60

The theory of matrices and

determinants

60.1 Matrix notation 60.2 Addition, subtraction and

multiplication of matrices
Matrices and determinants are mainly used for the
solution of linear simultaneous equations. The the- (i) Addition of matrices
ory of matrices and determinants is dealt with in this
chapter and this theory is then used in Chapter 60 Corresponding elements in two matrices may be
to solve simultaneous equations. added to form a single matrix.
The coefcients of the variables for linear simulta-
neous equations may be shown in matrix form. The Problem 1. Add the matrices
coefcients of x and y in the simultaneous equations    
2 1 3 0
(a) and and
x C 2y D 3 7 4 7 4
   
4x  5y D 6 3 1 4 2 7 5
  (b) 4 3 1 and 2 1 0 .
become
1 2
in matrix notation. 1 4 3 6 3 4
4 5
Similarly, the coefcients of p, q and r in the (a) Adding the corresponding elements gives:
equations    
2 1 3 0
C
1.3p  2.0q C r D 7 7 4 7 4
 
2 C 3 1 C 0
3.7p C 4.8q  7r D 3 D
7 C 7 4 C 4
4.1p C 3.8q C 12r D 6  
1 1
  D
1.3 2.0 1 0 0
become 3.7 4.8 7 in matrix form. (b) Adding the corresponding elements gives:
4.1 3.8 12    
3 1 4 2 7 5
The numbers within a matrix are called an array 4 3 1 C 2 1 0
and the coefcients forming the array are called the 1 4 3 6 3 4
elements of the matrix. The number of rows in a  
matrix is usually specied by m and the number 3C2 1 C 7 4 C 5
of columns by n and amatrix referred to as an D 4 C 2 3 C 1 1C0
 1C6 4 C 3 3 C 4
2 3 6
m by n matrix. Thus, is a 2 by 3  
4 5 7 5 8 9
matrix. Matrices cannot be expressed as a single D 2 4 1
numerical value, but they can often be simplied 7 7 1
or combined, and unknown element values can be
determined by comparison methods. Just as there
are rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication and (ii) Subtraction of matrices
division of numbers in arithmetic, rules for these
operations can be applied to matrices and the rules If A is a matrix and B is another matrix, then (AB)
of matrices are such that they obey most of those is a single matrix formed by subtracting the elements
governing the algebra of numbers. of B from the corresponding elements of A.
 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 505

 
3 C 2  1 0 C 1  0
D
Problem 2. Subtract 7 C 7  2 4 C 4  4
     
3 0 2 1 2 1
(a) from and D
7 4 7 4 2 4
as obtained previously
   
2 7 5 3 1 4
(b) 2 1 0 from 4 3 1 .
6 3 4 1 4 3 (iii) Multiplication

When a matrix is multiplied by a number, called

To nd matrix A minus matrix B, the elements of scalar multiplication, a single matrix results in
B are taken from the corresponding elements of A. which each element of the original matrix has been
Thus: multiplied by the number.
   
2 1 3 0
(a)  
7 4 7 4 3 0
  Problem 4. If A D ,
2  3 1  0 7 4
D    
7  7 4  4 2 1 1 0
  BD and C D nd
5 1 7 4 2 4
D
14 8 2A  3B C 4C.
   
3 1 4 2 7 5 For scalar multiplication, each element is multiplied
(b) 4 3 1  2 1 0 by the scalar quantity, hence
1 4 3 6 3 4    
  3 0 6 0
32 17 4  5 2A D 2 D ,
7 4 14 8
D 4  2 3  1 10    
16 43 3  4 2 1 6 3
  3B D 3 D
1 6 1 7 4 21 12
   
D 6 2 1 1 0 4 0
and 4C D 4 D
5 1 7 2 4 8 16
Hence 2A  3B C 4C
Problem 3. If      
    6 0 6 3 4 0
3 0 2 1 D  C
AD , BD and 14 8 21 12 8 16
7 4 7 4
   
6  6 C 4 0  3 C 0
CD
1 0
nd A C B  C. D
2 4 14  21 C 8 8  12 C 16
 
8 3
D
  27 36
1 1
ACBD
0 0
(from Problem 1) When a matrix A is multiplied by another matrix B, a
    single matrix results in which elements are obtained
1 1 1 0
Hence, ACBCD  from the sum of the products of the corresponding
0 0 2 4 rows of A and the corresponding columns of B.
 
1  1 1  0 Two matrices A and B may be multiplied together,
D
0  2 0  4 provided the number of elements in the rows of
  matrix A are equal to the number of elements in
2 1
D the columns of matrix B. In general terms, when
2 4 multiplying a matrix of dimensions (m by n) by a
Alternatively A C B  C matrix of dimensions (n by r), the resulting matrix
has dimensions (m by r). Thus a 2 by 3 matrix
     
3 0 2 1 1 0 multiplied by a 3 by 1 matrix gives a matrix of
D C 
7 4 7 4 2 4 dimensions 2 by 1.
506 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

   
2 3 3 4 0
Problem 5. If A D and Problem 7. If A D 2 6 3 and
  1 4
5 7   7 4 1
BD nd A B. 2 5
3 4
BD 5 6 , nd A B.
1 7
 
C11 C12
Let A B D C where C D The sum of the products of the elements of each row
C21 C22
C11 is the sum of the products of the rst row of the rst matrix and the elements of each column
of the second matrix are taken one at a time. Thus:
elements of A and the rst column elements of B    
taken one at a time, 3 4 0 2 5
2 6 3 5 6
i.e. C11 D 2 5 C 3 3 D 19 7 4 1 1 7
[3 2 [3 5
C12 is the sum of the products of the rst row
elements of A and the second column elements of C4 5 C4 6
C0 1] C0 7]
B, taken one at a time,

i.e. C12 D 2 7 C 3 4 D 26 [2 2 [2 5

D C6 5 C6 6
C21 is the sum of the products of the second row C3 1] C3 7]

elements of A and the rst column elements of B,
[7 2 [7 5
taken one at a time,
C4 5 C4 6
i.e. C21 D 1 5 C 4 3 D 7 C1 1] C1 7]
 
