The role of reflection in student learning: a study of its effectiveness

in complementing problem-based learning environments.

Rachel Ong
Centre for Educational Development
Republic Polytechnic
1 Kay Siang Road, Singapore 248922

Abstract
Reflection journals can help to increase the value of the learning experience
by facilitating learners to make meaning out of the process they are engaged
in. It enables the learners to relate the new material of learning to prior
knowledge and hence a better understanding of the discipline. It also
enhances the learners meta-cognitive awareness.
The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the daily reflections of students
enrolled in a Problem Based Learning-delivered programme at the Republic
Polytechnic, Singapore. The reflection journal is introduced with the intention
to enable the students to be more aware of their own learning.
The data set is drawn from daily electronic journal entries. A sample of 10
students entries were examined over 16 weeks. The themes evident are:
The student demonstrates an increasing awareness of his own
learning.
There is a increasing complexity of the cognitive skills. The student
demonstrates an enhanced ability to handle and process concepts.
The evidence lends support to the importance of reflection in the learning
process in a problem based learning environment and how it helps students
make meaning and construct understanding of new knowledge.

Introduction
This paper looks at the role of reflection and how it complements the problem-based
learning environment. It looks at the reflection journals of 10 students enrolled in the
Republic Polytechnics problem driven curriculum over a period of a semester (16
weeks). It explores the ability of the reflection journal to track changes in cognitive
strategies and meta-cognitive abilities of students. It argues that the reflection journal, in
getting students to reflect on their problem solving processes, enables students to
demonstrate an increasing awareness of their own learning and an enhanced ability to
handle and process concepts. This will help the learners to relate new knowledge to
prior knowledge and hence aid in students knowledge construction.

PBL at the Republic Polytechnic

Republic Polytechnic uses problem-based learning as the exclusive pedagogical
approach in all its diploma programmes. A unique feature of PBL at Republic
Polytechnic is a one- problem-a-day cycle. In a problem solving day students typically

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receive a problem as a trigger for learning at the beginning of the day. With the help of a
facilitator and team mates, students examine the problem, identify learning issues and
employ research strategies so as to present a possible solution at the end of the day.
The findings are presented and discussed in a larger group. Students reflect on the way
they have learnt in their groups and record key learning milestones in their on-line
reflection journals.

Literature Overview

Reflection and learning

Reflection is a mental process of thinking and learning often used in everyday life. It is
more than just a common sense wisdom.

Deweys (1933) approach to reflection tended towards the psychological and

educational. He focused on the nature of the processes by which we manipulate
knowledge towards a purpose; in other words reflection generates knowledge.

John Cowan (1998:16) gives an example of what reflection is:

A student is reflecting when she notes that there is something different about
the case that she is considering, in comparison with the examples she has
encountered in class; and when she also identifies what the difference is, and
what she should do about it.

The concept of reflection may also be viewed in several ways. Reflection can be seen
as being intimately involved with the process of learning and the representation of that
learning. Reflection here entails giving consideration to the details. Reflection can be
towards a purpose, processing information that leads to a useful outcome. Reflection
can also refer to mental processes that go beyond merely thinking and recalling
information. Hence, reflection would imply a form of mental processing with a purpose
and/ or an anticipated outcome that is applied to relatively complicated or unstructured
ideas for which there is not an obvious solution. This suggests close association with, or
involvement in, learning and the representation of learning (Moon, 1999:4).

Reflection in the work of Schon (1983, in Moon, 1999) makes a distinction between
reflectionin-action and reflectionon action. His ideas are mainly applied in the realm
of the practitioner and how a practitioner draws on espoused theories when they act.
Nevertheless, Schon suggests that reflection bridges the gap between theory and
practice and hence changes practice.

So how does reflection feature in learning?

Learning is not just a process of accumulation of information. Instead it is about how the
new knowledge that the learner encounters is integrated with his existing schemata of
prior knowledge. Ramsden (1992:82) notes that learning is best conceptualized as a

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change in the way in which people understand the world around them, rather than a
quantitative accretion of facts and procedures. Savin-Baden (2000:9) defines learning
as cyclical process where students develop understandings of themselves and their
contexts, and the ways and situations in which they learn effectively. Ramsden
(1992:16) refers to it as a long and uncertain process of changes in understanding.

This increasingly popular view on learning is in line with the constructivist perspective on
learning. Learning in constructivist terms is about constructing knowledge and
understandings of the world around, through questioning, interpreting and analyzing
information. It is about using the processed information to integrate current experiences
with past experience and knowledge (Marlowe et al, 1998: 10).

