Ifrs 15

IFRS 15
IFRS 15
Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (the Board) adopted IAS 11
Construction Contracts and IAS 18 Revenue, both of which had originally been issued by the
International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1993. IAS 18 replaced a previous
version: Revenue Recognition (issued in December 1982). IAS 11 replaced parts of IAS 11 Accounting
for Construction Contracts (issued in March 1979).
In December 2001 the Board issued SIC-31 RevenueBarter Transactions Involving Advertising
Services. The Interpretation was originally developed by the Standards Interpretations Committee of the
IASC to determine the circumstances in which a seller of advertising services can reliably measure revenue
at the fair value of advertising services provided in a barter transaction.
In June 2007 the Board issued IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes. The Interpretation was
developed by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (the Interpretations Committee) to address the
accounting by the entity that grants award credits to its customers.
In July 2008 the Board issued IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate. The
Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for revenue
and associated expenses by entities that undertake the construction of real estate directly or through
subcontractors.
In January 2009 the Board issued IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers. The Interpretation
was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for transfers of items of
property, plant and equipment by entities that receive such transfers from their customers.
In May 2014 the Board issued IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, together with the
introduction of Topic 606 into the Financial Accounting Standards Boards Accounting Standards

Codification . IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11, IAS 18, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15, IFRIC 18 and SIC-31. IFRS 15
provides a comprehensive framework for recognising revenue from contracts with customers.
In September 2015 the Board issued Effective Date of IFRS 15 which deferred the mandatory
effective date of IFRS 15 to 1 January 2018.
In April 2016 the Board issued Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
clarifying the Boards intentions when developing some of the requirements in IFRS 15. These
amendments do not change the underlying principles of IFRS 15 but clarify how those principles
should be applied and provide additional transitional relief.
Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 15, including IFRS 16 Leases
(issued January 2016).
IFRS Foundation A661

IFRS 15
CONTENTS
from paragraph
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 15
REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
OBJECTIVE 1
Meeting the objective 2
SCOPE 5
RECOGNITION 9
Identifying the contract 9
Combination of contracts 17
Contract modifications 18
Identifying performance obligations 22
Satisfaction of performance obligations 31
MEASUREMENT 46
Determining the transaction price 47
Allocating the transaction price to performance obligations 73
Changes in the transaction price 87
CONTRACT COSTS 91
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract 91
Costs to fulfil a contract 95
Amortisation and impairment 99
PRESENTATION 105
DISCLOSURE 110
Contracts with customers 113
Significant judgements in the application of this Standard 123
Assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a
customer 127
Practical expedients 129
APPENDICES
A Defined terms
B Application Guidance
C Effective date and transition
D Amendments to other Standards
FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS

EDITION
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS 15 ISSUED IN MAY 2014

APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF AMENDMENTS TO IFRS 15:
Effective Date of IFRS 15 issued in September 2015
A662 IFRS Foundation

IFRS 15
Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers issued in

April 2016
BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS
DISSENTING OPINION
APPENDICES
A Comparison of IFRS 15 and Topic 606
B Amendments to the Basis for Conclusions on other Standards
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
APPENDIX
Amendments to the guidance on other Standards

IFRS 15
International Financial Reporting Standard 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

(IFRS 15) is set out in paragraphs 1129 and Appendices AD. All the paragraphs have equal
authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in
italics the first time that they appear in the Standard. Definitions of other terms are given in the
Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. The Standard should be read in the
context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial
Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for
Financial Reporting. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit
guidance.

IFRS 15
International Financial Reporting Standard 15

Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Objective
1 The objective of this Standard is to establish the principles that an entity shall
apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature,
amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from a contract
with a customer.
Meeting the objective

2 To meet the objective in paragraph 1, the core principle of this Standard is that an entity
shall recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers
in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in
exchange for those goods or services.
3 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and
circumstances when applying this Standard. An entity shall apply this Standard,
including the use of any practical expedients, consistently to contracts with similar
characteristics and in similar circumstances.
4 This Standard specifies the accounting for an individual contract with a customer.
However, as a practical expedient, an entity may apply this Standard to a portfolio of
contracts (or performance obligations) with similar characteristics if the entity
reasonably expects that the effects on the financial statements of applying this Standard
to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this Standard to the individual
contracts (or performance obligations) within that portfolio. When accounting for a
portfolio, an entity shall use estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and
composition of the portfolio.
Scope
5 An entity shall apply this Standard to all contracts with customers, except the following:
(a) lease contracts within the scope of IFRS 16 Leases;

(b) insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts;
(c) financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations within the scope
of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements,
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements, IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements and IAS 28
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures; and
(d) non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to

facilitate sales to customers or potential customers. For example, this Standard
would not apply to a contract between two oil companies that agree to an
exchange of oil to fulfil demand from their customers in different specified
locations on a timely basis.

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6 An entity shall apply this Standard to a contract (other than a contract listed in paragraph
5) only if the counterparty to the contract is a customer. A customer is a party that has
contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entitys
ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. A counterparty to the contract would
not be a customer if, for example, the counterparty has contracted with the entity to
participate in an activity or process in which the parties to the contract share in the risks
and benefits that result from the activity or process (such as developing an asset in a
collaboration arrangement) rather than to obtain the output of the entitys ordinary
activities.
7 A contract with a customer may be partially within the scope of this Standard and
partially within the scope of other Standards listed in paragraph 5.
(a) If the other Standards specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or
more parts of the contract, then an entity shall first apply the separation and/or
measurement requirements in those Standards. An entity shall exclude from the
transaction price the amount of the part (or parts) of the contract that are
initially measured in accordance with other Standards and shall apply
paragraphs 7386 to allocate the amount of the transaction price that remains (if
any) to each performance obligation within the scope of this Standard and to any
other parts of the contract identified by paragraph 7(b).
(b) If the other Standards do not specify how to separate and/or initially measure
one or more parts of the contract, then the entity shall apply this Standard to
separate and/or initially measure the part (or parts) of the contract.
8 This Standard specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract
with a customer and for the costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer if those
costs are not within the scope of another Standard (see paragraphs 91104). An entity
shall apply those paragraphs only to the costs incurred that relate to a contract with a
customer (or part of that contract) that is within the scope of this Standard.
Recognition
Identifying the contract

9 An entity shall account for a contract with a customer that is within the scope of
this Standard only when all of the following criteria are met:
(a) the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or
in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed
to perform their respective obligations;
(b) the entity can identify each partys rights regarding the goods or services to
be transferred;
(c) the entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be
transferred;

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(d) the contract has commercial substance (ie the risk, timing or amount of the
entitys future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract);
and
(e) it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it will be
entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the
customer. In evaluating whether collectability of an amount of
consideration is probable, an entity shall consider only the customers
ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due.
The amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled may be less
than the price stated in the contract if the consideration is variable because
the entity may offer the customer a price concession (see paragraph 52).
10 A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights
and obligations. Enforceability of the rights and obligations in a contract is a matter of
law. Contracts can be written, oral or implied by an entitys customary business
practices. The practices and processes for establishing contracts with customers vary
across legal jurisdictions, industries and entities. In addition, they may vary within an
entity (for example, they may depend on the class of customer or the nature of the
promised goods or services). An entity shall consider those practices and processes in
determining whether and when an agreement with a customer creates enforceable rights
and obligations.
11 Some contracts with customers may have no fixed duration and can be terminated or
modified by either party at any time. Other contracts may automatically renew on a
periodic basis that is specified in the contract. An entity shall apply this Standard to the
duration of the contract (ie the contractual period) in which the parties to the contract
have present enforceable rights and obligations.
12 For the purpose of applying this Standard, a contract does not exist if each party to the
contract has the unilateral enforceable right to terminate a wholly unperformed contract
without compensating the other party (or parties). A contract is wholly unperformed if
both of the following criteria are met:
(a) the entity has not yet transferred any promised goods or services to the
customer; and
(b) the entity has not yet received, and is not yet entitled to receive, any
consideration in exchange for promised goods or services.
13 If a contract with a customer meets the criteria in paragraph 9 at contract inception, an

entity shall not reassess those criteria unless there is an indication of a significant change
in facts and circumstances. For example, if a customers ability to pay the consideration
deteriorates significantly, an entity would reassess whether it is probable that the entity
will collect the consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for the
remaining goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.
14 If a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9, an entity shall
continue to assess the contract to determine whether the criteria in paragraph 9 are
subsequently met.

IFRS 15
15 When a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9 and an entity
receives consideration from the customer, the entity shall recognise the consideration
received as revenue only when either of the following events has occurred:
(a) the entity has no remaining obligations to transfer goods or services to the
customer and all, or substantially all, of the consideration promised by the
customer has been received by the entity and is non-refundable; or
(b) the contract has been terminated and the consideration received from the
customer is non-refundable.
16 An entity shall recognise the consideration received from a customer as a liability until
one of the events in paragraph 15 occurs or until the criteria in paragraph 9 are
subsequently met (see paragraph 14). Depending on the facts and circumstances relating
to the contract, the liability recognised represents the entitys obligation to either transfer
goods or services in the future or refund the consideration received. In either case, the
liability shall be measured at the amount of consideration received from the customer.
Combination of contracts
17 An entity shall combine two or more contracts entered into at or near the same time with
the same customer (or related parties of the customer) and account for the contracts as a
single contract if one or more of the following criteria are met:
(a) the contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective;
(b) the amount of consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price or
performance of the other contract; or
(c) the goods or services promised in the contracts (or some goods or services
promised in each of the contracts) are a single performance obligation in
accordance with paragraphs 2230.
Contract modifications
18 A contract modification is a change in the scope or price (or both) of a contract that is
approved by the parties to the contract. In some industries and jurisdictions, a contract
modification may be described as a change order, a variation or an amendment. A
contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that
either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to
the contract. A contract modification could be approved in writing, by oral agreement or
implied by customary business practices. If the parties to the contract have not approved
a contract modification, an entity shall continue to apply this Standard to the existing
contract until the contract modification is approved.
19 A contract modification may exist even though the parties to the contract have a dispute
about the scope or price (or both) of the modification or the parties have approved a
change in the scope of the contract but have not yet determined the corresponding
change in price. In determining whether the rights and obligations that are created or
changed by a modification are enforceable, an entity shall consider all relevant facts and
circumstances including the terms of

IFRS 15
the contract and other evidence. If the parties to a contract have approved a change in the
scope of the contract but have not yet determined the corresponding change in price, an
entity shall estimate the change to the transaction price arising from the modification in
accordance with paragraphs 5054 on estimating variable consideration and paragraphs
5658 on constraining estimates of variable consideration.
20 An entity shall account for a contract modification as a separate contract if both of the
following conditions are present:
(a) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or
services that are distinct (in accordance with paragraphs 2630); and
(b) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the
entitys stand-alone selling prices of the additional promised goods or services
and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the
particular contract. For example, an entity may adjust the stand-alone selling
price of an additional good or service for a discount that the customer receives,
because it is not necessary for the entity to incur the selling-related costs that it
would incur when selling a similar good or service to a new customer.
21 If a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with

paragraph 20, an entity shall account for the promised goods or services not yet
transferred at the date of the contract modification (ie the remaining promised goods or
services) in whichever of the following ways is applicable:
(a) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a termination
of the existing contract and the creation of a new contract, if the remaining
goods or services are distinct from the goods or services transferred on or before
the date of the contract modification. The amount of consideration to be
allocated to the remaining performance obligations (or to the remaining distinct
goods or services in a single performance obligation identified in accordance
with paragraph 22(b)) is the sum of:
(i) the consideration promised by the customer (including amounts already

received from the customer) that was included in the estimate of the
transaction price and that had not been recognised as revenue; and
(ii) the consideration promised as part of the contract modification.
(b) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the
existing contract if the remaining goods or services are not distinct and,
therefore, form part of a single performance obligation that is partially satisfied
at the date of the contract modification. The effect that the contract modification
has on the transaction price, and on the entitys measure of progress towards
complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognised as an
adjustment to revenue

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(either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) at the date of the contract

modification (ie the adjustment to revenue is made on a cumulative catch-up
basis).
(c) If the remaining goods or services are a combination of items (a) and (b), then
the entity shall account for the effects of the modification on the unsatisfied
(including partially unsatisfied) performance obligations in the modified
contract in a manner that is consistent with the objectives of this paragraph.
Identifying performance obligations

22 At contract inception, an entity shall assess the goods or services promised in a
contract with a customer and shall identify as a performance obligation each
promise to transfer to the customer either:
(a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or
(b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that
have the same pattern of transfer to the customer (see paragraph 23).
23 A series of distinct goods or services has the same pattern of transfer to the customer if
both of the following criteria are met:
(a) each distinct good or service in the series that the entity promises to transfer to
the customer would meet the criteria in paragraph 35 to be a performance
obligation satisfied over time; and
(b) in accordance with paragraphs 3940, the same method would be used to
measure the entitys progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance
obligation to transfer each distinct good or service in the series to the customer.
Promises in contracts with customers

24 A contract with a customer generally explicitly states the goods or services that an entity
promises to transfer to a customer. However, the performance obligations identified in a
contract with a customer may not be limited to the goods or services that are explicitly
stated in that contract. This is because a contract with a customer may also include
promises that are implied by an entitys customary business practices, published policies
or specific statements if, at the time of entering into the contract, those promises create a
valid expectation of the customer that the entity will transfer a good or service to the
customer.
25 Performance obligations do not include activities that an entity must undertake to fulfil a
contract unless those activities transfer a good or service to a customer. For example, a
services provider may need to perform various administrative tasks to set up a contract.
The performance of those tasks does not transfer a service to the customer as the tasks
are performed. Therefore, those setup activities are not a performance obligation.