Finally, C22 is the sum of the products of the second 26 39
row elements of A and the second column elements D 29 5
of B, taken one at a time, 7 18
i.e. C22 D 1 7 C 4 4 D 9
  Problem 8. Determine
19 26    
Thus, A B = 1 0 3 2 2 0
7 9
2 1 2 1 3 2 .
1 3 1 3 2 0
Problem 6. Simplify
    The sum of the products of the elements of each row
3 4 0 2 of the rst matrix and the elements of each column
2 6 3 5 . of the second matrix are taken one at a time. Thus:
7 4 1 1    
1 0 3 2 2 0
2 1 2 1 3 2
The sum of the products of the elements of each row 1 3 1 3 2 0
of the rst matrix and the elements of the second [1 2 [1 2 [1 0
matrix, (called a column matrix), are taken one at C0 1 C0 3 C0 2
a time. Thus: C3 3] C3 2] C3 0]

   
3 4 0 2 [2 2 [2 2 [2 0

2 6 3 5 D C1 1 C1 3 C1 2
C2 3] C2 2] C2 0]
7 4 1 1

3 2 C 4 5 C 0 1 [1 2 [1 2 [1 0

C3 1 C3 3 C3 2
D 2 2 C 6 5 C 3 1 C1 3] C1 2] C1 0]
7 2 C 4 5 C 1 1  
  11 8 0
26 D 11 11 2
D 29 8 13 6
7
 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 507

3
In algebra, the commutative law of multiplication  
states that a b D b a. For matrices, this law is 3.1 2.4 6.4
4
only true in a few special cases, and in general AB FD 1.6 3.8 1.9 GD
5.3 3.4 4.8 2
is not equal to B A. 1
5
   
    4 1 0
Problem 9. If A D
2 3 2
1 0
and HD J D 11 K D 0 1
  5
2 3 7 1 0
BD show that A B 6D B A.
0 1
Addition, subtraction and multiplication
   
2 3 2 3
AB D In Problems 1 to 12, perform the matrix oper-
1 0 0 1
 ation stated.
[2 2 C 3 0] [2 3 C 3 1]
D 1 1
[1 2 C 0 0] [1 3 C 0 1] 3 
  2 3
4 9 1. A C B
D 1 2
2 3 4 6
    3 5
BAD
2 3

2 3 1
0 1 1 0 7 1 6
 2
[2 2 C 3 1] [2 3 C 3 0] 1
D 2. D C E 7
[0 2 C 1 1] [0 3 C 1 0] 3 3 3

  2
7 6 4 7 3
D 5
1 0
1 2
    2 1
4 9 7 6
Since 6D , then A B 6= B A 2 3
2 3 1 0 3. A  B
2 3
3 7
3 5
Now try the following exercise  
4.8 7.73P
4. A C B  C
6.83P 10.3
Exercise 201 Further problems on addi-
 
tion, subtraction and multi- 18.0 1.0
5. 5A C 6B
plication of matrices 22.0 31.4
In Problems 1 to 13, the matrices A to K are: 6. 2D C 3E  4F
1  
2 4.6 5.6 12.1
  17.4 9.2 28.6
3 1 3
AD BD 2 14.2 0.4 13.0
4 7 1 3
   
3 5 11
  7. AH
1.3 7.4 43
CD
2.5 3.9 5 3
  1 2
4 7 6 6 5
D D 2 4 0 8. AB
1 13
5 7 4 4 6
3 15
1  
3 6 6.4 26.1
2 9. AC
22.7 56.9
2
ED 5  7  
3 135

5 10. DJ 52
1 0 85
3
508 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1
 
3 6  1 C j j2 
2 Evaluate 
1  j4 
Problem 11.
j3
11. E K 12  2
3
 
2  1 C j j2 
  D 1 C j1  j4  j2j3
1  j4 
0
5 j3
 
55.4 3.4 10.1 D 1  j4 C j  j2 4 C j2 6
12. D F 12.6 10.4 20.4
16.9 25.0 37.9 D 1  j4 C j  4 C 6
since from Chapter 34, j2 D 1
13. Show that A C 6D C A
  D 1  j4 C j C 4  6
6.4 26.1
ACD D 1 j 3
22.7 56.9
 
C A D 33.5 53.1
23.1 29.8  6 
 5 30 26 60 
Evaluate  6
46 90 
Problem 12.
Hence they are not equal 3 60

 6 
 5 30 26 60 
 6 D 56 30 46 90 
3 60 46 90 
60.3 The unit matrix  26 60 36 60 
A unit matrix, I, is one in which all elements of D 206 60   66 0 
the leading diagonal (n) have a value of 1 and all D 10  j17.32  6 C j0
other elements have a value of 0. Multiplication of
a matrix by I is the equivalent of multiplying by 1 D .4 j 17.32/ or 17.786 77
in arithmetic.

Now try the following exercise

60.4 The determinant of a 2 by 2
matrix Exercise 202 Further problems on 2 by 2
determinants
 
a b  
The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix, is 3 1
c d 1. Calculate the determinant of
dened as (ad  bc). 4 7
The elements of the determinant of a matrix are [17]
written
 between vertical lines.
 Thus, the determinant 2. Calculate the determinant of
3 4  3 4  1 2
is written as 
6
of and is equal to  
1 6 1
3 6  4 1, i.e. 18  4 or 22. Hence the 2 3 7

determinant of a matrix 1 3 90
 can be expressed as a single  
 3 4  3 5
numerical value, i.e.  D 22.
1 6 3. Calculate the determinant of
 
1.3 7.4
[13.43]
Problem 10. Determine the value of 2.5 3.9
   
 3 2   j2 j3 
Evaluate  [5 C j3]
j 
4.

7 4 1 C j
 6 
 2 40 56 20 
Evaluate  6
7 32 46 117 
5.
 
3 2   
 D 3 4  2 7 19.75 C j19.79
7 4 6
or 27.95 134.95
D 12  14 D 26
 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 509

(iii) multiplying this new matrix

 by
 the reciprocal
60.5 The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 p q
by 2 matrix of the determinant of .
r s
 
1 2
Thus the inverse of matrix is
The inverse of matrix A is A1 such that AA1 D I, 3 4

1
the unit matrix.  
1 2 1  4 2  2
Let matrix A be and let the inverse matrix, D 3 1
  3 4 4  6 3 1 
a b
A1 be . 2 2
c d
as obtained previously.
Then, since A A1 D I,
     
1 2 a b 1 0
D Problem 13. Determine the inverse of
3 4 c d 0 1
 
Multiplying the matrices on the left hand side, gives 3 2
    7 4
a C 2c b C 2d 1 0
D
3a C 4c 3b C 4d 0 1  
p q
Equating corresponding elements gives: The inverse of matrix is obtained by inter-
r s
b C 2d D 0, i.e. b D 2d changing the positions of p and s, changing the signs
of q and r and
 multiplying
 by the reciprocal of the
4 p q
determinant 
3a C 4c D 0, i.e. a D  c r s
and . Thus, the inverse of
3
   