Reflection thus forms the important link between processing the new information and
integrating it with the existing understanding of the world around. The value of reflection
in learning lies in its ability to help learners to clarify their thoughts, to gain insights and
to deepen their understanding of the information that they receive (Higgs, 1988:47).
According to Andrusyszyn (1997:2), reflection is a deliberate cognitive activity where
learners connect thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to the learning activity in
which they are involved in.

Reflection as an integral part of problem-based learning

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogy where problems drive the learning. It is an

approach that makes students confront problems from practice which provides a
stimulus for learning. Typically, the basic elements of a PBL session will consist of a
session to introduce the problem trigger, collaborative group discussions, and a
presentation of findings. A form of reflective practice is often introduced with the
intention to enable the students to be more aware of their own learning.

In PBL approaches, students do not merely learn through accumulating knowledge, but
through constructing an understanding of the concepts they encounter. Through a
problem trigger, the learner explores ideas within contexts, and in doing so, integrates
the new concepts with his prior knowledge, and through reflection, constructs a personal
understanding of the knowledge.

Proponents of PBL recommend a reflective activity at the end of the problem solving
cycle. Engels (1999:203) recommends that the tutor should perhaps once every 2
weeks call time out and stimulate the group to reflect on how their studies are
progressing and how their learning fits together. Students at this point should be
encouraged to reflect not just on the propositional knowledge they have encountered but
also on the processes involved in understanding the content. They should also reflect
upon how they functioned as a team member and how they have contributed to the
groups work.

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Woods (1995: 3.3) takes the reflection process a step further and suggests getting
students to reflect and to write reflection journals as a means to help them to explicitly
see the process skills that they have employed to solve the problem. The act of
reflection allows the student to take apart the process skills involved in solving the
problem, and enables the student to feel empowered and confident through integrating
and applying the skills.

Problem based learning is learning by reflective thinking. Shermis (1999) defines a

problem as a situation where a student is curious, puzzled, confused or unable to
resolve an issue. Dealing with problems requires the learner to reflect on the questions
that arise from the confusion. These questions prompt the reflection which generates
learning, and the acquisition of content. Learning within the PBL environment occurs
when students engage with the processes of reflective thinking. It is through careful
(reflective) application of PBL that students can learn in a deeper fashion, content
knowledge, professional skills and cognitive and meta-cognitive processes (OGrady et
al 2002:2).

In the problem solving framework, the student is presented with numerous opportunities
to develop and practice meta-cognition. Meta-cognition, often described as thinking
about thinking is an important part of learning. It is about consciously making
connections between what is known and what is new. It is the intentional structuring and
storage of information for later retrieval; self management of learning (Weissinger,
2004:50). Reflection can help to develop these skills as well as the habits and
disposition to use them. This is because students, through reflection, open their minds
and become more confident about using these reasoning skills.

Reflection through journal writing.

Reflection, as a form of thinking process, is difficult to pin down. Reflection journals can
serve as evidence from which we can draw conclusions about a students progress.
Moreover, writing can even help to facilitate reflection.

According to Luidens (1997:141), writing is a manifestation of thinking, and the written

piece is the artifact that reveals the thinking. Writing facilitates learning and enables the
learner to integrate new knowledge as it involves the active effort to state relationships
between pockets of information that is so integral to the heart of learning (Crowe et al,
1986:218). Writing forces the learner to think so as to clarify and modify his ideas. The
learner need to re-present knowledge that was gathered in a different form. In doing so ,
the manipulation and transformation of knowledge can facilitate new understanding and
learning as one perceives information in a different light. Writing transforms experience
and meaning (Yinger et al, 1981:4).

This lends credence to the use of reflection journals in a PBL environment. In

encountering different concepts in varying contexts, the journal becomes the vehicle in
getting the students to actively make their own connections between new and prior

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knowledge. In writing the reflection journal, students build, bridge and extend their own
experiences. They build on their understanding of the knowledge, through bridging
between old and new knowledge, and they extend by reflecting how they can further use
the skill in their other courses and in their everyday life (Woods, 1995). This in a sense
relates to the constructivist ideas that knowledge is constructed in context. Writing is
thus an avenue for learners to represent reality, and to construct meaning. Keeping a
journal can help students to develop and recognize the habits of mind associated with
problem solving (Stephien et al, 1998: 153) .