IFRS 15
Distinct goods or services

26 Depending on the contract, promised goods or services may include, but are not limited
to, the following:
(a) sale of goods produced by an entity (for example, inventory of a manufacturer);
(b) resale of goods purchased by an entity (for example, merchandise of a retailer);
(c) resale of rights to goods or services purchased by an entity (for example, a ticket
resold by an entity acting as a principal, as described in paragraphs B34B38);
(d) performing a contractually agreed-upon task (or tasks) for a customer;
(e) providing a service of standing ready to provide goods or services (for example,
unspecified updates to software that are provided on a when-and-if-available
basis) or of making goods or services available for a customer to use as and
when the customer decides;
(f) providing a service of arranging for another party to transfer goods or services to
a customer (for example, acting as an agent of another party, as described in
paragraphs B34B38);
(g) granting rights to goods or services to be provided in the future that a customer
can resell or provide to its customer (for example, an entity selling a product to a
retailer promises to transfer an additional good or service to an individual who
purchases the product from the retailer);
(h) constructing, manufacturing or developing an asset on behalf of a customer;
(i) granting licences (see paragraphs B52B63B); and
(j) granting options to purchase additional goods or services (when those options
provide a customer with a material right, as described in paragraphs B39B43).
27 A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if both of the following

criteria are met:
(a) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together
with other resources that are readily available to the customer (ie the good or
service is capable of being distinct); and
(b) the entitys promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately
identifiable from other promises in the contract (ie the promise to transfer the
good or service is distinct within the context of the contract).
28 A customer can benefit from a good or service in accordance with paragraph 27(a) if the
good or service could be used, consumed, sold for an amount that is greater than scrap
value or otherwise held in a way that generates economic benefits. For some goods or
services, a customer may be able to benefit from a good or service on its own. For other
goods or services, a customer may be able to benefit from the good or service only in
conjunction

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with other readily available resources. A readily available resource is a good or service
that is sold separately (by the entity or another entity) or a resource that the customer has
already obtained from the entity (including goods or services that the entity will have
already transferred to the customer under the contract) or from other transactions or
events. Various factors may provide evidence that the customer can benefit from a good
or service either on its own or in conjunction with other readily available resources. For
example, the fact that the entity regularly sells a good or service separately would
indicate that a customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or with other
readily available resources.
29 In assessing whether an entitys promises to transfer goods or services to the customer

are separately identifiable in accordance with paragraph 27(b), the objective is to
determine whether the nature of the promise, within the context of the contract, is to
transfer each of those goods or services individually or, instead, to transfer a combined
item or items to which the promised goods or services are inputs. Factors that indicate
that two or more promises to transfer goods or services to a customer are not separately
identifiable include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) the entity provides a significant service of integrating the goods or services with
other goods or services promised in the contract into a bundle of goods or
services that represent the combined output or outputs for which the customer
has contracted. In other words, the entity is using the goods or services as inputs
to produce or deliver the combined output or outputs specified by the customer.
A combined output or outputs might include more than one phase, element or
unit.
(b) one or more of the goods or services significantly modifies or customises, or are
significantly modified or customised by, one or more of the other goods or
services promised in the contract.
(c) the goods or services are highly interdependent or highly interrelated. In other
words, each of the goods or services is significantly affected by one or more of
the other goods or services in the contract. For example, in some cases, two or
more goods or services are significantly affected by each other because the
entity would not be able to fulfil its promise by transferring each of the goods or
services independently.
30 If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity shall combine that good or service
with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services
that is distinct. In some cases, that would result in the entity accounting for all the goods
or services promised in a contract as a single performance obligation.
Satisfaction of performance obligations

31 An entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance
obligation by transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer.
An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset.

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32 For each performance obligation identified in accordance with

paragraphs 2230, an entity shall determine at contract inception whether it
satisfies the performance obligation over time (in accordance with
paragraphs 3537) or satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time (in
accordance with paragraph 38). If an entity does not satisfy a performance obligation
over time, the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time.
33 Goods and services are assets, even if only momentarily, when they are received and
used (as in the case of many services). Control of an asset refers to the ability to direct
the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. Control
includes the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and obtaining the
benefits from, an asset. The benefits of an asset are the potential cash flows (inflows or
savings in outflows) that can be obtained directly or indirectly in many ways, such as by:
(a) using the asset to produce goods or provide services (including public services);
(b) using the asset to enhance the value of other assets;

(c) using the asset to settle liabilities or reduce expenses;
(d) selling or exchanging the asset;
(e) pledging the asset to secure a loan; and
(f) holding the asset.
34 When evaluating whether a customer obtains control of an asset, an entity shall consider
any agreement to repurchase the asset (see paragraphs B64B76).
Performance obligations satisfied over time

35 An entity transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a
performance obligation and recognises revenue over time, if one of the following criteria
is met:
(a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the
entitys performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3B4);
(b) the entitys performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in
progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see
paragraph B5); or
(c) the entitys performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the
entity (see paragraph 36) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for
performance completed to date (see paragraph 37).
36 An asset created by an entitys performance does not have an alternative use to an entity
if the entity is either restricted contractually from readily directing the asset for another
use during the creation or enhancement of that asset or limited practically from readily
directing the asset in its completed state for another use. The assessment of whether an
asset has an alternative use to the entity is made at contract inception. After contract
inception, an entity shall not update the assessment of the alternative use of an asset
unless the parties to the contract approve a contract modification that substantively
changes the

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performance obligation. Paragraphs B6B8 provide guidance for

assessing
whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity.
37 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract, as well as any laws that apply to the
contract, when evaluating whether it has an enforceable right to payment for
performance completed to date in accordance with paragraph 35(c). The right to payment
for performance completed to date does not need to be for a fixed amount. However, at
all times throughout the duration of the contract, the entity must be entitled to an amount
that at least compensates the entity for performance completed to date if the contract is
terminated by the customer or another party for reasons other than the entitys failure to
perform as promised. Paragraphs B9B13 provide guidance for assessing the existence
and enforceability of a right to payment and whether an entitys right to payment would
entitle the entity to be paid for its performance completed to date.
Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time

38 If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35
37, an entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time. To determine the
point in time at which a customer obtains control of a promised asset and the entity
satisfies a performance obligation, the entity shall consider the requirements for control
in paragraphs 3134. In addition, an entity shall consider indicators of the transfer of
control, which include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) The entity has a present right to payment for the assetif a customer is
presently obliged to pay for an asset, then that may indicate that the customer
has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the
remaining benefits from, the asset in exchange.
(b) The customer has legal title to the assetlegal title may indicate which party to
a contract has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the
remaining benefits from, an asset or to restrict the access of other entities to
those benefits. Therefore, the transfer of legal title of an asset may indicate that
the customer has obtained control of the asset. If an entity retains legal title
solely as protection against the customers failure to pay, those rights of the
entity would not preclude the customer from obtaining control of an asset.
(c) The entity has transferred physical possession of the assetthe customers
physical possession of an asset may indicate that the customer has the ability to
direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the
asset or to restrict the access of other entities to those benefits. However,
physical possession may not coincide with control of an asset. For example, in
some repurchase agreements and in some consignment arrangements, a
customer or consignee may have physical possession of an asset that the entity
controls. Conversely, in some bill-and-hold arrangements, the entity may have
physical possession of an asset that the customer controls. Paragraphs B64B76,
B77B78 and B79B82 provide guidance on accounting for repurchase
agreements, consignment arrangements and bill-and-hold arrangements,
respectively.

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(d) The customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset
the transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership of an asset to the
customer may indicate that the customer has obtained the ability to direct the use
of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset.
However, when evaluating the risks and rewards of ownership of a promised
asset, an entity shall exclude any risks that give rise to a separate performance
obligation in addition to the performance obligation to transfer the asset. For
example, an entity may have transferred control of an asset to a customer but not
yet satisfied an additional performance obligation to provide maintenance
services related to the transferred asset.
(e) The customer has accepted the assetthe customers acceptance of an asset
may indicate that it has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. To evaluate the effect
of a contractual customer acceptance clause on when control of an asset is
transferred, an entity shall consider the guidance in paragraphs B83B86.
Measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a

performance obligation
39 For each performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35
37, an entity shall recognise revenue over time by measuring the progress towards
complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. The objective when measuring
progress is to depict an entitys performance in transferring control of goods or services
promised to a customer (ie the satisfaction of an entitys performance obligation).
40 An entity shall apply a single method of measuring progress for each performance
obligation satisfied over time and the entity shall apply that method consistently to
similar performance obligations and in similar circumstances. At the end of each
reporting period, an entity shall remeasure its progress towards complete satisfaction of
a performance obligation satisfied over time.
Methods for measuring progress

41 Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods.
Paragraphs B14B19 provide guidance for using output methods and input methods to
measure an entitys progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.
In determining the appropriate method for measuring progress, an entity shall consider
the nature of the good or service that the entity promised to transfer to the customer.
42 When applying a method for measuring progress, an entity shall exclude from the
measure of progress any goods or services for which the entity does not transfer control
to a customer. Conversely, an entity shall include in the measure of progress any goods
or services for which the entity does transfer control to a customer when satisfying that
performance obligation.
43 As circumstances change over time, an entity shall update its measure of progress to
reflect any changes in the outcome of the performance obligation.

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Such changes to an entitys measure of progress shall be accounted for as a

change in accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
Reasonable measures of progress

44 An entity shall recognise revenue for a performance obligation satisfied over time only if
the entity can reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of the
performance obligation. An entity would not be able to reasonably measure its progress
towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation if it lacks reliable information
that would be required to apply an appropriate method of measuring progress.
45 In some circumstances (for example, in the early stages of a contract), an entity may not
be able to reasonably measure the outcome of a performance obligation, but the entity
expects to recover the costs incurred in satisfying the performance obligation. In those
circumstances, the entity shall recognise revenue only to the extent of the costs incurred
until such time that it can reasonably measure the outcome of the performance
obligation.
Measurement
46 When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, an entity shall recognise as

revenue the amount of the transaction price (which excludes estimates of variable
consideration that are constrained in accordance with paragraphs 5658) that is
allocated to that performance obligation.
Determining the transaction price

47 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business
practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of
consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring
promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of
third parties (for example, some sales taxes). The consideration promised in a
contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both.
48 The nature, timing and amount of consideration promised by a customer affect the
estimate of the transaction price. When determining the transaction price, an entity shall
consider the effects of all of the following:
(a) variable consideration (see paragraphs 5055 and 59);
(b) constraining estimates of variable consideration (see paragraphs 5658);
(c) the existence of a significant financing component in the contract (see

paragraphs 6065);
(d) non-cash consideration (see paragraphs 6669); and

(e) consideration payable to a customer (see paragraphs 7072).