Substituting for a and b gives: 3 2 1 4 2
D
4 7 4 3 4  2 7 7 3
 c C 2c 2d C 2d   2
 3 1 0 1
4 D  
0 1 1 4 2 13 13
3  c C 4c 32d C 4d D D
3 26 7 3 7 3
2 
  26 26
c 0 1 0
i.e. 3 D
0 1
0 2d Now try the following exercise
2 3
showing that c D 1, i.e. c D and 2d D 1, i.e. Exercise 203 Further problems on the
3 2
1 inverse of 2 by 2 matrices
dD .  
2 3 1
4 1. Determine the inverse of
Since b D 2d, b D 1 and since a D  c, a D 2. 4 7
3
    7 1
1 2 a b 17 17
Thus the inverse of matrix is that
  3 4 c d 4
2 1 3
is, 3 1 . 17 17

2 2 1 2
There is, however, a quicker method of obtaining 2 3
the inverse of a 2 by 2 matrix. 2. Determine the inverse of
1 3
   
p q 3 5
For any matrix the inverse may be
r s 5 4
obtained by:
7 17 8
7

(i) interchanging the positions of p and s, 2 3
4 6
(ii) changing the signs of q and r, and 7 7
510 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

 
1.3 7.4 The value of this determinant is the sum of the
3. Determine the inverse of
2.5 3.9 products of the elements and their cofactors, of any
  0.290 0.551   row or of any column. If the second row or second
0.186 0.097 column is selected, the element 0 will make the
product of the element and its cofactor zero and
correct to 3 dec. places reduce the amount of arithmetic to be done to a
minimum.
Supposing a second row expansion is selected.
The minor of 2 is the value of the determinant
60.6 The determinant of a 3 by 3 remaining when the row and column containing
matrix the 2 (i.e. the second row and the rst column),
is
 covered up. Thus the cofactor of element 2 is
(i) The minor of an element of a 3 by 3 matrix is  4 1 
 i.e. 11. The sign of element 2 is minus,
the value of the 2 by 2 determinant obtained 3 2 
by covering up the row and column containing (see (ii) above), hence the cofactor of element 2, (the
that element. signed-minor)
 is C11.
 Similarly the minor of ele-
  3 4
ment 7 is  i.e. 13, and its cofactor is C13.
1 2 3 1 3 
Thus for the matrix 4 5 6 the minor Hence the value of the sum of the products of the
7 8 9 elements and their cofactors is 2 11 C 7 13, i.e.,
of element 4 is obtained  bycovering the row  
1 3 4 1 
 
(4 5 6) and the column 4 , leaving the 2 by 2 0 7  D 211 C 0 C 713 D 113
 1 3 2 
  7
2 3
determinant  , i.e. the minor of element The same result will be obtained whichever row or
8 9
4 is 2 9  3 8 D 6. column is selected. For example, the third column
expansion is
(ii) The sign of a minor depends on its position      
2 0 3 4 3 4
1   7  C 2 
2 0
within
 the matrix,
 the sign pattern being
C  C 1 3 1 3
 C  . Thus the signed-minor of D 6 C 91 C 16 D 113, as obtained previously.
C  C  
1 2 3  
element 4 in the matrix 4 5 6 is  1 4 3 
 
7 8 9 Problem 15. Evaluate  5 2 6
   1
2 3 4 2
 D 6 D 6.
8 9
 
The signed-minor of an element is called the  1 4 3 
 
cofactor of the element. Using the rst row:  52 6
 1
4 2
(iii) The value of a 3 by 3 determinant is the      
sum of the products of the elements and  2 6  5 6   5 2
D 1  4  C 3 
their cofactors of any row or any column 4 2 1 2 1 4 
of the corresponding 3 by 3 matrix. D 4 C 24  410 C 6  320 C 2
There are thus six different ways of evaluating a D 28 C 16  66 D 22
3 3 determinant and all should give the same  
 1 4 3 
value.  
Using the second column:  5 2 6
 1 4 2
Problem 14. Find the value of      
 5 6   1 3   1 3 
  D 4   C 2   4 
3 4 1  1 2 1 2 5 6
 
2 0 7 D 410 C 6 C 22  3 C 46  15
 1 3 2 
D 16  2  36 D 22
 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 511

5. Calculate the determinant of

Problem 16. Determine the value of  
  3.1 2.4 6.4
 j2 1 C j 3  1.6 3.8 1.9
  [242.83]
 1  j 1 j 5.3 3.4 4.8
 0 j4 5  
 j2 2 j 
 
6. Evaluate  1 C j 1 3 
 5 j4 0 
Using the rst column, the value of the determi-
nant is: [2  j]
     6 
 1 j  1 C j 3   3 60 j2 1 
j2    1  j   
j4 5 j4 5 7. Evaluate  0
 0
1 C j 2 30 
6

  2 j5 
 1 C j 3   
C 0 
1 j 26.946 139.52 or
20.49  j17.49
D j25  j2 4  1  j5 C j5  j12 C 0
D j29  1  j5  j7
D j18  [5  j7  j5 C j2 7] 60.7 The inverse or reciprocal of a 3
by 3 matrix
D j18  [2  j12]
D j18 C 2 C j12 D 2 Y j 30 or 30.076 86.19 The adjoint of a matrix A is obtained by:
(i) forming a matrix B of the cofactors of A, and
Now try the following exercise (ii) transposing matrix B to give BT , where BT is
the matrix obtained by writing the rows of B
Exercise 204 Further problems on 3 by 3 as the columns of BT . Then adj A = B T .
determinants The inverse of matrix A, A1 is given by
1. Find the matrix of minors of adj A
  A 1 =
4 7 6 jAj
2 4 0
5 7 4 where adj A is the adjoint of matrix A and jAj
  is the determinant of matrix A.
16 8 34
14 46 63
24 12 2 Problem 17. Determine the inverse of the
 
3 4 1
2. Find the matrix of cofactors of matrix 2 0 7
 
4 7 6 1 3 2
2 4 0
5 7 4
  adj A
16 8 34 The inverse of matrix A, A1 D .
14 46 63 jAj
The adjoint of A is found by:
24 12 2
(i) obtaining the matrix of the cofactors of the
3. Calculate the determinant of
  elements, and
4 7 6 (ii) transposing this matrix.
2 4 0 [212]  
5 7 4  0 7
The cofactor of element 3 is C  D 21.
  3 2 
 8 2 10   
  2 7
4. Evaluate  2 3 2  The cofactor of element 4 is   D 11, and
1 2 
[328]
6 3 8 so on.
512 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
 
21 11 6 17 23 18
The matrix of cofactors is 11 5 13 .
28 23 8 9 13 10

The transpose of the matrix of cofactors, i.e. the 15 21 16
D
adjoint of the matrix,
is obtained by writing
 the rows 2
21 11 28
as columns, and is 11 5 23 . 8.5 11.5 9
6 13 8
D 4.5 6.5 5
From Problem 14, the determinant of
  7.5 10.5 8
3 4 1 

2 0 7  is 113.