Writing is like a distillation process that gets a learner to filter, to reconstruct, organize,
gather, process, and feel the experiences that he has undergone. Hence, the reflection
journal serves as a window to the learners mind. It can be used a monitoring device in a
students understanding in the following aspects:
The students ability to understand concepts.
His analytical and critical thinking skills needed for the discipline.
His ability to think independently i.e his meta-cognition (Crowe et al, 1986:217).

Summary of literature

Although reflection and reflection journals are recommended as a form of closure in a

constructivist problem solving framework, limited literature is available on how reflection
increases the effectiveness of learning in a constructivist environment. The
overwhelming theme is that reflection aids the thinking process and hence the
construction of knowledge and meaning making for the learner. This is especially
important in a PBL set up where the students often face the process of having to explore
knowledge concepts within different problem contexts; and where learning is about
sense-making.

Research Questions
The following research questions were addressed in this study:

1. Do students demonstrate an increasing awareness of this learning?

2. Do students demonstrate an enhanced ability to handle and process concepts?

Methodology
This was a qualitative study that focused on reflection journals that were submitted on-
line as part of a daily requirement in the course of study at the Republic Polytechnic.
The journals of 10 students (randomly chosen) from different modules and discipline
backgrounds were examined in the study. The data were drawn from their daily
submissions onto the e-learning platform after one semester of study, so as to be able to
observe the trends. There was no further interaction with the students.

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Results
There are three themes that emerged from the reflection journal trail over 16 weeks.
Firstly, the reflection journals captured an increasing awareness of the students own
learning, as evident through their ability to adjust and cope with the demands of the
problem-based learning system. Secondly, students also demonstrated an enhanced
ability to handle and process information. This was evident through the increased
complexity of their cognitive processes. There was also increased mention of how they
were managing their own learning meta-cognition. Finally, it was interesting to note
that there was quite a lot of reflection on the on the social dimension of learning, often
with references to how their peers helped them to learn.

1. Managing their own learning

In this study, the reflection journal allowed the students a vehicle to demonstrate a better
understanding of their own learning. It captured the students frustrations of trying to
cope with a different way of learning. (The students are facing their first semester in a
PBL delivered curriculum) It also demonstrates how they tried to rationalize their
situations and to look for strategies to cope with the change.

The method of coping with academic difficulties is by giving lecture by the

facilitator. The facilitator will be able to give a clear explanation of the problem
and I will be able to understand the problem better. Honestly, I do not like peer
teaching, because it does not serve any anything. What happen if the members in
the group don't understand the problem then all of us will have to suffer.
[Student C]

It was interesting to note though, that when there was a change in the pedagogical
approach of lessons, the PBL way was preferred, and there was also an awareness of
which provided a better way to learn and which brought about deep learning and an
ability to apply (Ramsden, 1992)

After we have complained the PBL method of teaching in Math, today I have a
taste of the old method of learning. It is quite boring and inefficient, because I feel
that what I learn might not be able to apply in any application. [Student G]

Students showed an awareness of the gaps in their understanding, and the need to deal
with the cognitive dissonance they faced when encountering the problem. This is critical
for learning as the ability to identify gaps in ones own learning is a beginning of taking
the steps to remedy it. This leads to the student making an attempt to examine his
strategies to better understand himself.

Well, what I have learnt, is not very clear. I will have to go back to do some more
research as my team had the concept of explaining completely. I guess me got
confused over the technical terms. But what team 5 explained, I found it quite
interesting and easy to understand. But I still am unsure of todays topic, so I will

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have to do a bit more research as earlier stated. But there are a few things which
I found logically like for e.g. potential and kinetic energy. [Student A]

Student B, as seen in the reflection journal trail below, showed a progression of

increasing awareness over the semester in his own learning. He begins the semester
with superficial repetition of the learning outcomes of the day. Around weeks 5 to 6 and
in week 9, he alludes to being tired of the whole process of problem solving, wonders
where he is going. From week 10 onwards, his journal entries are more affirmative of his
learning, and what he understand of the days problem. He moves beyond mere
repetition of learning objectives, and articulates what he thinks of the concepts and
relates how he can apply them.

Week 1:
Today I learnt about the refraction. From the problem of spear fishing, I learnt
that if I going to spear fish next time, I need to aim more perpendicular to the
water, the amount of refraction decreases. It's the same thing that archer fish
doing. Searching the information we want by using internet is very popular today.
It can provide us a lot of information, but we still need to verify whether it's
correct. So we need to visit more websites to verify. It is also the way we collect
the real information.

