compatibility will
include increase of manganese spotlight
be considered for systems having the highest
oxides level in slag due to In the paper Cupola melting
eutectic temperature and the lowest saturation
changes of quality melted or and coke consumption Dr M
concentration.
from dissolution of refractory Lemperle from Kttner GmbH &
compound (SiO2, MgO or Cr2O3
Acidity and basicity of slags and castables Co. KG, Germany, said that the
from castable additives) during
Another easy way to rank castables against given coke consumption of cupolas
slag penetration.
slag, or to fine-tune first ranking established from has been a frequently discussed
previous methods involves calculating the acidity issue, higher coke rates
Characteristics and or basicity index using the relationship (2) (basicity resulting in both a lower melt
parameters on system index) applied to slag and to refractory matrix. rate and higher costs.
castable plus slag B = ([CaO]+[MgO]+[FeO]+[MnO])/([SiO2]+[TiO2]+[P2O5])
In the past, research work
has focused on the properties
Simplified formula : B = ([CaO]+[MgO])/[SiO2]
As previously mentioned, of the different coke grades
(2)
gap to saturation Cs-C is an employed, today every operator
The ranking of castables would thus be carried
important parameter describing agreeing that coarse foundry
out by considering the closest indexes and
the system (refractory: slag) coke combined with low
avoiding as much as possible using the most basic
and governing the speed of reactivity shows best results.
castables for high acidic slags and reverse.
dissolution. Nevertheless Unfortunately, such an ideal
this parameter is difficult coke is not always available, at
to access without powerful Conclusions least not reasonably priced.
thermodynamical calculation This forced foundrymen to
tools, and anyway only Applying these simples comparison methods, and employ cheaper alternative
describes the behavior for example the simplest one from the last point, fuels instead of foundry coke,
of individual refractory can help avoid wrong and devastating selection as blast furnace coke, anthracite,
components and not the global Al2O3.MgO spinel-containing products (basic) for form coke and even natural
refractory behavior. Thus application involving high acidic slags. gas having been employed to
several more easily accessible If associated with a minimum knowledge of replace part of the expensive
characteristics of the systems degradation mechanisms in furnace and foundry foundry coke. All these
(refractory:slag) are listed practice, these simples methods can allow the fine- alternative fuels, however,
below, that can be considered tuning of a castable selection or help find the route could not really offer smooth
as providing a global picture to refractory performances improvement. operation or economy.
of the chemical compatibility For example, a focus on castable infiltration In many cases it was reported
of the systems, and thus a first resistance, especially infiltration speed, will be the that the lower price of the
way of ranking castables. solution for solving the problem of high wear due alternative fuel was used up
to lining spalling resulting from rapid infiltration by a higher consumption.
Refractoriness of the associated with thermal cycling. Furthermore, there are many
system (slag-matrix) In such a case, thermal cycling resulting from other influences on the coke
The composition of this the process cannot be improved as a foundry rate, which are not always
system can be approximated process parameter. But reducing the slag understood and considered.