 1 3 2  Now try the following exercise

3 4 1
Hence the inverse of 2 0 7 is Exercise 205 Further problems on the
inverse of a 3 by 3 matrix
1 3 2
21 11 28 1. Write down the transpose of
11 5 23
21 11 28 4 7 6 4 2 5
6 13 8 1
113
or
113
11 5 23 2 4 0 7 4 7

6 13 8
5 7 4 6 0 4
2. Write down the transpose of
Problem 18.Find the inverse of

3 6 12 3 5 1
1 5 2
3 1 4 5 2 7 6  23 0
3
3 6 7 1 3
1 0 3
5 2
7 5
3. Determine the adjoint of
adjoint
Inverse D
determinant 4 7 6

17 9 15 2 4 0
The matrix of cofactors is 23 13 21 . 5 7 4
18 10 16
16 14 24
The transpose
of the matrix ofcofactors (i.e. the 8 46 12
17 23 18
adjoint) is 9 13 10 . 34 63 2
15 21 16 4. Determine the adjoint of
3
1 5 2 6 1
2
The determinant of 3 1 4
5

 23 7

3 6 7
D 17  24  521 C 12  218  3 1 0 3
5
 2 3 35 42 13
D 17 C 45  30 D 2 5

1 5 2 10 3
2 10 18 12

Hence the inverse of 3 1 4
 23 6 32
3 6 7
 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 513
1
5. Find the inverse of 3 6 2

4 7 6 6. Find the inverse of
5  23 7


2 4 0 1 0 3
5
7 4 2 42 13
5
5 3 35
15
16 14 24 
923 10
3
2 10 18 12

1
 8 46 12
212  23 6 32
34 63 2
 61
The solution of simultaneous
equations by matrices and
determinants
(ii) The matrix equation is
61.1 Solution of simultaneous      
equations by matrices 3 5 x 7
D
4 3 y 19
(a) The procedure for solving linear simultaneous  
3 5
equations in two unknowns using matrices is: (iii) The inverse of matrix is
4 3
(i) write the equations in the form  
1 3 5
a1 x C b1 y D c1 3 3  5 4 4 3
a2 x C b2 y D c2 3 5
29 29
(ii) write the matrix equation corresponding i.e.
to these equations, 4 3
      29 29
a1 b1 x c
i.e. D 1 (iv) Multiplying each side of (ii) by (iii) and re-
a2 b2 y c2
  membering that A A1 D I, the unit matrix,
a b gives:
(iii) determine the inverse matrix of 1 1 ,
a2 b2
3 5
 
1 b2 b1     
i.e. , 1 0 x 29 29 7
a1 b2  b1 a2 a2 a1 D
0 1 y 4 3 19
(from Chapter 60) 29 29
21 95
(iv) multiply each side of (ii) by the inverse
  C
matrix, and x 29 29
Thus D
(v) solve for x and y by equating corre- y 28 57

sponding elements. 29 29
   
x 4
i.e. D
Problem 1. Use matrices to solve the y 1
simultaneous equations: (v) By comparing corresponding elements:
3x C 5y  7 D 0 1 x = 4 and y = 1
4x  3y  19 D 0 2 Checking:
equation (1),
(i) Writing the equations in the a1 x C b1 y D c
form gives: 3 4 C 5 1  7 D 0 D RHS
equation (2),
3x C 5y D 7
4 4  3 1  19 D 0 D RHS
4x  3y D 19
 THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 515

(b) The procedure for solving linear simultaneous The adjoint of A is the transpose of the
equations in three unknowns using matri- matrix of the cofactors of the elements (see
ces is: Chapter 60). The matrix of cofactors is
 
(i) write the equations in the form 14 16 5
a1 x C b1 y C c1 z D d1 0 5 5
7 2 5
a2 x C b2 y C c2 z D d2
and the transpose of this matrix gives
a3 x C b3 y C c3 z D d3  
14 0 7
(ii) write the matrix equation corresponding adj A D 16 5 2
to these equations, i.e. 5 5 5
     
a1 b1 c1 x d1 The determinant of A, i.e. the sum of the
a2 b2 c2 y D d2 products of elements and their cofactors, using
a3 b3 c3 z d3 a rst row expansion is
(iii) determine the inverse matrix of      
   3 4 2 4  2 3 
1  1  C 1
a1 b1 c1 2 2 3 2 3 2 
a2 b2 c2 (see Chapter 60)
a3 b3 c3 D 1 14  1 16 C 1 5 D 35
(iv) multiply each side of (ii) by the inverse Hence the inverse of A,
matrix, and  
1 1 14 0 7
(v) solve for x, y and z by equating the A D 16 5 2
corresponding elements. 35 5 5 5
(iv) Multiplying each side of (ii) by (iii), and
Problem 2. Use matrices to solve the remembering that AA1 D I, the unit matrix,
simultaneous equations: gives
   
xCyCz4D0 1 1 0 0 x
0 1 0 y
2x  3y C 4z  33 D 0 2 0 0 1 z
3x  2y  2z  2 D 0 3    
1 14 0 7 4
D 16 5 2 33
35 5 5 5 2
(i) Writing the equations in the a1 x C b1 y C c1 z D
d1 form gives:  
x
xCyCz D4 y D
z
2x  3y C 4z D 33
14 4 C 0 33 C 7 2
3x  2y  2z D 2
1
16 4 C 5 33 C 2 2
(ii) The matrix equation is 35
     
1 1 1 x 4 5 4 C 5 33 C 5 2
2 3 4 y D 33  
3 2 2 z 2 1 70
D 105
(iii) The inverse matrix of 35 175
 
1 1 1  
2
A D 2 3 4 D 3
3 2 2
5
is given by
(v) By comparing corresponding elements, x = 2,
1 adj A y = 3, z = 5, which can be checked in the
A D
jAj original equations.
516 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