Week5
I already dont know I have learnt, or I have learnt something but I dont know
what I have learnt. When I saw the problem statement, Im thinking that how to
solve the problem. I think it is same as others people also. Then we all focus in
how to solve the problem, finding answer. But at the end, I found that it is not just
a problem solving. The learning point inside the problem statement is what we
need to learn, we need to find out ourselves. It is good that someone can point it
out first, than we can more focus to it instead of just finding answer.

Week 6
I think mostly should be how to find the resources are useful for the presentation.
There are a lot of resources available on internet. If I search those related to
engineering, science or math are easy to find. But for example in this module,
some time I cant find to much related information. I need to spend a lot of time to
go through the website and read. I also found that the keyword we search is very
important, if not a lot of false information will come out. And some time the given
resources are general, we need to find some special one by our self.

Week 9
After two month study in RP, I slowly practice into this learning process. But I feel
that this working process everyday is repeating the same thing. It makes I feel
like the time I was working, everyday do the same thing, repeat and repeat,
although Im doing R&D job, but me still feel very tired for this kind of life. I think I
cant adapt into this type of learning process in this moment. I also thinking that

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this kind of learning process can really apply to engineering subjects and math or
not? Because it is very difficult to learn ourselves in those subjects, we need a
teacher really to teach just like others poly. Im asking myself how I can graduate
with a good result in this poly by this kind of learning. I think I only can get a pass
result if this situation still continues.

Week 12
From today problem statement we learn statistic, probability and related to
gambling. Probability can use for calculation in many others things but not in
gambling, just like why we have said. Sometime we make the decision base on
bias or what we observant. If we really go do some study before making a
decision, it can help us make a more correct selection. I think most of the people
making decision when they are in bad situation are base on their emotion, bias,
prediction. And most of the people make the wrong decision when that time. If we
can put all the facts together and consider it carefully, maybe we can find a best
solution. I hope what I have learnt today will use in future.

Student E, shown in the journal trail below, began the semester being dependent on the
teacher for his learning. His reflection showed increasing independence in his abilities to
look for answers.

Week 6
I felt that my ideas have given enough information and resource for my team
members. How well my ideas work got to depend on my teacher!

Week 10
Hopefully, those that I have learnt will help me in solving problems that I will
meet. How will I be able to use it depends on the type of problem that I face.

Week 11
Understand the problem, use the correct method and ways to solve it.

Week12
By handling ambiguity, we must first understand the problem statement. From
there, we will look for resources to get a clear view of it.

2. An enhanced ability to handle and process information

As the students progressed through the semester, the reflection demonstrated

increased complexity of the students cognitive skills. The reflections moves from mere
statements about what he learned to how he processed information. There was an
articulation of strategies to solve problems and to work through gaps in understanding.
This is evident through the use of words like analyzed, and being able to be critical
about information received, and making a conscious effort to use critical thinking to
reason out a solution. There were even signs in the later weeks of attempts to evaluate

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ideas presented by their peers. Student Is journal trail exhibits this increased awareness
of cognitive strategies.

Week1
I learn that there is a game called the Australian football, which I have never
heard before. Also the game rules and how it is being played.

Week 2
by analyzing the questions, and also teamwork. My team and I analyze the
questions together and then we further discuss and explain to each other what
we know. By analyzing the questions, I found out certain things that I have not
learn before,..

Week 4
I faced the difficulty of trying to figure out the differences between 'inductive' and
'deductive'. Both of the words are alike in meaning which made me confused at
the beginning. But actually, after the reading and presentations done, I am able to
differentiate the differences between the 2 words and how they are being used

Week 7
From what I have learned for the past few weeks, I learned that we have to make
reasons out of everything, regardless of assumptions and logic, in order to
convince people in believing our theories and reasoning.

Week 10
I suggest that we use critical thinking to explain how we derive to the strategy. I
chose to use critical thinking to explain, as it is stated in the resource given, which
may be related to the question, so I choose to make a try. Other than the reason
that it is in our resource, it is also because that critical thinking actually applies to
our daily lives, as it helps us to better many things that we do everyday.

Week 13
I have learnt to differentiate between scientific theories that can be believed and
scientific theories that cannot be believed. As in the past, we used to sit in the
class and keep listening to what my teacher said during classes, and also keep
absorbing. In the past while listening and absorbing in lessons, we will never think
that lesson will ever be misleading as we are too dependent on our teachers on
answers and difficulties. I learnt that I am able to give some answers to whether
the presentation done is related, even when it has a little bit of relation, as my
group knows that we will always be asked that kind of questions.