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49 For the purpose of determining the transaction price, an entity shall assume that the
goods or services will be transferred to the customer as promised in accordance with the
existing contract and that the contract will not be cancelled, renewed or modified.
Variable consideration
50 If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity shall
estimate the amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for
transferring the promised goods or services to a customer.
51 An amount of consideration can vary because of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits,

price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, penalties or other similar items. The
promised consideration can also vary if an entitys entitlement to the consideration is
contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. For example, an
amount of consideration would be variable if either a product was sold with a right of
return or a fixed amount is promised as a performance bonus on achievement of a
specified milestone.
52 The variability relating to the consideration promised by a customer may be explicitly

stated in the contract. In addition to the terms of the contract, the promised consideration
is variable if either of the following circumstances exists:
(a) the customer has a valid expectation arising from an entitys customary business
practices, published policies or specific statements that the entity will accept an
amount of consideration that is less than the price stated in the contract. That is,
it is expected that the entity will offer a price concession. Depending on the
jurisdiction, industry or customer this offer may be referred to as a discount,
rebate, refund or credit.
(b) other facts and circumstances indicate that the entitys intention, when entering
into the contract with the customer, is to offer a price concession to the
customer.
53 An entity shall estimate an amount of variable consideration by using either of the

following methods, depending on which method the entity expects to better predict the
amount of consideration to which it will be entitled:
(a) The expected valuethe expected value is the sum of probability-weighted

amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts. An expected value may
be an appropriate estimate of the amount of variable consideration if an entity
has a large number of contracts with similar characteristics.
(b) The most likely amountthe most likely amount is the single most likely
amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (ie the single most likely
outcome of the contract). The most likely amount may be an appropriate
estimate of the amount of variable consideration if the contract has only two
possible outcomes (for example, an entity either achieves a performance bonus
or does not).

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54 An entity shall apply one method consistently throughout the contract when estimating
the effect of an uncertainty on an amount of variable consideration to which the entity
will be entitled. In addition, an entity shall consider all the information (historical,
current and forecast) that is reasonably available to the entity and shall identify a
reasonable number of possible consideration amounts. The information that an entity
uses to estimate the amount of variable consideration would typically be similar to the
information that the entitys management uses during the bid-and-proposal process and
in establishing prices for promised goods or services.
Refund liabilities
55 An entity shall recognise a refund liability if the entity receives consideration from a
customer and expects to refund some or all of that consideration to the customer. A
refund liability is measured at the amount of consideration received (or receivable) for
which the entity does not expect to be entitled (ie amounts not included in the transaction
price). The refund liability (and corresponding change in the transaction price and,
therefore, the contract liability) shall be updated at the end of each reporting period for
changes in circumstances. To account for a refund liability relating to a sale with a right
of return, an entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B20B27.
Constraining estimates of variable consideration

56 An entity shall include in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable
consideration estimated in accordance with paragraph 53 only to the extent that it is
highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue
recognised will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration
is subsequently resolved.
57 In assessing whether it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of

cumulative revenue recognised will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable
consideration is subsequently resolved, an entity shall consider both the likelihood and
the magnitude of the revenue reversal. Factors that could increase the likelihood or the
magnitude of a revenue reversal include, but are not limited to, any of the following:
(a) the amount of consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside the entitys
influence. Those factors may include volatility in a market, the judgement or
actions of third parties, weather conditions and a high risk of obsolescence of
the promised good or service.
(b) the uncertainty about the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved
for a long period of time.
(c) the entitys experience (or other evidence) with similar types of contracts is
limited, or that experience (or other evidence) has limited predictive value.
(d) the entity has a practice of either offering a broad range of price concessions or
changing the payment terms and conditions of similar contracts in similar
circumstances.

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(e) the contract has a large number and broad range of possible consideration
amounts.
58 An entity shall apply paragraph B63 to account for consideration in the form of a sales-
based or usage-based royalty that is promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual
property.
Reassessment of variable consideration

59 At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall update the estimated transaction price
(including updating its assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is
constrained) to represent faithfully the circumstances present at the end of the reporting
period and the changes in circumstances during the reporting period. The entity shall
account for changes in the transaction price in accordance with paragraphs 8790.
The existence of a significant financing component in the contract

60 In determining the transaction price, an entity shall adjust the promised amount of
consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments agreed
to by the parties to the contract (either explicitly or implicitly) provides the customer or
the entity with a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods or services to the
customer. In those circumstances, the contract contains a significant financing
component. A significant financing component may exist regardless of whether the
promise of financing is explicitly stated in the contract or implied by the payment terms
agreed to by the parties to the contract.
61 The objective when adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a significant
financing component is for an entity to recognise revenue at an amount that reflects the
price that a customer would have paid for the promised goods or services if the customer
had paid cash for those goods or services when (or as) they transfer to the customer (ie
the cash selling price). An entity shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances in
assessing whether a contract contains a financing component and whether that financing
component is significant to the contract, including both of the following:
(a) the difference, if any, between the amount of promised consideration and the
cash selling price of the promised goods or services; and
(b) the combined effect of both of the following:
(i) the expected length of time between when the entity transfers the
promised goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays
for those goods or services; and
(ii) the prevailing interest rates in the relevant market.
62 Notwithstanding the assessment in paragraph 61, a contract with a customer would not
have a significant financing component if any of the following factors exist:
(a) the customer paid for the goods or services in advance and the timing of the
transfer of those goods or services is at the discretion of the customer.

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(b) a substantial amount of the consideration promised by the customer is variable

and the amount or timing of that consideration varies on the basis of the
occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event that is not substantially within
the control of the customer or the entity (for example, if the consideration is a
sales-based royalty).
(c) the difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price of
the good or service (as described in paragraph 61) arises for reasons other than
the provision of finance to either the customer or the entity, and the difference
between those amounts is proportional to the reason for the difference. For
example, the payment terms might provide the entity or the customer with
protection from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its
obligations under the contract.
63 As a practical expedient, an entity need not adjust the promised amount of consideration
for the effects of a significant financing component if the entity expects, at contract
inception, that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service
to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or
less.
64 To meet the objective in paragraph 61 when adjusting the promised amount of

consideration for a significant financing component, an entity shall use the discount rate
that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the entity and its
customer at contract inception. That rate would reflect the credit characteristics of the
party receiving financing in the contract, as well as any collateral or security provided by
the customer or the entity, including assets transferred in the contract. An entity may be
able to determine that rate by identifying the rate that discounts the nominal amount of
the promised consideration to the price that the customer would pay in cash for the goods
or services when (or as) they transfer to the customer. After contract inception, an entity
shall not update the discount rate for changes in interest rates or other circumstances
(such as a change in the assessment of the customers credit risk).
65 An entity shall present the effects of financing (interest revenue or interest expense)
separately from revenue from contracts with customers in the statement of
comprehensive income. Interest revenue or interest expense is recognised only to the
extent that a contract asset (or receivable) or a contract liability is recognised in
accounting for a contract with a customer.
Non-cash consideration
66 To determine the transaction price for contracts in which a customer promises
consideration in a form other than cash, an entity shall measure the non-cash
consideration (or promise of non-cash consideration) at fair value.
67 If an entity cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the non-cash consideration, the
entity shall measure the consideration indirectly by reference to the stand-alone selling
price of the goods or services promised to the customer (or class of customer) in
exchange for the consideration.

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68 The fair value of the non-cash consideration may vary because of the form of the
consideration (for example, a change in the price of a share to which an entity is entitled
to receive from a customer). If the fair value of the non-cash
consideration promised by a customer varies for reasons other than only the form of the
consideration (for example, the fair value could vary because of the entitys
performance), an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 5658.
69 If a customer contributes goods or services (for example, materials, equipment or

labour) to facilitate an entitys fulfilment of the contract, the entity shall assess whether
it obtains control of those contributed goods or services. If so, the entity shall account
for the contributed goods or services as non-cash consideration received from the
customer.
Consideration payable to a customer

70 Consideration payable to a customer includes cash amounts that an entity pays, or
expects to pay, to the customer (or to other parties that purchase the entitys goods or
services from the customer). Consideration payable to a customer also includes credit or
other items (for example, a coupon or voucher) that can be applied against amounts
owed to the entity (or to other parties that purchase the entitys goods or services from
the customer). An entity shall account for consideration payable to a customer as a
reduction of the transaction price and, therefore, of revenue unless the payment to the
customer is in exchange for a distinct good or service (as described in paragraphs 2630)
that the customer transfers to the entity. If the consideration payable to a customer
includes a variable amount, an entity shall estimate the transaction price (including
assessing whether the estimate of variable consideration is constrained) in accordance
with paragraphs 5058.
71 If consideration payable to a customer is a payment for a distinct good or service from

the customer, then an entity shall account for the purchase of the good or service in the
same way that it accounts for other purchases from suppliers. If the amount of
consideration payable to the customer exceeds the fair value of the distinct good or
service that the entity receives from the customer, then the entity shall account for such
an excess as a reduction of the transaction price. If the entity cannot reasonably estimate
the fair value of the good or service received from the customer, it shall account for all
of the consideration payable to the customer as a reduction of the transaction price.
72 Accordingly, if consideration payable to a customer is accounted for as a reduction of

the transaction price, an entity shall recognise the reduction of revenue when (or as) the
later of either of the following events occurs:
(a) the entity recognises revenue for the transfer of the related goods or services to
the customer; and
(b) the entity pays or promises to pay the consideration (even if the payment is
conditional on a future event). That promise might be implied by the entitys
customary business practices.

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Allocating the transaction price to performance

obligations
73 The objective when allocating the transaction price is for an entity to allocate the
transaction price to each performance obligation (or distinct good or service) in an
amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be
entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the
customer.
74 To meet the allocation objective, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to each
performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price
basis in accordance with paragraphs 7680, except as specified in paragraphs 8183 (for
allocating discounts) and paragraphs 8486 (for allocating consideration that includes
variable amounts).
75 Paragraphs 7686 do not apply if a contract has only one performance obligation.
However, paragraphs 8486 may apply if an entity promises to transfer a series of
distinct goods or services identified as a single performance obligation in accordance
with paragraph 22(b) and the promised consideration includes variable amounts.
Allocation based on stand-alone selling prices

76 To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone
selling price basis, an entity shall determine the stand-alone selling price at contract
inception of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation in the
contract and allocate the transaction price in proportion to those stand-alone selling
prices.
77 The stand-alone selling price is the price at which an entity would sell a promised good
or service separately to a customer. The best evidence of a stand-alone selling price is the
observable price of a good or service when the entity sells that good or service separately
in similar circumstances and to similar customers. A contractually stated price or a list
price for a good or service may be (but shall not be presumed to be) the stand-alone
selling price of that good or service.
78 If a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate the stand-
alone selling price at an amount that would result in the allocation of the transaction
price meeting the allocation objective in paragraph 73. When estimating a stand-alone
selling price, an entity shall consider all information (including market conditions,
entity-specific factors and information about the customer or class of customer) that is
reasonably available to the entity. In doing so, an entity shall maximise the use of
observable inputs and apply estimation methods consistently in similar circumstances.
79 Suitable methods for estimating the stand-alone selling price of a good or service
include, but are not limited to, the following:
(a) Adjusted market assessment approachan entity could evaluate the market in
which it sells goods or services and estimate the price that a customer in that
market would be willing to pay for those goods or services. That approach might
also include referring to prices from the

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entitys competitors for similar goods or services and adjusting those

prices as necessary to reflect the entitys costs and margins.
(b) Expected cost plus a margin approachan entity could forecast its expected
costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin
for that good or service.
(c) Residual approachan entity may estimate the stand-alone selling price by
reference to the total transaction price less the sum of the observable stand-alone
selling prices of other goods or services promised in the contract. However, an
entity may use a residual approach to estimate, in accordance with paragraph 78,
the stand-alone selling price of a good or service only if one of the following
criteria is met:
(i) the entity sells the same good or service to different customers (at or
near the same time) for a broad range of amounts (ie the selling price is
highly variable because a representative stand-alone selling price is not
discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence); or
(ii) the entity has not yet established a price for that good or service and the
good or service has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis (ie
the selling price is uncertain).
80 A combination of methods may need to be used to estimate the stand-alone selling prices
of the goods or services promised in the contract if two or more of those goods or
services have highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling prices. For example, an
entity may use a residual approach to estimate the aggregate stand-alone selling price for
those promised goods or services with highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling
prices and then use another method to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the
individual goods or services relative to that estimated aggregate stand-alone selling price
determined by the residual approach. When an entity uses a combination of methods to
estimate the stand-alone selling price of each promised good or service in the contract,
the entity shall evaluate whether allocating the transaction price at those estimated stand-
alone selling prices would be consistent with the allocation objective in paragraph 73
and the requirements for estimating stand-alone selling prices in paragraph 78.
Allocation of a discount
81 A customer receives a discount for purchasing a bundle of goods or services if the sum
of the stand-alone selling prices of those promised goods or services in the contract
exceeds the promised consideration in a contract. Except when an entity has observable
evidence in accordance with paragraph 82 that the entire discount relates to only one or
more, but not all, performance obligations in a contract, the entity shall allocate a
discount proportionately to all performance obligations in the contract. The
proportionate allocation of the discount in those circumstances is a consequence of the
entity allocating the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the
relative stand-alone selling prices of the underlying distinct goods or services.