8. In a mechanical system, acceleration x,

Now try the following exercise velocity v and distance x are related by
the simultaneous equations:
Exercise 206 Further problems on solving
simultaneous equations using 3.4Rx C 7.0Px  13.2x D 11.39
matrices 6.0Rx C 4.0Px C 3.5x D 4.98
In Problems 1 to 5 use matrices to solve the 2.7Rx C 6.0Px C 7.1x D 15.91
simultaneous equations given.
1. 3x C 4y D 0 Use matrices to nd the values of xR , xP
and x.
2x C 5y C 7 D 0 [x D 4, y D 3]
2. 2p C 5q C 14.6 D 0 [Rx D 0.5, xP D 0.77, x D 1.4]
3.1p C 1.7q C 2.06 D 0
[p D 1.2, q D 3.4]
3. x C 2y C 3z D 5 61.2 Solution of simultaneous
2x  3y  z D 3 equations by determinants
3x C 4y C 5z D 3 (a) When solving linear simultaneous equations in
[x D 1, y D 1, z D 2] two unknowns using determinants:
4. 3a C 4b  3c D 2 (i) write the equations in the form
2a C 2b C 2c D 15 a1 x C b1 y C c1 D 0
7a  5b C 4c D 26 a2 x C b2 y C c2 D 0
[a D 2.5, b D 3.5, c D 6.5]
and then
5. p C 2q C 3r C 7.8 D 0
(ii) the solution is given by
2p C 5q  r  1.4 D 0
x y 1
5p  q C 7r  3.5 D 0 D D
Dx Dy D
[p D 4.1, q D 1.9, r D 2.7]  
b c 
6. In two closed loops of an electrical cir- where Dx D  1 1 
b2 c2
cuit, the currents owing are given by the
simultaneous equations: i.e. the determinant of the coefcients left
when the x-column is covered up,
I1 C 2I2 C 4 D 0  
a c 
5I1 C 3I2  1 D 0 Dy D  1 1 
a c
2 2

Use matrices to solve for I1 and I2 . i.e. the determinant of the coefcients left
when the y-column is covered up,
[I1 D 2, I2 D 3]  
 a b1 
DD 1
a b 
7. The relationship between the displace- and
2 2
ment, s, velocity, v, and acceleration, a,
of a piston is given by the equations: i.e. the determinant of the coefcients left
when the constants-column is covered up.
s C 2v C 2a D 4
3s  v C 4a D 25 Problem 3. Solve the following
3s C 2v  a D 4 simultaneous equations using determinants:
Use matrices to determine the values of s, 3x  4y D 12
v and a. 7x C 5y D 6.5
[s D 2, v D 3, a D 4]
 THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 517

Following the above procedure: where Du is the determinant of coefcients left

when the u column is covered up,
(i) 3x  4y  12 D 0  
 3.5 21 
Du D 
6.1 33 
7x C 5y  6.5 D 0 i.e.

x y 1 D 3.533  216.1
(ii)   D   D  
 4 12   3 12   3 4  D 12.6
    
5  6.5 7  6.5 7 5  
 1 21 
Da D 
1 33 
x Similarly,
i.e.
46.5  125
D 133  211
y
D D 12
36.5  127  
 1 3.5 
DD
1 6.1 
1 and
D
35  47
D 16.1  3.51 D 2.6
x y 1
i.e. D D u a 1
26 C 60 19.5 C 84 15 C 28 Thus D D
12.6 12 2.6
x y 1
i.e. D D 12.6
86 64.5 43 i.e. uD D 4.846 m=s
2.6
x 1 86
Since D then x D D2 12
86 43 43 and aD D 4.615 m=s2 ,
2.6
and since
each correct to 4 signicant
y 1 64.5 gures
D then y D  D 1.5
64.5 43 43

Problem 5. Applying Kirchhoffs laws to

Problem 4. The velocity of a car, an electric circuit results in the following
accelerating at uniform acceleration a equations:
between two points, is given by v D u C at,
where u is its velocity when passing the rst 9 C j12I1  6 C j8I2 D 5
point and t is the time taken to pass between
the two points. If v D 21 m/s when t D 3.5 s 6 C j8I1 C 8 C j3I2 D 2 C j4
and v D 33 m/s when t D 6.1 s, use Solve the equations for I1 and I2 .
determinants to nd the values of u and a,
each correct to 4 signicant gures.
Following the procedure:
Substituting the given values in v D u C at gives: (i) 9 C j12I1  6 C j8I2  5 D 0
21 D u C 3.5a 1 6 C j8I1 C 8 C j3I2  2 C j4 D 0
33 D u C 6.1a 2 I1
(ii)  
 6 C j8 5 
(i) The equations are written in the form  
a1 x C b1 y C c1 D 0,  8 C j3 2 C j4 
i.e. u C 3.5a  21 D 0 I2
D  

 9 C j12 5 
and u C 6.1a  33 D 0  6 C j8 2 C j4 
(ii) The solution is given by 1
D  
u a 1  9 C j12 6 C j8 
D D ,  6 C j8
Du Da D 8 C j3 
518 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
 
I1  a1 b1 c1 
 
20 C j40 C 40 C j15 and D is  a2 b2 c2 
a 
3 b3 c3
I2
D i.e. the determinant of the coefcients
30  j60  30 C j40 obtained by covering up the constants
1 column.
D
36Cj12328Cj96
I1 I2 Problem 6. A d.c. circuit comprises three
D closed loops. Applying Kirchhoffs laws to
20 C j55 j100 the closed loops gives the following
1 equations for current ow in milliamperes:
D
64 C j27 2I1 C 3I2  4I3 D 26
20 C j55 I1  5I2  3I3 D 87
Hence I1 D
64 C j27 7I1 C 2I2 C 6I3 D 12
58.526 70.02
D D 0.846 47.15 A Use determinants to solve for I1 , I2 and I3 .
69.466 22.87
1006 90
and I2 D (i) Writing the equations in the
69.466 22.87 a1 x C b1 y C c1 z C d1 D 0 form gives:
D 1.446 67.13 A
2I1 C 3I2  4I3  26 D 0
(b) When solving simultaneous equations in three I1  5I2  3I3 C 87 D 0
unknowns using determinants: 7I1 C 2I2 C 6I3  12 D 0
(i) Write the equations in the form (ii) The solution is given by
a1 x C b1 y C c1 z C d1 D 0
I1 I2 I3 1
a2 x C b2 y C c2 z C d2 D 0 D D D ,
DI1 DI2 DI3 D
a3 x C b3 y C c3 z C d3 D 0
where DI1 is the determinant of coefcients
and then obtained by covering up the I1 column, i.e.,
(ii) the solution is given by  
 3 4 26 
y 1  
x z DI1 D  5 3 87 
D D D  2
Dx Dy Dz D 6 12 
     
 b1 c1 d1   3 87   5 87 
D 3    4 

where Dx is  b2 c2 d2 
 6 12 2 12 
b c d   
3 3 3  5 3 
C 26 
i.e. the determinant of the coefcients 2 6
obtained by covering up the x column. D 3486 C 4114  2624
 
 a1 c1 d1 
  D 1290
Dy is  a2 c2 d2   
a c d   2 4 26 
3 3 3  
i.e., the determinant of the coefcients DI2 D  1 3 87 
 7 6 12 
obtained by covering up the y column.
  D 236  522  412 C 609
 a1 b1 d1 
 