Meta-cognitive strategies and self regulation are integral aspects of the PBL processes.
Meta-cognition can improve with practice. The PBL process provides many opportunities

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to develop and practice meta-cognition. As students reflect, they open their minds, learn
new skills, and become confident about the application of their reasoning skills.
(Weissinger, 2004:50).

Student G demonstrates the meta-cognitive process in the following journal trail. The
entries showed that he constantly monitored his actions, his own time management, and
even calling for himself to confront the difficult processes and issues that he faced in his
learning.

Week 2
For the next topic/problem next week, I will search the information I need the
most/important, and make a strong backup on it. Rather than running away from
the question (example: side tracks)

Week 6
I believe most of us (classmates) have difficulty understanding the statistic, firstly
because we are trying to get a statistic without understanding it and to prove that
we have an accurate data from a well-known web-site. Secondly we are rushing
our work without good time management hence this cause some teams to
misunderstand.

Week 9
Although we meet some confusion along the way, we manage to refer back our
problem statement and double check whether we need this information. During
2nd meeting, we tried to reason our hypothesis, to check whether it sound or
unsound. Although the resources, teaching us some knowledge, I dont think it
help me to find the solution for Johnny. I must use my peers and my prior
knowledge to construct a conclusion/suggestion for it

Week 10
So whatever we do think, speak, react we must give a second thoughts and think
broader rather than narrow and reflect what we have speaks.

Week 13
If I believe my own set of beliefs, I will have to trust it. Whether it make sense, it
up to what beliefs I use. Ones got to ask themselves? What make them trust
their belief? What evidence or assumption they use? Can the assumption make
out of point or illogical?

Week 16
Just like recent problem my friend has, I have helped her to make the problem
simpler and have a various solution to it. When she told me the problem, I quickly
analyze it, than later I ask myself some question such as why it happen this way,
etc and view the problem different angle.

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 The role of reflection in student learning 11

3. Social dimension of learning.

There is an awareness among the students that collaborative action is critical in their
learning . This brings to bear the PBL set up in that students are expected to co
construct their knowledge together. Hence it is not surprising that they have indicated
the importance of the role of the peer in their learning. It also demonstrates their
understanding that learning happens when they are able to make meaning of the
concepts and to be able to re-present it to their friends.

I have learnt that being a leader is not easy. It is very difficult to get the team
going at the start. I felt sad that I could not get the team started. However, after
awhile, I got the team started and we discussed on how we were going to solve
the problem. I also arranged different roles to the team. However, they found
some resources and felt that it was adequate to solve the problem. However, I
sort of convinced them that it was not enough and they went to look for more. I
also learned that we must often share our ideas and not keep it to ourselves.
[Student F]

I basically do not have the basic A maths so I approach my friend to teach me. And I
am glad he able to explain to me clearly until I understand. And I teach my friend
back in order to be more sure. [Student D]

Discussion
From this study, it appears that reflection journals are a vehicle for students to articulate
their thoughts. The process of writing is to get learners to filter, to reconstruct and
organize the knowledge they encounter. The reflection journals showed students
coming to terms with their own learning. This is evident through an increased awareness
of their ability to learn and also through the increased meta-cognition displayed over a
period of time. The reflection journals also enabled students to articulate the importance
of learning as a social process.

A large proportion of the entries focused at trying to internalize the content that was
introduced in the days problems. Some students managed to merely regurgitate the
learning objectives or to simply state concepts in a piecemeal fashion. Others on the
other hand used the reflection journal to pose questions to probe at the concepts, to
question their understanding, or just simply to even state their inability to grasp the
ideas. This is all well, as identifying gaps in their learning can help to push the learner to
pursue the matter and their understanding further.

The reflection journal is an integral part of the PBL environment. Students can get
caught up in the process of finding a resolution to the problem posed and they can be
overwhelmed by the multitude of information and processes that they employ. Reflection
as a culmination of the problem solving cycle enables the learner to sort out the

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processes that work and also the information that can help to make meaning out of the
context.

Conclusion
Reflection and learning are closely related. The reflection journal poses great
possibilities for a learner to articulate his thinking and hence construct meaning from the
concepts and information that he faces. In doing so, it can be a vehicle for the learner to
bridge the gap between the different knowledge in various contexts and to make it
meaningful to himself. This is especially so in the problem solving framework. There lies
a potential for the reflection journal to further help the learner on this process of making
linkages between old and new knowledge, both content and procedural.

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Moon, J.A. (1999), Reflection in Learning and Professional Development : Theory and
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