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82 An entity shall allocate a discount entirely to one or more, but not all, performance
obligations in the contract if all of the following criteria are met:
(a) the entity regularly sells each distinct good or service (or each bundle of distinct
goods or services) in the contract on a stand-alone basis;
(b) the entity also regularly sells on a stand-alone basis a bundle (or bundles) of
some of those distinct goods or services at a discount to the stand-alone selling
prices of the goods or services in each bundle; and
(c) the discount attributable to each bundle of goods or services described in

paragraph 82(b) is substantially the same as the discount in the contract and an
analysis of the goods or services in each bundle provides observable evidence of
the performance obligation (or performance obligations) to which the entire
discount in the contract belongs.
83 If a discount is allocated entirely to one or more performance obligations in the contract

in accordance with paragraph 82, an entity shall allocate the discount before using the
residual approach to estimate the stand-alone selling price of a good or service in
accordance with paragraph 79(c).
Allocation of variable consideration

84 Variable consideration that is promised in a contract may be attributable to the entire
contract or to a specific part of the contract, such as either of the following:
(a) one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract (for example, a
bonus may be contingent on an entity transferring a promised good or service
within a specified period of time); or
(b) one or more, but not all, distinct goods or services promised in a series of
distinct goods or services that forms part of a single performance obligation in
accordance with paragraph 22(b) (for example, the consideration promised for
the second year of a two-year cleaning service contract will increase on the basis
of movements in a specified inflation index).
85 An entity shall allocate a variable amount (and subsequent changes to that amount)
entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct good or service that
forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with
paragraph 22(b) if both of the following criteria are met:
(a) the terms of a variable payment relate specifically to the entitys efforts to
satisfy the performance obligation or transfer the distinct good or service (or to a
specific outcome from satisfying the performance obligation or transferring the
distinct good or service); and
(b) allocating the variable amount of consideration entirely to the performance

obligation or the distinct good or service is consistent with the allocation
objective in paragraph 73 when considering all of the performance obligations
and payment terms in the contract.
86 The allocation requirements in paragraphs 7383 shall be applied to allocate the

remaining amount of the transaction price that does not meet the criteria in paragraph 85.

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Changes in the transaction price

87 After contract inception, the transaction price can change for various reasons, including
the resolution of uncertain events or other changes in circumstances that change the
amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the
promised goods or services.
88 An entity shall allocate to the performance obligations in the contract any subsequent
changes in the transaction price on the same basis as at contract inception. Consequently,
an entity shall not reallocate the transaction price to reflect changes in stand-alone
selling prices after contract inception. Amounts allocated to a satisfied performance
obligation shall be recognised as revenue, or as a reduction of revenue, in the period in
which the transaction price changes.
89 An entity shall allocate a change in the transaction price entirely to one or more, but not
all, performance obligations or distinct goods or services promised in a series that forms
part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) only if the
criteria in paragraph 85 on allocating variable consideration are met.
90 An entity shall account for a change in the transaction price that arises as a result of a
contract modification in accordance with paragraphs 1821. However, for a change in
the transaction price that occurs after a contract modification, an entity shall apply
paragraphs 8789 to allocate the change in the transaction price in whichever of the
following ways is applicable:
(a) An entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the performance
obligations identified in the contract before the modification if, and to the extent
that, the change in the transaction price is attributable to an amount of variable
consideration promised before the modification and the modification is
accounted for in accordance with paragraph 21(a).
(b) In all other cases in which the modification was not accounted for as a separate
contract in accordance with paragraph 20, an entity shall allocate the change in
the transaction price to the performance obligations in the modified contract (ie
the performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied
immediately after the modification).
Contract costs
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract

91 An entity shall recognise as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract
with a customer if the entity expects to recover those costs.
92 The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those costs that an entity incurs to
obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not
been obtained (for example, a sales commission).

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93 Costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the
contract was obtained shall be recognised as an expense when incurred, unless those
costs are explicitly chargeable to the customer regardless of whether the contract is
obtained.
94 As a practical expedient, an entity may recognise the incremental costs of obtaining a

contract as an expense when incurred if the amortisation period of the asset that the
entity otherwise would have recognised is one year or less.
Costs to fulfil a contract

95 If the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer are not within the scope
of another Standard (for example, IAS 2 Inventories, IAS 16 Property, Plant and
Equipment or IAS 38 Intangible Assets), an entity shall recognise an asset from the
costs incurred to fulfil a contract only if those costs meet all of the following
criteria:
(a) the costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that the
entity can specifically identify (for example, costs relating to services to be
provided under renewal of an existing contract or costs of designing an
asset to be transferred under a specific contract that has not yet been
approved);
(b) the costs generate or enhance resources of the entity that will be used in
satisfying (or in continuing to satisfy) performance obligations in the
future; and
(c) the costs are expected to be recovered.
96 For costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer that are within the scope of
another Standard, an entity shall account for those costs in accordance with those other
Standards.
97 Costs that relate directly to a contract (or a specific anticipated contract) include any of
the following:
(a) direct labour (for example, salaries and wages of employees who provide the
promised services directly to the customer);
(b) direct materials (for example, supplies used in providing the promised services
to a customer);
(c) allocations of costs that relate directly to the contract or to contract activities (for
example, costs of contract management and supervision, insurance and
depreciation of tools, equipment and right-of-use assets used in fulfilling the
contract);
(d) costs that are explicitly chargeable to the customer under the contract; and
(e) other costs that are incurred only because an entity entered into the contract (for
example, payments to subcontractors).
98 An entity shall recognise the following costs as expenses when incurred:

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(a) general and administrative costs (unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to
the customer under the contract, in which case an entity shall evaluate those
costs in accordance with paragraph 97);
(b) costs of wasted materials, labour or other resources to fulfil the contract that
were not reflected in the price of the contract;
(c) costs that relate to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied
performance obligations) in the contract (ie costs that relate to past
performance); and
(d) costs for which an entity cannot distinguish whether the costs relate to
unsatisfied performance obligations or to satisfied performance obligations (or
partially satisfied performance obligations).
Amortisation and impairment

99 An asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 shall be amortised on a
systematic basis that is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or
services to which the asset relates. The asset may relate to goods or services to be
transferred under a specific anticipated contract (as described in paragraph 95(a)).
100 An entity shall update the amortisation to reflect a significant change in the entitys
expected timing of transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset
relates. Such a change shall be accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in
accordance with IAS 8.
101 An entity shall recognise an impairment loss in profit or loss to the extent that the
carrying amount of an asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 exceeds:
(a) the remaining amount of consideration that the entity expects to receive in
exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates; less
(b) the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have
not been recognised as expenses (see paragraph 97).
102 For the purposes of applying paragraph 101 to determine the amount of consideration
that an entity expects to receive, an entity shall use the principles for determining the
transaction price (except for the requirements in paragraphs 5658 on constraining
estimates of variable consideration) and adjust that amount to reflect the effects of the
customers credit risk.
103 Before an entity recognises an impairment loss for an asset recognised in accordance
with paragraph 91 or 95, the entity shall recognise any impairment loss for assets related
to the contract that are recognised in accordance with another Standard (for example,
IAS 2, IAS 16 and IAS 38). After applying the impairment test in paragraph 101, an
entity shall include the resulting carrying amount of the asset recognised in accordance
with paragraph 91 or 95 in the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit to which it
belongs for the purpose of applying IAS 36 Impairment of Assets to that cash-generating
unit.
104 An entity shall recognise in profit or loss a reversal of some or all of an impairment loss
previously recognised in accordance with paragraph 101 when

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the impairment conditions no longer exist or have improved. The increased carrying
amount of the asset shall not exceed the amount that would have been determined (net of
amortisation) if no impairment loss had been recognised previously.
Presentation
105 When either party to a contract has performed, an entity shall present the contract
in the statement of financial position as a contract asset or a contract liability,
depending on the relationship between the entitys performance and the customers
payment. An entity shall present any unconditional rights to consideration
separately as a receivable.
106 If a customer pays consideration, or an entity has a right to an amount of consideration

that is unconditional (ie a receivable), before the entity transfers a good or service to the
customer, the entity shall present the contract as a contract liability when the payment is
made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). A contract liability is an entitys
obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received
consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer.
107 If an entity performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer
pays consideration or before payment is due, the entity shall present the contract as a
contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as a receivable. A contract asset is an
entitys right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has
transferred to a customer. An entity shall assess a contract asset for impairment in
accordance with IFRS 9. An impairment of a contract asset shall be measured, presented
and disclosed on the same basis as a financial asset that is within the scope of IFRS 9
(see also paragraph 113(b)).
108 A receivable is an entitys right to consideration that is unconditional. A right to

consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of
that consideration is due. For example, an entity would recognise a receivable if it has a
present right to payment even though that amount may be subject to refund in the future.
An entity shall account for a receivable in accordance with IFRS 9. Upon initial
recognition of a receivable from a contract with a customer, any difference between the
measurement of the receivable in accordance with IFRS 9 and the corresponding amount
of revenue recognised shall be presented as an expense (for example, as an impairment
loss).
109 This Standard uses the terms contract asset and contract liability but does not prohibit
an entity from using alternative descriptions in the statement of financial position for
those items. If an entity uses an alternative description for a contract asset, the entity
shall provide sufficient information for a user of the financial statements to distinguish
between receivables and contract assets.
Disclosure
110 The objective of the disclosure requirements is for an entity to disclose sufficient
information to enable users of financial statements to

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understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows
arising from contracts with customers. To achieve that objective, an entity shall
disclose qualitative and quantitative information about all of the following:
(a) its contracts with customers (see paragraphs 113122);

(b) the significant judgements, and changes in the judgements, made
in applying this Standard to those contracts (see
paragraphs 123126); and
(c) any assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a
customer in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 (see paragraphs 127128).
111 An entity shall consider the level of detail necessary to satisfy the disclosure objective
and how much emphasis to place on each of the various requirements. An entity shall
aggregate or disaggregate disclosures so that useful information is not obscured by either
the inclusion of a large amount of insignificant detail or the aggregation of items that
have substantially different characteristics.
112 An entity need not disclose information in accordance with this Standard if it has
provided the information in accordance with another Standard.
Contracts with customers

113 An entity shall disclose all of the following amounts for the reporting period unless
those amounts are presented separately in the statement of comprehensive income in
accordance with other Standards:
(a) revenue recognised from contracts with customers, which the entity shall
disclose separately from its other sources of revenue; and
(b) any impairment losses recognised (in accordance with IFRS 9) on any
receivables or contract assets arising from an entitys contracts with customers,
which the entity shall disclose separately from impairment losses from other
contracts.
Disaggregation of revenue
114 An entity shall disaggregate revenue recognised from contracts with customers into
categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and
cash flows are affected by economic factors. An entity shall apply the guidance in
paragraphs B87B89 when selecting the categories to use to disaggregate revenue.
115 In addition, an entity shall disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial
statements to understand the relationship between the disclosure of disaggregated
revenue (in accordance with paragraph 114) and revenue information that is disclosed
for each reportable segment, if the entity applies IFRS 8 Operating Segments.
Contract balances
116 An entity shall disclose all of the following:

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(a) the opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract
liabilities from contracts with customers, if not otherwise separately presented or
disclosed;
(b) revenue recognised in the reporting period that was included in the contract
liability balance at the beginning of the period; and
(c) revenue recognised in the reporting period from performance obligations

satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods (for example, changes in
transaction price).
117 An entity shall explain how the timing of satisfaction of its performance obligations (see
paragraph 119(a)) relates to the typical timing of payment (see paragraph 119(b)) and the
effect that those factors have on the contract asset and the contract liability balances. The
explanation provided may use qualitative information.
118 An entity shall provide an explanation of the significant changes in the contract asset and
the contract liability balances during the reporting period. The explanation shall include
qualitative and quantitative information. Examples of changes in the entitys balances of
contract assets and contract liabilities include any of the following:
(a) changes due to business combinations;
(b) cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding

contract asset or contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change
in the measure of progress, a change in an estimate of the transaction price
(including any changes in the assessment of whether an estimate of variable
consideration is constrained) or a contract modification;
(c) impairment of a contract asset;
(d) a change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional
(ie for a contract asset to be reclassified to a receivable); and
(e) a change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (ie for the
recognition of revenue arising from a contract liability).
Performance obligations
119 An entity shall disclose information about its performance obligations in contracts with
customers, including a description of all of the following:
(a) when the entity typically satisfies its performance obligations (for example,
upon shipment, upon delivery, as services are rendered or upon completion of
service), including when performance obligations are satisfied in a bill-and-hold
arrangement;
(b) the significant payment terms (for example, when payment is typically due,
whether the contract has a significant financing component, whether the
consideration amount is variable and whether the estimate of variable
consideration is typically constrained in accordance with paragraphs 5658);