Dz is  a2 b2 d2  C 266  21
a b d 
3 2 3
i.e. the determinant of the coefcients D 972 C 2388 C 390
obtained by covering up the z column. D 1806
 THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 519
 
 2 3 26  4. 1.2p  2.3q  3.1r C 10.1 D 0
 
DI3 D  1 5 87 
 7 2 12  4.7p C 3.8q  5.3r  21.5 D 0
3.7p  8.3q C 7.4r C 28.1 D 0
D 260  174
[p D 1.5, q D 4.5, r D 0.5]
312 C 609 C 262  35
x y 2z 1
D 228  1791 C 858 D 1161 5.  C D
2 3 5 20
  x 2y z 19
 2 3 4  C  D
  4 3 2 40
and D D  1 5 3 
 7 2 6 59
xCyz D
60
D 230 C 6  36  21  
7 17 5
C 42  35 xD , yD , zD
20 40 24
D 48 C 45 C 132 D 129 6. In a system of forces, the relationship
between two forces F1 and F2 is given
Thus by:
I1 I2 I3 1 5F1 C 3F2 C 6 D 0
D D D
1290 1806 1161 129 3F1 C 5F2 C 18 D 0
giving
Use determinants to solve for F1 and F2 .
1290
I1 D = 10 mA, [F1 D 1.5, F2 D 4.5]
129
7. Applying mesh-current analysis to an
1806 a.c. circuit results in the following equa-
I2 D = 14 mA
129 tions:
1161 5  j4I1  j4I2 D 1006 0
and I3 D = 9 mA
129 4 C j3  j4I2  j4I1 D 0
Solve the equations for I1 and I2 , correct
Now try the following exercise to 1 decimal place.
 
I1 D 10.86 19.2 A,
Exercise 207 Further problems on solv-
I2 D 10.56 56.7 A
ing simultaneous equations
using determinants 8. Kirchhoffs laws are used to determine
the current equations in an electrical net-
In problems 1 to 5 use determinants to solve work and show that
the simultaneous equations given. i1 C 8i2 C 3i3 D 31
1. 3x  5y D 17.6 3i1  2i2 C i3 D 5
7y  2x  22 D 0 2i1  3i2 C 2i3 D 6
[x D 1.2, y D 2.8]
Use determinants to solve for i1 , i2 and
2. 2.3m  4.4n D 6.84 i3 . [i1 D 5, i2 D 4, i3 D 2]
8.5n  6.7m D 1.23 9. The forces in three members of a frame-
[m D 6.4, n D 4.9] work are F1 , F2 and F3 . They are related
3. 3x C 4y C z D 10 by the simultaneous equations shown
below.
2x  3y C 5z C 9 D 0
1.4F1 C 2.8F2 C 2.8F3 D 5.6
x C 2y  z D 6
4.2F1  1.4F2 C 5.6F3 D 35.0
[x D 1, y D 2, z D 1]
4.2F1 C 2.8F2  1.4F3 D 5.6
520 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Find the values of F1 , F2 and F3 using

Problem 7. Solve the following
determinants
simultaneous equations using Cramers rule
[F1 D 2, F2 D 3, F3 D 4]
xCyCz D4
10. Mesh-current analysis produces the fol- 2x  3y C 4z D 33
lowing three equations:
3x  2y  2z D 2
206 0 D 5 C 3  j4I1  3  j4I2
106 90 D 3  j4 C 2I2  3  j4I1
 2I3 (This is the same as Problem 2 and a comparison of
methods may be made). Following the above method:
 156 0  106 90 D 12 C 2I3  2I2  
1 1 1
 
Solve the equations for the loop currents D D  2 3 4
 3 2 2 
I1 , I2 and I3 .
  D 16  8  14  12
I1 D 3.3176 22.57 A,
I2 D 1.9636 40.97 A and C 14  9 D 14 C 16 C 5 D 35
I3 D 1.0126 148.36 A  
 4 1 1
 
Dx D  33 3 4
 2 2 2 
D 46  8  166  8
61.3 Solution of simultaneous
equations using Cramers rule C 166  6 D 56 C 74  60 D 70
 
1 4 1
 
Cramers rule states that if Dy D  2 33 4
3 2 2 
a11 x C a12 y C a13 z D b1
D 166  8  44  12 C 14  99
a21 x C a22 y C a23 z D b2
D 74 C 64  95 D 105
a31 x C a32 y C a33 z D b3  
1 1 4
 
then x =
Dx
,y=
Dy
and z =
Dz Dz D  2 3 33 
 3 2 2
D D D
 
 a11 a12 a13  D 16  66  14  99
 
where D D  a21 a22 a23 
a  C 44  9 D 60 C 95 C 20 D 175
31 a32 a33
  Hence
 b1 a12 a13 
  70 105
Dx D  b2 a22 a23  Dx
xD D D 2, y D
Dy
D D 3
b a 
3 32 a33 D 35 D 35
i.e. the x-column has been replaced by the R.H.S. b Dz 175
and z D D D5
column, D 35
 
 a11 b1 a13 
  Now try the following exercise
Dy D  a21 b2 a23 
a b3 a33 
31
i.e. the y-column has been replaced by the R.H.S. b Exercise 208 Further problems on solv-
column, ing simultaneous equations
  using Cramers rule
 a11 a12 b1 
 
Dz D  a21 a22 b2  1. Repeat problems 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 of Exercise
a a32 b3  206 on page 515, using Cramers rule.
31
2. Repeat problems 3, 4, 8 and 9 of Exercise
i.e. the z-column has been replaced by the R.H.S. b 207 on page 518, using Cramers rule.
column.
 THE SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 521

In questions 5 to 9, the matrices stated are:

   
Assignment 16 5 2 1 6
AD BD
7 8 3 4
 
This assignment covers the material con- j3 1 C j2
CD
tained in chapters 59 to 61. The marks 1  j4 j2
for each question are shown in brackets    
2 1 3 1 3 0
at the end of each question. D D 5 1 0 ED 4 9 2
4 6 2 5 7 1
1. Use the laws and rules of Boolean alge-
bra to simplify the following expres- 5. Determine A B (4)
sions: 6. Calculate the determinant of matrix C
(a) B A C B C A B (4)