FTJ December 2007 353

Furnace Technology

Moisture, ash content and ash composition Conditioning the blast

of coke Increase of hot blast temperature by 100C
It is clear that high moisture and ash contents will results in coke savings of approximately
increase coke consumption because the energy 1.4%. Today, metal recuperators are available
carrier carbon will decrease accordingly. The water for hot blast up to 750C, drying of the blast
content of the coke should certainly be measured may save about 1% of coke.
from time to time in order to be aware that any
unexpected higher coke consumption could be Oxidation and reduction reactions
attributable to the increased moisture in the coke. Alloying additives like ferro-silicon (FeSi),
Coke ash contains mainly silica and alumina, silicon carbide (SiC) and ferro-manganese
therefore acting strongly acidic. The higher the SiO2 (FeMn) are unfortunately burnt-off to some
/ CaO ratio the more limestone has to be charged extent and form SiO2 and MnO2, which are
to reach the required basicity. Addition of limestone lost in the slag. High amounts of heat are
means higher coke consumption, a higher slag released, however, during this burn-off
rate and the decomposition of limestone into lime reaction. This also saves coke but at high
and CO2 according to CaCO3 => CaO + CO2 which costs and often explains very low coke
requires energy. consumption claimed by some operators.
Besides the coke properties, other effects also Special advantage can be taken from low
influence coke consumption. grade SiC that contains larger amounts of
carbon. This material in briquette form may
Equivalent oxygen enrichment be available at lower price and serve as a
If the blast is reduced and 20% of the withdrawn coke substitute.
amount is replaced by pure oxygen the overall Reduction of iron oxides present on the
oxygen rate into the furnace remains unchanged. scrap surface and the reduction of SiO2 in
Because of the relation melt rate = const x total O2 the coke ash consume high amounts of heat
the melt rate will not change for equivalent oxygen which have to be covered by additional coke.
enrichment. To counteract this, rusty and small sized
As a result, however, the iron temperature will scrap with high specific surface areas should
increase because less nitrogen has to be heated be avoided.
up. This allows coke reduction in the range of 10%
to 15% per 2% equivalent oxygen enrichment and Pre-heating zone
reduces the temperature to the initial value. Pre-heating the scrap charge to its melt
temperature has to be accomplished above
Heat losses by shell cooling the coke bed. The height of the cupola shaft
An example of this highlighted in the presentation has therefore to be designed according to
involved a 30 tonne per hour unlined shell cupola the size and composition of the metallic
using 100m3 per hour of cooling water with a typical materials that are to be processed.
T of 15 C. For this type of cupola this means Steel scrap of large dimensions in
a heat loss of 100m3 per hour x 15C x 4180kJ particular may not reach the required melt
per m3C = 6300MJ per hour. This corresponds to temperature in short shafts being typically
approximately 220kg per hour of coke with a CV of designed for small shredder scrap, pig
29MJ per kg. iron and returns. In these cases the hearth
This may be compared to a 30 tonnes per hour suffers from heat deficiency that has to be
cupola with refractory lined shell using 100m3 per compensated by additional coke.
hour of cooling water with a typical T of 3C that
reduces the coke losses to 44kg per hour. Coke
savings are 220kg - 44kg = 176kg coke per hour.

Coke savings by increased hearth height Manual of

Foundry
Technology
The complete manual can be purchased at a
cost of 30.00 (ICME Member) or 110.00 (non-
member). Alternatively individual chapters may
be purchased at a cost of 15.00 each.
Postage and package should be added at 15%
of total order price (surface mail). Airmail prices
should be sought from ICME bookshop.
Tel: +44 (0) 1568 797111.
Fax: +44 (0) 1568 797197.
Email: [email protected]

354 FTJ December 2007

 Furnace feeding using Maximum
efficiency may
be achieved by

mobile charging devices incorporating the

furnace chargers
into the original
plant design

Mobile charging devices are used for feeding effected by means of a crane magnet or an
attached charging container incorporating a bottom
melting furnaces, especially induction units for dump flap.
iron as well as for rotary-type furnaces used in Noise level considerations
secondary aluminium melting plants. An increasingly important aspect is the noise
level reduction during charging and operation

T he two designs of the

charging devices differ
from each other in several
paid to the fact that, due to an
unfavourable filling (gradient),
the utilisation of the volume is
of the charging device, the following noise
reducing concepts having been well proven in this
application:
characteristics. Those not optimal and therefore only * Use of a sandwich-construction for the bin and
associated with induction around two-thirds of the total vibrating feeder. That means these parts are
furnaces comprise a carriage, volume of the bin is effectively fitted with a replaceable wear lining comprising a
a vibrating feeder including utilised. highly damping rubber layer inserted between the
unbalance motors and a An asymmetric design machine body and the wear lining.
pontoon-shaped bin. A version results in a good material flow * The vibrating feeder, which is arranged beneath
equipped with an additional behaviour within the bin, the the bin, operates with low amplitude and conveys
transverse carriage base frame material flow on one side being the material with a vertical acceleration of around
allows the feeding of numerous forced and slowed down on 1g. Due to this, no micro-throw occurs during the
furnaces by one charging the other; this avoids material feeding operation, which results in a significantly
device. sticking and bridging. reduced noise level. An adequate design of the
In general, the bin must be Typical materials are scrap, vibrating feeder incorporating these parameters
capable of receiving the mass press bales and return scrap. makes a frequency inverter become unnecessary.
of the inserted material that A limiting of the maximum At the outlet side, the charging device is fitted
corresponds to the furnace dimensions per unit up to with a docking flange which is almost closed, its
content, the required volume of around 400mm is required to contours being designed in such a way as to allow
the bin being roughly calculated allow an undisturbed operation it to dock onto the opened furnace lid. The result
by assuming a medium density and material flow. The charging is an efficient isolation of the noise source and
of 1.6t/m. Attention should be of the machine bin is normally fumes at the section where the materials drop in