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(c) the nature of the goods or services that the entity has promised to transfer,
highlighting any performance obligations to arrange for another party to transfer
goods or services (ie if the entity is acting as an agent);
(d) obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations; and
(e) types of warranties and related obligations.
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance

obligations
120 An entity shall disclose the following information about its remaining performance
obligations:
(a) the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance
obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the
reporting period; and
(b) an explanation of when the entity expects to recognise as revenue the amount
disclosed in accordance with paragraph 120(a), which the entity shall disclose in
either of the following ways:
(i) on a quantitative basis using the time bands that would be most
appropriate for the duration of the remaining performance obligations;
or
(ii) by using qualitative information.
121 As a practical expedient, an entity need not disclose the information in paragraph 120 for
a performance obligation if either of the following conditions is met:
(a) the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected
duration of one year or less; or
(b) the entity recognises revenue from the satisfaction of the performance obligation
in accordance with paragraph B16.
122 An entity shall explain qualitatively whether it is applying the practical expedient in
paragraph 121 and whether any consideration from contracts with customers is not
included in the transaction price and, therefore, not included in the information disclosed
in accordance with paragraph 120. For example, an estimate of the transaction price
would not include any estimated amounts of variable consideration that are constrained
(see paragraphs 5658).
Significant judgements in the application of this

Standard
123 An entity shall disclose the judgements, and changes in the judgements, made in
applying this Standard that significantly affect the determination of the amount and
timing of revenue from contracts with customers. In particular, an entity shall explain
the judgements, and changes in the judgements, used in determining both of the
following:
(a) the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations (see
paragraphs 124125); and

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(b) the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations (see
paragraph 126).
Determining the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations

124 For performance obligations that an entity satisfies over time, an entity shall disclose
both of the following:
(a) the methods used to recognise revenue (for example, a description of the output
methods or input methods used and how those methods are applied); and
(b) an explanation of why the methods used provide a faithful depiction of the
transfer of goods or services.
125 For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, an entity shall disclose the
significant judgements made in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised
goods or services.
Determining the transaction price and the amounts allocated to

performance obligations
126 An entity shall disclose information about the methods, inputs and assumptions used for
all of the following:
(a) determining the transaction price, which includes, but is not limited to,
estimating variable consideration, adjusting the consideration for the effects of
the time value of money and measuring non-cash consideration;
(b) assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained;
(c) allocating the transaction price, including estimating stand-alone selling prices
of promised goods or services and allocating discounts and variable
consideration to a specific part of the contract (if applicable); and
(d) measuring obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations.
Assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a

contract with a customer
127 An entity shall describe both of the following:
(a) the judgements made in determining the amount of the costs incurred to obtain
or fulfil a contract with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95); and
(b) the method it uses to determine the amortisation for each reporting period.
128 An entity shall disclose all of the following:
(a) the closing balances of assets recognised from the costs incurred to obtain or
fulfil a contract with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95), by
main category of asset (for example, costs to obtain contracts with customers,
pre-contract costs and setup costs); and

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(b) the amount of amortisation and any impairment losses recognised in the
reporting period.
Practical expedients
129 If an entity elects to use the practical expedient in either paragraph 63 (about the
existence of a significant financing component) or paragraph 94 (about the incremental
costs of obtaining a contract), the entity shall disclose that fact.

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Appendix A
Defined terms
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard.
contract An agreement between two or more parties that creates
enforceable rights and obligations.
contract asset An entitys right to consideration in exchange for goods or
services that the entity has transferred to a customer when that
right is conditioned on something other than the passage of time
(for example, the entitys future performance).
contract liability An entitys obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer
for which the entity has received consideration (or the amount is
due) from the customer.
customer A party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services
that are an output of the entitys ordinary activities in exchange for
consideration.
income Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form
of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that
result in an increase in equity, other than those relating to contributions
from equity participants.
performance A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer

obligation either:
(a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is

distinct; or
(b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the

same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.
revenue Income arising in the course of an entitys ordinary activities.
stand-alone selling The price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service
price separately to a customer.
(of a good or service)
transaction price The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in

(for a contract with a exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer,
customer) excluding amounts collected on behalf of third
parties.

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Appendix B
Application Guidance
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. It describes the application of paragraphs 1129
and has the same authority as the other parts of the Standard.
B1 This application guidance is organised into the following categories:

(a) performance obligations satisfied over time (paragraphs B2B13);
(b) methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance

obligation (paragraphs B14B19);
(c) sale with a right of return (paragraphs B20B27);

(d) warranties (paragraphs B28B33);
(e) principal versus agent considerations (paragraphs B34B38);
(f) customer options for additional goods or services (paragraphs B39B43);
(g) customers unexercised rights (paragraphs B44B47);
(h) non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs)

(paragraphs B48B51);
(i) licensing (paragraphs B52B63B);
(j) repurchase agreements (paragraphs B64B76);

(k) consignment arrangements (paragraphs B77B78);
(l) bill-and-hold arrangements (paragraphs B79B82);
(m) customer acceptance (paragraphs B83B86); and
(n) disclosure of disaggregated revenue (paragraphs B87B89).
Performance obligations satisfied over time

B2 In accordance with paragraph 35, a performance obligation is satisfied over time
if one of the following criteria is met:
(a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the
entitys performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3B4);
(b) the entitys performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in
progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see
paragraph B5); or
(c) the entitys performance does not create an asset with an alternative use
to the entity (see paragraphs B6B8) and the entity has an enforceable right to
payment for performance completed to date (see paragraphs B9B13).
Simultaneous receipt and consumption of the benefits of the

entitys performance (paragraph 35(a))
B3 For some types of performance obligations, the assessment of whether a customer
receives the benefits of an entitys performance as the entity performs

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and simultaneously consumes those benefits as they are received will be

straightforward. Examples include routine or recurring services (such as a
cleaning service) in which the receipt and simultaneous consumption by the
customer of the benefits of the entitys performance can be readily identified.
B4 For other types of performance obligations, an entity may not be able to readily
identify whether a customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits
from the entitys performance as the entity performs. In those circumstances, a
performance obligation is satisfied over time if an entity determines that
another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work that the
entity has completed to date if that other entity were to fulfil the remaining
performance obligation to the customer. In determining whether another
entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work the entity has
completed to date, an entity shall make both of the following assumptions:
(a) disregard potential contractual restrictions or practical limitations that
otherwise would prevent the entity from transferring the remaining
performance obligation to another entity; and
(b) presume that another entity fulfilling the remainder of the performance
obligation would not have the benefit of any asset that is presently
controlled by the entity and that would remain controlled by the entity
if the performance obligation were to transfer to another entity.
Customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced

(paragraph 35(b))
B5 In determining whether a customer controls an asset as it is created or enhanced
in accordance with paragraph 35(b), an entity shall apply the requirements for
control in paragraphs 3134 and 38. The asset that is being created or enhanced
(for example, a work-in-progress asset) could be either tangible or intangible.
Entitys performance does not create an asset with an alternative

use (paragraph 35(c))
B6 In assessing whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity in accordance
with paragraph 36, an entity shall consider the effects of contractual restrictions
and practical limitations on the entitys ability to readily direct that asset for
another use, such as selling it to a different customer. The possibility of the
contract with the customer being terminated is not a relevant consideration in
assessing whether the entity would be able to readily direct the asset for another
use.
B7 A contractual restriction on an entitys ability to direct an asset for another use

must be substantive for the asset not to have an alternative use to the entity. A
contractual restriction is substantive if a customer could enforce its rights to the
promised asset if the entity sought to direct the asset for another use. In
contrast, a contractual restriction is not substantive if, for example, an asset is
largely interchangeable with other assets that the entity could transfer to
another customer without breaching the contract and without incurring
significant costs that otherwise would not have been incurred in relation to that
contract.

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B8 A practical limitation on an entitys ability to direct an asset for another use exists if an entity
would incur significant economic losses to direct the asset for another use. A significant
economic loss could arise because the entity either would incur significant costs to
rework the asset or would only be able to sell the asset at a significant loss. For example,
an entity may be practically limited from redirecting assets that either have design
specifications that are unique to a customer or are located in remote areas.
Right to payment for performance completed to date

(paragraph 35(c))
B9 In accordance with paragraph 37, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to
date if the entity would be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for
its performance completed to date in the event that the customer or another party
terminates the contract for reasons other than the entitys failure to perform as promised.
An amount that would compensate an entity for performance completed to date would
be an amount that approximates the selling price of the goods or services transferred to
date (for example, recovery of the costs incurred by an entity in satisfying the
performance obligation plus a reasonable profit margin) rather than compensation for
only the entitys potential loss of profit if the contract were to be terminated.
Compensation for a reasonable profit margin need not equal the profit margin expected
if the contract was fulfilled as promised, but an entity should be entitled to compensation
for either of the following amounts:
(a) a proportion of the expected profit margin in the contract that reasonably reflects
the extent of the entitys performance under the contract before termination by
the customer (or another party); or
(b) a reasonable return on the entitys cost of capital for similar contracts (or the
entitys typical operating margin for similar contracts) if the contract-specific
margin is higher than the return the entity usually generates from similar
contracts.
B10 An entitys right to payment for performance completed to date need not be a present
unconditional right to payment. In many cases, an entity will have an unconditional right
to payment only at an agreed-upon milestone or upon complete satisfaction of the
performance obligation. In assessing whether it has a right to payment for performance
completed to date, an entity shall consider whether it would have an enforceable right to
demand or retain payment for performance completed to date if the contract were to be
terminated before completion for reasons other than the entitys failure to perform as
promised.
B11 In some contracts, a customer may have a right to terminate the contract only at specified times
during the life of the contract or the customer might not have any right to terminate the
contract. If a customer acts to terminate a contract without having the right to terminate
the contract at that time (including when a customer fails to perform its obligations as
promised), the contract (or other laws) might entitle the entity to continue to transfer to
the customer the goods or services promised in the contract and require the customer to
pay the consideration promised in exchange for those goods or services. In those
circumstances, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to

IFRS 15
date because the entity has a right to continue to perform its obligations in accordance
with the contract and to require the customer to perform its obligations (which include
paying the promised consideration).
B12 In assessing the existence and enforceability of a right to payment for performance
completed to date, an entity shall consider the contractual terms as well as any legislation
or legal precedent that could supplement or override those contractual terms. This would
include an assessment of whether:
(a) legislation, administrative practice or legal precedent confers upon the entity a
right to payment for performance to date even though that right is not specified
in the contract with the customer;
(b) relevant legal precedent indicates that similar rights to payment for performance
completed to date in similar contracts have no binding legal effect; or
(c) an entitys customary business practices of choosing not to enforce a right to

payment has resulted in the right being rendered unenforceable in that legal
environment. However, notwithstanding that an entity may choose to waive its
right to payment in similar contracts, an entity would continue to have a right to
payment to date if, in the contract with the customer, its right to payment for
performance to date remains enforceable.
B13 The payment schedule specified in a contract does not necessarily indicate whether an
entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Although
the payment schedule in a contract specifies the timing and amount of consideration that
is payable by a customer, the payment schedule might not necessarily provide evidence
of the entitys right to payment for performance completed to date. This is because, for
example, the contract could specify that the consideration received from the customer is
refundable for reasons other than the entity failing to perform as promised in the
contract.
Methods for measuring progress towards complete

satisfaction of a performance obligation
B14 Methods that can be used to measure an entitys progress towards complete satisfaction
of a performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 3537
include the following:
(a) output methods (see paragraphs B15B17); and
(b) input methods (see paragraphs B18B19).
Output methods
B15 Output methods recognise revenue on the basis of direct measurements of the value to
the customer of the goods or services transferred to date relative to the remaining goods
or services promised under the contract. Output methods include methods such as
surveys of performance completed to date, appraisals of results achieved, milestones
reached, time elapsed and units produced or units delivered. When an entity evaluates
whether to apply an output method to measure its progress, the entity shall consider
whether the output selected would faithfully depict the entitys performance towards
complete satisfaction