(b) A B C C A B C C A B C C A B C 7. Determine the inverse of matrix A (4)

(9) 8. Determine E D (9)
2. Simplify the Boolean expression: 9. Calculate the determinant of matrix D
A B C A B C using de Morgans (5)
laws. (5) 10. Use matrices to solve the following simul-
3. Use a Karnaugh map to simplify the taneous equations:
Boolean expression:
4x  3y D 17
ABC C ABC C ABC C ABC xCyC1D0 6
(6)
4. A clean room has two entrances, 11. Use determinants to solve the following
each having two doors, as shown in simultaneous equations:
Fig. A16.1. A warning bell must sound
if both doors A and B or doors C 4x C 9y C 2z D 21
and D are open at the same time. 8x C 6y  3z D 41
Write down the Boolean expression
depicting this occurrence, and devise a 3x C y  5z D 73 10
logic network to operate the bell using
NAND-gates only. (8) 12. The simultaneous equations representing
the currents owing in an unbalanced,
three-phase, star-connected, electrical net-
work are as follows:
C D
Dust-free
area 2.4I1 C 3.6I2 C 4.8I3 D 1.2
A B 3.9I1 C 1.3I2  6.5I3 D 2.6
1.7I1 C 11.9I2 C 8.5I3 D 0

Figure A16.1 Using matrices, solve the equations for I1 , I2

and I3 (10)
 Multiple choice questions on
chapters 4461

All questions have only one correct answer (answers on page 526).

1. Differentiating y D 4x 5 gives: y
R

dy 2 dy P
(a) D x6 (b) D 20x 4
dx 3 dx
dy dy
(c) D 4x 6 (d) D 5x 4
dx dx

2. 5  3t2  d t is equal to: Q

(a) 5  t C c
3
(b) 3t C c
3 0 x

(c) 6t C c (d) 5t  t3 C c Figure M4.1

3. The gradient of the curve y D 2x 3 C 3x C 5 p dy

at x D 2 is: 7. If y D 5 x 3  2, is equal to:
dx
(a) 21 (b) 27 (c) 16 (d) 5 15 p p
(a) x (b) 2 x 5  2x C c
  2
5x  1
4. d x is equal to: 5p p
x (c) x2 (d) 5 x  2x
2
5x 2  x  2x
(a) 5x  ln x C c (b) 8. xe d x is:
x2
2 x 2 2x
(a) e Cc (b) 2e2x C c
5x 2 1 1 4
(c) C 2 Cc (d) 5x C 2 C c e2x
2 x x (c) 2x  1 C c (d) 2e2x x  2 C c
5. For the curve shown in Figure M4.1, which of 4
the following statements is incorrect? 9. An alternating current is given by
i D 4 sin 150t amperes, where t is the time
(a) P is a turning point in seconds. The rate of change of current at
(b) Q is a minimum point t D 0.025 s is:
(c) R is a maximum value (a) 3.99 A/s (b) 492.3 A/s
(d) Q is a stationary value (c) 3.28 A/s (d) 598.7 A/s
1 10. A vehicle has a velocity v D 2 C 3t m/s after
6. The value of 0 3 sin 2  4 cos  d , correct
to 4 signicant gures, is: t seconds. The distance travelled is equal to the
area under the v/t graph. In the rst 3 seconds
(a) 1.242 (b) 0.06890 the vehicle has travelled:
(c) 2.742 (d) 1.569 (a) 11 m (b) 33 m (c) 13.5 m (d) 19.5 m
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON CHAPTERS 4461 523

1 18. The vertical displacement, s, of a prototype

11. Differentiating y D p C 2 with respect to x model in a tank is given by s D 40 sin 0.1t mm,
x
gives: where t is the time in seconds. The vertical
velocity of the model, in mm/s, is:
1 1
(a) p C 2 (b)  p (a) cos 0.1t (b) 400 cos 0.1t
x3 2 x3
1 2 (c) 400 cos 0.1t (d) 4 cos 0.1t
(c) 2  p (d) p
2 x3 x3  /3
19. Evaluating 0 3 sin 3x d x gives:
12. The area, in square units, enclosed by the curve
y D 2x C 3, the x-axis and ordinates x D 1 and (a) 2 (b) 1.503 (c) 18 (d) 6
x D 4 is:
20. The equation of a curve is y D 2x 3  6x C 1.
(a) 28 (b) 2 (c) 24 (d) 39 The maximum value of the curve is:
13. The resistance to motion F of a moving vehi- (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 6
5
cle is given by F D C 100x. The minimum
x 21. The mean value of y D 2x 2 between x D 1
value of resistance is: and x D 3 is:
(a) 44.72 (b) 0.2236 1 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 8
(c) 44.72 (d) 0.2236 3 3
14. Differentiating i D 3 sin 2t  2 cos 3t with 22. Given ft D 3t4  2, f0 t is equal to:
respect to t gives: 3 5
(a) 3 cos 2t C2 sin 3t (b) 6sin 2t  cos 3t (a) 12t3  2 (b) t  2t C c
4
3 2 (c) 12t3 (d) 3t5  2
(c) cos 2tC sin 3t (d) 6cos 2t C sin 3t
2 3 
 23. ln x d x is equal to:
2 3
15. t d t is equal to: 1
9 (a) xln x  1 C c (b) Cc
x
t4 2 2
(a) Cc (b) t Cc 1 1
18 3 (c) x ln x  1 C c (d) C 2 C c
x x
2 2
(c) t4 C c (d) t3 C c 24. The current i in a circuit at time t seconds is
9 9
given by i D 0.201  e20t  A. When time
dy t D 0.1 s, the rate of change of current is:
16. Given y D 3ex C 2 ln 3x, is equal to:
dx
2 2 (a) 1.022 A/s (b) 0.541 A/s
(a) 6ex C (b) 3ex C
3x x (c) 0.173 A/s (d) 0.373 A/s
2 2 
(c) 6ex C (d) 3ex C 3
3
x 3 25. d x is equal to:
  3 2 x2 Cx2
t  3t
17. d t is equal to: 1
2t (a) 3 ln 2.5 (b) lg 1.6
3
t4 3t2 (c) ln 40 (d) ln 1.6
 t3 3
(a) 4 2 2 C c (b)  tCc
t 6 2 26. The gradient of the curve y D 4x 2  7x C 3 at
 4 the point (1, 0) is
t3 3t2 1 t
(c)  Cc (d)  3t C c
3 2 2 4 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 7
524 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