A unit designed for an aluminium rotary furnace A charging machine suitable for an induction furnace
installation

FTJ December 2007 355

Furnace Technology
the furnace.
Charging devices for the feeding of
rotary furnaces
This version, used in aluminium
The advantages of
melting plants, is different from the
types used for induction furnaces
because the charge is typically press
oil fired crucibles
bales made from aluminium sheet,
shredded aluminium scrap and a Over some decades now, the availability
covering salt. of natural gas and the comparatively low
Key feature is the elongated
discharge chute nozzle that leads
energy running cost of modern gas-fired
into the centrically arranged feeding and electric furnaces has resulted in a
opening in the rotary furnace during sharp decline in the overall demand for
the feeding process. In order to avoid
oil fired units. However, Morganite Molten
temperature losses within the furnace,
the charging process has to take place Metal Systems, continues to offer a range of
quickly. For this reason the vibrating products for those parts of the world unable
conveyors operate at high amplitudes, to access gas or power electricity.
allowing a high conveying speed.

M
The chute is highly stressed due to anual oil fired crucible furnaces are available as lift
the highly dynamic bending moments outs up to 235kg of copper; bale-outs up to 600kg of
resulting from the extensive thermal aluminium and 500kg of copper; central axis tilters up to
load as well as un-calculable loads 300kg of copper and hydraulic tilting lip pour furnaces to
arising from collisions caused by the 600kg aluminium or 1500kg of copper.
rotation of the furnace with non- The general description and sizes of these can be found in
smelted aluminium compressed bales. pdf form at www.morganmms.com under library, furnaces,
The endurance strength in the chute data sheets.
area can be significantly influenced They are capable of melting a wide range of metals and
by the design engineer who has to alloys from zinc, aluminium, copper based alloys, through to
maximise the structural strength iron.
without increasing the weight. The Morgan manual oil burner system has the advantage
Furthermore, the application of high- of simplicity, tolerance to a wide range of fuel oils, and can
quality, heat-resistant material offers a raise temperatures high enough to melt iron to 1450C. The
favourable effect. only supply requirements are gravity supply of oil in the
As the materials do not melt as viscosity range of 25-40 seconds Redwood 1, with a head of
quickly as demanded, the travelling three metres and an electrical supply sufficient to operate the
gear of the machine is temporary combustion air fan motor, typically 3kW. Heavy fuel oils can
used to feed the furnace by powerful also be used in conjunction with fuel line heating to reduce
backwards and forwards movements their viscosity to the operating range.
with additional aluminium bales. The The simple, robust controls are all manually adjusted to
installation of an all-wheel driven give fast melting or holding and they require little or no
travelling gear has been well proven in maintenance, other than routine cleaning.
this mode of operation.
The consideration of an exhaust For further detailed information contact:
cover to reduce the dust and smoke Morganite Molten Metal Systems. Tel: +44 (0) 1905 728200.
emissions is more complicated
than that for a crucible furnace.
Nevertheless, it is possible to install Furnace Technology in India
an efficient multi-gap exhaust device
in the front section of the bin. The latest advances in melting technology will be covered at the
The electrical control is executed, 68th World Foundry Congress to be held in Chennai, India in
depending on customer needs, using February 2008.
the conventional relay technique There will be a wide ranging mix of technical debate, backed-
or the PLC. The execution of power up with visits to some of the leading lights of the metal casting
supply must be paid particular industry in India.
attention as it can be provided using a Technical papers covering the latest furnace design and
spring-loaded cable reel, a trail cable developments will give delegates a comprehensive overview
or an energy chain. The spring-loaded of the on-going improvements in the supply of quality melting
cable reel is often chosen due to its technology.
stability. The 68th World Foundry Congress will be held at the Chennai
Jst GmbH; Trade Centre, Chennai, India from 7-10 February 2008.
Tel: (+49) 2590 98208 202; The full programme of technical papers, works visits, social and
Fax: (+49) 2590 98101; partners programme is now available at www.wfcindia08.com or
email: [email protected] from the Institute of Indian Foundrymen.
www.joest.com email: [email protected]

356 FTJ December 2007