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of the performance obligation. An output method would not provide a faithful depiction
of the entitys performance if the output selected would fail to measure some of the
goods or services for which control has transferred to the customer. For example, output
methods based on units produced or units delivered would not faithfully depict an
entitys performance in satisfying a performance obligation if, at the end of the reporting
period, the entitys performance has produced work in progress or finished goods
controlled by the customer that are not included in the measurement of the output.
B16 As a practical expedient, if an entity has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount
that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entitys performance
completed to date (for example, a service contract in which an entity bills a fixed
amount for each hour of service provided), the entity may recognise revenue in the
amount to which the entity has a right to invoice.
B17 The disadvantages of output methods are that the outputs used to measure progress may not be
directly observable and the information required to apply them may not be available to
an entity without undue cost. Therefore, an input method may be necessary.
Input methods
B18 Input methods recognise revenue on the basis of the entitys efforts or inputs to the satisfaction
of a performance obligation (for example, resources consumed, labour hours expended,
costs incurred, time elapsed or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs
to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. If the entitys efforts or inputs are
expended evenly throughout the performance period, it may be appropriate for the entity
to recognise revenue on a straight-line basis.
B19 A shortcoming of input methods is that there may not be a direct relationship between an
entitys inputs and the transfer of control of goods or services to a customer. Therefore,
an entity shall exclude from an input method the effects of any inputs that, in accordance
with the objective of measuring progress in paragraph 39, do not depict the entitys
performance in transferring control of goods or services to the customer. For instance,
when using a cost-based input method, an adjustment to the measure of progress may be
required in the following circumstances:
(a) When a cost incurred does not contribute to an entitys progress in satisfying the
performance obligation. For example, an entity would not recognise revenue on
the basis of costs incurred that are attributable to significant inefficiencies in the
entitys performance that were not reflected in the price of the contract (for
example, the costs of unexpected amounts of wasted materials, labour or other
resources that were incurred to satisfy the performance obligation).
(b) When a cost incurred is not proportionate to the entitys progress in satisfying
the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the best depiction of the
entitys performance may be to adjust the input method to recognise revenue
only to the extent of that cost incurred. For example, a faithful depiction of an
entitys performance might be to

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recognise revenue at an amount equal to the cost of a good used to satisfy a

performance obligation if the entity expects at contract inception that all of the
following conditions would be met:
(i) the good is not distinct;
(ii) the customer is expected to obtain control of the good significantly

before receiving services related to the good;
(iii) the cost of the transferred good is significant relative to the total
expected costs to completely satisfy the performance obligation; and
(iv) the entity procures the good from a third party and is not significantly
involved in designing and manufacturing the good (but the entity is
acting as a principal in accordance with paragraphs B34B38).
Sale with a right of return

B20 In some contracts, an entity transfers control of a product to a customer and also
grants the customer the right to return the product for various reasons (such as
dissatisfaction with the product) and receive any combination of the following:
(a) a full or partial refund of any consideration paid;

(b) a credit that can be applied against amounts owed, or that will be owed,
to the entity; and
(c) another product in exchange.
B21 To account for the transfer of products with a right of return (and for some
services that are provided subject to a refund), an entity shall recognise all of the
following:
(a) revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to
which the entity expects to be entitled (therefore, revenue would not be
recognised for the products expected to be returned);
(b) a refund liability; and
(c) an asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to
recover products from customers on settling the refund liability.
B22 An entitys promise to stand ready to accept a returned product during the
return period shall not be accounted for as a performance obligation in addition
to the obligation to provide a refund.
B23 An entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 4772 (including the
requirements for constraining estimates of variable consideration in
paragraphs 5658) to determine the amount of consideration to which the entity
expects to be entitled (ie excluding the products expected to be returned). For
any amounts received (or receivable) for which an entity does not expect to be
entitled, the entity shall not recognise revenue when it transfers products to
customers but shall recognise those amounts received (or receivable) as a refund
liability. Subsequently, at the end of each reporting period, the entity shall
update its assessment of amounts for which it expects to be entitled in exchange

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for the transferred products and make a corresponding change to the

transaction price and, therefore, in the amount of revenue recognised.
B24 An entity shall update the measurement of the refund liability at the end of each
reporting period for changes in expectations about the amount of refunds. An
entity shall recognise corresponding adjustments as revenue (or reductions of
revenue).
B25 An asset recognised for an entitys right to recover products from a customer on
settling a refund liability shall initially be measured by reference to the former
carrying amount of the product (for example, inventory) less any expected costs
to recover those products (including potential decreases in the value to the
entity of returned products). At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall
update the measurement of the asset arising from changes in expectations about
products to be returned. An entity shall present the asset separately from the
refund liability.
B26 Exchanges by customers of one product for another of the same type, quality,
condition and price (for example, one colour or size for another) are not
considered returns for the purposes of applying this Standard.
B27 Contracts in which a customer may return a defective product in exchange for a
functioning product shall be evaluated in accordance with the guidance on
warranties in paragraphs B28B33.
Warranties
B28 It is common for an entity to provide (in accordance with the contract, the law
or the entitys customary business practices) a warranty in connection with the
sale of a product (whether a good or service). The nature of a warranty can vary
significantly across industries and contracts. Some warranties provide a
customer with assurance that the related product will function as the parties
intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications. Other warranties
provide the customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the
product complies with agreed-upon specifications.
B29 If a customer has the option to purchase a warranty separately (for example,
because the warranty is priced or negotiated separately), the warranty is a
distinct service because the entity promises to provide the service to the
customer in addition to the product that has the functionality described in the
contract. In those circumstances, an entity shall account for the promised
warranty as a performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 2230 and
allocate a portion of the transaction price to that performance obligation in
B30 If a customer does not have the option to purchase a warranty separately, an
entity shall account for the warranty in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets unless the promised warranty, or a part
of the promised warranty, provides the customer with a service in addition to
the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications.
B31 In assessing whether a warranty provides a customer with a service in addition

to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, an
entity shall consider factors such as:

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(a) Whether the warranty is required by lawif the entity is required by law to
provide a warranty, the existence of that law indicates that the promised
warranty is not a performance obligation because such requirements typically
exist to protect customers from the risk of purchasing defective products.
(b) The length of the warranty coverage periodthe longer the coverage period, the
more likely it is that the promised warranty is a performance obligation because
it is more likely to provide a service in addition to the assurance that the product
complies with agreed-upon specifications.
(c) The nature of the tasks that the entity promises to performif it is necessary for
an entity to perform specified tasks to provide the assurance that a product
complies with agreed-upon specifications (for example, a return shipping
service for a defective product), then those tasks likely do not give rise to a
performance obligation.
B32 If a warranty, or a part of a warranty, provides a customer with a service in addition to

the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised
service is a performance obligation. Therefore, an entity shall allocate the transaction
price to the product and the service. If an entity promises both an assurance-type
warranty and a service-type warranty but cannot reasonably account for them separately,
the entity shall account for both of the warranties together as a single performance
obligation.
B33 A law that requires an entity to pay compensation if its products cause harm or damage
does not give rise to a performance obligation. For example, a manufacturer might sell
products in a jurisdiction in which the law holds the manufacturer liable for any damages
(for example, to personal property) that might be caused by a consumer using a product
for its intended purpose. Similarly, an entitys promise to indemnify the customer for
liabilities and damages arising from claims of patent, copyright, trademark or other
infringement by the entitys products does not give rise to a performance obligation. The
entity shall account for such obligations in accordance with IAS 37.
Principal versus agent considerations

B34 When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, the entity
shall determine whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide
the specified goods or services itself (ie the entity is a principal) or to arrange for those
goods or services to be provided by the other party (ie the entity is an agent). An entity
determines whether it is a principal or an agent for each specified good or service
promised to the customer. A specified good or service is a distinct good or service (or a
distinct bundle of goods or services) to be provided to the customer (see paragraphs 27
30). If a contract with a customer includes more than one specified good or service, an
entity could be a principal for some specified goods or services and an agent for others.
B34A To determine the nature of its promise (as described in paragraph B34), the entity shall:

IFRS 15
(a) identify the specified goods or services to be provided to the customer (which,
for example, could be a right to a good or service to be provided by another
party (see paragraph 26)); and
(b) assess whether it controls (as described in paragraph 33) each specified good or
service before that good or service is transferred to the customer.
B35 An entity is a principal if it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is
transferred to a customer. However, an entity does not necessarily control a specified
good if the entity obtains legal title to that good only momentarily before legal title is
transferred to a customer. An entity that is a principal may satisfy its performance
obligation to provide the specified good or service itself or it may engage another party
(for example, a subcontractor) to satisfy some or all of the performance obligation on its
behalf.
B35A When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, an entity that is a
principal obtains control of any one of the following:
(a) a good or another asset from the other party that it then transfers to the
customer.
(b) a right to a service to be performed by the other party, which gives the entity the
ability to direct that party to provide the service to the customer on the entitys
behalf.
(c) a good or service from the other party that it then combines with other goods or
services in providing the specified good or service to the customer. For example,
if an entity provides a significant service of integrating goods or services (see
paragraph 29(a)) provided by another party into the specified good or service for
which the customer has contracted, the entity controls the specified good or
service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. This is because
the entity first obtains control of the inputs to the specified good or service
(which includes goods or services from other parties) and directs their use to
create the combined output that is the specified good or service.
B35B When (or as) an entity that is a principal satisfies a performance obligation, the entity
recognises revenue in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be
entitled in exchange for the specified good or service transferred.
B36 An entity is an agent if the entitys performance obligation is to arrange for the provision of the
specified good or service by another party. An entity that is an agent does not control the
specified good or service provided by another party before that good or service is
transferred to the customer. When (or as) an entity that is an agent satisfies a
performance obligation, the entity recognises revenue in the amount of any fee or
commission to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for arranging for the specified
goods or services to be provided by the other party. An entitys fee or commission might
be the net amount of consideration that the entity retains after paying the other party the
consideration received in exchange for the goods or services to be provided by that
party.

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B37 Indicators that an entity controls the specified good or service before it is transferred to
the customer (and is therefore a principal (see paragraph B35)) include, but are not
limited to, the following:
(a) the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the
specified good or service. This typically includes responsibility for the
acceptability of the specified good or service (for example, primary
responsibility for the good or service meeting customer specifications). If the
entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified
good or service, this may indicate that the other party involved in providing the
specified good or service is acting on the entitys behalf.
(b) the entity has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been
transferred to a customer or after transfer of control to the customer (for
example, if the customer has a right of return). For example, if the entity
obtains, or commits itself to obtain, the specified good or service before
obtaining a contract with a customer, that may indicate that the entity has the
ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits
from, the good or service before it is transferred to the customer.
(c) the entity has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or
service. Establishing the price that the customer pays for the specified good or
service may indicate that the entity has the ability to direct the use of that good
or service and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits. However, an
agent can have discretion in establishing prices in some cases. For example, an
agent may have some flexibility in setting prices in order to generate additional
revenue from its service of arranging for goods or services to be provided by
other parties to customers.
B37A The indicators in paragraph B37 may be more or less relevant to the assessment of
control depending on the nature of the specified good or service and the terms and
conditions of the contract. In addition, different indicators may provide more persuasive
evidence in different contracts.
B38 If another entity assumes the entitys performance obligations and contractual rights in
the contract so that the entity is no longer obliged to satisfy the performance obligation
to transfer the specified good or service to the customer (ie the entity is no longer acting
as the principal), the entity shall not recognise revenue for that performance obligation.
Instead, the entity shall evaluate whether to recognise revenue for satisfying a
performance obligation to obtain a contract for the other party (ie whether the entity is
acting as an agent).
Customer options for additional goods or services

B39 Customer options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount
come in many forms, including sales incentives, customer award credits (or
points), contract renewal options or other discounts on future goods or services.
B40 If, in a contract, an entity grants a customer the option to acquire additional
goods or services, that option gives rise to a performance obligation in the

IFRS 15
contract only if the option provides a material right to the customer that it would not
receive without entering into that contract (for example, a discount that is incremental to
the range of discounts typically given for those goods or services to that class of
customer in that geographical area or market). If the option provides a material right to
the customer, the customer in effect pays the entity in advance for future goods or
services and the entity recognises revenue when those future goods or services are
transferred or when the option expires.
B41 If a customer has the option to acquire an additional good or service at a price that would reflect
the stand-alone selling price for that good or service, that option does not provide the
customer with a material right even if the option can be exercised only by entering into a
previous contract. In those cases, the entity has made a marketing offer that it shall
account for in accordance with this Standard only when the customer exercises the
option to purchase the additional goods or services.
B42 Paragraph 74 requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to performance obligations on a
relative stand-alone selling price basis. If the stand-alone selling price for a customers
option to acquire additional goods or services is not directly observable, an entity shall
estimate it. That estimate shall reflect the discount that the customer would obtain when
exercising the option, adjusted for both of the following:
(a) any discount that the customer could receive without exercising the option; and
(b) the likelihood that the option will be exercised.
B43 If a customer has a material right to acquire future goods or services and those goods or services
are similar to the original goods or services in the contract and are provided in
accordance with the terms of the original contract, then an entity may, as a practical
alternative to estimating the stand-alone selling price of the option, allocate the
transaction price to the optional goods or services by reference to the goods or services
expected to be provided and the corresponding expected consideration. Typically, those
types of options are for contract renewals.
Customers unexercised rights