27. 5 sin 3t  3 cos 5t d t is equal to: 35. The equation of a curve is y D 2x 3  6x C 1.
The minimum value of the curve is:
(a) 5 cos 3t C 3 sin 5t C c
(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 3
(b) 15cos 3t C sin 3t C c
36. The volume of the solid of revolution when
5 3
(c)  cos 3t  sin 5t C c the curve y D 2x is rotated one revolution
3 5 about the x-axis between the limits x D 0 and
3 5 x D 4 cm is:
(d) cos 3t  sin 5t C c 1
5 3 (a) 85  cm3 (b) 8 cm3
p 3
28. The derivative of 2 x  2x is:
1
4p 3 1 (c) 85 cm3 (d) 64 cm3
(a) x  x2 C c (b) p  2 3
3 x 37. The length l metres of a certain metal rod at
p 1 temperature t C is given by
(c) x2 (d)  p  2 l D 1 C 4 105 t C 4 107 t2 . The rate
2 x
of change of length, in mm/ C, when the
29. The velocity of a car (in m/s) is related to time temperature is 400 C, is:
t seconds by the equation v D 4.5C18t4.5t2 . (a) 3.6 104 (b) 1.00036
The maximum speed of the car, in km/h, is:
(c) 0.36 (d) 3.2 104
(a) 81 (b) 6.25 (c) 22.5 (d) 77
 p d2 y
30.  x  3 d x is equal to: 38. If y D 3x 2  ln 5x then is equal to:
d x2
3p 3 2p 3 1 1
(a) x  3x C c (b) x Cc (a) 6 C 2 (b) 6x 
2 3 5x x
1 2p 3 1 1
(c) p C c (d) x  3x C c (c) 6  (d) 6 C 2
2 x 3 5x x
31. An alternating voltage is given by 39. The area enclosed by the curve y D 3 cos 2,
v D 10 sin 300t volts, where t is the time in 
the ordinates  D 0 and  D and the  axis
seconds. The rate of change of voltage when 4
t D 0.01 s is: is:

(a) 2996 V/s (b) 157 V/s (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 1.5 (d) 3
 
(c) 2970 V/s (d) 0.523 V/s 4
40. 1 C 2x d x is equal to:
e
32. The r.m.s. value of y D x 2 between x D 1 and
x D 3, correct to 2 decimal places, is: 8 2
(a) 2x C c (b) x  Cc
e e2x
(a) 2.08 (b) 4.92 (c) 6.96 (d) 24.2
4 8
1 (c) x C 2x (d) x  Cc
33. If ft D 5t  p , f0 t is equal to: e e2x
t 41. The turning point on the curve y D x 2  4x
1 p is at:
(a) 5 C p (b) 5  2 t
2 t3 (a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 4)
5t2 p 1 (c) (2, 12) (d) (2, 4)
(c) 2 tCc (d) 5 C p
2 t3  2 3t
  42. Evaluating 1 2e d t, correct to 4 signicant
 /6 
34. The value of 0 2 sin 3t C d t is: gures, gives:
2
(a) 2300 (b) 255.6
2 2
(a) 6 (b)  (c) 6 (d) (c) 766.7 (d) 282.3
3 3
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON CHAPTERS 4461 525

43. An alternating current, i amperes, is given by 3

48. 1 3  x 2  d x has a value of:
i D 100 sin 2ft amperes, where f is the
frequency in hertz and t is the time in seconds. 1 2
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 16
The rate of change of current when t D 12 ms 3 3
and f D 50 Hz is:  /3
49. The value of 0 16 cos4  sin  d  is:
(a) 31 348 A/s (b) 58.78 A/s (a) 0.1 (b) 3.1 (c) 0.1 (d) 3.1
(c) 627.0 A/s (d) 25 416 A/s  /2
50. 0 2 sin3 t d t is equal to:
44. A metal template is bounded by the curve
y D x 2 , the x-axis and ordinates x D 0 and (a) 1.33 (b) 0.25 (c) 1.33 (d) 0.25
  
x D 2. The x-co-ordinate of the centroid of the 2 3 1 5
51. The matrix product is
area is: 1 4 2 6
equal to:
(a) 1.0 (b) 2.0 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.5    
13 3 2
(a) (b)
45. If ft D e2t ln 2t, f0 t is equal to: 26 3 10
   
 4 8 1 2
2e2t (c) (d)
(a) (b) e2t
1
C 2 ln 2t 9 29 3 2
t t 52. The Boolean expression A + A.B is equiva-
e 2t
e 2t lent to:
(c) (d) C 2e2t ln 2t
2t 2t (a) A (b) B (c) A C B
(d) A C A

46. The area under a force/distance graph gives the 5 3
53. The inverse of the matrix is:
work done. The shaded area shown between p 2 1
   
and q in Figure M4.2 is: 5 3 1 3
(a) (b)
 2 1 2 5
c 1 1    
(a) cln p  ln q (b)   1 3 1 3
2 q2 p2 (c) (d)
2 5 2 5
c q
(c) ln q  ln p (d) c ln 54. For the following simultaneous equations:
2 p
3x  4y C 10 D 0
5y  2x D 9
Force
F F=
c the value of x is:
s
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1
55. The Boolean expression P Q C P Q is equiv-
alent to:
(a) P (b) Q (c) P (d) Q
 
 j2 1 C j 
56. The value of   is:
0 p q Distance s
1  j 1
Figure M4.2 (a) 21 C j (b) 2 (c) j2 (d) 2 C j2
57. The Boolean expression: F.G.H C F.G.H is
equivalent to:
1
47. Evaluating 0 cos 2t d t, correct to 3 decimal (a) F.G (b) F.G (c) F.H (d) F.G
places, gives:  
 2 1 4 
 
(a) 0.455 (b) 0.070 58. The value of the determinant  0 1 5 
 6 0 1 
(c) 0.017 (d) 1.819 is: (a) 4 (b) 52 (c) 56 (d) 8
 Answers to multiple choice questions

Multiple choice questions on Multiple choice questions on

chapters 116 (page 127) chapters 2743 (page 369)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14.(d) 15. (a) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d)
36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (d) 41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (d)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (d) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (a)
56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c) 56. (b)

Multiple choice questions on Multiple choice questions on

chapters 1726 (page 225) chapters 4461 (page 522)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d)
26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (b) 31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (d) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (b) 41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b)
46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (b) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (a)
56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (d) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (c)