B44 In accordance with paragraph 106, upon receipt of a prepayment from a customer, an entity shall
recognise a contract liability in the amount of the prepayment for its performance
obligation to transfer, or to stand ready to transfer, goods or services in the future. An
entity shall derecognise that contract liability (and recognise revenue) when it transfers
those goods or services and, therefore, satisfies its performance obligation.
B45 A customers non-refundable prepayment to an entity gives the customer a right to receive a
good or service in the future (and obliges the entity to stand ready to transfer a good or
service). However, customers may not exercise all of their contractual rights. Those
unexercised rights are often referred to as breakage.
B46 If an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount in a contract liability, the entity shall
recognise the expected breakage amount as revenue in proportion to the pattern of rights
exercised by the customer. If an entity does

IFRS 15
not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount, the entity shall recognise the expected
breakage amount as revenue when the likelihood of the customer exercising its
remaining rights becomes remote. To determine whether an entity expects to be entitled
to a breakage amount, the entity shall consider the requirements in paragraphs 5658 on
constraining estimates of variable consideration.
B47 An entity shall recognise a liability (and not revenue) for any consideration received that
is attributable to a customers unexercised rights for which the entity is required to remit
to another party, for example, a government entity in accordance with applicable
unclaimed property laws.
Non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs)

B48 In some contracts, an entity charges a customer a non-refundable upfront fee at or near
contract inception. Examples include joining fees in health club membership contracts,
activation fees in telecommunication contracts, setup fees in some services contracts and
initial fees in some supply contracts.
B49 To identify performance obligations in such contracts, an entity shall assess whether the
fee relates to the transfer of a promised good or service. In many cases, even though a
non-refundable upfront fee relates to an activity that the entity is required to undertake at
or near contract inception to fulfil the contract, that activity does not result in the transfer
of a promised good or service to the customer (see paragraph 25). Instead, the upfront
fee is an advance payment for future goods or services and, therefore, would be
recognised as revenue when those future goods or services are provided. The revenue
recognition period would extend beyond the initial contractual period if the entity grants
the customer the option to renew the contract and that option provides the customer with
a material right as described in paragraph B40.
B50 If the non-refundable upfront fee relates to a good or service, the entity shall evaluate
whether to account for the good or service as a separate performance obligation in
B51 An entity may charge a non-refundable fee in part as compensation for costs incurred in
setting up a contract (or other administrative tasks as described in paragraph 25). If those
setup activities do not satisfy a performance obligation, the entity shall disregard those
activities (and related costs) when measuring progress in accordance with paragraph
B19. That is because the costs of setup activities do not depict the transfer of services to
the customer. The entity shall assess whether costs incurred in setting up a contract have
resulted in an asset that shall be recognised in accordance with paragraph 95.
Licensing
B52 A licence establishes a customers rights to the intellectual property of an entity.
Licences of intellectual property may include, but are not limited to, licences of any of
the following:
(a) software and technology;
(b) motion pictures, music and other forms of media and entertainment;

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(c) franchises; and

(d) patents, trademarks and copyrights.
B53 In addition to a promise to grant a licence (or licences) to a customer, an entity

may also promise to transfer other goods or services to the customer. Those
promises may be explicitly stated in the contract or implied by an entitys
customary business practices, published policies or specific statements (see
paragraph 24). As with other types of contracts, when a contract with a
customer includes a promise to grant a licence (or licences) in addition to other
promised goods or services, an entity applies paragraphs 2230 to identify each
of the performance obligations in the contract.
B54 If the promise to grant a licence is not distinct from other promised goods or
services in the contract in accordance with paragraphs 2630, an entity shall
account for the promise to grant a licence and those other promised goods or
services together as a single performance obligation. Examples of licences that
are not distinct from other goods or services promised in the contract include
the following:
(a) a licence that forms a component of a tangible good and that is integral
to the functionality of the good; and
(b) a licence that the customer can benefit from only in conjunction with a
related service (such as an online service provided by the entity that
enables, by granting a licence, the customer to access content).
B55 If the licence is not distinct, an entity shall apply paragraphs 3138 to determine
whether the performance obligation (which includes the promised licence) is a
performance obligation that is satisfied over time or satisfied at a point in time.
B56 If the promise to grant the licence is distinct from the other promised goods or
services in the contract and, therefore, the promise to grant the licence is a
separate performance obligation, an entity shall determine whether the licence
transfers to a customer either at a point in time or over time. In making this
determination, an entity shall consider whether the nature of the entitys
promise in granting the licence to a customer is to provide the customer with
either:
(a) a right to access the entitys intellectual property as it exists throughout
the licence period; or
(b) a right to use the entitys intellectual property as it exists at the point in
time at which the licence is granted.
Determining the nature of the entitys promise

B57 [Deleted]
B58 The nature of an entitys promise in granting a licence is a promise to provide a

right to access the entitys intellectual property if all of the following criteria are
met:
(a) the contract requires, or the customer reasonably expects, that the entity
will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property
to which the customer has rights (see paragraphs B59 and B59A);

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(b) the rights granted by the licence directly expose the customer to any positive or
negative effects of the entitys activities identified in paragraph B58(a); and
(c) those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer
as those activities occur (see paragraph 25).
B59 Factors that may indicate that a customer could reasonably expect that an entity will
undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property include the entitys
customary business practices, published policies or specific statements. Although not
determinative, the existence of a shared economic interest (for example, a sales-based
royalty) between the entity and the customer related to the intellectual property to which
the customer has rights may also indicate that the customer could reasonably expect that
the entity will undertake such activities.
B59A An entitys activities significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer
has rights when either:
(a) those activities are expected to significantly change the form (for example, the
design or content) or the functionality (for example, the ability to perform a
function or task) of the intellectual property; or
(b) the ability of the customer to obtain benefit from the intellectual property is
substantially derived from, or dependent upon, those activities. For example, the
benefit from a brand is often derived from, or dependent upon, the entitys
ongoing activities that support or maintain the value of the intellectual property.
Accordingly, if the intellectual property to which the customer has rights has significant
stand-alone functionality, a substantial portion of the benefit of that intellectual property
is derived from that functionality. Consequently, the ability of the customer to obtain
benefit from that intellectual property would not be significantly affected by the entitys
activities unless those activities significantly change its form or functionality. Types of
intellectual property that often have significant stand-alone functionality include
software, biological compounds or drug formulas, and completed media content (for
example, films, television shows and music recordings).
B60 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are met, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a
licence as a performance obligation satisfied over time because the customer will
simultaneously receive and consume the benefit from the entitys performance of
providing access to its intellectual property as the performance occurs (see paragraph
35(a)). An entity shall apply paragraphs 3945 to select an appropriate method to
measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation to
provide access.
B61 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are not met, the nature of an entitys promise is to provide
a right to use the entitys intellectual property as that intellectual property exists (in
terms of form and functionality) at the point in time at which the licence is granted to the
customer. This means that the customer can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all
of the remaining benefits from, the licence at the point in time at which the licence
transfers. An entity shall account for the promise to provide a right to use the entitys
intellectual

IFRS 15
property as a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time. An entity shall apply

paragraph 38 to determine the point in time at which the licence transfers to the
customer. However, revenue cannot be recognised for a licence that provides a right to
use the entitys intellectual property before the beginning of the period during which the
customer is able to use and benefit from the licence. For example, if a software licence
period begins before an entity provides (or otherwise makes available) to the customer a
code that enables the customer to immediately use the software, the entity would not
recognise revenue before that code has been provided (or otherwise made available).
B62 An entity shall disregard the following factors when determining whether a licence provides a
right to access the entitys intellectual property or a right to use the entitys intellectual
property:
(a) Restrictions of time, geographical region or usethose restrictions define the

attributes of the promised licence, rather than define whether the entity satisfies
its performance obligation at a point in time or over time.
(b) Guarantees provided by the entity that it has a valid patent to intellectual
property and that it will defend that patent from unauthorised usea promise to
defend a patent right is not a performance obligation because the act of
defending a patent protects the value of the entitys intellectual property assets
and provides assurance to the customer that the licence transferred meets the
specifications of the licence promised in the contract.
Sales-based or usage-based royalties

B63 Notwithstanding the requirements in paragraphs 5659, an entity shall recognise revenue for a
sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual
property only when (or as) the later of the following events occurs:
(a) the subsequent sale or usage occurs; and
(b) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-
based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).
B63A The requirement for a sales-based or usage-based royalty in paragraph B63 applies when the
royalty relates only to a licence of intellectual property or when a licence of intellectual
property is the predominant item to which the royalty relates (for example, the licence of
intellectual property may be the predominant item to which the royalty relates when the
entity has a reasonable expectation that the customer would ascribe significantly more
value to the licence than to the other goods or services to which the royalty relates).
B63B When the requirement in paragraph B63A is met, revenue from a sales-based or usage-based
royalty shall be recognised wholly in accordance with paragraph B63. When the
requirement in paragraph B63A is not met, the requirements on variable consideration in
paragraphs 5059 apply to the sales-based or usage-based royalty.

IFRS 15
Repurchase agreements
B64 A repurchase agreement is a contract in which an entity sells an asset and also promises
or has the option (either in the same contract or in another contract) to repurchase the
asset. The repurchased asset may be the asset that was originally sold to the customer, an
asset that is substantially the same as that asset, or another asset of which the asset that
was originally sold is a component.
B65 Repurchase agreements generally come in three forms:

(a) an entitys obligation to repurchase the asset (a forward);
(b) an entitys right to repurchase the asset (a call option); and
(c) an entitys obligation to repurchase the asset at the customers request (a put
option).
A forward or a call option

B66 If an entity has an obligation or a right to repurchase the asset (a forward or a call
option), a customer does not obtain control of the asset because the customer is limited
in its ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits
from, the asset even though the customer may have physical possession of the asset.
Consequently, the entity shall account for the contract as either of the following:
(a) a lease in accordance with IFRS 16 Leases if the entity can or must repurchase
the asset for an amount that is less than the original selling price of the asset,
unless the contract is part of a sale and leaseback transaction. If the contract is
part of a sale and leaseback transaction, the entity shall continue to recognise the
asset and shall recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from
the customer. The entity shall account for the financial liability in accordance
with IFRS 9; or
(b) a financing arrangement in accordance with paragraph B68 if the entity can or
must repurchase the asset for an amount that is equal to or more than the original
selling price of the asset.
B67 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall consider the
time value of money.
B68 If the repurchase agreement is a financing arrangement, the entity shall continue to
recognise the asset and also recognise a financial liability for any consideration received
from the customer. The entity shall recognise the difference between the amount of
consideration received from the customer and the amount of consideration to be paid to
the customer as interest and, if applicable, as processing or holding costs (for example,
insurance).
B69 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and recognise
revenue.
A put option
B70 If an entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset at the customers request (a put
option) at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset,

IFRS 15
the entity shall consider at contract inception whether the customer has a
significant economic incentive to exercise that right. The customers exercising
of that right results in the customer effectively paying the entity consideration
for the right to use a specified asset for a period of time. Therefore, if the
customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the entity
shall account for the agreement as a lease in accordance with IFRS 16, unless the
contract is part of a sale and leaseback transaction. If the contract is part of a
sale and leaseback transaction, the entity shall continue to recognise the asset
and shall recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from the
customer. The entity shall account for the financial liability in accordance with
IFRS 9.
B71 To determine whether a customer has a significant economic incentive to

exercise its right, an entity shall consider various factors, including the
relationship of the repurchase price to the expected market value of the asset at
the date of the repurchase and the amount of time until the right expires. For
example, if the repurchase price is expected to significantly exceed the market
value of the asset, this may indicate that the customer has a significant
economic incentive to exercise the put option.
B72 If the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise its
right at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity
shall account for the agreement as if it were the sale of a product with a right of
return as described in paragraphs B20B27.
B73 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling
price and is more than the expected market value of the asset, the contract is in
effect a financing arrangement and, therefore, shall be accounted for as
described in paragraph B68.
B74 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling
price and is less than or equal to the expected market value of the asset, and the
customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise its right,
then the entity shall account for the agreement as if it were the sale of a product
with a right of return as described in paragraphs B20B27.
B75 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall
consider the time value of money.
B76 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and
recognise revenue.
Consignment arrangements
B77 When an entity delivers a product to another party (such as a dealer or a
distributor) for sale to end customers, the entity shall evaluate whether that
other party has obtained control of the product at that point in time. A product
that has been delivered to another party may be held in a consignment
arrangement if that other party has not obtained control of the product.
Accordingly, an entity shall not recognise revenue upon delivery of a product to
another party if the delivered product is held on consignment.
B78 Indicators that an arrangement is a consignment arrangement include, but are

not limited to, the following:

IFRS 15
(a) the product is controlled by the entity until a specified event occurs, such as the
sale of the product to a customer of the dealer or until a specified period expires;
(b) the entity is able to require the return of the product or transfer the product to a
third party (such as another dealer); and
(c) the dealer does not have an unconditional obligation to pay for the product
(although it might be required to pay a deposit).
Bill-and-hold arrangements
B79 A bill-and-hold arrangement is a contract under which an entity bills a customer for a
product but the entity retains physical possession of the product until it is transferred to
the customer at a point in time in the future. For example, a customer may request an
entity to enter into such a contract because of the customers lack of available space for
the product or because of delays in the customers production schedules.
B80 An entity shall determine when it has satisfied its performance obligation to transfer a
product by evaluating when a customer obtains control of that product (see paragraph
38). For some contracts, control is transferred either when the product is delivered to the
customers site or when the product is shipped, depending on the terms of the contract
(including delivery and shipping terms). However, for some contracts, a customer may
obtain control of a product even though that product remains in an entitys physical
possession. In that case, the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the product even though it has decided
not to exercise its right to take physical possession of that product. Consequently, the
entity does not control the product. Instead, the entity provides custodial services to the
customer over the customers asset.
B81 In addition to applying the requirements in paragraph 38, for a customer to have obtained
control of a product in a bill-and-hold arrangement, all of the following criteria must be
met:
(a) the reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive
(for example, the customer has requested the arrangement);
(b) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer;
(c) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer; and
(d) the entity cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another
customer.
B82 If an entity recognises revenue for the sale of a product on a bill-and-hold basis, the
entity shall consider whether it has remaining performance obligations (for example, for
custodial services) in accordance with paragraphs 2230 to which the entity shall
allocate a portion of the transaction price in accordance with paragraphs 7386.

IFRS 15
Customer acceptance
B83 In accordance with paragraph 38(e), a customers acceptance of an asset may indicate that the
customer has obtained control of the asset. Customer acceptance clauses allow a
customer to cancel a contract or require an entity to take remedial action if a good or
service does not meet agreed-upon specifications. An entity shall consider such clauses
when evaluating when a customer obtains control of a good or service.
B84 If an entity can objectively determine that control of a good or service has been transferred to
the customer in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then
customer acceptance is a formality that would not affect the entitys determination of
when the customer has obtained control of the good or service. For example, if the
customer acceptance clause is based on meeting specified size and weight
characteristics, an entity would be able to determine whether those criteria have been
met before receiving confirmation of the customers acceptance. The entitys experience
with contracts for similar goods or services may provide evidence that a good or service
provided to the customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the
contract. If revenue is recognised before customer acceptance, the entity still must
consider whether there are any remaining performance obligations (for example,
installation of equipment) and evaluate whether to account for them separately.
B85 However, if an entity cannot objectively determine that the good or service provided to the
customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then the
entity would not be able to conclude that the customer has obtained control until the
entity receives the customers acceptance. That is because in that circumstance the entity
cannot determine that the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service.
B86 If an entity delivers products to a customer for trial or evaluation purposes and the customer is
not committed to pay any consideration until the trial period lapses, control of the
product is not transferred to the customer until either the customer accepts the product or
the trial period lapses.
Disclosure of disaggregated revenue

B87 Paragraph 114 requires an entity to disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers into
categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and
cash flows are affected by economic factors. Consequently, the extent to which an
entitys revenue is disaggregated for the purposes of this disclosure depends on the facts
and circumstances that pertain to the entitys contracts with customers. Some entities
may need to use more than one type of category to meet the objective in paragraph 114
for disaggregating revenue. Other entities may meet the objective by using only one type
of category to disaggregate revenue.
B88 When selecting the type of category (or categories) to use to disaggregate revenue, an entity
shall consider how information about the entitys revenue has been presented for other
purposes, including all of the following:

IFRS 15
(a) disclosures presented outside the financial statements (for example, in earnings
releases, annual reports or investor presentations);
(b) information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for
evaluating the financial performance of operating segments; and
(c) other information that is similar to the types of information identified in

paragraph B88(a) and (b) and that is used by the entity or users of the entitys
financial statements to evaluate the entitys financial performance or make
resource allocation decisions.
B89 Examples of categories that might be appropriate include, but are not limited to,
all of the following:
(a) type of good or service (for example, major product lines);
(b) geographical region (for example, country or region);
(c) market or type of customer (for example, government and non-government

customers);
(d) type of contract (for example, fixed-price and time-and-materials contracts);
(e) contract duration (for example, short-term and long-term contracts);
(f) timing of transfer of goods or services (for example, revenue from goods or
services transferred to customers at a point in time and revenue from goods or
services transferred over time); and
(g) sales channels (for example, goods sold directly to consumers and goods sold
through intermediaries).

IFRS 15
Appendix C
Effective date and transition
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard and has the same authority as the other parts of
the Standard.
Effective date
C1 An entity shall apply this Standard for annual reporting periods beginning on or
after 1 January 2018. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies this
Standard earlier, it shall disclose that fact.
C1A IFRS 16 Leases, issued in January 2016, amended paragraphs 5, 97, B66 and B70.
An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies IFRS 16.
C1B Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued in April
2016, amended paragraphs 26, 27, 29, B1, B34B38, B52B53, B58, C2, C5 and C7,
deleted paragraph B57 and added paragraphs B34A, B35A, B35B, B37A, B59A,
B63A, B63B, C7A and C8A. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual
reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. Earlier application is
permitted. If an entity applies those amendments for an earlier period, it shall
disclose that fact.
Transition
C2 For the purposes of the transition requirements in paragraphs C3C8A:

(a) the date of initial application is the start of the reporting period in
which an entity first applies this Standard; and
(b) a completed contract is a contract for which the entity has transferred all
of the goods or services identified in accordance with IAS 11 Construction
Contracts, IAS 18 Revenue and related Interpretations.
C3 An entity shall apply this Standard using one of the following two methods:
(a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance
with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors,
subject to the expedients in paragraph C5; or
(b) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this

Standard recognised at the date of initial application in accordance with
paragraphs C7C8.
C4 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 28 of IAS 8, when this Standard

is first applied, an entity need only present the quantitative information
required by paragraph 28(f) of IAS 8 for the annual period immediately
preceding the first annual period for which this Standard is applied (the
immediately preceding period) and only if the entity applies this Standard
retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(a). An entity may also present
this information for the current period or for earlier comparative periods, but is not
required to do so.

IFRS 15
C5 An entity may use one or more of the following practical expedients when
applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(a):
(a) for completed contracts, an entity need not restate contracts that:
(i) begin and end within the same annual reporting period; or
(ii) are completed contracts at the beginning of the earliest period
presented.
(b) for completed contracts that have variable consideration, an entity may
use the transaction price at the date the contract was completed rather
than estimating variable consideration amounts in the comparative
reporting periods.
(c) for contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest
period presented, an entity need not retrospectively restate the contract
for those contract modifications in accordance with paragraphs 2021.
Instead, an entity shall reflect the aggregate effect of all of the
modifications that occur before the beginning of the earliest period
presented when:
(i) identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations;

(ii) determining the transaction price; and
(iii) allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied
performance obligations.
(d) for all reporting periods presented before the date of initial application,
an entity need not disclose the amount of the transaction price allocated
to the remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when
the entity expects to recognise that amount as revenue (see
paragraph 120).
C6 For any of the practical expedients in paragraph C5 that an entity uses, the
entity shall apply that expedient consistently to all contracts within all
reporting periods presented. In addition, the entity shall disclose all of the
following information:
(a) the expedients that have been used; and
(b) to the extent reasonably possible, a qualitative assessment of the
estimated effect of applying each of those expedients.
C7 If an entity elects to apply this Standard retrospectively in accordance with

paragraph C3(b), the entity shall recognise the cumulative effect of initially
applying this Standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained
earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) of the annual reporting
period that includes the date of initial application. Under this transition
method, an entity may elect to apply this Standard retrospectively only to
contracts that are not completed contracts at the date of initial application (for
example, 1 January 2018 for an entity with a 31 December year-end).
C7A An entity applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with

paragraph C3(b) may also use the practical expedient described in
paragraph C5(c), either:

IFRS 15
(a) for all contract modifications that occur before the beginning of the
earliest period presented; or
(b) for all contract modifications that occur before the date of initial
application.
If an entity uses this practical expedient, the entity shall apply the expedient
consistently to all contracts and disclose the information required by
paragraph C6.
C8 For reporting periods that include the date of initial application, an entity shall
provide both of the following additional disclosures if this Standard is applied
retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b):
(a) the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected in
the current reporting period by the application of this Standard as
compared to IAS 11, IAS 18 and related Interpretations that were in effect
before the change; and
(b) an explanation of the reasons for significant changes identified in C8(a).
C8A An entity shall apply Clarifications to IFRS 15 (see paragraph C1B) retrospectively in
accordance with IAS 8. In applying the amendments retrospectively, an entity
shall apply the amendments as if they had been included in IFRS 15 at the date
of initial application. Consequently, an entity does not apply the amendments
to reporting periods or to contracts to which the requirements of IFRS 15 are not
applied in accordance with paragraphs C2C8. For example, if an entity applies
IFRS 15 in accordance with paragraph C3(b) only to contracts that are not
completed contracts at the date of initial application, the entity does not restate
the completed contracts at the date of initial application of IFRS 15 for the
effects of these amendments.
References to IFRS 9
C9 If an entity applies this Standard but does not yet apply IFRS 9 Financial
Instruments, any reference in this Standard to IFRS 9 shall be read as a reference
to IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.
Withdrawal of other Standards
C10 This Standard supersedes the following Standards:

(a) IAS 11 Construction Contracts;
(b) IAS 18 Revenue;
(c) IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes;
(d) IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate;
(e) IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers; and
(f) SIC-31 RevenueBarter Transactions Involving Advertising Services.

IFRS 15
Appendix D
Amendments to other Standards
This Appendix describes the amendments to other Standards that the IASB made when it
finalised IFRS 15. An entity shall apply the amendments for annual periods beginning on or
after 1 January 2018. If an entity applies IFRS 15 for an earlier period, these amendments shall
be applied for that earlier period.
*****
The amendments contained in this appendix when this Standard was issued in 2014 have been
incorporated into the text of the relevant Standards included in this volume.

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IFRS 15

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS Foundation A661

FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS

APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS 15 ISSUED IN MAY 2014

A662 IFRS Foundation

Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers issued in

IFRS Foundation A663

International Financial Reporting Standard 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

A664 IFRS Foundation

International Financial Reporting Standard 15

Meeting the objective

(a) lease contracts within the scope of IFRS 16 Leases;

(d) non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to

IFRS Foundation A665

Identifying the contract

A666 IFRS Foundation

13 If a contract with a customer meets the criteria in paragraph 9 at contract inception, an

IFRS Foundation A667

A668 IFRS Foundation

21 If a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with

(i) the consideration promised by the customer (including amounts already

(ii) the consideration promised as part of the contract modification.

IFRS Foundation A669

(either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) at the date of the contract

Identifying performance obligations

(a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or

Promises in contracts with customers

A670 IFRS Foundation

Distinct goods or services

(a) sale of goods produced by an entity (for example, inventory of a manufacturer);

(b) resale of goods purchased by an entity (for example, merchandise of a retailer);

(d) performing a contractually agreed-upon task (or tasks) for a customer;

(h) constructing, manufacturing or developing an asset on behalf of a customer;

(i) granting licences (see paragraphs B52B63B); and

27 A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if both of the following

IFRS Foundation A671

29 In assessing whether an entitys promises to transfer goods or services to the customer

Satisfaction of performance obligations

A672 IFRS Foundation

32 For each performance obligation identified in accordance with

(b) using the asset to enhance the value of other assets;

Performance obligations satisfied over time

IFRS Foundation A673

performance obligation. Paragraphs B6B8 provide guidance for

Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time

A674 IFRS Foundation

Measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a

Methods for measuring progress

IFRS Foundation A675

Such changes to an entitys measure of progress shall be accounted for as a

Reasonable measures of progress

46 When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, an entity shall recognise as

Determining the transaction price

(b) constraining estimates of variable consideration (see paragraphs 5658);

(c) the existence of a significant financing component in the contract (see

(d) non-cash consideration (see paragraphs 6669); and

A676 IFRS Foundation

51 An amount of consideration can vary because of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits,