SSRN Id1870944

HUMAN SLAVERYS NEW ERA IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Combating the Trafficking of Women and Girls for Sexual Exploitation
The trafficking of persons, particularly women and children, for forced and exploitative labor,
including sexual exploitation, is one of the most egregious violations of human rights which the
United Nations now confronts.
- Kofi Annan
Prostitution is the driving force behind sex trafficking. The demand fuels the industry. [We] must
address the demand side of the equation if there is going to be success in combating the problem.
- Janice Crouse
Report of findings by Kimberly Brown, Legal Intern, Equality Now-Nairobi
August 13, 2010
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1870944

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ................................... 3
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL MECHANISMS TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ................. 8
CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................................ 16
Background on Trafficking Issues Facing South Africa Today ................................................. 16
Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in South Africa......................................... 22
Efforts Relating to the 2010 FIFA World Cup & Trafficking.................................................... 26
CASE STUDY: NIGERIA................................................................................................................... 34
Background on Trafficking Issues Facing Nigeria.................................................................... 34
Background on Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in Nigeria ....................... 45
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................. 56
Best Practices............................................................................................................................. 56
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1870944

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Due to the globalized and transient nature of world societies, throughout the last several
decades and the relative low risk involved, organized crime and related syndicates have begun to
more widely exploit the lucrative market found in the trafficking of persons. After drug and arms
trafficking, trafficking in persons is the third largest criminal activity in the world.1 Trafficking
victims can be used to fuel a variety of economic demands, whether in labor industries or the
billion-dollar commercial sex industry. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has seen no exceptions to this
terrible trend. The sub-Sahara African region has long seen cross-border and local migration
including, contract workers, labor migrants, skilled professionals moving to urban areas, as well
as migration by refugees and displaced persons from famine and conflict.
Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation largely affects women and girls from the
most vulnerable communities and subjects them to devastating circumstances mirroring slavery,
and for many, results in a life of forced prostitution. Poverty, systematic and cultural gender
discrimination, and historical gender based violence are all factors that combine to leave women
and girls vulnerable to trafficking. Other contributing factors include socio-political instability,
economic and food crisis facing the region, environmental degradation, the desire for a better life
and the continuous demand for cheap labor and prostitution. In 2010, human trafficking for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation takes place in roughly 176 countries.2 According the

1
See Tola Olujuwon, Combating Trafficking in Person: A Case Study of Nigeria, European 24 Journal of
Scientific Research 23 (2008).
2
See The Protection Project Review of the Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010), available at:
http://www.protectionproject.org/sites/default/files/TPP%20TIP%20Review%202010%20Compressed.
pdf.
U.S. Department of States 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report, most nations in sub-Saharan
Africa are source, transit and destination for such purposes.3
Further complicating the fight against trafficking in SSA, the routes and methodologies
used by traffickers are complex, diverse and fluid as they adapt daily to specific regions and
cultures, new laws and regulations and technological developments. For example, trafficking
patterns in SSA reflect women and girls being brought to the continent from the China or
Thailand to locations like Kenya or South Africa, victims from throughout the continent being
trafficked into the European or Middle Eastern for prostitution, or even being sent to main tourist
destinations like Lake Malawi or coastal destinations.4 Internal trafficking also happens within
many nation states, from rural areas to urban centers.5
Trickery and deception are often at the root of trafficking for sexual exploitation
throughout the continent, with women and girls leaving dire circumstances for promised
educational or employment opportunities elsewhere. Other times hopelessness and a lack of
opportunities can lure women into situations of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.
At times, cultural norms can contribute to the spread of trafficking. Early marriage, for example,
often leads to limited education, abusive circumstances, and destitute poverty from divorce,
separation or abandonment.6 Multiple marriages can leave the wives struggling to support the
family unit and therefore vulnerable to trafficking for exploitative purposes.

3
See U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010) [Hereinafter referred to as 2010
TIP Report].
4
See Adepoju, Aderanti, "Review of Research and Data on Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa,"
in Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey, IOM (2005), available at:
http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/published_docs/
books/data_res_human.pdf.
5
UNICEF, Trafficking in Human Beings Especially Women and Children in Africa, (2005), available at:
http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/knowledge/insight9e.pdf.
6
Id.
Such associations between factors leading to trafficking have been further aggravated by
health concerns such as HIV/AIDS.7 Trafficked women and girls are extremely vulnerable to
contracting the infection due to lack of knowledge to protect themselves once forced into
prostitution or other fields, and upon contracting the disease they often lack access to sufficient
care. Furthermore orphans of the disease are often marginalized and vulnerable to becoming
trafficking victims. Similarly, conflict and natural catastrophes (famine) throughout the continent
have created populations of refugees and internally displaced persons vulnerable to traffickers.
Camps for such individuals can be hotspots for trafficking recruits, as the living situations are
often so dire that any other opportunity seems favorable.
Aside from victims, the trafficking network includes both traffickers and consumers of
the commercial sex industry. Documented traffickers have included international organized
crime units, regional organized criminal groups operating throughout the continent, distance
truck drivers, at times border control agents, spiritual leaders, and even family members of
victims. In addition to preying on vulnerable populations to stock their trade, traffickers also rely
on corruption, lax border controls, poor individual documentation and weak legislation in order
to facilitate trafficking in persons.
While this report will not engage in a full debate about prostitution and whether it is per
se sexual exploitation, the reflections made are from the point of view that all prostitution and
sex work is inherently exploitative and an act of violence against women, especially in
connection with human trafficking. Too often, even when women choose to engage themselves
for economic opportunities in the commercial sex industry, they are often unaware of the level of

7
Id.
exploitation they will be exposed to and the vicious and violent cycle that often prevents them
from leaving such industries.
And while men and boys are also trafficked in sub-Saharan Africa, this report focuses on
women and children who are more vulnerable to becoming victims because of the
socioeconomic obstacles that are intrinsically at issue because of their gender. "The
vulnerabilities of women to trafficking and HIV are rooted in the disproportionate human
insecurity, poverty, illiteracy and disempowerment that they face in their daily lives.8 It was
estimated that in 2007, over 800,000 people were trafficked across national borders and roughly
80% of these victims were women and girls.9 The International Organization for Migration
(IOM) purports much higher figures of nearly 2 million women and children affected annually
worldwide.10 These figures beckon for analysis as to why women and girls are trafficked
exponentially more frequently than males.
The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation is difficult to track and
document, and the complexities surrounding trafficking in persons are many. Trends from the
region point to a growing phenomenon that continues to be exacerbated by factors mentioned
above. As the network of such crimes continues to expand, both the public and private sector will
need to emphatically work to combat such evils by creating a strong framework that ensures the
human rights of women and girls, protects at risk individuals from nefarious individuals and
increases the risk for traffickers and holds those in the trafficking network accountable. The

8
Statement by Jury in case before South East Asia Court regarding trafficking and HIV/AIDS, see:
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2009/August/jury-hears-testimonies-of-human-trafficking-and-
hiv.html.
9
See U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2007), available at:
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007 (note, these estimated figures dont include the number of
individuals trafficked within national borders).
10
See IOM, Breaking the Cycle of Vulnerability: Responding to the Health Needs of Trafficked Women in
East and Southern Africa (2006).
following pages will include an analysis of: both international and regional mechanisms to
combat human trafficking (especially of women and girls for sexual exploitation); a
comprehensive analysis of South Africa and Nigeria in light of successes and challenges faced
with human trafficking, including best practices observed in both situations; and finally, an
overall analysis and conclusion with recommendations and personal commentary.

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL MECHANISMS TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
In recent history, governments and international organizations are working to eradicate
human trafficking by sensitizing communities to the existence of such activities and passing
necessary legal protections to prevent trafficking in at risk communities, punish perpetrators and
protect victims. In November 2000, the United Nations finally began to address the worldwide
problem of organized crime by adopting the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (Palermo Convention).11 This effort sought not only create legal mechanisms
for the prevention, protection and prosecution relating to trafficking in persons, it began raising
international awareness about these issues and helped to motivate political will in support of such
issues.
One of the supplementary protocols to the Palermo Convention, the Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, entered into force
on December 25, 2003 (often referred to as the Palermo Protocol).12 This supplementary protocol
provides for a uniform definition of trafficking in persons and became the first global legally
binding instrument to combat this scourge on humanity by helping to facilitate international
cooperation in investigations and prosecutions. The instrument labels trafficking as a crime
against humanity, expands the breadth of actions involved in the trafficking network, emphasizes
the intent to deceive and exploit in the definition. Article 3 defines trafficking in persons as the
following:

11
See UN General Assembly, United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime:
resolution /adopted by the General Assembly, 8 January 2001, A/RES/55/25, available at:
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3b00f55b0.html.
12
See UN General Assembly, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime, 15 November 2000, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/
refworld/docid/4720706c0.html (article 3).
The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of
the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception,
of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person, for the purpose of exploitationExploitation shall include, at a minimum, the
exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced
labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of
organs. The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation
shall be irrelevant where any of the[fore-mentioned] meanshave been used. The
recruitment, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall
be considered trafficking in persons, even if it does not involve [any of the above
listed means]. Child shall mean any person under eighteen years of age (Art. 3).
The protocol has a variety of strengths that have helped in the fight against modern human
trafficking. The largest benefit of the protocol is that it makes consent to the intended or eventual
exploitation irrelevant according to the means of sexual exploitation or other defined purposes.
The protocol also calls for international cooperation in order to prevent and combat trafficking.
Also it contains rights-based and protective social, economic political and legal measures to
prevent trafficking, protect, assist, return and reintegrate trafficked persons, and to penalize
trafficking and related conduct.13
In an effort to synergize global anti-trafficking efforts in response to the protocol, the UN
Office on Drugs and Crime created the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Trafficking
(UN.GIFT), in collaboration with the International Labor Organization (ILO); the International
Organization for Migration (IOM); the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF); the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR); and the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE).14 Furthermore UN.GIFT seeks to mobilize state and non-state actors to
protect potential victims and to take effective measures in order to eradicate human trafficking.

13
UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In Nigeria: Root Causes And Recommendations (2006).
14
See http://www.ungift.org/ungift/en/about/index.html.
Other goals have included the promotion of good practices, dissemination of educational
material and development of effective and efficient tools to combat trafficking in persons.
In addition to the Palermo convention and its supplementary protocol on trafficking, there
are other core international instruments that can be helped to enforce anti-trafficking efforts.
They include: the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which prohibits child trafficking
(article 35); its protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
(2000); and the ILO Convention 182 on the elimination of the worst forms of child labor
(1999).15 Further protecting women from sex trafficking, article 6 of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) requires state parties to
take all appropriate measures including legislation to suppress all forms of trafficking in women
and exploitation of prostitution of women.16 The following is a chart articulating various human
rights violations perpetrated by human trafficking which are protected by other international
instruments:
HUMAN RIGHTS USUALLY

VIOLATED IN THE CONTEXT CORRESPONDING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND ARTICLES
17
OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Right to Health and Social Articles 22 and 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Services (UDHR)
Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR)
Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
Article 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Article 5 (e) (iv) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)

15
See UNICEF, Trafficking in Human Beings Especially Women and Children in Africa, (2005),
available at: http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/knowledge/insight9e.pdf.
16
See UN General Assembly, United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women: resolution/adopted by the General Assembly, 18 December 1979.
17
UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In Nigeria: Root Causes And Recommendations (2006)
(Chart mirrors the one included on pg. 21).
Right to Education and Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Training Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR)
Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR)
Articles 28, 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
Article 10 of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
UNESCO Convention Against Discrimination in Education
Right to Liberty of Movement Article 13 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
and Freedom to Choose ones Article 12 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Residence (ICCPR)
Right to a Decent Work Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Article 8 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR)
ILO Convention 29
Article 23 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR)
Article 11 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Right to Freedom from Slavery Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Article 8 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR)
United Nations Slavery Convention Supplementary Convention on the
Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and institutions and Practices Similar
to Slavery
Right not to be Tortured Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
and/or Submitted to Other Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading (ICCPR)
Treatment or Punishment Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment
Right to Peace and Security Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Right to Non-Discrimination Articles 1, 2 and 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Right to Access to Justice Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Right to Freedom of Articles 19 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Expression and Participation (UDHR)
In addition to these instruments at the international level, strong regional and sub-
regional framework has been developed in Africa to further combat human trafficking. At the
time of the 1995 Beijing Conference, trafficking seemed to be more of a concern for Asian and
Latin American nations, but certainly did not emerge as a prevalent issue in Africa.18 Today, the
figures and situation throughout the continent demands the implementation of international anti-
trafficking instruments in addition to both regional and national efforts to help fight trafficking
and protect vulnerable citizenry.
At the continental level, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981), the
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990 ACRWC) and the Protocol to the
African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights Concerning the Rights of Women (2003
Maputo Protocol), have all been instrumental in reaffirming human rights and ones security
from human trafficking.19 Article 4 of the Maputo protocol obliges nation states to, prevent and
condemn trafficking in women, prosecute the perpetrators of such trafficking and protect those
women most at risk.20 The ACRWC takes into account specific difficulties faced by the African
child and has specific provisions against the sexual exploitation of children and the sale,
trafficking and abduction of children.
Additionally, as an effort to coordinate regional efforts, the African Union and the
European Union adopted the Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human
Beings, Especially Women and Children in November 2006 in Tripoli, Libya.21 The action plan
contains recommendations for regional economic communities and is based on a three-pronged
strategy dealing with coordination and cooperation: prevention, protection and prosecution. To

18
Women's Consortium of Nigeria, Brief Overview of the Situational Analysis of Human Trafficking in
West Africa, Presentation at the NGO Forum (2004).
19
See UNICEF, Trafficking in Human Beings Especially Women and Children in Africa, (2005),
available at: http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/knowledge/insight9e.pdf.
20
See African Union, Protocol to the African Charter on the Human and Peoples' Rights of Women in
Africa, 1 Afr. Hum. Rts. L.J. 40 (2003), available at:
http://www.achpr.org/english/women/protocolwomen.pdf.
21
See Human Rights Council, Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons,
Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
Including the Right to Development, 4 May 2010, A/HRC/14/32.
help implement this plan and complement other initiatives throughout the continent, including
the UN.GIFT initiative, the AU launched the African Union Commissions Initiative against
Trafficking (AU.COMMIT) in June 2009.22 The general objectives of AU.COMMITs program
is to increase awareness and popularize the Ouagadougou Action Plan, increase partnerships
with civil society, sub-regional groups and international organizations (such as International
Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime
(UNODC)).23
Sub-regional organizations have also taken on multilateral initiatives to combat
trafficking in persons. In 2001, ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)
proclaimed their commitment against trafficking by adopting the Declaration on the Fight
Against Trafficking in Persons.24 Furthermore, ECOWAS has implemented periodic action
plans against trafficking in persons, the first one for 2002-2003 and the most recent one was
launched in 2009. Also in 2009, ECOWAS adopted a regional policy aimed at victim protection
and assistance.25
Following the efforts of the ECOWAS community, ECCAS (Economic Community of
Central African States) joined with ECOWAS to form a bi-regional plan for 2006-2008
containing a multilateral agreement and a resolution against trafficking in persons.26 The plan
affirms ECOWASs Initial Plan of Action and extends anti-trafficking efforts to the Central
African region, and places emphasis on ratification and implementation of relevant international

22
African Union, Launch of the AU Commission Initiative against Trafficking (AU.COMMIT Campaign),
Media Advisory, 16, June 2009.
23
Id.
24
25
Id.
26
Id.
instruments to combat trafficking. Furthermore, the plan lays out seven strategies in the
following priority areas: prevention and awareness raising; legal framework and policy
development; collection and analysis of information; training and specialized capacity building;
victim assistance and protection; travel and identity documents; monitoring and evaluation of
implementation.27
In 2009 the Southern African Development Community (SADC) adopted the 10 Year
SADC Strategic Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
Children. The comprehensive plan covers 2009-2019 and lays out methods and areas of
cooperation to combat all areas of human trafficking, especially of women and children.28 The
plan also covers the following strategic priorities for action: legislation and policy measures,
training and capacity building, prevention and public awareness, victim support and witness
protection, coordination and regional cooperation, research and information sharing, monitoring
and evaluation, and finally, resource mobilization.29
In addition to these larger regional mechanisms and frameworks, many nation states
throughout the continent have enacted legislation to combat trafficking in persons and have
generated bilateral agreements with neighboring countries to reach a consensus on border control
issues, repatriation of victims and to coordinate cooperative efforts on human trafficking. Such
examples can be seen in the Nigerian case study analysis. Furthermore, Appendix 1 of this
report comprehensively details the current legislative status of each African nation related to

27
28
SADC, 10 Year SADC Strategic Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children (2009).
29
Id.
human trafficking, includes the ratification statuses to the Palermo Protocol and provides a brief
situational review of trafficking in each nation state.

CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA
Background on Trafficking Issues Facing South Africa Today
South Africa is a source, transit and destination country for women and children
subjected to trafficking related to forced commercial sexual exploitation.30 The countrys porous
borders with Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe help
contribute to the countrys vulnerability to trafficking in persons. The South African borderline is
5,000 kilometers and has 72 official ports of entry as well as other unofficial entries.31 With
modern cities gleaming with amenities and reliable transportation, a stable democracy and an
economy that boasts 25% of the continents wealth, South Africa attracts migration from all over
the continent. Trafficking in South Africa has been associated with commercial sexual
exploitation, forced labor and the removal of organs. For the most part, the focus of this memo
will be on commercial sexual exploitation for its large-scale implication of women and girl
victims.
To the benefit of nefarious traffickers, the promise of economic wealth and opportunity
lures vulnerable individuals from neighboring regions affected by poverty, disease, war, natural
disasters, famine and political instability.32 Other contributing factors to trafficking in persons in
the region include familial breakdown, gender discrimination, culture, ignorance, economic
demand, weak laws and corruption. Traffickers prey on populations affected by these factors,
using cultural paradigms, fear, violence and ignorance to manipulate and force individuals into

30
See U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010) [Hereinafter referred to as
2010 TIP Report].
31
Loubser, Reinet, Human Trafficking in Southern Africa, Vienna, September 2009.
32
UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In South Africa: Root Causes And Recommendations
(2007).
human trafficking.33 Some victims are kidnapped and then forced into sexual exploitation. In
South Africa, intimidation, threats, force, confiscation of important documentation and forced
use of drugs and alcohol are all methods used by traffickers to control victims.
Traffickers in South Africa range from small scale trafficking syndicates (including
pimps, brothel owners, transporters, receivers, border agents, illusive employment recruiters),
national, international and transnational organized crime rings and even established refugees in
South Africa who exploit family members.34 Johannesburg was a regional hub for collecting
victims from Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland for Chinese traffickers who would send the
women for exploitation locally or to other cities.35 In cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town,
Durban and Bloemfontein, criminal rings and street gangs organize commercial sexual
exploitation, including child prostitution to attract child sex tourists.
The trafficking trends in South Africa are complex and diverse in origin. Among South
Africans, poor blacks from rural areas and children are the most vulnerable to become trafficking
victims.36 According to NGOs in the region, roughly 60% of trafficking victims are children.37
Also, the tradition of ukuthewala (the forced marriage of young girls to old men) is still practiced
in Eastern Cape, leaving such girls vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation.38 The typical
countries of continental origin for trafficked victims into South Africa include Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, Kenya, Burundi,
Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and even unstable West

33
Id.
34
Id. See also U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010).
35
See U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010).
36
Id.
37
Id.
38
Id.
African Nations.39 The 2010 TIP Report states that women and girls from Thailand, India,
Russia, Ukraine, China and Taiwan are trafficked to South Africa. From all regions women and
girls are often recruited for seemingly legitimate work in the country and are then forced into
commercial sexual exploitation or sent to Europe or the Middle East for similar purposes.
A 2008 report by IOM explores the increasing ads in South African newspapers claiming
no experience necessary, seeking secretaries and waitresses but when young women that
answered the ads typically found themselves in situations of forced prostitution.40 This and
localized recruitment agents (promising modeling jobs or success in cities) are the most common
forms of internal recruitment. Furthermore, traffickers in South Africa tend to take the girls far
enough from home to hinder or prevent their escape home should they be able to flee their
captors. The same report explores the shifting gender roles in a society where men were
primarily the breadwinners, but because of HIV/AIDs and urbanization, women are finding
themselves fending for their families and vulnerable to employment offers made and
opportunities provided by traffickers. The same report points out the point that cross border
trafficking tends to receive much more attention in South Africa than internal trafficking
concerns.
Women trafficked from refugee populations are often trafficked by ethnically based
refugee syndicates who assist with the transfer from her country of origin to South Africa.41
Oftentimes, these traffickers and fellow refugees have faced hardship once in South Africa and
choose to deceive the woman and the family that legitimate work or opportunities await the

39
Id. See also UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In South Africa: Root Causes And
Recommendations (2007).
40
Laura Gauer Bermudez, "No Experience Necessary": The Internal Trafficking of Persons in South
Africa (Oct. 2008) (International Organization for Migration).
41
Reinet Loubser, Human Trafficking in Southern Africa (Sep. 2009) (University of Leipzig) (on file
with University of Leipzig Library system).
victim in South Africa.42 The victims are typically transported to the country by varied road
routes to avoid border control detection, and a single victims journey could last up to a few
months depending on method of transport. Often traffickers of refugees will assist the women
with applying for refugee status in order to protect their investment and hold the woman in debt
bondage. Furthermore, these traffickers often take the wages the woman earns as a sex worker.
Refugee trafficking victims tend to be older than the average, typically between 25-44 and are
often women who are married, abandoned, widowed or divorced.43 Frequently they have
children that they bring with them or leave behind with the intention to send for them later.
The International Organization for Migration has highlighted some of the other disturbing
reoccurring trends in South Africa relating to the trafficking of women and girls. For example,
street children (both male and female) from Lesotho are forcibly abducted or coerced by white
men, taken across the border to the Eastern Free State where they are held captive in private
houses where they are sexually and sadistically assaulted by groups of men.44 After a period of
time they are returned to the border or dropped on the streets of towns. These children can also
be trafficked and used as sex slaves by long-distance truck drivers, many traveling as far as Cape
Town or Zambia. Since the turn of the 19th century Basotho women from Lesotho have been
fleeing to South Africa to escape poverty or unwanted marriages, engaging in prostitution for
survival.
Mozambican girl and women victims (ranging from 14-24 in age) can often pay
approximately 500 rand to have traffickers smuggle them across the border to work as waitresses
or sex workers. Other times they are often held in transit houses along the South African border

42
International Organization for Migration, Seduction, Sale & Slavery: Trafficking in Women & Children
for Sexual Exploitation in Southern Africa (3rd Edition, May 2003).
43
Id.
44
Id.
where they are sexually assaulted as an initiation to the sexual exploitation that awaits them as a
trafficking victim. Some will be sold into brothels, to mineworkers or consumed as sex slaves.
Women who are sold to mineworkers are often dumped after three months, with no means to
return home. IOM estimates that 1000 such victims are recruited, transported and exploited each
year, generating approximately 1 million rand in profits for traffickers annually.
In Malawi, women and girls are recruited along major transportation routes by long
distance truckers who promise marriage, jobs or educational opportunities once in South Africa.
Upon arrival in Johannesburg the trafficked victims are held as slaves in the Central Business
District and clients will trickle in to pay the trafficker for use of the victim for sex. There were
also reports of Malawian businesswomen luring women and girls from rural areas with the false
promises and then trafficking them to brothels in Johannesburg. The IOM also reported on
Mozambican victims passing through South Africa en route to European cities in Italy,
Netherlands, Germany and Belgium because of the inability to detect falsified travel
documentation.
The IOM also reported disturbing trends of women being trafficked from Thailand,
China, Russia and Eastern European countries.45 In Thailand, agents recruit victims from rural
areas or aging sex workers from Bangkok and promise them either restaurant jobs or high wages
in South Africa.46 After traveling by air to Johannesburg International Airport where a Thai or
South African agent sells them to brothels throughout the country where they are forced to work
long hours to repay a debt in exchange for their freedom. In some cases, it was reported that
South African clients can marry such victims by buying their contracts but some are forced to

45
46
Id.
continue earning profits for the husbands. The 2010 TIP Report notes a decline in the numbers of
trafficked Thai women in South Africa, possibly attributing it to increased law enforcement.47
In China, women are recruited through the promise of work in Chinese-owned businesses
in South Africa (fishing vessels, clubs or restaurants) or the promise of English language
courses.48 Some victims pay to be smuggled out of China for the illusive opportunities abroad,
only to be forced into sex work indefinitely upon their arrival in South Africa. South Africa is
also a transit country for victims who will be transported to Europe or the United States. The
IOM also found that Russian and Bulgarian mafias are involved in the trafficking of European
women to South Africa on fraudulent visas to work at upscale brothels.49 They are told jobs as
waitresses, dancers, strippers and hostesses await them in South Africa. But such promises come
with the forced repayment of debts through sex work and the threat of violence to families back
home if they refuse.
Once in South Africa, trafficking victims that are forced to work in the commercial sex
industry are found to be living with other trafficked individuals in segregated areas where
traffickers tightly control their existence. These victims at first isolated because of their
separation from their home communities, are found to assimilate into the existing sex industry
where there is fierce competition, dangerous conditions and long working hours even when ill.
According to the 2010 TIP Report, trafficking of individuals from neighboring Angola, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe is on the rise.50 The report also noted an

47
48
49
Id.
50
increase of Nigerian syndicates trafficking women to the US where they were sexual exploited in
order to attract African migrants.
In March 2010, South Africa convicted its first sex traffickers in the Durban Regional
Court using racketeering laws relating to sexual exploitation.51 The couple, South African
Basheer Sayed and Thai national, Somcharee Chuchumporn, was arrested in 2007 following the
escape of Thai women from their brothel. Trafficking in South Africa is an immense problem
and needs sufficient legal reforms to protect vulnerable individuals. Furthermore, the
government of South Africa does not provide funding for the protection of trafficking victims.
Overburdened NGOs, faith-based organization and community charities provide care for victims
of domestic abuse, gender-based violence, rape and sexual assault. The Department of Social
Development does provide some funding for such programs. Often trafficking victims are treated
as criminals and arrested, with few alternatives to deportation. The 2010 TIP Report refers to an
instance of a trafficking victim being locked in the same cell with their alleged trafficker.52
Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in South Africa
South Africa ratified the UN Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children on February 20, 2004. The protocol
binds nations to develop and enact legislation that protects trafficking victims and prosecutes
offenders appropriately, yet the laws of South Africa do not meet the standards for the
elimination of trafficking. Furthermore South Africa has ratified the ILO Worst Forms of Child
Labor Convention, which prohibits child slavery and the recruitment of children for prostitution

51
http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=3132
52
or pornography, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and Optional Protocol, which
prohibits the abduction, sale and trafficking of children for any purpose.
On a regional level, in November 2006 AU member states adopted the Ouagadougou
Action Plan, which as of April 2010 included the AU, ECOWAS, UNODC and the IOM. The
plan lays the foundation to the AU.COMMIT campaign, which is dedicated to the
implementation of laws and strategies to combat human trafficking through regional and
international efforts. In July 2009, the campaign began concentrating efforts especially in South
Africa, with the governments invitation. The report from these meetings indicates a specific
focus on anti-trafficking efforts before, during and after the 2010 World Cup.53
Despite these campaigns, the governments comprehensive Anti-Trafficking Bill failed to
pass in advance of the 2010 World Cup even though there had been promises to do so since 2008
so it could be implemented in time. The bill was introduced in 2008. Until this law is passed the
existing legislation remains weak. Under current law traffickers are prosecuted for offences such
as kidnapping, assault and murder and may also be prosecuted for offences in terms of certain
Acts, such as the Sexual Offences Act, 1957; the Immigration Act, 2002; the Basic Conditions of
Employment Act, 1995 and the Domestic Violence Act, 1998.54 The Childrens Amendment Act
of 2007 prohibits child trafficking but hasnt been fully implemented or funded.55 The Sexual
Offences Amendment Act 32 of 2007, under Part 6 has transnational provisions relating to
trafficking in persons (adults and children) for sexual purposes only and related convictions carry
a 20-year imprisonment penalty. The Act also states that victims aren't to be prosecuted for any

53
http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Conferences/2009/sept/SA/28sept/LSC-EXP-7-Summary-
MigrationReport%20until%20July%202009.doc
54
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development Republic of South Africa, Media Statement
Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill. Available at:
http://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2009/20090508_st_TraffickingInPersons.pdf.
55
directly related offense such as contravention of immigration laws or prostitution. Penal Code
provisions allow for perpetrators to be prosecuted for trafficking offenses, but the law doesnt
provide for preventative and rehabilitative services to victims.
Furthermore the existing laws are unclear and there are few government financial and
other resources devoted to anti trafficking enforcement, all of which inhibit prosecutions. The
current Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill was introduced to the South
African Parliament on March 15, 2010 by the Minister of Justice and Constitutional
Development.56 As of early July 2010 the bill is still in the National Assembly. On July 1, 2010,
the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution congratulating the government of South
Africa on its first two successful human trafficking convictions and hailed their efforts
surrounding the prevention of trafficking surrounding the 2010 World Cup.57 It also calls upon
the government to quickly adopt the trafficking bill before Parliament and to prioritize anti-
trafficking enforcement during the 2010 World Cup. In light of the above, the government of
South Africa has made significant efforts to combat trafficking within the country, the U.S.
Department of State ranked it in June 2010 as a tier 2 nation because of its efforts despite formal
legislation and protections.58 The government of South Africa established the Trafficking in
Persons Task Team in 2003, within the office of the National Prosecuting Authority and headed
by the Sexual Offenses and Community Affairs (SOCA) office.59 This team unites various
government departments as well as the SAPS Organized Crime Unit, border authorities, the
IOM, UNODC and various other NGOs.

56
http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=216&DocumentNumber=207056
57
http://www.scribd.com/doc/32823631/U-S-House-H-RES-1412-via-MyGov365-com
58
U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010).
59
UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In South Africa: Root Causes And Recommendations
(2007).
Additionally, the SOCA Unit of the NPA is implementing the Tsireledzani Program over
a three-year period (2008-2010) in order to assist with national compliance to the Palermo
Protocol, to increase capacity to deal with trafficking problems and to enhance the network of
organizations combating trafficking.60 They also helped fund a comprehensive research report
and assessment of human trafficking in South Africa in March 2010, entitled "Tsireledzani:
understanding the dimensions of human trafficking in Southern Africa." The report not only
sheds light on the scale of the problem but also on the forms of exploitation and the traffickers.
In 2009, the Department of Home Affairs Minister began an overhaul of the department
and sought to reduce document and identity fraud, making the dealings of traffickers more
difficult. It also sought to register all South Africans and to issue proper identification.
Furthermore, together the Nelson Mandela Childrens Fund and the Department of Social
Development launched the Champions for Children Campaign: 2010 and Beyond in order to
raise awareness about trafficking and to promote child protection and educate the communities
about the risks posed to children.61 Furthermore, the National Prosecuting Authority has been
actively pursuing human trafficking cases, although most prosecutions opened since 2006 had
not reached conclusions by early 2010. The U.S. TIP Report states that victims had been
identified and investigations started in approximately seven cases, but none have gone to court
yet. Additionally, the police are reported to alert embassies and the IOM before conducting raids
on brothels where foreign victims are involved.
The following is an excerpt from the 2010 Report dealing with South Africas
prosecutorial efforts within the last year:

60
National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa, Tsireledzani: Understanding the Dimensions of
Human Trafficking in Southern Africa (2010).
61
Durban police began investigating the case of a 13-year-old girl rescued from a brothel
in October 2009. In November 2009, a South African woman originally from Thailand
was arrested for promising Thai women jobs in Durban massage parlors, then forcing
them into prostitution. In December 2009, private security officers at a gold mine in
Barberton caught and handed over to police 260 illegal diggers working for organized
crime gangs; more than 80 were Zimbabwean and Mozambican teenage boys who had
been brutally coerced to work as mine robbers. Also in December, Johannesburg police
rescued two 10-year old Basotho girls from a brothel and began an investigation. In
January 2010, a businessman from Uitenhage was arrested for raping a child repeatedly
during 2007-2009. The girls mother was arrested and charged with sexual exploitation,
sexual grooming, and failure to report a sexual offense against a child. The businessman
allegedly paid the mother $10 to $15 each time to rape her daughter. Police continued to
alert some embassies and IOM in advance of raids on brothels suspected of holding
foreign victims. The press reported the arrest of Department of Home Affairs (DHA)
officials involved in the 2006 After Dark case in Durban were arrested for facilitating
the movement of Thai victims into South Africa. On-going cases in Durban and
Rustenberg involve police allegedly complicit with trafficking gangs.62
Efforts Relating to the 2010 FIFA World Cup & Trafficking
In 2009, the government began making strides that demonstrated a stronger commitment
towards the prevention of human trafficking. In December 2009, they helped sponsor the fourth
annual Human Trafficking Awareness Week and promoted a trafficking helpline and raised
public awareness through media campaigns.63 The IOM and the National Prosecuting Authority
trained law enforcement and other government officials on issues relating to human trafficking
and smuggling.
Prior to the 2010 World Cup, concerns were raised in anticipation of the influx in tourism
that would likely increase the demand for sexual services and therefore the commercial sexual
exploitation of women and children. During the 2006 World Cup, there was international
concern over the increased demand for sex trafficking that would accompany the sporting event.
While there have been varied reports following world sporting events in the past (Munich 2006,

62
Id.
63
Vancouver 2010, Athens 2004), South Africas concerns are valid and the situation could be
worse in light of the weak legal infrastructure and troubling factors (i.e. poverty, relaxed visa
requirements) permitting the sexual exploitation of women and children throughout the region.
In comparison, ahead of the 2006 Munich World Cup, South African officials noted the
proliferation of new brothels near stadiums hosting the games, which were recruiting both
willing sex workers and trafficking victims as staff.
In light of this, the government and various members of civil society (NGOs, faith based
organizations, community groups) sought to raise awareness with issues surrounding human
trafficking prior to and during the June 2010 FIFA World Cup. From the outset, the focus was on
child trafficking more than trafficked women. During the June 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup,
prior to the World Cup, provinces throughout the country developed action plans and mobilized
anti-trafficking teams in order to better protect young children and all local teams reported back
to the National Joint Operation Command Center. NGOs, police and young volunteers staffed
such programs. Authorities were trained to identify suspicious behavior associated with
trafficking and the government issued guidelines were released to identify at risk children.64
During the 2010 World Cup, UNICEF established child-friendly spaces at all of the major
stadiums and the IOM was ready to assist victims of trafficking.65
George Lkgetho, a member of the South African Parliament from the Durban area called
for the legalization of prostitution for the 2010 world cup, measures that the Sex Workers
Education and Advocacy Task Force (SWEAT) supported.66 Jackie Selebi, former SA National
Police Commissioner pushed for the urgent legalization back in 2008 because of limited policing

64
Id.
65
http://www.ungift.org/ungift/en/stories/un.gift-and-the-2010-fifa-world-cup.html
66
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7509357.stm
resources and said it would be difficult for police to arrest a soccer-fan who decided to seek
pleasure on the streets just because it is illegal.67 It is worth mentioning that Selebi has since
been arrested on corruption charges and faces 15 years in prison.68 The campaign to legalize
prostitution faced fierce opposition from both religious and political leaders and the private
sector. SWEAT opposed the proposed measures by Selebi because of the short-term nature of the
reform and the lack of involvement of prostitutes and advocacy groups in the reform measures.69
Numerous organizations have championed anti-trafficking campaigns leading up to the
2010 World Cup. The Not For Sale Campaign, together with Martin|Williams Advertising
launched the Red Card Campaign in order to utilize a familiar football icon to highlight
international trafficking issues, primarily childrens rights abuses.70 Several organizations
partnered to create the Red Light Campaign 2010, including the African Union, SADC,
UNIFEM, UNDOC, ILO, UNICEF, IOM, Oxfam GB, WALSA (Women and Law in South
Africa), SANTAC, GEMSA, FAMSWA and the African Gender Monitor.71 This campaign
worked in all 14 SADC countries by asking governments to increase awareness and combat
trafficking throughout the 2010 World Cup, supporting the premise that human beings are not for
sale. The campaign highlights that with the demand increase in service-driven/hospitality labor
increasing because of the World Cup, young women are flocking to the country to make money
and secure work. Furthermore, often they lack proper documentation and financial security,
leaving them vulnerable to being forced into sexual exploitation. Even South African football

67
SANTAC Rapid Assessment on the Possible Abuse & Trafficking of Children for Sexual Exploitation
Purposes (Prostitution) in Southern Africa before, during & after the 2010 FIFA World Cup Games
(2008).
68
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10489457.stm
69
Clayton Barnes, SWEAT Urges Sex Work Law Reform by 2010, Cape Argus (February 18, 2009).
70
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/martinwilliams-launches-human-trafficking-awareness-
campaign-at-world-cup-96051199.html
71
http://www.redlight2010campaign.org/
teams helped campaign against trafficking beginning in 2007. The Kaiser Chiefs, together with
the IOM, wore anti-trafficking t-shirts with hotline numbers for possible victims or tips for the
authorities.72
One journalist spent three weeks conducting research on human trafficking syndicates
near two stadiums and found that there was "less risk to peddling flesh than dealing crack."73
Crack dealers in the area were expanding into human trafficking because it was more lucrative
and less risky when women and children could be recruited through force, coercion or deception
for sexual exploitation. She also found that on the ground lax laws encouraged profiteering, one
trafficker even said "I'm really looking forward to doing more business during the World Cup."74
ESPN also took measures to raise awareness through its program Outside the Lines which
spent months investigating the relationship between human trafficking and the South African
World Cup. The program released reports of agencies using force and deception to traffic young
girls from Asia and China. They also reported that leading up to the World Cup, there were twice
as many foreign nationals working as prostitutes in Johannesburg as before and the ages of the
girls were devastatingly low. Cape Town City Councilor told ESPN "this is a new phenomena, a
very new phenomena." The series also shed light on women trafficked within the country for the
sex industry.
Some community organizations have been carrying on this fight prior to the world cup
and will continue to deal with vulnerable women and children left behind after the last matches

72
Victoria Hayes, Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation at World Sporting Events, 85 Chi.-Kent L.
Rev. 1105, 1145 (2010).
73
Journalists Use World Cup Hoopla to Spotlight Human Trafficking
(http://www.tonic.com/article/journalists-use-world-cup-hoopla-to-spotlight-human-trafficking/). See also
South Africa's New Slave Trade and the Campaign to Stop It
(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1952335-1,00.html).
74
Id.
in South African cities. One such organization, the New Life Centre, works in Johannesburg and
acts as a 24 hour safe house and rehabilitation center for women and girls that have been forced
into prostitution and/or trafficked for similar reasons.75 In the ESPN series, the organization is
highlighted as the camera crew accompanies social workers out visiting women on the streets of
Johannesburg leading up to the World Cup.
In June 2010, the Womens Action for Development in Namibia reported on South
African women recruiters that had crossed into the country to recruit young girls for the World
Cup sex trade.76 Namibian authorities took precautions to tighten border security and raised
awareness about falsified documentation, threatening against corrupt border officials.77 One
Zambian researcher estimated that over 500 criminal gangs are involved in the South African sex
trade leading up to the World Cup.78 In September 2008, SANTAC conducted a rapid assessment
of trafficking concerns in light of the upcoming world cup in Zambia and Namibia.79 This report
had a few alarming findings indicative that commercial sexual exploitation was already on the
rise for the upcoming World Cup.
In another interesting campaign, the Body Shop and ECPAT (End Child Prostitution,
Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) commissioned a
photographer, Hazel Thompson, to document the work of Cape Town's Vice Squad to support
their upcoming July campaign against human trafficking.80 In April 2010, she arrived to discover

75
See (http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2736480/Brutal-reality-of-South-Africaa-child-
prostitutes.html). See also (http://www.newlifecentre.org.za/)
76
Lorato Khobetsi, Human Trafficking is Real, Namibia Economist (June 4, 2010).
77
Irene Hoaes, Human Traffickers Prey on Young Girls, New Era (June 1, 2010).
78
Frederico Links, Human Trafficking and Prostitution to Surge Ahead of 2010 World Cup, The
Namibian (September 2, 2008).
79
SANTAC Rapid Assessment on the Possible Abuse & Trafficking of Children for Sexual Exploitation
Purposes (Prostitution) in Southern Africa before, during & after the 2010 FIFA World Cup Games
(2008).
80
Clare Heal, Horror of Child Sex Trafficking in South Africa, The Zimdiaspora, June 28, 2010.
7 confirmed cases of trafficking in the first week alone in the booming sex industry. She found
that taxis serve as mediums between tourists and brothels or pimps that operate in run down flats
or cars, charging customers roughly $20 a visit. Typically customers are Japanese/Chinese
businessmen or international tourists and they rarely wear condoms. She also found cases where
women were drugged, surrounded by rubbish, feces and vomit, slumped on beds, many of the
women and girls tricked and forced into such atrocious circumstances.
Ms. Thompson also reports that brothel owners currently can only be prosecuted under
the complicated laws dealing with the misuse of business premises and without anti-trafficking
laws, victims can't be removed unless they voluntary leave, which is virtually impossible given
the violent gangs that control such brothels. If community members make complaints, the Vice
Squad can enter the premises but can only remove girls from such brothels if they are foreigners
and don't have the correct paperwork. She stated that the men running the brothels visited had no
fear, "It was easy for them, it was like they were mocking us being there. They thought they were
untouchable. That was what left such a sick aftertaste. It was just cold, inhumane, and evil. And
they were getting away with it.81
In March 2010, David Bayever of the South African Central Drug Authority had warned
that up to 40,000 prostitutes could be trafficked to the nation for the World Cup demand.
Professor Loren Landau at the University of the Witwatersrad has been amongst a spattering of
individuals that say that 2010 World Cup related trafficking into South Africa is exaggerated. He
draws upon 2006 world cup evidence and the lack of indicative support for such claims in South
Africa. He is supported by a June report from the South African Forced Migration Studies
Program that stated there "is no empirical evidence that large-scale sporting events lead to an

81
Clare Heal, Horror of Child Sex Trafficking in South Africa, The Zimdiaspora, June 28, 2010.
increase in human trafficking.82 The Institute for Security Studies did warn against the inflation
of trafficking projections because of the negative effect it can have on anti-trafficking campaigns
when there is no data to support such figures, and SWEAT worried that sensationalized numbers
would detract from the issues prostitutes face on a daily basis. Molo Songololo, a child rights
organization also notes that the extent of child trafficking is not widely known because of the
lack of concrete statistics.83
In a July 10, 2010 CNN article, Soccer Fans Shun Hookers for Arts Sake high end
brothels and other syndicates claim that there has been a decrease in the sex industry (high end
brothels and escort services specifically) since the start of the world cup because tourists are
opting for cultural endeavors and not sex (at least in Johannesburg).84 The Wall Street Journal
printed an article in late June 2010 about sex tourism attracting women that would otherwise not
be attracted to such an industry because of the opportunity afforded by the World Cup.85 A grade
school teacher from Zimbabwe hoping to earn enough capital during the games to open a
business back home said, It was the situation that forced me to do this I had never done this
before." The same article discusses how it has minimally spiked the sex industrys business in
Johannesburg.
On the other hand, reports from Cape Town show the opposite. According to Aneqaah,
operator of an escort agency, Business was good. And several sex workers from nearby
countries also made their way into Cape Town. But we fear it wont be as good after the World

82
http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/IMG/pdf/FMSP_Migration_Issue_Brief_4_Trafficking_June
_2010_doc.pdf
83
http://westcapenews.com/?p=932
84
http://www.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/07/09/prostitute.gallery/
85
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704629804575324802978745116.html
Cup. During the World Cup we used to get three to four clients everyday.86 The same article
interviewed tourists for feedback on the local sex industry, In this part of the world you have to
be very careful. The best thing is that there are no fixed rates and you can bargain," said a Dutch
fan staying at a local backpackers lodge.87 NPR interviewed Cape Town Councilman J.P. Smith
in early July 2010 and he was quoted as saying We've not seen international trafficking,
certainly not the ludicrous 40,000-figures and stuff that were bandied about. So it is exactly 10 at
last count.
In conclusion, until reliable reports are released by organizations in South Africa
following the World Cup, estimations will continue to be made. And since the industry is
extremely difficult to trace and report on typically, the larger issues driving prostitution and
human trafficking in South Africa will have to be addressed.

86
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Soccer-boosts-sex-tourism-in-Cape-Town/Article1-568769.aspx
87
Id.
CASE STUDY: NIGERIA
Background on Trafficking Issues Facing Nigeria
Nigeria is a source, transit and destination country for women and children subjected to
trafficking related to forced commercial sexual exploitation.88 The country borders with the
nations of Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Niger and lies on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, and as a
member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), border regulations
between member states are easier, providing even more porous border crossings for human
trafficking. Trafficking in the West African region dates back to 1960's, but only gained public
notice in the 1990s.89
The numbers of Nigerians trafficked appears to be significant, based on the large number
of deportees returned to the country each year and reports of stranded victims along trafficking
routes, especially in North Africa. In light of the vast problem facing the country, Nigeria has
made significant efforts to curb human trafficking. These efforts secured the country a tier 1
ranking for the second year in a row in the 2010 State Department Trafficking in Persons Report.
The report highlights the successes and shortcomings throughout the last reporting period, many
of which are incorporated in this memo.
Nigeria is a vast country with a wealth of ethnic diversities and a North/South religious
divide between Muslims and Christians. While democracy was reinstated in the country in 1999,
widespread poverty, corruption and violence have fueled Nigerian migration and the human
trafficking market. Other factors that help make Nigeria fertile land for traffickers include:

88
See U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2010) [Hereinafter referred to as
2010 TIP Report].
89
See UNESCO, Policy Paper, Human Trafficking In Nigeria: Root Causes And Recommendations
(2006).
illiteracy, ignorance, greed, lack of opportunity, inequality, gender-induced cultural bias,
unemployment and large family sizes.90 The sexual exploitation of women in Nigeria mirrors
other impoverished nations facing similar hardships. Traffickers/exploiters prey not only on
poverty, but also on the breakdown of social and cultural values, disintegrated family structures
and the popular idea that wealth is easily and quickly obtainable abroad. Women that go abroad
to work in the prostitution industry or take other false offers of employment are typically seeking
to support their families economically.91
Organized crime in Nigeria has extensive networks throughout North America, Europe,
Asia and Africa; they can be linked with the petrol industry, drugs and trafficking in persons.
Nigerian women and girls are at the highest risk of being trafficked; according to UNODC two
thirds of Nigerian trafficking victims are female.92 Furthermore, most trafficked women are and
are from rural areas. IOM reports that most trafficked women are recruited from the Niger
Delta.93 Ache Nigerian states of Akwa Ibom and Edo have the largest amount of victims,
according to rescues of victims by National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons
(NAPTIP). The Women's Consortium for Nigeria stated in 2006 that the state of Ogun was also a
strategic location for traffickers (to, from, within), because of its rural nature and shared border
with Benin, which helps with transporting victims to other West African countries.94 Traffickers
transport victims by air, land and sea. By land, the typical routes to Europe run through Benin,
Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Libya, and Morocco. Furthermore, it has been

90
See UNICEF, Nigeria: Country Response on Trafficking in Persons Especially Children and Women
(2002-2007), available at: http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/ng_publications_countryresponse.pdf.
91
92
UNODC, Transnational Trafficking and the Rule of Law in West Africa: A Threat Assessment (2009).
93
Jogen Carling, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe (IOM, 2006).
94
U.S. Department of State, Nigeria Report on Human Rights Practices (2006). See also
http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/thisday/2005/08/03/15m_kids_in_child_labour_a_group.php
reported that some regional traffickers move victims by caravan to Europe, forcing them to cross
the desert by foot and forced prostitution in order to repay travel debts.
According to one report, 80% of Nigerian trafficked women and girls to Europe come
from mid/southern region and are of Edo ethnicity (other states include Delta, Kano and
Borno).95 In the Edo ethnic group, women's societal roles are built around a polygamous system
where wives are in a continuous struggle for recognition and a fair share of familial resources
and a sexual exploitation is sometimes overlooked for the betterment of the family unit. It was
reported that young girls and women were trafficked to Italy, Austria, Spain, Norway, Belgium,
the Netherlands, Greece, the United Kingdom, Russia, South Africa and countries in North, West
and Central Africa for forced prostitution and domestic labor.
According to UNICEF, amongst the African female trafficking victims in Italy for
prostitution, an astounding 80% were from Nigeria.96 In 2009, it was estimated that each year in
Italy, between 8,000 and 10,000 Nigerian women and girls are forced into prostitution (these
figures account for the rotation of women out of the commercial sex industry, meaning many
more have been victimized).97 Women and children trafficking victims were sent to Saudi Arabia
for prostitution, sexual exploitation and labor. In 2008, Nigerian girls being held captive in the
commercial sex trade in Libya and Morocco were rescued and repatriated. Recent reports also
show Nigerian women are being trafficked to South America, particularly Venezuela.98

95
96
See Victoria Ijeoma Nwogu, Collateral Damage: Nigeria (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women,
2007). See also Jogen Carling, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe
(IOM, 2006).
97
UNICRI, Trafficking of Nigerian Girls in Italy: the Data, the Stories, the Social Services (2010).
98
(2006).
According to USAID, it is estimated that more than 300,000 Nigerian women have been illegally
trafficked out of the country since 1990 (report from 2005).99
In Nigeria, individual criminals and organized crime units carry out trafficking through a
variety of methods. Relatives or other individuals known to the victims are also often involved in
the recruitment process. It has been reported that in some cases family members have pressured
women into taking offers from traffickers because of the status elevation having a family
member abroad affords, and even resorted to kicking the women out if they refused.100
Traffickers in Nigeria seemed to be organized into specialties dealing with document/passport
forgery, recruitment and transportation. Furthermore, the UNODC reported that that there are
highly sophisticated international networks involved with recruitment, travel documentation,
transportation, accommodation and the exploitation of victims in destination countries. The level
of organization is less formal at the recruitment level and then is dependent upon the number of
women involved and the size of their operation.101 Nigerian gangs and trafficking syndicates
have also been cited as active in the following countries: Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, South
Africa, Cote dIvoire, Lesotho, Libya.102
Victims were often lured with the promise of legitimate work elsewhere, or parents and
child victims are tricked with educational promises or skills training. The success stories of other
women from abroad in combination with the lack of educational and employment opportunities
for females in Nigeria makes victims and their families more willing to try their luck with such
offers. Often, traffickers use debt bondage, intimidation and force to trap victims once trafficked.

99
See Chineze J. Onyejekwe, Influences of Global Human Trafficking Issues on Nigeria: A Gender
Perspective, Journal of International Women's Studies (November 2005).
100
See UNODC, Transnational Trafficking and the Rule of Law in West Africa: A Threat Assessment
(2009).
101
Id.
102
According to the UNODC, mostly Nigerians conduct all interstate operations dealing with
trafficking, ranging from voodoo priests, lawyers who draft the debt bondage agreements, real
estate agents who help launder trafficking money through false transactions and a variety of
others associated with the smuggling.103 Practitioners of traditional magic (voodoo priests) are
also used by Nigerian traffickers to threaten victims with curses in order to guarantee their
silence.
According to IOM, many young women are first introduced to the trafficking network
informally, perhaps family or friends, usually someone with no role in the process other than to
make contacts.104 At this point the victims are lured with promises of work as maids, sales
personnel or hairdressers, factory or restaurant work, even educational pursuits. The European
prostitution market avails itself as an attractive destination for these young women to nefarious
traffickers. The prostitution of Nigerian women to Italy began in the mid 1980's as a result of
economic problems (Netherlands trend began in 1990s).105 Many of the women and girls who
found themselves victim of such prostitution rings later found themselves becoming madams or
perpetrators of the system from Italy. IOM reports that when opportunities are offered in Italy, it
is often connected with prostitution, but that isn't the case for other European countries, leaving
the victim less cautious.106 According to another report, while during the late 1990's women in
Nigeria might have been aware that they were heading to work in the prostitution industry in

103
Id.
104
See Jogen Carling, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe (IOM,
2006).
105
Id.
106
Id.
Italy, their comprehension of what that entailed and what kind of work was involved was very
limited since many had never experienced such in Nigeria.107
The next ring in the Nigerian trafficking network involves a madam (usually woman,
sometimes men) and sometimes a third person who financially sponsors the transport abroad.
This madam is connected closely with the madam in Europe, and typically the two are part of the
same extended family.108 Other integral members of the network can include Nigerian religious
leaders, human smugglers and other men working for the madams in Europe.
This network establishes debt bondage over the woman by having her enter into a pact
with the madams for the travel costs, often a confusing process for rural Nigerian women who
are unfamiliar with European currencies.109 One report estimates that the debt amounts imposed
by traffickers upon arrival in Europe ranges from about 30,000 to 60,000 Euros, and recently the
amounts have doubled.110 Back in Nigeria, pacts are confirmed by religious leaders (ohen) in a
shrine. In addition to the financial agreement, the pact will also include a symbolic aspect (juju
magic), often of human material (nail clippings, hair, menstrual blood) as well as kola nuts,
metal and soap, which have symbolic importance dealing with the Ogun deity. Some shrine visits
have included other rituals, even animal sacrifice or forced consumption of water used to wash
dead bodies, in order to place an exaggerated commitment on the victim, establishing power and
a perceived involvement of the spiritual world.
Traffickers use such rituals to demonstrate the trafficking victims willingness to enter
prostitution and against victims to reaffirm their control, appealing to their deepest superstitions.

107
Id.
108
Esohe Aghatise, Trafficking for Prostitution in Italy: Possible Effects of Government Proposals for
Legalization of Brothels (Violence Against Women, 2004).
109
Jogen Carling, Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe (IOM, 2006).
110
Foreign authorities have noted, "Nigerian women and girls require less physical control from
exploiters compared with other foreign woman an girls trafficked into prostitution because the
rites they are made to undergo impose a psychological control on them."111 Therefore, the bond
between the trafficking victim forced or coerced into prostitution and the sponsoring madam is
very strong. The woman is reluctant to break the pact because of magical repercussions on her
own body or mind, and because of the community weight given to such pacts in Nigeria
(breaking one would result in shame).
Upon arrival in Europe, the victims are often subjected to violence, degrading acts, made
to endure hardship and stripped of their clothing, money and dignity. Together with imposed
debt bondage, such treatment further traps women and girls who have been trafficked from
Nigeria. The period of time for trafficked women to be used for commercial sexual exploitation
varies and traffickers often rotate the victims between cities as a way to further disorient them.
Furthermore, the age of many young girls being exploited is left in limbo, dependent on what
phase of exploitation cycle she is in an effort to further deprive the girl of her identity, isolating
and dehumanizing her (for example, lower for client, higher for immigration papers).112 The
UNODC also reported a deep understanding by traffickers of the asylum process which helps
trafficking syndicates legitimize the victims stay in the country while they continue to force her
to prostitute.113 The Nigerian Platform Netherlands reports that women are sent to African
countries such as Senegal, South Africa, Ghana, Gambia and Cte dIvoire to learn the trade of
prostitution before being sent on to Europe for further exploitation.114

111
Id.
112
UNICRI, Trafficking of Nigerian Girls in Italy: the Data, the Stories, the Social Services (2010).
113
114
Id.
In addition to the debts owed by women and girls trafficked specifically to Italy, many
are also required to rent the roadside spot where they work (500 Euros) and must pay in advance
food (40 Euros a week) and buy provocative clothing and regular gifts for their madams.115
Traffickers and other exploiters use various cruel forms of violence on victims in order to
threaten and continuously subjugate the women/girls. Reports from Italy indicate that such
violence used to pressure victims to remain in prostitution includes: verbal and physical abuse,
burning victims with hot irons when they refuse to prostitute, forced abortions, forced
unprotected intercourse with clients, forced performance even when ill, menstruating or
pregnant, withholding of children for use as leverage for wages and violent attacks on family
members that remain in Nigeria.116
There have also been various reports of both women and children being trafficked to the
Middle East during the religious pilgrimage, the Hajj. Upon arrival in Saudi Arabia they are
forced into street begging, domestic service and prostitution. Between 1999 and July 2000, Saudi
Arabia deported about 454 trafficked Nigerians, mostly women and children.117 The UNODC
also reports that foreign women are trafficked into Nigeria from as far away as Moldova,
Belarus, Ukraine and the Philippines.118 In one report, there is mention of the Triangle of
Shame, a region bordered with Nigeria and Chad that is home to 5 nomad groups with a
population of approximately 50,000 who are known to traffic girls and women.119 Within the
groups, the traditional chiefs keep young girls between 12 and 16 as slaves who they later sell to

115
116
Id.
117
(2006).
118
119
Tola Olujuwon, Combating Trafficking in Person: A Case Study of Nigeria, European 24 Journal of
Scientific Research 23 (2008).
the highest bidder. In Islam men are not allowed to marry in excess of four wives, and it has been
reported that Nigerian men (predominately Moslem Hausas) will purchase/marry women from
the triangle and keep her as a concubine or mistress; these women have no rights as the excess
wife under Islamic law.120 The predominant region where this occurs is at the Niger and Benin
borders with Nigeria, where the girls and women are reportedly trafficked inland to Kano,
Sokoto and Katsina states within Nigeria.
Migration/trafficking associated with the commercial sex industry in Nigeria is largely
informally organized and exists contrary to religious and cultural norms, and exist in bars, hotels,
brothels and on the streets of Nigeria.121 Prostitution is considered an aberrant and immoral act
and is considered a sin, especially according to the religious teachings of Islam and Christianity
prevalent in the country.122 General attitudes towards prostitution vary from community to
community, with Edo state communities trivializing the issue, and one report suggesting that
economic realities have caused a shift towards acceptance.123 Regardless, statutes exist at both
the federal and state levels to criminalize prostitution.124
Under Chapter 21, Offences against Morality, sections 222A, 222B, 223, 224 (forced
sexual exploitation), 225A, 225B, 226 of the Nigerian Criminal Code govern the prohibition of
prostitution in Nigeria at the federal level for southern states.125 The law criminalizes the
procurer of girls and women for work in brothels/prostitution industry and those who profit from

120
Id.
121
Victoria Ijeoma Nwogu, Collateral Damage: Nigeria (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women,
2007).
122
123
Id. See also Oluyemisi Bamgbose, Teenage Prostitution and the Future of the Female Adolescent in
Nigeria, 46 Int.J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol 569 (2002), available at: http://ijo.sagepub.com/
content/46/5/569.
124
U.S. Department of State, Nigeria Report on Human Rights Practices (2009).
125
See Nigerian Criminal Code, available at: http://www.nigeria-law.org/Criminal%20Code%20Act-
PartIII-IV.htm#Chapter%2021.
such industries. The law includes prohibition of forced, coercive, deceptive and willing
prostitution and sex trafficking. From a reading of the criminal code, the law does not explicitly
criminalize the woman/girl engaged in prostitution. At the state level, Edo state added provisions
to the criminal code which expanded culpability to third parties (traditional priests/sponsors) but
also criminalized prostitution, which alienates trafficked persons working in the industry.
States in the northern part of Nigeria abide by varying penal codes in line with Islamic
law, which criminalizes prostitution.126 Sections 278-280 of the Penal Code (applicable in
Northern Nigeria) prohibits the selling of minors for immoral purposes, buying or disposing of
slaves and compulsory labor and provides for punishment by imprisonment.127 Such Sharis
courts deliver hadd sentences (e.g. caning).128 One article discussed the difficulty of
integrating prostitutes into society with the adoption of Sharia law in these states. Attirhu
Bafarawa, governor of Sokoto state, offered cash to practicing prostitutes when the laws were
enacted to help keep them out of the industry.129
Child prostitution is prohibited in Nigeria by federal law and carries a penalty of up to
seven years imprisonment for guilty adult.130 Age of consent is 13; therefore anyone having
carnal knowledge of a girl under 13 is guilty of a felony (between 13 -16, misdemeanor). Also
the criminal code prohibits procurement of a girl or woman who is under the age of eighteen
years to have unlawful carnal connection with any other person or persons, either in Nigeria or
elsewhere.

126
127
See http://www.wildaf-ao.org/eng/spip.php?article46.
128
129
See http://www.afrobarometer.org/papers/AfrobriefNo58.pdf.
130
The federal 2003 Child Rights Act prohibits child trafficking but only 23 out of 36 states
have enacted and fully implemented the law.131 Note, the Nigerian constitution stipulates
childrens rights as falling under state authority). Nigeria has signed but not yet ratified the
Optional Protocol on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the Sale of Children, Child
Prostitution and Child Pornography.132
As a further note, in CEDAWs 2001 report on Nigeria, they examine the countrys
adherence to Article 6 of the convention, which is: States Parties shall take all appropriate
measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of
prostitution of women.133 The report summarizes that Nigerian law doesnt treat prostitution
itself as an offense but provides for a range of penalties (3 years to life imprisonment) for
procurers, persons who ran brothels and others involved in trafficking in women.134 The same
report criticizes Nigerias acceptance and use of polygamy as a method for curbing prostitution
and notes the governments attempts to rehabilitate prostitutes.
Perhaps because Nigerian laws criminalize those who make prostitution a business,
organized crime syndicates in Nigeria have sought alternative ways to exploit women and girls
outside of the country where laws and systems are less risky. Regardless, prostitution still exists
in Nigeria, and remains pervasive especially in urban areas.135 In addition to street prostitution

131
132
Id.
133
See CEDAW: Second and third periodic reports of Nigeria (CEDAW/C/SR.395) (2001) Available at:
http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/d572454b7b504ae7c12572ce00
0f7c04/$FILE/N0130397.pdf
134
Id.
135
and brothels, there have been reports of widespread prostitution on university campuses, and
high-end brothels owned by politicians.136
Background on Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in Nigeria
Nigeria ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children on June 28, 2001. Nigeria is also party to the ILO Convention
182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labor (2002), the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on The Rights
of Women in Africa (2004) and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women (1985). At the international scale, there are various international
bi-lateral agreements Nigeria has forged in order to combat trafficking.137 These include: the
2003 Memorandum of Understanding between Nigeria and Benin, which pledges cooperation on
human trafficking issues dealing with border issues, detection, law enforcement, investigation
and prosecution;138 the September 2000 agreement with Italy, which facilitates the repatriation
and reentry of victims from Italy to Nigeria;139 the 2003 agreement with Switzerland regarding
immigration matters;140 the 2004 Memorandum of Understanding with the UK to combat

136
See Ebenezer Edohasim, Campus Girls, Big-Time Prostitutes, Daily Champion (December 20, 2009).
See also Obi N. I. Ebbe, "Political-Criminal Nexus in Nigeria" Paper presented at the
Institute for Contemporary Studies and NSIC Conference, "Confronting the Challenge of the Political-
Criminal Nexus," Mexico, March 1997: 1-19.
137
See UNODC, Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo 72
(September 2006).
138
See: http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=20511. Also note that Benin and Nigeria signed a Joint
Plan of Action on Country Response to trafficking in particular Women and Children, which was
updated in January 2007. See http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/ng_publications_country response.pdf.
139
See: http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/24/opinion/24iht-edguest.2.t.html
140
Available at: http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-
XXnlPhdkYoJ:www.bfm.admin.ch/etc/medialib/data/migration/rechtsgrundlagen/internationale_rechtsqu
ellen/ruecknahmeabkommen.Par.0031.File.tmp/nigeria-zuwanderung-
trafficking;141 the 2001 ECOWAS declaration and plan of action against human trafficking.142
At the national level, following ratification of the 2001 protocol, a committee of civil
society members, run by the NGO Women Trafficking and Child Labor Eradication Foundation
(WOTCLEF), was established to draft a comprehensive anti-trafficking bill.143 The Nigerian
National Assembly passed the bill, the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement
and Administration Act on July 14, 2003 (amended in 2005 to give enforcement powers to
NAPTIP).144 The same year the government formed NAPTIP to enact, enforce and promote the
new anti-trafficking law throughout the country.
The law, which meets Nigerias obligations under the protocol, prohibits child labor,
forced labor, trafficking in slaves, pornography, drug trafficking, and forced/compulsory
recruitment into armed conflict.145 The act also provides a framework to protect the rights of
victims, their identities and their right to press charges against traffickers and provides victims
with access to health and social services in Nigeria. Foreign nationals who are such victims are
granted a temporary resident permit under the law.146 The law also holds traffickers accountable
through a wide variety of penalties, such as monetary fines (between $375 to 1,500),
imprisonment (from 12 months to life), deportation, forfeiture of assets and passport, and
liability for compensation to victims in civil proceedings.

e.pdf+Swiss+Federal+Council+Government+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria+repatriation+Sule+L
amido&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESicQRIozRF1ruE_SIosW5X0QgQsXubKJYfC3qrnHuYuv2xh1Aj
5aNoeHeYOUfFUxcc8xZEiLi-4JfMEICnOyYDPDfuySaTIYz_aJe0KfP6Y-BxBG9zYPWFPGDbW-
TEuvu5Ej50V&sig=AHIEtbRGA8ZZpHpNPLeTxhs4LtEPH3DkqA
141
See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4018253.stm
142
Available at:
http://www.achpr.org/english/Special%20Mechanisms/Women/ECOWAS%20declaration.pdf
143
ILO - International Migration Programme, Good Practices Database, Nigeria (available at
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/migmain.showPractice?p_lang=en&p_practice_id=40).
144
See NAPTIP: Legal and Prosecution Dept. (Available at: http://naptip.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_
content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=44.)
145
Id.
146
Id.
NAPTIP, as the enforcement and administrative agency of the Act is granted with powers
of arrest and search and seizure related to human trafficking incidences. The Federal High Court,
the High Court of a State and the High Court of the Federal Capital all have concurrent
jurisdiction to try any human trafficking related offences.147 The act also enumerates the
following tasks for NAPTIP: the coordination and enforcement of all existing laws on trafficking
in persons and related offences; the adoption of measures to increase effective eradication of
human trafficking; the facilitation and encouragement of persons in custody to participate and
assist with investigations and proceedings; ensuring the effectiveness of law enforcement agents
in trafficking efforts and ensuring cooperation with the office of the Attorney-General and all
other relevant offices working on trafficking in persons; maintaining rapid exchange of
information regarding trafficking offences; conducting research and improving upon
international cooperation for anti-trafficking efforts; reinforcing and supplementing proper
measures agreed to in bilateral and multilateral treaties and conventions dealing with trafficking
in persons; collaborating with other agencies or bodies towards anti-trafficking efforts; and
finally, strengthening and enhancing legal means for international cooperation in criminal
matters related to trafficking. Furthermore the agency has the power to begin investigations into
suspected trafficking cases and into the activities of suspected traffickers or persons engaged
with such activities.148 The act also helped establish the following operational units of NAPTIP:
investigation & monitoring unit, legal and prosecution unit, research and development unit,

147
See http://naptip.gov.ng/.
148
(September 2006).
public enlightenment unit, counseling and rehabilitation unit and other relevant units and
committees.149
On August 20, 2008 the federal government passed the National Plan of Action (NPA) on
Trafficking in Persons, which was initially introduced in 2006. The framework includes research,
prevention, prosecution and protection and promotes cooperation and coordination between
government, law enforcement agencies, lawmakers and NGOs. While funding for anti-
trafficking programs and initiatives are lacking, enforcement efforts, investigations and
prosecutions dealing with trafficking have significantly increased in recent years (see Appendix
3 of news articles for some highlighted convictions). On a positive note, in 2009 the Nigerian
Government pledged over $7 million in annual funds for NAPTIPs operation and activities and
funds were distributed in April 2010. Furthermore, the Finnish government furthered its
partnership with Nigeria by providing NAPTIP with over $1 million in funding.150
NAPTIP is a nationwide federal agency responsible for combating trafficking, which has
585 employees, 109 investigators and 27 prosecutors dedicated to trafficking and is Nigerias
strongest force against trafficking in persons. Furthermore, the agency has obtained international
notoriety and has significantly increased its operational capacity allowing more cooperation
between law enforcement and civil society to effectively and efficiently track both criminals and
victims and increase protection and prosecution efforts. According to the 2010 TIP Report,
during 2009 NAPTIP investigated 149 new cases, obtained 26 prosecutions and obtained 25
trafficking convictions and at years end there were roughly 66 cases pending.151 From these
convictions, sentences averaged 2.66 years imprisonment and only two were fined instead of

149
See http://www.naptip.gov.ng/.
150
151
Id.
ordered to serve prison time. The biggest obstacle for convictions remains witness willingness to
testify and delayed/slow court proceedings. For several months in 2008, NAPTIP coordinated
with international agencies (called Operation Koovis) to arrest 60 Nigerians on human
trafficking charges in eight European countries (Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Germany,
the Netherlands, Britain).152 The offenders face prosecution in nine European countries.
Since 2003, NAPTIP has organized regular stakeholder forums at the state level in order
to train security and immigration officials and to raise general awareness about trafficking issues.
NAPTIP has worked in more than 22 states to establish state-level anti-trafficking committees
that consist of immigration officials, civil society organizations, law enforcement agents and
federal ministries.153 In 2009 NAPTIP celebrated its 5th Anniversary by holding an Anti-Human
Trafficking Awareness Week and launching the Red Card to Human trafficking campaign. The
Red Card campaign included media and informational campaigns, charity walks, sensitization
workshops and the launch of the Victims Trust Fund. Around the same time to raise awareness
about trafficking surrounding the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, ECOWAS, NAPTIP and the
ATO (African Tourism Development Organization) partnered to raise awareness about human
trafficking, as a follow up to the ECOWAS/ATO 2006 plan of action.154
In November 2009, the government also made significant efforts to assist with the
protection and rehabilitation of trafficking victims by passing the National Policy on Protection
and Assistance to Trafficked Persons in Nigeria. NAPTIP processed roughly 1,109 victims in
2009 and provided short-term shelter for such victims, maintained a trafficking hotline, assisted

152
See: http://naptip.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&Itemid=1
153
(September 2006).
154
See Report on ECOWAS, ATO and NAPTIP Pre-Sub-Saharan Summit Planning Meeting, available
at: http://www.africantourism.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_ download
&gid=2&Itemid=110.
with reuniting victims with families and repatriation, and also provided NGO contacts for
victims, which could better assist with shelter, counseling and reintegration (note 624 out of
1,109 were cases of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, and 328 were for labor
exploitation).155 NAPTIP, along with IOM, the Ministry of Women Affairs and the American
Bar Association (ABA), operate secure shelter facilities in Lagos, Abuja, Benin City, Uyo,
Enugu, Sokoto, and Kano. NAPTIP also organized "town hall" meetings with NGOs, community
and traditional leaders, teachers, school children, in order to raise awareness of the dangers of
trafficking and what legal protections and resources were available. NAPTIP continues working
with the local media, government ministries and NGOs to combat human trafficking.
156
Additionally, the NGO-NAPTIP Cooperation Against Human Trafficking is made up of five
NGO's (Bonded Labor in Nederland, Girls Power Initiative, Lift Above Poverty Organization
(LAPO), International Reproductive Rights Research Action Group (IRRRAG)) and NAPTIP;
together they collaborate on human trafficking victims, prevention and return.157 NAPTIP also
has a strong collaboration with IOM, Idia Renaissance and Women's Consortium of Nigeria
(WOCON).
There were some reports that NAPTIP is unable to successfully prosecute traffickers
because the NPF is involved in the investigation and the force is still susceptible to bribes.158
With this in mind, NAPTIP is considered to be the most reliable and transparent law enforcement

155
156
(September 2006).
157
Id.
158
(September 2006).
agency in Nigeria.159 NAPTIP conducts a bi-annual stakeholder's forum to listen to coordinate
between NAPTIP and its partners to further cooperation and to hear any concerns or
allegations.160 In addition to federal government funding, NAPTIPs activities are also funded
by: UNICEF, UNODC/United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
(UNICRI), USAID, American Bar Association - Africa (ABA-Africa), ILO, IOM, the Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA), the Italian NGO TAMPEP Onlus and Terre des
Hommes.161 The governments of Italy, France, Norway and the Netherlands also provide funding
for NAPTIP.
Other federal Nigerian agencies also have anti-trafficking units, such as the Nigeria
Police Force (NPF) and the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS), both of which support
investigative fieldwork. Other ministries involved with such efforts include the Ministry of
Womens Affairs, Departments of Child/Youth Development Ministries of Women Affairs and
of Information Youth and Sports and the Office of the Special Adviser to the President on
Human Trafficking in the Federal Ministry of Justice.162 Anti trafficking committees at the state
level consist of immigration officials, civil society organizations, law enforcement, and federal
ministries. Such committees are responsible for acting in various trafficking cases.
On an international scale, the Nigerian government made several attempts to collaborate
with other nations such as the Netherlands, France, Spain, Italy and Benin with investigations
and on law enforcement level. Nigeria also worked with Ghanaian officials and civil society
members on how to best implement their newly formed anti trafficking force and how to mirror

159
Cooperation with NAPTIP and other related matters: Report from Danish Immigration Service's Fact-
Finding Mission to Abuja, Nigeria (February 2009).
160
Id.
161
Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Nigeria: Report from Danish Immigration Service's Fact-
Finding Mission to Lagos, Benin City and Abuja, Nigeria (September 2007).
162
the efforts of NAPTIP. Nigeria has also worked with Benin and UNICEF to deal with border
coordination issues dealing with trafficking. Similar efforts with Cameroon have taken place.
At the community level, INGOs & NGOs assist greatly in the fight against trafficking in
Nigeria. According to various reports, such organizations have a good working relationship with
NAPTIP and other government authorities in relationship to anti trafficking efforts. Idia
Renaissance, operating in Edo State, provided trafficking victims with a youth resource center,
job skills training and counseling. Also in Edo, the Society for the Empowerment of Young
Persons (along with the ABA) provided vocational training and business support to trafficking
victims. Women Trafficking and Child Labor Eradication Foundation (WOTCLEF) operates a
shelter for victims and provides skills training and microcredit/loan opportunities.163 WOTCLEF
has received financial support from various partners including UNICEF, ILO/PATWA and the
World Bank. The Committee for the Support of the Dignity of Women, together with funding
from the Italian Catholic Church, has established a shelter for trafficking victims in Benin
City.164
Other local NGOs involved in anti-trafficking efforts include: Girls Power Initiative
(GPI), Womens Consortium of Nigeria (WOCON), Global Rights Partners for Justice (GRPJ),
Adolescent Health and Information Project (AHIP), Royal Pearls Foundation International,
National Council of Womens Societies (NCWS), IRRAAG, African Womens Empowerment
Guild (AWEG), Sisters of Mercy, Gender and Development Action (GADA), International
Reproductive Rights Research Action Group (IRRRAG), Legal Resources Consortium, Catholic
Secretariat of Nigeria/Caritas Nigeria, Centre for Training and Development Activities

163
Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Nigeria: Report from Danish Immigration Service's Fact-
Finding Mission to Lagos, Benin City and Abuja, Nigeria (September 2007).
164
Id.
(CETDA). Working together with these organizations at the international level the following are
involved with anti-trafficking efforts in Nigeria: UNESCO, UNIFEM, ECOWAS, World Bank,
UNODC, IOM, UNICEF, ILO-IPEC, FIDA, USAID, Save the Children, The International
Association of Criminal Justice Practitioners (IACJP), CARE, Terre des Hommes, Anti-Slavery
International, Plan International and International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor
of the International Labor Organization (ILOIPEC).
Different sectors working to combat trafficking have reported on various challenges that
still exist (as reported by UNODC). A universal issue facing all organizations and governments
is adequate funding to fight trafficking. Such funding would help provide for surveillance
infrastructure and support investigations. The porous and extensive national borders hamper law
enforcement, border control and immigration efforts. The lack of networking and communication
between organizations working on anti-trafficking makes it difficult to seamlessly infiltrate,
investigate and prosecute trafficking syndicates. Similarly, a centralized database would
similarly increase/ease efforts. There have been accusations of collusion between traffickers with
government officials, law enforcements, police and immigration personnel, although the 2010
TIP Report refutes such accusations based on no evidentiary support.
There are also challenges facing the rehabilitation and repatriation of trafficking victims.
While Nigeria is doing more to protect victims and victims have legal protection, there is still
inadequate funding to provide all necessary services. Necessary shelters, safe houses and
rehabilitation centers are few, and the sustainability of long victim programs is lacking.
Trafficking victims continue to face social stigmatization, trauma, as well as other psychological
difficulties after such horrors.

According to UNESCO, the biggest factors contributing to the trafficking of Nigerian
women and girls are: unequal access to education, lack of legitimate and fulfilling employment
opportunities, lack of support systems due to natural and human created catastrophes, traditional
attitudes that tolerate violence against women, the expanding billion-dollar sex and entertainment
industry, ability to easily control and manipulate vulnerable women/girls, and lack of access to
legal redress for victims of trafficking.165 As a whole, without alternative employment and
economic opportunities for vulnerable women and girls and so long as a market demand for
trafficking in persons, Nigeria will continue to be a tempting source of trafficked individuals.
With traffickers altering their tactics and routes to escape the law and officials daily, the fight
against trafficking in persons will continue. Recommendations to Nigeria to combat trafficking
have included addressing poverty and increasing awareness and sensitization within communities
on trafficking issues.166
With this in mind, it is hopeful to see Nigerias public and private sectors working
together on such a variety of levels to combat human trafficking. Nigerian authorities have sent a
clear message that human trafficking will not be tolerated and perpetrators will be brought to
justice and has received international recognition from the U.S., U.N. and other international
agencies for its anti-trafficking efforts. In June 2010 Luis CdeBaca, U.S. Ambassador at large for
the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, said,
Nigeria was well on its way to being on Tier 3 in the report, plagued, as in many
countries, by corruption [and] weak rule of law But they worked with the American
Bar Association; they worked with UNODC; they worked with us [USAID]; they
aggressively went out and found best practices You've seen success [in Nigerias
efforts] It is something that I'd like to see replicated and scaled outside of just
Nigeria."167

165
166
Id.
167
See http://allafrica.com/stories/201006170037.html.
Some of Nigerias best practices include: widespread prevention efforts, such as educational
school programs to warn children of tactics used by traffickers; strong legal mechanisms and a
centralized agency committed to combating trafficking; coordination and communication
between various sectors of society (NAPTIP, NGOs, law enforcement, etc.); improved
monitoring programs and cooperation with international agencies combating trafficking; strong
collaboration between investigation and prosecution authorities under NAPTIP have helped
result in successful TIP cases; and lastly, successful systems that address the needs of trafficked
victims in reintegration and rehabilitation.168

168
UNICEF, Nigeria: Country Response on Trafficking in Persons Especially Children and Women
(2002-2007), available at: http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/ng_publications_country response.pdf.
CONCLUSION
Best Practices
When examining the variety of material reviewed for this report, there have been a
number of best practices that revealed themselves. It is paramount to understand that best
practices for one region must be cautiously modified in order to meet the needs of individual
countries, especially when two regions are as disparate as Europe and Africa. As a note, Article
31 of the Palermo Convention deals explicitly with Prevention and notes the establishment and
promotion of best practices. While there have been few reports that incorporate best practices,
expansion of such reporting at national and regional levels would be helpful.
In addition to addressing the framework of human rights through poverty eradication and
other approaches to gender discrimination, UNESCOs report, Poverty, Gender and Human
Trafficking: Rethinking Best Practices in Migration Management also argues that a larger
migration framework needs to be analyzed when creating best practices.169 It suggests involving
victims of trafficking in policy formation so that the practicalities can be merged with the idealist
perspective related to human trafficking. Furthermore, as an observation, because of the number
of women and girls affected by trafficking all practices geared toward eradication should
incorporate a gender perspective.
In examining Nigeria and South Africa, there were a handful of best practices, which are
outlined below.
Nigeria:
Nigeria has enacted National Anti-Trafficking legislation and has also created NAPTIP in

169
UNESCO, Poverty, Gender and Human Trafficking: Rethinking Best Practices in Migration
Management (2005), available at: http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0002184/1a-
Migration_Truong_Mar2005.pdf.
order to enact, enforce and promote this legislation throughout the country. This law provides
for strict penalties for traffickers and provides a strong framework to protect victims of
trafficking, including those that are foreign nationals.
In addition to joining various international treaties to combat trafficking and discrimination
against women, they have also engaged in various international bi-lateral agreements dealing
with border issues, repatriation, detection, law enforcement, investigation and prosecution.
Nigeria has enacted a National Plan of Action on Trafficking in Persons, which provides a
framework of research prevention, prosecution, protection and cooperation amongst
government, law enforcement, lawmakers and NGOs.
NAPTIP appears to be an example of an anti-trafficking ministry that other African nation
states should mirror. To date, neighboring countries are seeking training initiatives to do so,
i.e. Ghana. It facilitates investigations, coordinates enforcement efforts, maintains the
exchange of information related to trafficking and manages international cooperation efforts.
NAPTIP has also successfully worked with other governments to arrest traffickers and track
trafficking trends. NAPTIP also works closely with NGOs to fight trafficking, especially
with victim protection and prevention programming.
Because of strong anti-trafficking legislation, in 2009, they obtained 25 trafficking related
convictions, significantly high for the region (South Africa has had one to date and the
perpetrators have yet to be sentenced as of August 2010). NAPTIP is also active at the state
levels throughout Nigeria with trainings of security and immigration officials and civil
society organizations. Furthermore, NAPTIP is seen as largely transparent and most reliable
law enforcement agency in Nigeria. Allow for bi-annual feedback from partners at
stakeholder forums.
NGOs and INGOs in Nigeria assist greatly in the fight against trafficking by providing
victims with shelter, skills training, microcredit/loan opportunities and counseling.
Furthermore, they assist greatly with widespread education campaigns in at risk
communities, including schools programs.
South Africa:
Efforts in South Africa have been primarily on raising awareness as opposed to creating
strong legal and enforcement frameworks. The governments National Prosecuting
Authority, along with IOM, sponsors a trafficking helpline and has raised public awareness
about human trafficking through various media campaigns. Both have also help train law
enforcement officials on human trafficking issues.
In light of the proliferation of new brothels near World Cup stadiums, officials and members
of civil society began campaigns to sensitize communities about trafficking and mobilized
anti-trafficking teams to protect young children. These efforts were staffed by police and
volunteers, and all reported back to the National Joint Operation Command Center.
Furthermore, child-friendly spaces were created at all major stadiums and IOM mobilized to
assist any indentified victims of trafficking.
The regional Red Card Campaign surrounding the 2010 World Cup coordinated efforts
between various international organizations and all 14 SADC countries, in order to highlight
the increased demand for service and hospitality labor but the dangers of doing so in light of
human trafficking.
While national legislation has not been enacted in South Africa, the 2007 Sexual Offenses act
protects victims of sexual exploitation by stating they are not to be prosecuted for any
directly related offense such as contravention of immigration laws or prostitution. Such

guarantees protect victims of human trafficking from being penalized if and when they find
themselves forced into prostitution.

Concluding Thoughts
I could go into detail about the need for housing and other basic necessities, the
importance of counseling, medical care, legal advice, access to job training programs
and education. But, realistically, the challenge for states is not identifying the services
that victims of trafficking need to survive and grow. The challenge that we face is in
getting states to see and respect, at the most basic level, the humanity of all victims
and to get states to work with victims/survivors in a way that demonstrates their
commitment to protecting the equality and dignity of all human beings.
- Human Rights Watch, 2002
Since human trafficking is a phenomenon with many causes, one law or one
organizational approach will not tackle it comprehensively. Successfully eradicating trafficking
in persons, especially women and girls, will require addressing the root causes and factors that
drive trafficking trends. While the task is enormous, most African states have assumed
responsibility for combating human trafficking by ratifying some or all of the relevant
instruments discussed above. And it is important to note that such a responsibility will not only
fall on the shoulders of governments, but will also have to include the efforts of community
based organizations, NGOs, international organizations, educators, business entities and
individual members of communities.
In an article entitled "The Importance of Realizing "Other Rights" to Prevent Sex
Trafficking," the author explores how because international efforts have been focused primarily
on criminalization of trafficking, which alone, will not aid with the eradication of trafficking and
the commercial sexual exploitation of individuals.170 Furthermore, fundamental rights are
described as essential to curbing both practices, especially for marginalized communities where
women and children are typically victims. These rights include: the right to be free from gender-
based violence and discrimination; the right to be free from other forms of discrimination; the

170
Jonathan Todres, The Importance of Realizing "Other Rights" To Prevent Sex Trafficking, 12 Cardozo
J.L. & Gender 885 (2006).
right to birth registration; health rights; and the right to education.171 Without a foundational
society of rights for girls to flourish into women who recognize and champion for a protection of
their rights, many will continue to fight systematic oppression, oftentimes without support or
hope of change.
It was also observed during the research that there still remains a prevalent disconnect
between commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking in persons, especially for women
victims. While the link is acknowledged in many reports, the driving survival forces for women
to resort to exploitative or at risk careers did not appear to manifest itself often. The glaring truth
is that the prostitution market largely fuels the demand for trafficked women and girls, and so
long as such markets of sexual exploitation exist, the women and girls that staff the brothels and
walk the street corners will largely be from the most marginalized communities and victims of
societal failure to protect and provide alternative economic opportunities.
As far as recommendations for future actions, pushing for the ratification of the Palermo
protocol for those nation states that have not yet done so is crucial to instituting a preliminary
framework and uniformity for the fight against human trafficking. Following ratification, the
domestication and implementation of the Palermo protocol is essential, and should focus on the
three-pronged approach of criminalization of trafficking, prevention and meaningful victim
assistance. As of July 2010, thirteen African nation states had pending anti-trafficking
legislation. These states include: Angola, Botswana, Chad, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi,
Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, The Gambia, and Togo. Campaigns should be
undertaken in order to place international pressure on these nations, highlighting the importance
of enacting such measures at the national level.

171
Id.
It was also difficult to locate and track successful convictions of traffickers in both South
Africa and Nigeria. While NAPTIP sources and the 2010 TIP Report cites various convictions,
outside of media reports tracking down such cases was nearly impossible. Also creating a
centralized network of NGOs working on human trafficking and dealing with sex workers, at
least at national levels, would prove instrumental in preventing duplication of efforts and more
coordinated attempts to address the underlying causes of trafficking. Furthermore, such a
network would be able to share their challenges and successes so that each could build from a
collective base of knowledge. Appendix 2 to this report contains a preliminary sampling of
NGOs working throughout the continent on human trafficking issues.
From a research perspective, reliable figures on trafficking and information from
rehabilitated victims was often scarce. Also, there were obvious gaps when exploring the
demand side of trafficking. Also, there did not seem to be a centralized source of efforts or
information regarding human trafficking, especially for Africa. UN.GIFT, IOM or another
capable international organization could facilitate the collection and collaboration of both
regional and international efforts so that NGOs and other relevant actors in the fight against
trafficking could easily have access to information and known resources when engaging in anti-
trafficking efforts. Overall there is a need for greater harmony in frameworks at all levels in
order to combat trafficking.
In conclusion, it appears the battle to eradicate the trafficking of women and girls for
commercial sexual exploitation has only begun in sub-Saharan Africa and only through a variety
of approaches will it be defeated.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA STATUS OF U.N. PROTOCOL TO PREVENT, SUPPRESS AND PUNISH
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN
COUNTRY UPDATES AS OF JULY 2010
APPENDIX 1
Color Coding Key

Ratified Protocol to Prevent, Surpress & Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
Acceded to Protocol to Prevent, Surpress & Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
Signed but not Ratified Protocol to Prevent, Surpress & Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
Not Signed/Not Ratified
Other
Treaties/Regional Instances/Current Circumstances (Primarily from 2010 D.S.
Country Status of Laws Other
Conventions TIP Report and USDS HR Rep 09)
(a) - accession
Algeria Algerian law prohibits trafficking in ILO Convention Unofficial reports that persons were trafficked through the Ratified
persons for all purposes. Algerian Penal 182, Elimination of country. The country is a transit point to Europe for women from March 9,
Code articles 242-44 covers most types of Worst Forms of sub-Saharan Africa trafficked for forced labor and sexual 2004
sex trafficking, including for minors. Child Labor; exploitation. Forced prostitution of migrants occurred as they
On March 8, 2009 the government's anti- Optional Protocol to traveled throughout the country, aided by smugglers as they Reservations
trafficking law entered into force. The the Convention on sought economic opportunity in Europe. : Not bound
new law criminalizes trafficking in the Rights of the The government has no programs for victims or campaigns about by provisions
persons for the purposes of forced labor Child on the Sale of trafficking. of Article 15,
and sexual exploitation and stipulates Children, Child paragraph 2.
prison terms of three to 20 years. Prostitution and Algeria hosted a meeting in March ICJ only
Child Pornography 2010 of Sahel-region foreign ministers to coordinate joint action court that can
(a); Optional against transnational crime, including trafficking in persons. hear
Protocol to the disputes.
Convention on the
Rights of the Child Declarations
in armed Conflict : Ratification
(a); ILO Convention in no way
29, Forced Labor; signifies
ILO Convention recognition
105, abolition of of Israel.
Forced Labor
Angola Angola does not have a law that ILO Convention Angola is a source and destination country for men, women, and Not a party
specifically prohibits all forms of 182, Elimination of children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically Not ratified/
trafficking in persons, though the new Worst Forms of conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor. Internally, Not signed
constitution promulgated on February 5, Child Labor; trafficking victims are forced to labor in agriculture, construction,
2010 prohibits the trafficking in humans Optional Protocol to domestic servitude, and reportedly in artisanal diamond mines.
and organs. The Penal Code has not yet the Convention on Angolan women and children more often become victims of
been amended to reflect these provisions the Rights of the internal rather than transnational sex trafficking. Women and
in a way, which would allow officials to Child on the Sale of children are trafficked to South Africa, the Democratic Republic
enforce them against trafficking offenders. Children, Child of the Congo (DRC), Namibia, and European nations, primarily
Articles 390-395 of the Penal Code Prostitution and Portugal. Illegal migrants from the DRC voluntarily enter
prohibit forced prostitution and forced or Child Pornography Angolas diamond-mining districts, where some are later
bonded labor, prescribing penalties of two (a); Optional reportedly subjected to forced labor or prostitution in the mining
to eight years imprisonment, which are Protocol to the camps.
sufficiently stringent and commensurate Convention on the
with penalties prescribed for other serious Rights of the Child In 2009, the government strengthened its partnership with IO M,
offenses. in armed Conflict through which it provided for the training of 251 police officers,
(a); ILO Convention 359 law enforcement officials, 40 prosecutors, 26 NGOs, and 51
29, Forced Labor; stakeholders in trafficking awareness and effective measures to
ILO Convention counter trafficking. At the local level, police and military officials
105, abolition of have been implicated in facilitating the illegal entry of foreigners
Forced Labor into the diamond-mining provinces of Lunda North and Lunda
South, some of whom reportedly become victims of forced labor
or prostitution in the mining camps. The UN Joint Human Rights
Office reported in May 2009 that Congolese officials broke up a
sex trafficking ring that had sold more than 30 trafficked
women and girls to Angolan military personnel in Cabinda
province.
On May 28, 2008 the UN Joint Human Rights Office reported

that Congolese officials broke up a sex trafficking ring that
trafficked more than 30 women and girls into Cabinda and sold
them to members of the Angolan military. Local villagers
indicated that the ring had operated for the previous five years.
Benin The law prohibits trafficking in children In 2006, together The country was a source, transit point, and destination for Ratified
but no law prohibits trafficking in adults. with 23 other West trafficked persons, primarily children trafficked for forced labor August 30,
However, the government has used laws and Central African and sexual exploitation. 2004
that prohibit human smuggling and the countries, the
labor code to prosecute traffickers. The government signed The majority of victims are girls trafficked into domestic
2006 Act Relating to the Transportation of an agreement to servitude or the commercial sex trade in Cotonou, the
Minors and the Suppression of Child adopt an action plan administrative capital.
Trafficking bans all types of trafficking in to combat The majority of Beninese children trafficked outside of the
children. trafficking. country are sent to Nigeria, followed by Cote dIvoire and Gabon.
Under the Act, child traffickers can face Children were trafficked to Ghana, Nigeria, Gabon, Cote d'Ivoire,
up to 20 years of incarceration. As a ILO Convention Republic of Congo, Guinea-Bissau, the Central African Republic,
practical matter, penalties imposed are 182, Elimination of and possibly Equatorial Guinea. Many underage girls are victims
frequently less than a year of Worst Forms of through forced domestic servitude or sexual exploitation.
imprisonment. Child Labor;
The penal code prohibits child Optional Protocol to Child prostitution often involved girls whose poor families urged
prostitution; however, enforcement was the Convention on them to become prostitutes to provide income. Other children
limited, and the commercial sexual the Rights of the were lured to exchange sex for money by older men, often
exploitation of children was a problem. Child on the Sale of traffickers, who acted as their "protectors." Some children were
Children, Child abused sexually by teachers who sought sex in exchange for
Prostitution and better grades. There are reports that some tourists visiting
Child Pornography; Pendjari National Park in northern Benin exploit underage girls in
Optional Protocol to prostitution, some of whom may be trafficking victims.
the Convention on Government is making efforts to combat trafficking. The
the Rights of the government, in partnership with UNICEF and a major regional
Child in armed bank, launched a seven-day awareness campaign against child sex
Conflict; ILO tourism. The government provided training to Beninese troops on
Convention 29, issues of child trafficking and exploitation prior to their
Forced Labor; ILO deployment abroad for international peacekeeping missions.
Convention 105,
abolition of Forced
Labor
Botswana The country's laws do not specifically ban ILO Convention There were reports that persons were trafficked to, from, through, Ratified
human trafficking, although penal code 182, Elimination of or within the country. The country was a source, transit, and, to a August 29,
provisions, such as those in 155-58 on Worst Forms of lesser extent, destination country for men, women, and children 2002
procurement for forced prostitution and Child Labor; trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and sexual exploitation.
sections 260-62 on slavery, prohibit some Optional Protocol to According to one NGO, women reported being forced into
forms of trafficking. Kidnappers and the Convention on commercial sexual exploitation at safari lodges. The country was
abductors can face up to seven years of the Rights of the a staging area for both the smuggling and trafficking of third-
incarceration upon conviction. However, Child on the Sale of country nationals, primarily from Namibia and Zimbabwe, to
the government did not prosecute, convict, Children, Child South Africa.
or punish any trafficking offenses during Prostitution and
2009. Child Pornography The government placed anti-trafficking education posters at all of
(a); Optional its border posts and included trafficking awareness segments in
In June 2009, the Parliament passed a Protocol to the some of its law enforcement training sessions. The government
revised Childrens Act, which defined a Convention on the made efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts,
child as anyone under the age of 18 and Rights of the Child largely through a broad, well-publicized HIV /AI DS awareness
increased protections for children from in armed Conflict; campaign that discouraged commercial sex acts.
various forms of exploitation, including ILO Convention 29,
child labor and child prostitution. Section Forced Labor; ILO Batswana girls are exploited in prostitution within the country,
57 of the Act prohibits the facilitation or Convention 105, including in bars and by truck drivers along major highways; it
coercion of children into prostitution and abolition of Forced does not appear, however, that organized pimping of children
prescribes sufficiently stringent penalties Labor occurs. In the past, women reported being forced into commercial
of two to five years imprisonment or a sexual exploitation at some safari lodges, but there were no
fine of $2858 to $7143. In October 2009, similar reports during this reporting period. Residents in
the Ministry of Defense, Justice and Botswana most susceptible to trafficking are illegal immigrants
Security began drafting a comprehensive from Zimbabwe, unemployed men and women, those living in
anti-trafficking law. rural poverty, agricultural workers, and children orphaned by
HIV /AIDS.
Burkina Burkina Fasos May 2008 anti-trafficking ILO Convention The country was a source, transit, and destination country for Ratified May
Faso law prohibits all forms of trafficking and 182, Elimination of children and women trafficked for forced agricultural labor and 15, 2002
prescribes maximum punishments for Worst Forms of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor in gold mines and
convicted offenders as high as 20 years or Child Labor; stone quarries, and forced domestic servitude.
life imprisonment; these penalties are Optional Protocol to Child trafficking for forced labor and sexual exploitation is
sufficiently stringent and commensurate the Convention on common.
with prescribed penalties for other serious the Rights of the
offenses, such as rape. Child on the Sale of Burkinabe women were trafficked to Europe for sexual
Children, Child exploitation. Women were trafficked to the country from Nigeria,
Prostitution and Togo, Benin, and Niger for domestic servitude, forced labor in
Child Pornography; restaurants, and sexual exploitation.
Optional Protocol to
the Convention on Trafficked children were subject to violence, sexual abuse, forced
the Rights of the prostitution, and deprivation of food, shelter, schooling, and
Child in armed medical care. Organized child trafficking networks existed
Conflict; ILO throughout the country and cooperated with regional smuggling
Convention 29, rings; authorities dismantled two such networks in 2008. Village
Forced Labor; ILO vigilance committees and public awareness campaigns
Convention 105, contributed to successful efforts by the Ministry of Social Action
abolition of Forced and security forces in the dismantling of these networks.
Burkina Burkina Fasos May 2008 anti-trafficking ILO Convention The country was a source, transit, and destination country for Ratified May
Faso law prohibits all forms of trafficking and 182, Elimination of children and women trafficked for forced agricultural labor and 15, 2002
prescribes maximum punishments for Worst Forms of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor in gold mines and
convicted offenders as high as 20 years or Child Labor; stone quarries, and forced domestic servitude.
life imprisonment; these penalties are Optional Protocol to Child trafficking for forced labor and sexual exploitation is
sufficiently stringent and commensurate the Convention on common.
with prescribed penalties for other serious the Rights of the
offenses, such as rape. Child on the Sale of Burkinabe women were trafficked to Europe for sexual
Children, Child exploitation. Women were trafficked to the country from Nigeria,
Prostitution and Togo, Benin, and Niger for domestic servitude, forced labor in
Child Pornography; restaurants, and sexual exploitation.
Optional Protocol to
the Convention on Trafficked children were subject to violence, sexual abuse, forced
the Rights of the prostitution, and deprivation of food, shelter, schooling, and
Child in armed medical care. Organized child trafficking networks existed
Conflict; ILO throughout the country and cooperated with regional smuggling
Convention 29, rings; authorities dismantled two such networks in 2008. Village
Forced Labor; ILO vigilance committees and public awareness campaigns
Convention 105, contributed to successful efforts by the Ministry of Social Action
abolition of Forced and security forces in the dismantling of these networks.
Labor
Burundi 2009 amendments to Criminal Code ILO Convention The Ministry of Human Rights and Gender, in cooperation with Signed but
prohibit trafficking. 182, Elimination of the Ministries of Justice and Interior, is the lead agency on not ratified
Articles 242 and 243 of Burundis Worst Forms of trafficking. In 2005 the government created a department within December
criminal code prohibit human trafficking Child Labor; the National Police, the Brigade for the Protection of Minors, to 14, 2000
and smuggling and prescribe sentences of Optional Protocol to protect children against sexual exploitation. The brigade sought to
five to 20 years imprisonment; the code the Convention on protect children against forced prostitution and helped some
does not, however, provide a definition of the Rights of the improve their living conditions.
human trafficking, limiting its utility. Sex Child on the Sale of There was no credible evidence that government officials
trafficking offenses can also be punished Children, Child participated in, facilitated, or condoned trafficking. Internal
using penal code statutes on Prostitution and trafficking of children for the purposes of forced labor,
brothelkeeping and pimping (penalties of Child Pornography particularly for household labor, was a problem. Children,
one to five years imprisonment), as well (a); Optional especially secondary school students, were the targeted
as child prostitution (penalties of five to Protocol to the population.
10 years imprisonment). These penalties Convention on the Most sex tourists and sex traffickers were reportedly from the
are sufficiently stringent and Rights of the Child United Arab Emirates, Germany, and Tanzania. Sex traffickers
commensurate with those prescribed for in armed Conflict; trafficked secondary school students for prostitution into
other serious offenses, such as rape. The ILO Convention 29, neighboring countries. The brigade also reported that a small
criminal code prescribes no explicit Forced Labor; ILO number of children were reportedly taken from the country to
penalties for forced labor, though it is Convention 105, Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo and
Cameroon The country does not have a law ILO Convention Cameroon is a country of origin, transit, and destination for Ratified
prohibiting all forms of trafficking in 182, Elimination of children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced February 6,
persons, as its 2006 draft law against adult Worst Forms of labor, and a country of origin for women in forced labor. 2006
trafficking has yet to be passed and Child Labor; Individual trafficking operations usually involve the trafficking of
enacted. The countrys existing 2005 law Optional Protocol to two or three children at most, as when rural parents hand over
against child trafficking and slavery the Convention on their children to a seemingly benevolent middleman who may
prescribes a penalty of 20 years the Rights of the promise education and a better life in the city. A 2007 study
imprisonment for these offenses a Child on the Sale of conducted by the Cameroon government reported that 2.4 million
punishment that is sufficiently stringent Children, Child children from the countrys ten regions involuntarily work in
and commensurate with penalties Prostitution and forced domestic servitude, street vending, and child prostitution,
prescribed for other serious offenses. Child Pornography or in hazardous settings, including mines and tea or cocoa
(a); Optional plantations, where they are treated as adult laborers
Protocol to the
Convention on the An unknown number of Cameroonian women are lured abroad by
Rights of the Child fraudulent proposals of marriage on the Internet or offers of work
in armed Conflict in domestic service and subsequently become victims of forced
(signed, not ratified); labor or forced prostitution principally in Switzerland and
ILO Convention 29, France, and according to recent reports, as far away as Russia.
Forced Labor; ILO This trafficking reportedly is facilitated by corrupt officials who
Convention 105, accept bribes for the issuance of travel documents.
abolition of Forced Government personnel did not demonstrate systematic and
Labor proactive efforts to identify trafficking victims among vulnerable
groups, such as street children, women in prostitution, and illegal
migrants, or refer these victims to necessary care, though
government officials did informally refer victims to service
providers.
Women and children traditionally have faced the greatest risk of
trafficking generally for sexual exploitation and forced labor.
Most trafficking in children occurred within the country's
borders, while most trafficked women were transported out of the
country. According to anecdotal evidence from the NCHRF,
women frequently were "hired" into hubs of prostitution, often in
Europe. The method for trafficking women usually involved a
marriage proposition by a foreign businessman. Women were
often inducted into servitude upon arrival at a foreign destination.
Credible reports indicated that traffickers used trafficking victims
to recruit additional victims. Girls were internally trafficked from
the Adamaoua, North, Far North, and Northwest regions to
Douala and Yaounde to work as domestic servants, street
vendors, or prostitutes.
The government continued to work with local and international

NGOs to provide temporary shelter and assistance to victims of
trafficking. On July 22, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) launched
a project to fight child trafficking in the North West Region. CRS
had previously worked with the North West Region branch of the
Justice and Peace Committee of the Episcopal Conference of
Cameroon to survey the extent of trafficking in the region. CRS
also worked to combat corruption in local schools that led to child
prostitution. UNICEF was also actively engaged in combating
girls' prostitution throughout the year. The government continued
to build awareness among local government and security officials
in the areas where trafficking was an issue. Antitrafficking
information, education campaigns, and antitrafficking spots were
broadcast on government radio and television.
Cape The country prohibits trafficking in Police reports alleged that the country was a transit point for Ratified July
Verde children but not adults. Child traffickers trafficking in persons from West African countries to the Canary 15, 2004
can be sentenced to up to 16 years. Islands and to Europe.
Central In September 2009, the Parliament passed ILO Convention The country was a source, transit, and destination point for men, Acceded to
African a revised Penal Code containing anti- 182, Elimination of women, and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor on October
Republic trafficking provisions; the Code was Worst Forms of and sexual exploitation. The majority of victims were children 6, 2006
officially enacted in January 2010. Under Child Labor; ILO trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, domestic
Article 151 of the new provisions, the Convention 29, servitude, forced ambulant vending, and forced agricultural,
prescribed penalty for human trafficking Forced Labor; ILO mine, market, and restaurant labor. Victims were also trafficked
ranges from five to 10 years Convention 105, to Cameroon, Nigeria, and the DRC.
imprisonment; however, when a child is abolition of Forced During the year, BONUCA reported cases of trafficking of
the victim of sex trafficking or forced Labor human organs by unidentified persons, as well as the forced
labor similar to slavery, the penalty is life harvesting of blood for medical and religious activities, in the
imprisonment with hard labor. These east.
penalties are sufficiently stringent and Villagers subjected Ba'aka (Pygmies), who were unable to
commensurate with penalties prescribed survive as hunters because of depleted forests, to forced
for other serious offenses, such as rape. agricultural labor.
Articles 7 and 8 of the January 2009
Labor Code prohibit forced and bonded UN reports during the year indicated that self-defense
labor and prescribe penalties of five to 10 committees, some of which were supported by the government,
years imprisonment. recruited child soldiers. UNICEF estimated that children
comprised one-third of these committees. There were reports that
domestic armed groups abducted children and conscripted them
as soldiers in the northwest and northeast. Some observers also
reported cases of children forced into labor by the LRA near the
southeastern town of Obo.
In recent years there were reports that children were trafficked
from Cameroon and Chad and, to a lesser extent, from Sudan by
nomadic pastoralists. Members of the foreign Muslim
communities from Nigeria, Sudan, and Chad subjected them to
forced labor. There were also reports that merchants, herders, and
other foreigners doing business in and transiting the country
trafficked girls and boys from Chad and Sudan into the country.
Some girls entered prostitution to earn money for their families,

both as commercial sex workers and as mistresses to wealthy
clients.
Using laws prohibiting kidnapping, in February 2008, the

government prosecuted three individuals for trafficking a three-
year-old Guinean girl in 2007. After their arrest, the three
suspects were detained at the Ngaragba prison, awaiting their
trial. According to an official from the Ministry of Social Affairs,
the three suspects escaped from the prison and remained at large.
The girl was taken to the Centre de la Mere et de l'Enfant, an
orphanage in Bangui, and was returned to Guinea during the year.
Neither the government nor NGOs operated shelters that provided

care to trafficking victims, and there were no known NGOs
specifically working to combat trafficking. In some cases, police
have jailed children found in prostitution for up to a month and
then released them rather than provide them with rehabilitation
and reintegration care. The government did not monitor
immigration or emigration patterns for evidence of trafficking,
and it did not investigate trafficking cases or implement
procedures to identify trafficking victims among vulnerable
Central In September 2009, the Parliament passed ILO Convention The country was a source, transit, and destination point for men, Acceded to
African a revised Penal Code containing anti- 182, Elimination of women, and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor on October
Republic trafficking provisions; the Code was Worst Forms of and sexual exploitation. The majority of victims were children 6, 2006
officially enacted in January 2010. Under Child Labor; ILO trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, domestic
Article 151 of the new provisions, the Convention 29, servitude, forced ambulant vending, and forced agricultural,
prescribed penalty for human trafficking Forced Labor; ILO mine, market, and restaurant labor. Victims were also trafficked
ranges from five to 10 years Convention 105, to Cameroon, Nigeria, and the DRC.
imprisonment; however, when a child is abolition of Forced During the year, BONUCA reported cases of trafficking of
the victim of sex trafficking or forced Labor human organs by unidentified persons, as well as the forced
labor similar to slavery, the penalty is life harvesting of blood for medical and religious activities, in the
imprisonment with hard labor. These east.
penalties are sufficiently stringent and Villagers subjected Ba'aka (Pygmies), who were unable to
commensurate with penalties prescribed survive as hunters because of depleted forests, to forced
for other serious offenses, such as rape. agricultural labor.
Articles 7 and 8 of the January 2009
Labor Code prohibit forced and bonded UN reports during the year indicated that self-defense
labor and prescribe penalties of five to 10 committees, some of which were supported by the government,
years imprisonment. recruited child soldiers. UNICEF estimated that children
comprised one-third of these committees. There were reports that
domestic armed groups abducted children and conscripted them
as soldiers in the northwest and northeast. Some observers also
reported cases of children forced into labor by the LRA near the
southeastern town of Obo.
In recent years there were reports that children were trafficked
from Cameroon and Chad and, to a lesser extent, from Sudan by
nomadic pastoralists. Members of the foreign Muslim
communities from Nigeria, Sudan, and Chad subjected them to
forced labor. There were also reports that merchants, herders, and
other foreigners doing business in and transiting the country
trafficked girls and boys from Chad and Sudan into the country.
Some girls entered prostitution to earn money for their families,

both as commercial sex workers and as mistresses to wealthy
clients.
Using laws prohibiting kidnapping, in February 2008, the

government prosecuted three individuals for trafficking a three-
year-old Guinean girl in 2007. After their arrest, the three
suspects were detained at the Ngaragba prison, awaiting their
trial. According to an official from the Ministry of Social Affairs,
Cte The Government of Cote dIvoires legal ILO Convention Cote dIvoire is primarily a country of destination for children Not a party
d'Ivoire statutes do not prohibit all forms of 182, Elimination of and women subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced Not ratified/
trafficking and there is no specific law Worst Forms of labor and forced prostitution, though it also serves as a country of Not signed
punishing such offenses. However, Penal Child Labor; ILO transit and origin. Trafficking within the countrys borders is
Code Article 378 prohibits forced labor, Convention 29, more prevalent, with victims primarily trafficked from the north
prescribing a sufficiently stringent penalty Forced Labor; ILO of the country to the more economically prosperous south.
of one to five years imprisonment and a Convention 105, Girls recruited from Ghana, Togo, and Benin to work as domestic
fine of approximately $800 to $2,200. abolition of Forced servants and street vendors often are subjected to conditions of
Penal Code Article 376 criminalizes Labor forced labor. Women and girls are also recruited from Ghana and
entering into contracts that deny freedom Nigeria to work as waitresses in restaurants and bars and are
to a third person, prescribing a sufficiently subsequently subjected to forced prostitution. Trafficked children
stringent punishment of five to 10 years often face harsh treatment and extreme working conditions.
imprisonment and a fine. Penal Code Women and children were trafficked from Nigeria, Niger, Mali,
Articles 335 to 337 prohibit recruiting or Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and
offering children for prostitution, Mauritania for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced
prescribing penalties of one to 10 years commercial, agricultural, and domestic servitude. Women and
imprisonment and a fine; these penalties children were also trafficked from the country to other African,
are sufficiently stringent, but not European, and Middle Eastern countries for sexual exploitation
commensurate with penalties prescribed and agricultural and domestic labor.
for other serious offenses, such as rape.
Ivoirian law does not criminalize the The country has never reported a prosecution of forced child
trafficking of adults for commercial labor in the agricultural sector. Police demonstrated a weak
sexual exploitation. understanding of human trafficking by characterizing children
found in a brothel raid as voluntary prostitutes, rather than
presumptive victims of human trafficking. Cote dIvoire also
failed to investigate for a third consecutive year NGO reports that
police harass undocumented foreign women in prostitution by
demanding sex in exchange for not arresting them.
In an effort to reduce demand for commercial sex acts, police

continued periodic raids on brothels and bars suspected of
exploiting children in the sex trade.
Democrati The governments judicial writ did not There were credible reports of trafficking, particularly in the east. Acceded to
c Republic cover many areas of the country where The country was a source and destination country for men, October 28,
of Congo human trafficking occurs, and it remained women, and children trafficked for forced labor and sexual 2005
hamstrung by a critical shortage of exploitation. The majority of reported trafficking was conducted
magistrates, clerks, and lawyers. in the unstable eastern provinces by armed groups outside
government control.
In February and March 2010, the
government recruited 2,000 new Military authorities took no action against commanders who
magistrates, who will be appointed and employed child soldiers.
receive training during the upcoming The Ministry of Justice was responsible for combating
reporting period. Existing laws do not trafficking. The government provided training to some police and
prohibit all forms of labor trafficking; military personnel on preventing sexual violence and child
however, the July 2006 sexual violence soldiering. Law enforcement authorities were rarely able to
statute, Law 6/018, specifically prohibits enforce existing laws due to lack of personnel, training, and
sexual slavery, sex trafficking, child and funding and the limited accessibility of eastern areas of the
forced prostitution, and pimping, country. The government's antitrafficking programs were limited
prescribing penalties for these offenses of and lacked resources.
10 to 20 years imprisonment. These There were reports of children prostituted in brothels or by
penalties are sufficiently stringent and loosely organized networks, some of whom were exploited by
commensurate with those prescribed for FARDC soldiers. Women and children were trafficked internally
rape. The Child Protection Code (Law for domestic servitude and, in smaller numbers, to South Africa,
09/001) which criminalizes and prescribes the Republic of the Congo, and European countries, such as
penalties of five to 20 years Norway, for sexual exploitation. No statistical information
imprisonment for child slavery and existed on the extent of adult or child prostitution.
trafficking, child commercial sexual MONUC and the NGO Save the Children estimated there were
exploitation, and the enlistment of tens of thousands of children working in the mining sector, most
children into the armed forces was often in extremely dangerous conditions as artisanal miners.
published in May 2009. However, it According to UNICEF, 11 percent of children between the ages
remains unimplemented and without the of four and 15 were involved in some form of exploitative and
necessary budget. harmful child labor.
Indigenous and foreign armed groups, including the FDLR,
CNDP, various local militia (Mai-Mai), and the Uganda-linked
LRA continued to abduct and forcibly recruit men, women, and
children to serve as laborers (including in mines), porters,
domestics, combatants, and sex slaves. In some instances
elements of the FARDC detained men and women for temporary
forced labor.
During the year there were several reported cases of FARDC
troops, mainly ex-CNDP soldiers in the FARDC, recruiting
additional children and preventing UN child protection officers
from According to the UNHCR, between September 2008 and
June, the LRA abducted an estimated 1,400 individuals, mostly
women and children, from the northeast. All armed rebel groups
in the east increased efforts to recruit children, especially children
who were former child soldiers, to serve as soldiers and sex
slaves, according to the NGO Save the Children.
The government's capacity to apprehend, convict, or imprison
traffickers remained weak; however, unlike in the previous year,
there were a few reported investigations or prosecutions of
traffickers. In March Bukavu police arrested a nightclub owner
for allegedly prostituting 10 girls and seven boys in his facility; in
June he was remanded to prison to await formal charges; no
additional information was available at year's end. In addition in
March the Kipushi Military Tribunal sentenced Kynugu Mutanga
(aka Gedeon) to death for crimes against humanity, including
illegal child conscription. Seven of his codefendants received
sentences ranging from seven to 10 years' imprisonment for
complicity in these crimes, 11 received lesser sentences, and five
were acquitted.
Under the National Disarmament, Demobilization, and
Reintegration Program, ex-combatants/child soldiers, passed
through a common process during which they disarmed and
received information about military and civilian reintegration
options. The DDR program, with support from UNICEF and
other child protection agencies, demobilized 5,930 children,
including 1,222 girls, from armed groups and the security forces
during the year; it demobilized an estimated 5,000 children in
2008. Between 2004 and November 2008 more than 31,000
children were released from the FARDC and armed groups.
During the year the UNCRC expressed concern about the re-
recruitment of children, due in part to insufficient reintegration
support from earlier disarmament, demobilization, and
reintegration processes.
Djibouti Law 210, Regarding the Fight Against ILO Convention There were credible reports of women and children, mostly Acceded to
Human Trafficking, enacted in 182, Elimination of Ethiopians and Somalis, and impoverished local girls trafficked April 20,
December 2007, prohibits both labor and Worst Forms of for the purpose of prostitution or domestic servitude. During the 2005
sex trafficking. The law also provides for Child Labor; year the International Organization for Migration (IOM)
the protection of victims regardless of Optional Protocol to established an office in Djibouti at the government's invitation.
ethnicity, gender, or nationality, and the Convention on The government worked with the IOM on a publicity campaign to
prescribes penalties of up to 30 years the Rights of the discourage irregular migration and to warn migrants of the risk of
imprisonment for convicted trafficking Child on the Sale of being trafficked.
offenders. These penalties are sufficiently Children, Child In 2008 the police arrested 148 persons for trafficking or
stringent and commensurate with those Prostitution and smuggling, of whom 130 were convicted and sentenced to prison.
prescribed for other serious crimes. Child Pornography; Some smugglers were of Yemeni origin. The government offered
Optional Protocol to limited services to smuggling and trafficking victims, including
The law prohibits discrimination among the Convention on health care.
trafficking victims based on ethnicity, the Rights of the
gender, or nationality. Child in armed
Conflict; ILO
Convention 29,
Forced Labor; ILO
Convention 105,
abolition of Forced
Labor
Egypt Egypts parliament passed legislation ILO Convention The country was a source, transit point, and destination for Ratified
criminalizing all forms of human 182, Elimination of women and children trafficked primarily for the purposes of March 5,
trafficking and prescribing penalties from Worst Forms of forced labor and sexual exploitation. The ECWR reported that 2004
three to 15 years imprisonment in Child Labor; Egyptian women and girls were sexually exploited through
2009/10 and up to life imprisonment if Optional Protocol to "temporary marriages" to tourists from the Persian Gulf region.
aggravating circumstances are present the Convention on Traffickers/organized crime groups brought East European
with fines ranging from $9,000 to $36,000 the Rights of the women through the country to Israel for sexual exploitation.
for offenses. These penalties are Child on the Sale of Young female Sudanese refugees, including those under 18, may
sufficiently stringent and commensurate Children, Child be coerced into prostitution in Cairo's nightclubs by family
with penalties prescribed for other serious Prostitution and members or Sudanese gang members. International NGO released
offenses, such as rape. Child Pornography a report about alleged forced marriages of Coptic Christian
(a); Optional females in Egypt, including an allegation of forced prostitution,
Prior to legislation, the following laws Protocol to the
were used to enforce. Convention on the Prosecutions have taken place for men that force street children
Forced labor is barred by the Constitution Rights of the Child into prostitution using the 2008 Child Law amendments. The
of September 11, 1971, sec. II, art. 13. in armed Conflict government prosecuted/convicted two marriage registrars for
The country's anti-prostitution law, Law (a); ILO Convention registering the marriages of hundreds of underage girls, also in
10/1961 on the Combating of Prostitution, 29, Forced Labor; violation of the 2008 Child Law amendments.
prohibits the sexual exploitation of ILO Convention There were reports that police at times harassed and arrested
minors. 105, abolition of street children for allegedly violating prostitution or other laws,
The Child Law had anti-trafficking Forced Labor rather than treating them as victims.
amendments added to it in 2008, which
has helped with prosecution in recent In 2010, the NCCM conducted a study on summer marriages,
years. which concluded that economic forces were responsible for
driving the phenomena; the NCCM study called for an integrated
public policy response. The NCCM established a hotline for
reporting instances of the practice and for counseling victims; it is
not clear how many reports the hotline has received since its
launch in August 2009. In August 2009, the NCCM also launched
a campaign against underage marriages to Arab tourists in
villages in the 6th of October Governorate, where commercial
short-term marriages of underage girls are rife.
Equatorial Equatorial Guinea prohibits all forms of ILO Convention Women may also have been trafficked to the country from Ratified
Guinea trafficking through its 2004 Law on the 182, Elimination of Cameroon, Benin, other neighboring countries, and China for February 7,
Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Worst Forms of labor or sexual exploitation. 2003
Persons, which prescribes penalties of 10 Child Labor Most victims are believed to be exploited in Malabo and Bata,
to 15 years imprisonment, punishments where a burgeoning oil industry creates demand for labor and
which are sufficiently stringent. commercial sexual exploitation. Women may also have been
However, it does not appear that the recruited and transported to Equatorial Guinea from Cameroon,
government prosecutes and convicts Benin, other neighboring countries, and from China for forced
traffickers under this law. labor or forced prostitution.
In the last year there was a report women of Equatoguinean
extraction were also trafficked to Iceland for commercial sexual
exploitation.
Some cases of children being trafficked for sexual exploitation.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Promotion of Women is
responsible for addressing issues related to protection of
trafficking victims.
Eritrea Article 605 of the Eritrean Transitional Optional Protocol to Eritrea is a source country for men, women, and children Not a party
Criminal Code prohibits trafficking in the Convention on subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of Not ratified/
women and young persons for sexual the Rights of the forced labor and, to a lesser extent, forced prostitution. During the Not signed
exploitation, which is punishable by up to Child on the Sale of reporting period, acts of forced labor occurred in Eritrea,
five years imprisonment, or from three to Children, Child particularly in connection with the implementation of the
10 years imprisonment if aggravating Prostitution and countrys national service program. Under the parameters set
circumstances are present; these penalties Child Pornography forth in Proclamation of National Service (No. 82/1995), men
are not commensurate with punishments (a); Optional aged 18 to 54 and women aged 18 to 47 are required to provide
prescribed for other serious crimes, such Protocol to the 18 months of military and non-military public works and services
as rape. Article 565 prohibits enslavement Convention on the in any location or capacity chosen by the government.
and prescribes punishment of five to 20 Rights of the Child
years imprisonment, penalties which are in armed Conflict Some children in prostitution are likely exploited through third
sufficiently stringent. Forced labor and (a); ILO Convention party involvement. Each year, large numbers of Eritrean workers
slavery are prohibited, except where 29, Forced Labor; migrate in search of work, particularly to the Gulf States and
authorized by law under Article 16 of the ILO Convention Egypt, where some become victims of forced labor, primarily in
ratified, but suspended, Eritrean 105, abolition of domestic servitude. Smaller numbers are subjected to forced
Constitution. Proclamation 11/199 Forced Labor prostitution. In 2009, for example, five Eritrean trafficking
prohibits the recruitment of children under victims were identified in the United Kingdom and one in Israel.
18 years of age into the armed forces. In addition, thousands of Eritreans flee the country illegally,
mostly to Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya, where their illegal status
makes them vulnerable to situations of human trafficking.
The Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare oversees the

governments trafficking portfolio, but individual cases of
transnational human trafficking are reportedly handled by the
Eritrean embassy in the country of destination; information
regarding embassy efforts to assist trafficking victims was not
provided. The government has no known facilities dedicated to
trafficking victims and does not provide funding or other forms of
support to NGOs for services to trafficking victims. The
government severely limited the number of foreign NGOs
permitted to operate in the country; of the few remaining NGOs,
none operated anti-trafficking programs.
The government reportedly warned students at Sawa military

school and Mai Nefi, a local college, of the dangers of leaving the
country, including the prospects of being sold into slave labor or
sexual servitude. Although the government does not publicly
acknowledge human trafficking as a problem, an office exists
within the Ministry of Labor to handle labor cases, including
human trafficking.
Ethiopia Article 635 of Ethiopias Criminal Code ILO Convention Ethiopia is a source country for men, women, and children Not a party
(Trafficking in Women and Minors) 182, Elimination of subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of Not ratified/
criminalizes sex trafficking and prescribes Worst Forms of forced labor and forced prostitution. Girls from Ethiopias rural Not signed
punishments not exceeding five years Child Labor; ILO areas are forced into domestic servitude and, less frequently,
imprisonment, penalties sufficiently Convention 29, commercial sexual exploitation. Ethiopian women in the Middle
stringent, though not commensurate with Forced Labor; ILO East face severe abuses, including physical and sexual assault,
penalties prescribed for other serious Convention 105, denial of salary, sleep deprivation, confinement, incarceration,
crimes, such as rape. Articles 596 abolition of Forced and murder. Many are driven to despair and mental illness, some
(Enslavement) and 597 (Trafficking in Labor commit suicide. Some women are exploited in the sex trade after
Women and Children) outlaw slavery and arriving at their destinations, particularly in brothels and near oil
labor trafficking and prescribe fields in Sudan.
punishments of five to 20 years rigorous
imprisonment, penalties which are Trafficked women returning to Ethiopia relied heavily on the few
sufficiently stringent. These articles, NGOs working with adult victims and psychological services
however, have rarely been used to provided by the governments Emmanuel Mental Health
prosecute trafficking offenses; instead, Hospital. In 2009, the Addis Ababa City Administration provided
Articles 598 (Unlawful Sending of land for use by 10 female victims repatriated from Djibouti as a
Ethiopians to Work Abroad) and 571 site for a self-help project. In addition, the Ministries of Foreign
(Endangering the Life of Another) were Affairs and Womens and Childrens Affairs provided assistance
regularly used to prosecute cases of to 75 victims repatriated from Lebanon in 2009, and assisted 12
transnational labor trafficking during the victims repatriated from Israel with starting a cleaning business.
year. The Federal High Courts 11th The January 2009 Charities and Societies Proclamation prohibits,
Criminal Bench heard all cases of among other things, foreign-funded NGOs from informing
transnational trafficking, as well as victims of their rights under Ethiopian law or advocating on their
internal trafficking cases discovered in the behalf; these restrictions had a negative impact on the ability of
Addis Ababa jurisdiction. NGOs to adequately provide protective services.
Local NGOs estimated 30,000 to 35,000 persons were trafficked

internationally between March 2007 and March 2008. More
women than men were trafficked. Young women, particularly
those ages 16 to 30, were the most commonly trafficked group,
while a small number of children were also reportedly trafficked
internationally. Rural children and adults were trafficked to
urban areas for domestic servitude and, less frequently,
commercial sexual exploitation and other forced labor, such as
street vending, begging, traditional weaving, or agriculture;
situations of debt bondage were reported. Women were trafficked
transnationally for domestic servitude, primarily to Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates, but also to Bahrain, Djibouti,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. Some of these
women were forced into the sex trade after arriving at their
destinations.
Addis Ababa's police Child Protection Unit (CPU) reported that
trafficking broker networks grew increasingly sophisticated and
collaborative. Traffickers began approaching vulnerable
individuals at bus terminals seven to nine miles outside of Addis
Ababa to avoid police presence. Traffickers sometimes used
agents and brokers to lure victims with false offers of jobs, food,
guidance, or shelter. Cross-country bus and truck drivers were
involved in trafficking of children, while brokers, pimps, and
brothel owners finalize deals at the receiving end. Local brokers
operated and recruited at the community level, and many knew
the victim or victim's family. To avoid police detection and
identification, local brokers did not advertise, often worked from
rented houses, cafes, or hotel rooms, and they changed places
often.
Gabon Gabon does not prohibit all forms of ILO Convention Gabon is primarily a destination and transit country for children Not a party
human trafficking. Law 09/04 enacted in 182, Elimination of from Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Mali, Guinea, and other West African Not ratified/
September 2004, is used to protect Worst Forms of countries who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically Not signed
children against sex or labor trafficking in Child Labor; forced labor and forced prostitution. Some victims transit Gabon
Gabon, and prescribes penalties of five to Optional Protocol to en route to exploitation in Equatorial Guinea. Trafficking
15 years imprisonment, along with fines the Convention on offenders appear to operate in loose ethnic-based crime networks.
of $20,000 to $40,000; these penalties are the Rights of the Most child traffickers are women, who serve as intermediaries in
sufficiently stringent. The procurement of Child on the Sale of their countries of origin. In some cases, child victims report that
a child for the purpose of prostitution is Children, Child their parents had turned them over to intermediaries promising
prohibited under Penal Code Article 261, Prostitution and employment opportunities in Gabon. The government has no
which prescribes two to five years Child Pornography; reports of international organized crime syndicates, employment
imprisonment and a fine, a penalty that is Optional Protocol to agencies, marriage brokers, or travel services facilitating
sufficiently stringent. Forced prostitution the Convention on trafficking in Gabon. In 2009, the government began tracking a
of adults is prohibited by law 21/63-94, the Rights of the new trend of young adults between ages 18 and 25 being forced
which prescribes two to 10 years Child in armed into domestic servitude or prostitution in Gabon.
imprisonment, a penalty that is Conflict; ILO
sufficiently stringent and commensurate Convention 29, Victims trafficked primarily from Benin, Nigeria, Togo, Guinea,
with those prescribed for other serious Forced Labor; ILO and Mali. Smaller numbers were trafficked from Sierra Leone,
crimes, such as rape. Convention 105, Burkina Faso, and Cameroon, although children were
abolition of Forced increasingly trafficked from other countries as well. Most arrived
Labor by boat and were trafficked to Libreville or Port Gentil.
Government agencies, in cooperation with UNICEF, provided
care for trafficking victims, in some cases through NGOs. The
rights of labor trafficking victims were generally respected.
Welcome centers were established for adult victims of
trafficking; victims were no longer housed in jails. UNICEF and
the government sponsored a toll-free 24-hour assistance hotline
for child trafficking victims, which arranged free transport to a
victims' shelter. A government-funded reception center offered
protection and assistance for trafficking victims, including food,
education, medical care, and repatriation assistance. A second
center, run by Carmelite nuns, provided similar services for older
girls and young women.
An inter-Ministerial Committee to Combat Child Trafficking was

created by
Law 09/04. The inter-ministerial committee published and
distributed leaflets and posters entitled STOP child exploitation
to highlight forms and consequences of trafficking and its hotline
number. Heavy government press coverage of anti-trafficking
training sponsored by a foreign government helped raise
awareness of victim identification and law enforcement
responses.
Ghana Ghana prohibits all forms of trafficking ILO Convention Ghana is a country of origin, transit, and destination for women Not a party
through its 2005 Human Trafficking Act 182, Elimination of and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically Not ratified/
(HTA), which prescribes a minimum Worst Forms of forced labor and forced prostitution. The nonconsensual Not signed
penalty of five years imprisonment for all Child Labor; exploitation of Ghanaian citizens, particularly children, is more
forms of trafficking. This penalty is Optional Protocol to common than the trafficking of foreign migrants. The movement
sufficiently stringent and commensurate the Convention on of internally trafficked children is either from rural to urban areas,
with penalties prescribed for other serious the Rights of the or from one rural area to another, as from farming to fishing
offenses, such as rape. In July 2009, the Child on the Sale of communities. Media reports during the year cited 50 Ghanaian
Ghanaian parliament passed a law Children, Child women recruited for work in Russia and subsequently forced into
amending the definition of trafficking to Prostitution and prostitution. Women and girls from China, Nigeria, Cote dIvoire,
give the HTA uniformity with the Child Pornography and Burkina Faso are subjected to forced prostitution after
language of the 2000 UN TIP Protocol. (signed, not ratified); arriving in Ghana. Citizens from other West African countries are
The Ghana Police Service (GPS) Optional Protocol to subjected to forced labor in Ghana in agriculture or involuntary
maintains an Anti-Human Trafficking the Convention on domestic servitude. Trafficking victims endure extremes of harsh
Unit (AHTU) in its Criminal Investigation the Rights of the treatment, including long hours, debt bondage, lack of pay,
Division, which opened 31 trafficking Child in armed physical risks, and sexual abuse. In August 2009, the president
investigations in 2009. Conflict (signed, not appointed new members to the Human Trafficking Management
ratified); ILO Board, which had been disbanded when the previous government
Convention 29, left office in January 2009. The government continued to operate
Forced Labor; ILO dedicated trafficking shelters for victims of forced labor in Osu
Convention 105, and Medina in the greater Accra region and in the Atebubu
abolition of Forced Amant District Assembly in the Brong Ahafo region but lacked
Labor shelter facilities for victims of sex trafficking. The Ghana
Immigration Service maintained a task force responsible for
patrolling the borders and ports to expose crimes related to
human trafficking. The government developed a draft for a
national plan of action covering human trafficking. The Accra
Metropolitan Assembly demolished Soldier Bar, a brothel in
Accra known to have employed children in prostitution.
Local authorities supported projects sponsored by the

International Organization of Migration (IOM) and other
organizations to decrease the incidence of trafficking in persons.
IOM and various NGOs offered microcredit assistance and
education to families who agreed not to provide their children to
traffickers and to those whose children had been trafficked.
Women and girls also were trafficked to Europe, mostly to Italy,
Germany, and the Netherlands. International traffickers promised
the women legitimate jobs; however, the women often were
forced into prostitution once they reached their destination.
Women were sometimes sent directly to Europe while others
were trafficked through third countries. Some young women were
trafficked to the Middle East, particularly Lebanon, where they
worked in menial jobs or as domestic help. There were also
reports that women and girls from Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and
Burkina Faso were trafficked to or through the country in transit
to Western Europe or the Middle East to work in the commercial
sex industry. Traffickers sometimes operate under the guise of
being employment agents, promising work as domestics or in
other fields.
The government, the International Labor Organization (ILO), and
NGOs continued to train security forces, immigration authorities,
customs officials, and police on the new trafficking law. The
Border Patrol Unit, part of the Immigration Service, is
responsible for monitoring the flow of travelers in and out of the
country, particularly along unapproved routes. Various ministries
worked with the ILO's International Program on the Elimination
of Child Labor (ILO/IPEC), the IOM, and NGOs to address
trafficking. The MESW, in conjunction with ILO/IPEC,
continued to implement a National Plan of Action for the
Elimination of Child Labor. International and local NGOs and the
Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs (MOWAC) worked to
identify and return children trafficked to fishing villages, and to
support the fishermen's transition to alternate forms of income
generation.
Guinea Guinea prohibits all forms of trafficking ILO Convention The HCAD and the Ministry of Social Affairs were responsible Acceded to
in persons through separate statutes. The 182, Elimination of for combating trafficking. The Ministry of Social Affairs chaired November 9,
Child Code of 2008 includes provisions Worst Forms of the interagency anti-trafficking committee. The level of 2004
prohibiting all forms of child trafficking, Child Labor; ILO coordination between the two ministries was unclear. Accurate
specifically criminalizing child domestic Convention 29, statistics were difficult to obtain because victims did not report
servitude, and allowing NGOs to bring Forced Labor; ILO the crime, but the practice was believed to be widespread.
cases to court on behalf of victims. The Convention 105, Children were the primary victims of trafficking, and internal
government, in partnership with NGOs abolition of Forced trafficking was more prevalent than transnational trafficking.
and international organizations, has yet to Labor Within the country, girls were trafficked primarily for domestic
complete the implementing text for this servitude and sexual exploitation, while boys were trafficked for
law, which will prescribe penalties that forced agricultural labor and as forced beggars, street vendors,
allow the law to be enforced. Article 337 shoe shiners, and laborers in gold and diamond mines. Some men
of the 1998 Penal Code prohibits were also trafficked for agricultural labor within the country.
individuals from entering into agreements Girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, and
that deprive third parties of their liberty, Senegal were trafficked into the country for domestic servitude
prescribing penalties of five to 10 years and sexual exploitation. Guinean women and girls were trafficked
imprisonment and confiscation of any to Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain for
resulting profits. Forced prostitution and domestic servitude and sexual exploitation. Chinese men in the
child prostitution are criminalized by country trafficked Chinese women for commercial sexual
Article 329 of Guineas Penal Code, exploitation. Networks also trafficked women from Nigeria,
which prescribes six months to two India, and Greece through the country to the Maghreb countries
years imprisonment if the trafficked and Europe. On February 3, Captain Camara issued a declaration
victim is an adult, and two to five years giving security personnel blanket authority to shoot anyone
imprisonment if the victim is a child. caught trafficking children; however, there were no such
These penalties for sex trafficking of shootings during the year.
adults are neither sufficiently stringent nor In March Alpha Samba, a 12-year-old Sierra Leonian boy
commensurate with penalties prescribed escaped after being kidnapped, drugged, and transported from
for other serious crimes, such as rape. Sierra Leone to Kindia. On March 4, a judge ruled that Samba
was a victim of trafficking and authorized the NGO Sabou
Guinee, along with the International Organization for Migration,
to care for Samba and locate his parents. The government
repatriated Samba, but his trafficker had not been apprehended by
year's end. In March, according to the NGO Sabou Guinee, four
sisters (Kanny, Saran, Batrou, and Fatou Sangare) were returned
to their home in Kankan after their mother took them to a
trafficker in Liberia. No action against the mother was taken
during the year.
In January Liberian authorities handed over a trafficker suspected
of the July 2008 kidnapping and transporting of 12year-old
Aboubacar Camara to Liberia. The alleged trafficker was
detained in Macenta at year's end. There were no arrests or
developments in the February 2008 case of the truck driver who
attempted to traffic three children into Liberia or the March 2008
suspected trafficking of 11 children from Koundara to Senegal.
The government renewed the National Action Plan to Combat

Trafficking in Persons at the beginning of the year; however,
there were no resources to implement the plan. During the year
the National Committee to Combat Trafficking did not take
actions to implement the 2005 agreement with Mali to combat
trafficking in both countries.
Guinea Bissau-Guinean law does not prohibit all ILO Convention Guinea-Bissau is a source country for children subjected Ratified
Bissau forms of human trafficking, though it 182, Elimination of to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor, September
prohibits forced labor under article 37 of Worst Forms of principally begging, and forced prostitution. 10, 2007
the countrys penal code, which prescribes Child Labor; An interministerial committee, chaired by the president of the
a sufficiently stringent penalty of life Optional Protocol to Institute of Women and Children, met regularly in an effort to
imprisonment. In the previous reporting the Convention on coordinate the government and civil society response to human
period, the National Assembly drafted the Rights of the trafficking, but undertook little action. The government did not
legislation prohibiting child trafficking, Child on the Sale of take measures to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts or
though it was not adopted before the Children, Child forced labor during the year.
legislature was dissolved in August 2008. Prostitution and
Guinea-Bissau does not specifically Child Pornography
prohibit forced prostitution. The (signed/not ratified);
government could use existing laws to Optional Protocol to
punish trafficking cases, such as the laws the Convention on
against removing children, sexual the Rights of the
exploitation, abuse, and kidnapping of Child in armed
children, but did not do so during the Conflict (signed/not
reporting period. ratified); ILO
Convention 29,
Forced Labor; ILO
Convention 105,
abolition of Forced
Labor
Kenya Kenyas Anti-Trafficking Bill passed July ILO Convention Kenya is a source, transit, and destination country for men, Acceded to
15, 2010. 182, Elimination of women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, January 5,
Prior to the passing of the bill the Worst Forms of specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. 2005
following provisions could be used to Child Labor; Within the country, Kenyan children are forced into domestic
punish traffickers. Optional Protocol to servitude, commercial sexual exploitation including
Sections 14, 15, and 17 of the Sexual the Convention on involvement in the coastal sex tourism industry and forced
Offenses Act of 2006 prohibit the the Rights of the labor in agriculture (including on flower plantations), fishing,
facilitation of child sex tourism Child on the Sale of cattle herding, street vending, and bars. Traffickers who gain
(prescribed punishment of at least 10 Children, Child poor families trust through familial, tribal, or religious ties
years imprisonment), child prostitution Prostitution and falsely offer to raise and educate children in towns, or to obtain
(prescribed punishment of at least 10 Child Pornography; women lucrative employment. Trafficked Kenyan adults are
years imprisonment), and forced Optional Protocol to exploited in involuntary domestic servitude and forced
prostitution (prescribed punishment of at the Convention on prostitution. Kenyan men, women, and children voluntarily
least five years imprisonment); these the Rights of the migrate to the Middle East, other East African nations, and
penalties are sufficiently stringent and Child in armed Europe in search of employment, where they are exploited in
commensurate with those for other serious Conflict; ILO domestic servitude, massage parlors and brothels, and forced
crimes, such as rape. Specific sections of Convention 29, manual labor, including in the construction industry. At least 10
the Childrens Act could also be used to Forced Labor; ILO Kenyan trafficking victims remained in detention in Saudi Arabia
prosecute sex trafficking offenses. These Convention 105, at the end of the reporting period. Children from Burundi,
laws, however, are not widely used by abolition of Forced Ethiopia, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda are subjected
prosecutors. Sections 13 and 18 of the Labor to forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation in Kenya.
Sexual Offenses Act and Section 18 of the Chinese, Indian, and Pakistani women reportedly transit Nairobi
Childrens Act intend to prohibit child and en route to exploitation in Europes sex trade. the government re-
adult sex trafficking, but contain unclear launched its national anti-trafficking committee, finished drafting
definitions and include crimes that are a national action plan, and partnered with a foreign government to
outside of the internationally-accepted arrest and extradite a suspected trafficker. While the government
scope of human trafficking. The convicted at least two Kenyan trafficking offenders in 2009, most
Employment Act of 2007 outlaws, but prosecutions failed to progress and data on such cases were not
does not prescribe, punishments for forced compiled at the provincial or national level.
labor. Section 266 of the Penal Code Brothels and massage parlors in Nairobi continued to employ
outlaws unlawful compulsory labor, but foreign women, some of whom were likely trafficked internally.
classifies the crime as a misdemeanor Ethiopian and Somali nationals were trafficked into and through
offense and does not prescribe penalties. the country. In June a Ministry of Labor official reported that
Section 264 prescribes a penalty of seven 800,000 children were out of school and working as manual
years imprisonment for buying or laborers. According to a 2006 UNICEF/Ministry of Home Affairs
disposing of a person as a slave, while research report, between 10,000 and 15,000 girls living in four
Section 260 prescribes a penalty of 10 main coastal resort areas were involved in prostitution,
years imprisonment for kidnapping for representing up to 30 percent of all 12- to 18-year-old girls living
the purpose of slavery. In November in these areas.
2009, Parliaments Legal Affairs
Department approved the draft Anti- Although police continued to investigate trafficking cases in the
Trafficking in Persons Bill and forwarded country, a database to track trafficking-in-persons cases was not
it to the Clerks Office for review. operational by year's end.
Victims trafficked abroad generally were recruited through
The new anti trafficking bill was employment agencies under false pretenses. Domestic trafficking
introduced to parliament in late June victims were often lured by friends and relatives, who offered
2010. them false promises of marriage, good employment, or access to
education. Poor families were misled into believing that their
The minimum penalty for trafficking for child was gaining the opportunity for a better life. Traffickers
sexual exploitation is 15 years' continued to target poor and illiterate girls in slum areas to work
imprisonment, a fine of up to two million for little or no pay.
shillings ($27,400), or both. The For example, the media reported in May a story about a woman
minimum sentence for child trafficking is repatriated to the country after being lured into forced domestic
10 years in prison and a fine of labor in Saudi Arabia. The woman stated that while in a Saudi
approximately two million shillings detention center, she met 11 other Kenyan women who had been
($27,400). Fines in practice were limited; trafficked for forced domestic labor.
jail time was imposed in some cases. Trafficking of Asians generally occurred through recognized
border crossing points, using both legitimate and forged travel
documents. However, nationals of neighboring countries were
often trafficked using forged travel documents and entered the
country through unmonitored border crossing points.
During the year police assisted with international trafficking in

persons investigations in other countries. There were no reports
that the government had received any requests to extradite
citizens accused of trafficking in persons offenses in other
countries.
The police antitrafficking unit, in conjunction with other police

formations, has primary responsibility for combating trafficking.
Fourteen community policing and child protection police units
were established but not fully operational by year's end. Police
had limited capacity to track data on trafficking arrests, and no
year-end statistics were available.
In September courts convicted a former managing director for the
Java House coffee company for three counts of defilement and
sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment. Two codefendents were
given 10-year jail terms for subjecting the three minors to
prostitution.
In March 119 parents and guardians of 209 children were charged
in an Eldoret court with abusing their children by removing them
from school and forcing them to work as domestic servants.
There were no developments in the 2008 case of six suspects on
trial for allegedly trafficking 14 children in Bomet and Nandi
districts.
The media reported in July that two men received one year's
imprisonment each in a 2007 case in which an Ethiopian girl was
trafficked into the country by her elder brother and forced into
early marriage.
Government collaboration with NGOs to combat human
trafficking increased. Awareness among government departments
continued to grow during the year, largely due to NGO efforts to
study the issue, educate the media, and inform the public about
the problem. The media, particularly the government-owned
Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, reported cases of suspected
human trafficking.
Lesotho The law does not prohibit all forms of ILO Convention Lesotho is a source and transit country for women and children Ratified
trafficking in persons; however, the 182, Elimination of subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of September
constitution prohibits slavery and forced Worst Forms of forced labor and forced prostitution. 24, 2003
labor, and provisions in several other laws Child Labor;
could be used to prosecute trafficking Optional Protocol to Women and children are subjected within Lesotho to involuntary
related offenses. the Convention on domestic servitude and children, to a lesser extent, to commercial
Trafficking offenders could be prosecuted the Rights of the sexual exploitation. Basotho victims of transnational trafficking
under relevant provisions of the Child Child on the Sale of are most often taken to South Africa. Long-distance truck drivers
Protection Act of 1980, the Aliens Control Children, Child offer to transport women and girls looking for legitimate
Act, and the Sexual Offenses Act of 2003. Prostitution and employment in South Africa. En route, some of these women and
They could also be prosecuted for Child Pornography; girls are raped by the truck drivers, then later prostituted by the
kidnapping, which is an offense under Optional Protocol to driver or an associate. Many men who migrate voluntarily to
common law and the Labor Code Order of the Convention on South Africa to work illegally in agriculture and mining become
1981, as amended. the Rights of the victims of labor trafficking. Victims work for weeks or months
Child in armed for no pay; just before their promised pay day the employers
On July 2, 2008 the government Conflict; ILO turn them over to authorities to be deported for immigration
established a committee, led by the Convention 29, violations. Women and children are exploited in South Africa in
Ministry of Home Affairs and Public Forced Labor; ILO involuntary domestic servitude and commercial sex, and some
Safety, to prepare draft anti-trafficking Convention 105, girls may still be brought to South Africa for forced marriages in
legislation. abolition of Forced remote villages. Some Basotho women who voluntarily migrate
Labor to South Africa seeking work in domestic service become victims
of traffickers, who detain them in prison-like conditions and force
them to engage in prostitution. Most internal and transnational
traffickers operate through informal, loose associations and
acquire victims from their families and neighbors. Chinese and
reportedly Nigerian organized crime units, however, acquire
some Basotho victims while transporting foreign victims through
Lesotho to Johannesburg, where they distribute victims locally
or move them overseas. Children who have lost at least one
parent to HIV/AIDS are more vulnerable to traffickers
manipulations; older children trying to feed their siblings are
most likely to be lured by a traffickers fraudulent job offer.
Liberia Liberias 2005 Act to Ban Trafficking ILO Convention Liberia is a source, transit, and destination country principally for Acceded to
specifically prohibits transnational as well 182, Elimination of young women and children subjected to trafficking in persons, September
as internal trafficking. Its prescribed Worst Forms of specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. Most trafficking 22, 2004
penalties of six years imprisonment for Child Labor; victims originate from within the countrys borders and are forced
sex trafficking and 11 years to life Optional Protocol to to work as domestic servants, street vendors, or beggars
imprisonment for child sex trafficking are the Convention on supporting religious instructors, or are subjected to forced
sufficiently stringent and commensurate the Rights of the prostitution. Traffickers operate independently and are commonly
with other serious crimes such as rape. Its Child on the Sale of family members who may promise poorer relatives a better life
prescribed penalties of one to 20 years Children, Child for their children. Children sent to work as domestic servants for
imprisonment for labor trafficking and a Prostitution and wealthier relatives are vulnerable to forced labor or commercial
minimum of six years imprisonment for Child Pornography; sexual exploitation. Victims of trans-border trafficking come to
child labor trafficking are sufficiently Optional Protocol to Liberia from Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Cote dIvoire and are
stringent. the Convention on subjected to the same types of forced labor as internally trafficked
Monetary restitution to victims is also the Rights of the victims, and are also found on rubber plantations and at alluvial
provided for in the law. Child in armed diamond sites. A small number of men, women, and children
Conflict; ILO from Liberia are trafficked to Cote dIvoire, Guinea, and Nigeria.
Convention 29, Victims generally were not related to traffickers, although they
Forced Labor; ILO were often from the same village. Parents of trafficking victims
Convention 105, were persuaded that their children would have better food and
abolition of Forced educational opportunities and would eventually return home.
Labor The law was widely disseminated among law enforcement
personnel, although lawyers and judges were often unfamiliar
with it. The ministries of justice and labor have primary
responsibility for combating trafficking, but enforcement efforts
were weak, and there were no convictions for trafficking during
the year. The government cooperated with other governments on
trafficking cases and extradited two traffickers to Guinea in
September. The government had limited capacity to provide
services to victims; however, NGOs and church groups provided
shelter for abused women and girls, including trafficking victims.
International NGOs, local NGOs, and churches worked with the
government to raise awareness about trafficking, and the WCPS
continued to address trafficking issues. The National Anti-
trafficking Task Force appointed by the president in 2006
continued to meet during the year; however, it had no program
budget. The task force held a three-day workshop for government
officials and NGOs during the year.
Libya Libya does not have a comprehensive law ILO Convention Libya is a transit and destination country for men and women Ratified on
prohibiting all forms of trafficking in 182, Elimination of from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia subjected to trafficking in September
persons. While articles in the criminal Worst Forms of persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. 24, 2004
code prohibit prostitution, sexual Child Labor; Migrants typically seek employment in Libya as laborers and
exploitation, slavery, and trafficking in Optional Protocol to domestic workers or transit Libya en route to Europe. The
women, there was no indication that the the Convention on number of migrants and trafficking victims who were smuggled
government used these statutes to the Rights of the to or through Malta and Italy decreased in the reporting period
prosecute trafficking offenses during the Child on the Sale of due to Libyan and Italian joint naval patrols; however, migrants
reporting period. Moreover, Libyan law Children, Child complained of poor treatment and the patrols did not make efforts
does not prohibit all forms of human Prostitution and to identify trafficking victims among them. Although precise
trafficking. The 1970 labor law does not Child Pornography figures are unavailable, international organizations and other
criminalize forced labor, but penalizes (a); Optional foreign observers estimate that up to one percent of Libyas 1.5 to
some exploitative labor practices, Protocol to the 2 million foreigners (i.e., up to 20,000 people) may be victims of
including holding an employees passport. Convention on the trafficking. In many cases, smuggling debts and illegal status
Rights of the Child leave migrants vulnerable to coercion, resulting in cases of forced
in armed Conflict prostitution and forced labor; employers of irregular migrants
(a); ILO Convention sometimes withhold payment or travel documents, which
29, Forced Labor; represent risk factors for trafficking. As in previous years, there
ILO Convention were isolated reports that women from sub-Saharan Africa were
105, abolition of forced into prostitution in Libya. There were also reports that
Forced Labor migrants from Georgia were subjected to forced labor in Libya.
Victims were susceptible to punishment for unlawful acts
committed because they were trafficked, including unlawful
presence in the country, working without a valid work permit,
and engaging in prostitution.
Madagasc Anti-Trafficking Law No. 2007-038 ILO Convention Madagascar is a source country for women and children subjected Ratified on
ar prohibits all forms of human trafficking, 182, Elimination of to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced labor September
though it only prescribes punishments for Worst Forms of and forced prostitution. An estimated 6,000 Malagasy women are 15, 2005
sex trafficking; these range from two Child Labor; currently employed as domestic workers in Lebanon, with a
years to life imprisonment, penalties that Optional Protocol to smaller number in Kuwait. Many of these women come from
are sufficiently stringent and the Convention on rural areas and are often illiterate or poorly educated, making
commensurate with those prescribed for the Rights of the them more vulnerable to deception and abuse at the hands of
other serious crimes, such as rape. Article Child on the Sale of recruitment agencies and employers. Detailed information
262 of the Labor Code criminalizes labor Children, Child regarding situations of forced labor and other abuses experienced
trafficking, for which it prescribes Prostitution and by Malagasy domestic workers in Lebanon came to light during
inadequate penalties of one to three years Child Pornography; the year.
imprisonment. Decree 2007-563 prohibits Optional Protocol to Children, mostly from rural areas, are subject to conditions of
and prescribes minimal punishments of up the Convention on domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced
to two years imprisonment for various the Rights of the labor in mining, fishing, and agriculture within the country. Most
forms of child trafficking, including Child in armed child trafficking occurs with the involvement of family members,
prostitution, domestic servitude, and Conflict; ILO but friends, transport operators, tour guides, and hotel workers
forced labor. Convention 29, also facilitate the enslavement of children.
The government has yet to use its anti- Forced Labor; ILO A child sex tourism problem exists in coastal cities, including
trafficking law to punish traffickers. Convention 105, Tamatave, Nosy Be, and Diego Suarez, as well as the capital city
abolition of Forced of Antananarivo; some children are recruited for work in the
Labor capital using fraudulent offers of employment as waitresses and
maids before being forced into the commercial sex trade on the
coast. The main sources of child sex tourists are France,
Germany, and Switzerland. Parents sell young women into
marriages, some of which are short-term, often for significant
sums of money.
International trafficking was rare, although recent cases of young
women trafficked for domestic work in Lebanon appeared in the
media, following reports of at least one suicide by such a victim.
There were unconfirmed anecdotal reports of women and girls
trafficked for prostitution to the neighboring islands of Mauritius
and Reunion.
The Presidents Inter-Ministerial Anti- Trafficking Committee
ceased functioning in early 2009.
The government continued to distribute to arriving international
passengers fliers and a customs booklet containing a full-page
warning of the consequences of child sex tourism. In 2009, the
government charged a French national with rape and corruption
of a minor after he paid for sex acts with several young girls.
Malawi Malawi prohibits all forms of trafficking ILO Convention Malawi is primarily a source country for men, women, and Acceded to
through various laws, including the 182, Elimination of children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically March 17,
Employment Act and Articles 135 through Worst Forms of conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution within the 2005.
147 and 257 through 269 of the Penal Child Labor; country and abroad. Most Malawian trafficking victims are
Code, though the country lacks specific Optional Protocol to exploited internally, though Malawian victims of sex and labor Declaration:
anti-trafficking laws. The penalties the Convention on trafficking have also been identified in South Africa, Zambia, acceptance of
prescribed under these statutes range from the Rights of the Mozambique, Tanzania, and parts of Europe. To a lesser extent, Article 15 (2)
small fines to 10 years imprisonment; Child on the Sale of Malawi is a transit point for foreign victims and a destination on settlement
these penalties are sufficiently stringent Children, Child country for men, women, and children from Zambia, of disputes
and commensurate with punishments Prostitution and Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe subjected to conditions of concerning
prescribed for other serious crimes. For a Child Pornography; forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Within the interpretation
second year, the draft Child Care, Optional Protocol to country, some children are forced into domestic servitude, cattle and
Protection and Justice Bill, which defines the Convention on herding, agricultural labor, and menial work in various small application
child trafficking and imposes a penalty of the Rights of the businesses. Exploited girls and women become bar girls at of this
life imprisonment for convicted Child in armed local bars and rest houses where they are coerced to have sex Protocol.
traffickers, remained in the governments Conflict; ILO with customers in exchange for room and board. Forced labor in
Cabinet and was not passed by Convention 29, agriculture is often found on tobacco plantations. Labor
Parliament. Also for a second year, the Forced Labor; ILO traffickers are often villagers who have moved to urban areas and
Malawi Law Commission did not Convention 105, subsequently recruit children from their original villages through
complete drafting comprehensive anti- abolition of Forced offers of good jobs. Brothel owners or other prostitution
trafficking legislation specifically Labor facilitators lure girls with promises of nice clothing and lodging.
outlawing all forms of human trafficking. Upon arrival, they charge the girl high rental fees for these items
and instruct her how to engage in prostitution to pay off the debt.
Although the age of sexual consent is 14, South African and Tanzanian long-distance truck drivers and
there is no age specified for the protection mini-bus operators move victims across porous borders by
of minors from sexual exploitation, child avoiding immigration checkpoints. Some local businesswomen
prostitution, or child pornography. who also travel regularly to neighboring countries to buy clothing
for import have been identified as traffickers. Reports of
European tourists paying for sex with teenage boys and girls
continue.
A study issued in 2008 by the center for social research and
Norwegian church aid found that between 500 and 1,500 women
and children were trafficked within the country annually.
Approximately 35 percent of those trafficked were children
between the ages of 14 and 18.
Victims trafficked to South Africa were typically between 14 and
24 years old and were recruited with false offers of marriage,
study, or employment.
Also, children and a smaller number of women from Zambia,

Mozambique, Tanzania, Burundi, and Zimbabwe were trafficked
to Malawi for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation.
Poverty and low educational levels contributed to such
exploitation. Traffickers involved in land border trafficking to
South Africa and Tanzania were typically long-distance truck
drivers and minibus operators. Local businesswomen, who also
travel regularly to Tanzania, South Africa, and other neighboring
countries to buy clothing items for import, were identified as
traffickers as well. Children were primarily trafficked internally
for agricultural labor but also for cattle herding, domestic
servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and to perform menial
tasks for small businesses.
International trafficking was done on valid travel documents
obtained through unlawful means. The country's easily forged
passport was used regularly by traffickers; the government
continued attempts to remedy the misuse by recalling the
passports and issuing a new type with enhanced security features.
Trafficking occurred at both unmonitored crossing points and
official points of entry. Some convicted child traffickers were
sentenced to prison or required to pay fines; however, trafficking
was usually treated as a misdemeanor, and perpetrators often paid
only a small fine. Police and the Ministry of Gender, Child
Development and Community Development handled cases
brought to their attention and provided some services for victims,
including counseling and reintegration assistance. The ministry
repatriated victims to their home villages. Children were resettled
with their families and most offenders were fined. While the
government continued to implement a multiyear strategy to
protect vulnerable children from exploitation, it did not provide
specific funding to combat trafficking in persons. There was no
reportable progress on the development of a nationwide,
interministerial plan to identify the extent of trafficking and
possible solutions.
Mali Mali does not prohibit all forms of ILO Convention Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for women, and Ratified on
trafficking, though Article 244 of the 182, Elimination of children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced April 12,
criminal code prohibits all forms of child Worst Forms of labor and, to a lesser extent, forced prostitution. Within Mali, 2002
trafficking. Conviction of child trafficking Child Labor; women and girls are forced into domestic servitude and, to a
carries a penalty of from five to 20 years Optional Protocol to limited extent, prostitution.
imprisonment. These penalties are the Convention on Persons, including children, were trafficked between Mali and
sufficiently stringent and comparable with the Rights of the other West African countries, including Burkina Faso, Cote
penalties for sexual assault. Article 229 of Child on the Sale of d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Niger, and Nigeria, for the
the criminal code criminalizes the sexual Children, Child purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation.
exploitation of children and forced Prostitution and The Ministry for the Advancement of Women, Children, and the
prostitution of adult women. Child Pornography Family is charged with coordinating activities to combat
(a); Optional trafficking, but it lacked sufficient funding and was not effective.
Protocol to the
Convention on the The Ministry for the Promotion of Women and Children created a
Rights of the Child more streamlined committee to combat trafficking, and the
in armed Conflict; Malian government decided to introduce a law criminalizing all
ILO Convention 29, forms of trafficking in 2010.
Forced Labor; ILO
Convention 105,
abolition of Forced
Labor.
Maruritius The Combating of Trafficking in Persons ILO Convention Mauritius is a source for children subjected to trafficking in Acceded to
Act of 2009 prohibits all forms of 182, Elimination of persons, specifically conditions of forced prostitution within the on
trafficking for adults and children and Worst Forms of country. Secondary school-age girls and, to a lesser extent, September
prescribes penalties of up to 15 years Child Labor; younger girls from all areas of the country, including from 24, 2003
imprisonment for convicted offenders. In Optional Protocol to Rodrigues Island, are induced into prostitution, often by their
addition, the Child Protection Act of 2005 the Convention on peers, family members, or businessmen offering other forms of
prohibits all forms of child trafficking and the Rights of the employment. Taxi drivers are known to provide transportation
prescribes punishment of up to 15 years Child on the Sale of and introductions for both the girls and the clients. Girls and boys
imprisonment for convicted offenders; the Children, Child whose mothers engage in prostitution are reportedly forced into
Judicial Provisions Act of 2008 increased Prostitution and prostitution at a young age. Some drug-addicted women are
the maximum prescribed punishment for Child Pornography; forced into prostitution by their boyfriends, who serve as their
child trafficking offenses to 30 years Optional Protocol to pimps. In Great Britain, two Malagasy nationals were convicted
imprisonment. All of the aforementioned the Convention on in 2009 of holding a small number of Mauritian nationals, as well
penalties are sufficiently stringent and the Rights of the as citizens of other countries, in conditions of forced labor; this
commensurate with those prescribed for Child in armed appears to be an isolated case of transnational human trafficking
other serious crimes. From arrest to Conflict; ILO involving Mauritian citizens.
sentencing of offenders, cases of child Convention 29, The Ministry of Women's Rights, Child Development, and
trafficking typically took 18 to 24 months Forced Labor; ILO Family Welfare maintained a hotline for reporting cases of child
to resolve. Convention 105, prostitution. The ministry also conducted information campaigns
abolition of Forced on child trafficking for NGOs, high school students, women, and
Labor community leaders. The Minors Brigade and the Family
Protection Unit conducted information campaigns on child
prostitution and child sexual abuse for high school students and
the general population. The government drop-in center provided
shelter, counseling, and education for victims of child
prostitution.
Mauritani Mauritanian law prohibits all forms of ILO Convention Mauritania is a source and destination country for men, women, Acceded to
a trafficking through its 2003 Law Against 182, Elimination of and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically July 22,
Trafficking in Persons, which prescribes Worst Forms of conditions of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. 2005
penalties of from five to 10 years Child Labor; Some women, men, and children from traditional slave castes are
imprisonment; these penalties are Optional Protocol to subjected to slavery related practices, rooted in ancestral master-
sufficiently stringent and exceed those the Convention on slave relationships, which continue to exist in a limited fashion in
prescribed for rape. Slavery is prohibited the Rights of the both rural and urban settings. Girls have been trafficked internally
by Law 2007-048, which was enacted in Child on the Sale of and from neighboring West African countries such as Mali,
September 2007. This law defines slavery Children, Child Senegal, and The Gambia for involuntary domestic servitude.
and prescribes a sufficiently stringent Prostitution and Mauritanian girls have been married off to wealthy men from the
penalty of from five to 10 years Child Pornography; Middle East and taken there in some cases for forced prostitution.
imprisonment. The laws effectiveness, ILO Convention 29, Mauritanian women are forced into prostitution within the
however, is hampered by its requirement Forced Labor; ILO country, as well as in Gulf States.
that slaves file a legal complaint before a Convention 105, Despite the antislavery law, NGOs reported that slaveryrelated
prosecution can be pursued, as well as its abolition of Forced practices and slavery itself persisted in isolated areas of the
barring of NGOs from filing complaints Labor country where a barter economy still prevailed and also in urban
on behalf of slaves. Many slaves are centers like Nouakchott. In March and April, local antislavery
illiterate and unable to complete the organization SOS Esclaves reported two slavery and child abuse
paperwork involved in filing a complaint. cases involving minors Hana Mint Maria and Vatimetou Mint
Mata Moulana. According to SOS Esclaves and human rights
lawyers, the court system failed to remove the children from their
abusive households or to prosecute the alleged slave owners
under either antislavery or child abuse laws. Government
assistance and protection services for trafficking victims
remained limited, with most resources going towards prevention
in the form of training for police, gendarmes, and legal officials
to better identify, investigate, and convict traffickers.
Morocco Moroccan law appears to prohibit all ILO Convention Morocco is a source, destination, and transit country for men, Not a party
forms of trafficking. Its Penal Code 182, Elimination of women, and children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, Not ratified/
prohibits forced child labor through Worst Forms of specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. Children are Not signed
Article 467, forced labor through Article Child Labor; trafficked within the country from rural areas to urban centers to
10, and forced prostitution and Optional Protocol to work as maids or laborers, or for commercial sexual exploitation.
prostitution of a minor through Articles the Convention on Moroccan men, women, and children are exploited for forced
497-499. The Government of Morocco the Rights of the labor and prostitution in European and Middle Eastern countries.
reports that it also employs the Child on the Sale of Young Moroccan girls from rural areas are recruited to work as
Immigration Law of 2003 and other Children, Child child maids in cities, but often experience non-payment of wages,
statutes, such as those prohibiting Prostitution and threats, and physical or sexual abuse, and sometimes face
kidnapping, fraud, and coercion, to Child Pornography; restrictions on movement. These practices indicate that these girls
prosecute trafficking offenses; however, it Optional Protocol to are subjected to involuntary servitude. Moroccan women are
has not provided any information on cases the Convention on forced into prostitution in Gulf States including the United Arab
tried under these laws. Penalties the Rights of the Emirates and Bahrain Jordan, Libya, Syria, and European
prescribed by these various statutes for Child in armed countries; some of them experience restrictions on movement,
sex trafficking offenses are sufficiently Conflict; ILO threats, and emotional and physical abuse.
stringent and commensurate with those Convention 29,
prescribed for other serious crimes, such Forced Labor; ILO Sub-Saharan African women who are forced into prostitution in
as rape. In contrast, penalties prescribed Convention 105, Morocco were not likely to report crimes for fear of being
for labor trafficking offenses appear not to abolition of Forced deported. NGOs provided most services to domestic victims of
be sufficiently stringent; penalties for Labor trafficking. Undocumented migrants some of whom may have
child labor under Article 467 range from been trafficking victims reportedly suffered physical abuse at
one to three years imprisonment, while the hands of Moroccan police. Government-operated Child
general penalties for forced labor under Protection Units in Casablanca and Marrakesh offered assistance
Article 10 are limited to fines for first- to street children and other victims of violence, abuse, and sexual
time offenders or six days to three exploitation, possibly including victims of trafficking. The
months imprisonment for repeat government also operated a hotline that referred women and
offenders. children who are victims of violence and sexual assault to
womens groups for possible assistance. All Moroccan soldiers
participating in UN peacekeeping missions receive training on the
issue of commercial sexual exploitation. The Moroccan
government cooperated with the IOM in preparing a publically
available report that included a comprehensive overview of the
governments strengths and weaknesses on trafficking issues and
included recommendations for legislative and policy reforms.
The two most commonly trafficked groups were girls sent
involuntarily to serve as domestic servants and women forced to
perform sexual services. According to UNICEF and national
NGOs, recruiters habitually visited isolated rural villages in the
Atlas Mountains where they persuaded parents that their
daughters would be better off as maids. Women were trafficked
to Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and other
Persian Gulf countries and forced into prostitution after being
promised jobs as domestics. The country was a transit point for
trafficked persons. Men and women from sub-Saharan Africa,
Southeast Asia, and the Philippines were trafficked to Europe or
Near Eastern countries. Sub-Saharan Africans transiting the
country to Europe were also victims of traffickers. Women were
often pressured into commercial sexual exploitation and
involuntary servitude in exchange for food and shelter. Most
trafficking rings were small criminal groups. Unofficial reports
stated that hotel personnel arranged to transport girls and young
women from rural areas to cities for commercial sexual
exploitation.
A working group known as the National Observatory of
Migration, consisting of representatives of the Ministries of
Interior, Justice, Foreign Affairs, and Social Development was
responsible for migration and antitrafficking policies
implemented primarily by the MOI. Clandestine migration was
under the purview of immigration officials; prostitution was a
police issue; and child bride cases were reviewed by local
authorities, who ultimately report to MOI.
Mozambiq In September 2008, the government ILO Convention Is a destination and source for women and children being Ratified on
ue enacted a new comprehensive human 182, Elimination of trafficked for forced labor and forced prostitution. September
trafficking law. The law prescribes Worst Forms of Organized crime groups of Chinese, Pakistani and Nigerians run 20, 2006
penalties of 16 to 20 years imprisonment Child Labor; trafficking rings.
for those recruiting or facilitating the Optional Protocol to
exploitation of a person for purposes of the Convention on Women and girls from these rural areas are also lured to cities
prostitution, forced labor, slavery, or the Rights of the with promises of employment or education, as well as to South
involuntary debt servitude; these penalties Child on the Sale of Africa for involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution.
are sufficiently stringent and exceed those Children, Child NGOs report that Mozambican victims of sex traffickers were
for other serious crimes. Prostitution and taken by traffickers to training centers in Swaziland and South
Child Pornography Africa in preparation for an expected increase in demand for
(a); Optional prostitution during the 2010 World Cup.
Protocol to the
Convention on the Women and girls from Zimbabwe and Malawi who voluntarily
Rights of the Child migrate to Mozambique continue to be manipulated by traffickers
in armed Conflict into forced prostitution and domestic servitude subsequent to
(a); ILO Convention their arrival.
29, Forced Labor;
ILO Convention In January 2010, police arrested a man in Beira for allegedly
105, abolition of running a criminal ring involved in the sale of hard drugs and in
Forced Labor. sex trafficking. The media reported that the suspect had at least
one police officer on her payroll. In March 2010, police arrested
eight traffickers after being alerted by undercover journalists that
the traffickers had offered to sell them several girls and women.
Within weeks, all of the suspects were released on bail.
Traffickers commonly bribed law enforcement officials to allow
their movement of trafficking victims internally and across
national borders into South Africa and Swaziland, sometimes
without passports.
Following passage of the anti-trafficking law, the PRM created a

special unit to deal specifically with apprehensions,
investigations, and reintegration. This unit developed special
facilities to support victims of trafficking, including one in the
capital city. The Mozambican woman implicated in the "Diana
Case" was on trial at year's end in South Africa. She was alleged
to have trafficked Mozambican girls to Pretoria for forced
prostitution.
Namibia In May 2009, the government enacted the ILO Convention Namibia is a country of origin, transit, and destination for foreign Ratified on
Prevention of Organized Crime Act 182, Elimination of and Namibian women and children for forced prostitution. August 16,
(POCA) of 2004, which explicitly Worst Forms of 2002
criminalizes all forms of trafficking. Child Labor; Vulnerable Namibian children are recruited for forced
Under the POCA, persons who participate Optional Protocol to prostitution in Angola and South Africa, typically by truck
in trafficking offenses or aid and abet the Convention on drivers. There is also some evidence that traffickers move
trafficking offenders may be fined up to the Rights of the Namibian women to South Africa and South African women to
$133,000 and imprisoned for up to 50 Child on the Sale of Namibia to be exploited in forced prostitution. Namibian women
years. The Act does not differentiate Children, Child and children, including orphans, from rural areas are the most
between trafficking for commercial sexual Prostitution and vulnerable to trafficking. Victims are lured by traffickers to urban
exploitation and trafficking for non-sexual Child Pornography; centers and commercial farms with promises of legitimate work
purposes. In addition, Section 4 of the Optional Protocol to for good wages they may never receive.
Labor Act of 2007 prohibits forced labor the Convention on
and prescribes penalties of up to four the Rights of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Child welfare identified 8 cases.
years imprisonment or a fine of up to Child in armed In one a mother sold her teenage daughter into prostitution in
$2,700, or both. Section 3 of the Labor Conflict; ILO Walvis Bay; an investigation was pending at year's end.
Act prohibits various forms of exploitative Convention 29,
child labor, prescribing penalties equal to Forced Labor; ILO There were also reports of trafficking for sexual exploitation of
those for other forced labor offenses. Convention 105, women from Zimbabwe. The government's assessment conducted
Penalties for these crimes are sufficiently abolition of Forced during the year also highlighted internal trafficking of girls from
stringent and commensurate with those Labor. rural areas to urban centers to work as babysitters. Girls were
prescribed for other serious crimes, such commonly denied education, sometimes sexually exploited, and
as rape. The draft Child Care and Government their income forwarded directly to their mothers.
Protection Bill is expected to address officials are working
child trafficking offenses, among other with the Southern
crimes. African
Development
Community to
develop model
comprehensive anti-
trafficking
legislation which
could be effectively
adopted in countries
throughout the
region.
Niger Many types of human trafficking are not ILO Convention Niger is a source, transit, and destination country for children and Ratified on
prohibited by law. 182, Elimination of women subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced September
Niger prohibits slavery through a 2003 Worst Forms of labor and forced prostitution. 30, 2004
amendment to Article 270 of its penal Child Labor;
code and prohibits forced and compulsory Optional Protocol to There were reports Nigerien girls entered into false marriages
labor through Article 4 of its labor code. the Convention on with citizens of Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Penal code Articles 292 and 293 prohibit the Rights of the Emirates: upon arrival in these countries, the girls are often
procurement of a child for prostitution, Child on the Sale of forced into involuntary domestic servitude. Child marriage was a
and Article 181 prohibits encouraging Children, Child problem, especially in rural areas, and may have contributed to
child begging or profiting from child Prostitution and conditions of human trafficking. Niger is a transit country for
begging. Niger does not, however, Child Pornography; women and children from Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana,
prohibit other forms of trafficking, such as ILO Convention 29, Mali, Nigeria, and Togo en route to Northern Africa and Western
forced prostitution of adults. The Forced Labor; ILO Europe. Also reports of Nigerien women being trafficked to
prescribed penalty of 10 to 30 years Convention 105, Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe for involuntary
imprisonment for slavery offenses is abolition of Forced domestic servitude and forced commercial sexual exploitation.
sufficiently stringent. The penalty Labor. Women are trafficked within the country for forced prostitution.
prescribed for forced labor, a fine ranging
from $48 to $598 and from six days to one A 2005 NGO survey found that 5.8 percent of households
months imprisonment, is not sufficiently interviewed claimed that at least one member of their family had
stringent. The lack of clear anti-trafficking been a trafficking victim.
legislation impeded law enforcement
efforts: a draft law prohibiting human Traffickers within the country forced or falsely enticed some girls
trafficking written in 2007 remained into prostitution, sometimes with their families' complicity.
pending.
On February 16, Nigerien police referred to a local NGO a young
The National Commission for the Nigerien woman suspected of being a victim of trafficking. She
Coordination of the Fight Against was 14 years old when a Togolese lured her to travel with him to
Trafficking in Persons existed on paper Togo, where he obtained false identity documents for her,
but had no budget. married her, and had two children with her. According to the
woman's parents, Togolese law enforcement authorities kept
custody of the children, but did not indict the suspected trafficker.
The woman and her parents sought assistance in taking legal
action to claim custody of the two children. The case was pending
at year's end.
Nigeria The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law ILO Convention Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women Ratified June
Enforcement and Administration Act, 182, Elimination of and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically 28, 2001
amended in 2005 to increase penalties for Worst Forms of conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked
trafficking offenders, prohibits all forms Child Labor; ILO Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas
of human trafficking. The laws Convention 29, within the countrys borders women and girls for involuntary
prescribed penalties of five years Forced Labor; ILO domestic servitude and forced commercial sexual exploitation.
imprisonment and/or a $670 fine for labor Convention 105,
trafficking, 10 years imprisonment for abolition of Forced Victims are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African
trafficking of children for forced begging Labor countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin,
or hawking, and 10 years to life Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, for the same
imprisonment for sex trafficking are The government purposes. Children from West African states like Benin, Togo,
sufficiently stringent and commensurate increased and Ghana where Economic Community of West African States
with penalties prescribed for other serious collaboration on (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry.
crimes, such as rape. Nigerias 2003 Child investigations with
Rights Act also criminalizes child law enforcement Traffickers moved girls and women for forced prostitution and
trafficking, though only 23 of the agencies in the domestic labor to Italy, Austria, Spain, Norway, Belgium, the
countrys 36 states, including the Federal Netherlands, France, Netherlands, Greece, the United Kingdom, Russia, and countries
Capital Territory, have enacted it. Spain, Italy, and in West and Central Africa. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime
According to the Nigerian constitution, Benin. By year's end (UNODC) estimated that 72 percent of female trafficking victims
laws pertaining to childrens rights fall NAPTIP had signed for prostitution in Italy came from the country.
under state purview; therefore, the Child mutual cooperation To recruit young women, traffickers often made false promises of
Rights Act must be adopted by individual agreements with legitimate work outside the country. Once away from their
state legislatures to be fully implemented. eight nations. families, children underwent harsh treatment and intimidation.
Traffickers subjected victims to debt bondage, particularly those
forced into prostitution. In some cases traffickers employed
practitioners of traditional magic to threaten victims with curses
to procure their silence. Victims were transported by air, land,
and sea.
Both women and children were trafficked to Saudi Arabia for the
purposes of prostitution, sexual exploitation, and labor.
Women and children were most at risk of being trafficked, and 70
percent of all trafficking victims in the country were female.
Republic The Child Protection Law, which ILO Convention The Republic of the Congo (ROC) is a destination and transit Signed but
of the prohibits and prescribes punishment for 182, Elimination of country for children subjected to trafficking in persons, not ratified
Congo child trafficking, was passed by the Senate Worst Forms of specifically forced labor and, to a lesser extent, forced December
in August 2009, but is still pending Child Labor; prostitution. Most sources agree that up to 80 percent of all 14, 2000
Presidential signature. Chapter 2 Article Optional Protocol to trafficked children originate from Benin, with girls comprising 90
60 of this law prohibits the trafficking, the Convention on percent of that group. Many child victims are subjected to forced
sale, trading, and exploitation of children the Rights of the labor, including in domestic work, market vending and fishing;
and Article 115 prescribes penalties of Child on the Sale of girls are also exploited in the sex trade.
hard labor and a fine of between Children, Child
approximately $1,978 and $19,790. Prostitution and In 2009, the Ministry of Health (MOH), in partnership with
Pimping of children is punishable under Child Pornography UNICEF, launched an anti-trafficking public awareness campaign
Penal Code Article 344, but its weak (a); ILO Convention in Pointe Noire involving not only government officials, but also
prescribed penalty of up to two years 29, Forced Labor; security and diplomatic staff from the consulates of neighboring
imprisonment and a fine is neither ILO Convention countries and leaders from local Muslim and Christian
sufficiently stringent nor commensurate 105, abolition of communities. Organizers made full use of banners the most
with penalties prescribed by Congolese Forced Labor common advertising medium to stress the point that human
law for other serious crimes, such as rape. trafficking is illegal and will be punished. In April 2010, the
The trafficking of adults is not covered Minister of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action co-hosted
under Congolese law. with UNICEF a conference in Pointe Noire to highlight the
problem of trafficking in children. Also during the reporting
period, the MOH, with support from UNICEF, also began
implementation of the governments 2009 2010 National Plan
of Action. Under this plan, UNICEF trained MOH representatives
to serve as trainers; these trainers then presented anti-trafficking
workshops to local NGOs. The government did not monitor
migration patterns for trafficking, and it did not take measures to
reduce the demand for commercial sex acts during the reporting
period.
Rwanda Rwandan law does not prohibit all forms ILO Convention Rwanda is a source and, to a lesser extent, destination country for Ratified on
of trafficking in persons, though existing 182, Elimination of women and children subjected to trafficking in persons, September
penal and labor code statutes prohibit Worst Forms of specifically conditions of forced labor and commercial sexual 26, 2003
slavery, forced labor, forced prostitution, Child Labor; exploitation. Rwandan girls are exploited in involuntary domestic
and child prostitution, under which Optional Protocol to servitude within the country; some of these children experience
traffickers could be prosecuted. Law No. the Convention on physical or sexual abuse within their employers household.
58/2008 outlaws, but does not define, the Rights of the Older females offer vulnerable younger girls room and board,
human trafficking for sexual exploitation Child on the Sale of eventually pushing them into prostitution to pay for their keep. In
and prescribes punishments of 15 to 20 Children, Child limited cases, this trafficking is facilitated by women who supply
years imprisonment. In May 2009, the Prostitution and females to clients or by loosely organized prostitution networks,
government enacted the Law Regulating Child Pornography some operating in secondary schools and universities.
Labor in Rwanda (13/2009), which (a); Optional
prohibits forced labor and prescribes Protocol to the The largest trafficking problem was underage prostitution. Small
punishment of three to five years Convention on the numbers of impoverished girls, typically between ages 14 and 18,
imprisonment; it also prohibits subjecting Rights of the Child used prostitution as a means of survival; some were exploited by
children to slavery, child trafficking, debt in armed Conflict loosely organized prostitution networks. Due to the genocide and
bondage, forced labor, armed conflict, and (a); ILO Convention deaths from HIV/AIDS, numerous children headed households,
child prostitution and prescribes 29, Forced Labor; and some of these children resorted to prostitution or may have
punishment of six months to 20 years ILO Convention been trafficked into domestic servitude.
imprisonment for these offenses. Taken 105, abolition of
together, these penalties are sufficiently Forced Labor During the year, however, police arrested girls in prostitution and
stringent and commensurate with detained them at Kigalis Gikondo transit center; some girls were
penalties prescribed for other serious kept there three to six months despite not being charged with a
offenses, such as rape. In December 2009, crime or screened for victimization. The government has not
parliaments Chamber of Deputies passed developed a system for proactively identifying human trafficking
revisions to the penal code, which contain victims among vulnerable populations or created a referral
articles defining and prohibiting human process to transfer such victims to service providers for care.
trafficking; the penal code is now under There were reports of trafficking networks in secondary schools
consideration by the Senate. A draft and universities. In some instances older students offered
comprehensive anti-trafficking bill vulnerable younger girls room and board, eventually pushing
remained under review. them into prostitution to pay for their keep.
When the government dismantled prostitution rings, it offered
women rehabilitation programs that included employment
training. There were no shelters specifically for trafficking
victims. The government provided training on combating sex
crimes and crimes against children as part of the police training
curriculum.
The RNP conducted sensitization programs against prostitution
and warned hotel owners against allowing underage girls to
frequent their hotels.
So Tom The law prohibits trafficking in persons. There have been no reports that persons were trafficked to, from, Acceded to
and or within the country. on August
Prncipe As of 2007, the United States had plans to locate a regional 23, 2006
observatory in this country to monitor trafficking in humans and
drugs.
In 2007 the UNICEF and the Economic Community of Central

African States held a conference in the country that addressed
trafficking in persons and continued with an awareness campaign
about the issue.
Senegal Under the Law to Combat Trafficking in ILO Convention Trafficking in and through the country was a serious problem, Ratified on
Persons and Related Practices and to 182, Elimination of especially with regard to child begging. October 27,
Protect Victims (2005), all types of human Worst Forms of Young girls were trafficked from villages in the Diourbel, Fatick, 2003
trafficking are illegal. Traffickers can be Child Labor; Kaolack, Thies, and Ziguinchor regions to urban centers for work
imprisoned for up to 10 years. However, Optional Protocol to as underage domestics. Young girls from both urban and rural
traffickers are rarely prosecuted in part the Convention on areas were involved in prostitution, which NGOs stated involved
because of a lack of governmental the Rights of the an adult pimp to facilitate commercial sex transactions or provide
resources. Trafficking for forced labor and Child on the Sale of shelter. Young boys also were involved in prostitution,
sexual exploitation remains common for Children, Child particularly to support their families. The country was believed to
both women and children. Prostitution and be a transit point for women en route to Europe for commercial
Child Pornography; sexual exploitation.
The constitution and law prohibit Optional Protocol to
trafficking in persons; however, persons the Convention on There was no available identification of the principal traffickers.
were trafficked to, within, through, and the Rights of the Following an October 19 interministerial conference, the Ministry
from the country. Laws that prohibit Child in armed of Justice was put in charge of coordinating an interagency group
pimping and kidnapping can be used in Conflict; ILO to respond to human trafficking issues. The group includes
some trafficking cases. Convention 29, representatives from the human rights commission; the Ministry
Forced Labor; ILO of Women, Family, Social Development, and Women's
By law those who recruit, transport, Convention 105, Entrepreneurship; the Ministry of Interior; and a presidential
transfer, or harbor persons, whether by abolition of Forced adviser on childhood.
means of violence, fraud, abuse of Labor
authority, or otherwise for the purposes of Most government efforts to combat trafficking in persons were
sexual exploitation, labor, forced centered in the Ministry of Women, Family, Social Development,
servitude, or slavery are subject to and Women's Entrepreneurship. The ministry operated the Ginddi
punishment of five to 10 years' Center in Dakar, where child trafficking victims received
imprisonment and a fine of five to 20 nutritional, medical, and other assistance. The center
million CFA ($10,100 to $40,400). When accommodated children from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau,
the crime involves torture, barbarism, the and Guinea. The center's toll-free child protection hotline fielded
removal of human organs, or exposing the many calls. With assistance from a foreign government, the
victim to a risk of death or injury, prison police established a trafficking-in-persons database. There were
terms range from 10 to 30 years. The no government programs to protect or assist trafficked women.
government did not effectively enforce the
law, and there were no prosecutions for
trafficking offenses during the year.
Seychelles The country's laws prohibit human Ratified on

trafficking. There have been no reports of June 22,
such conduct occurring within Seychelles. 2004
Sierra The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of Optional Protocol to Sierra Leone is a source, transit, and destination country for Signed but
Leone 2005 prohibits all forms of human the Convention on children and women subjected to trafficking in persons, not ratified
trafficking and prescribes a maximum the Rights of the specifically forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. November
penalty of 10 years imprisonment for Child on the Sale of Victims come largely from rural provinces and refugee 27, 2001
both sex and labor trafficking offenses. Children, Child communities within the country, and are recruited to urban and
This penalty is sufficiently stringent, but Prostitution and mining centers for the purposes of commercial sexual
not commensurate with penalties for rape, Child Pornography exploitation, forced domestic work, and forced service or labor in
which carried a maximum sentence of life (a); Optional petty trading, street crime, and begging. Trafficking victims may
imprisonment. The Child Rights Act of Protocol to the also be found in the fishing and agricultural sectors or are
2008 includes a number of provisions that Convention on the subjected to forced prostitution or forced labor through customary
relate to trafficking, though many police Rights of the Child practices such as forced and arranged marriages. The incidence of
officers opted to use abduction and in armed Conflict transnational trafficking is relatively small, but Sierra Leone is
unlawful child harboring statutes when (a); ILO Convention likely still a source and destination country for the movement of
charging trafficking suspects. 29, Forced Labor; persons to destinations in West Africa, the Middle East, and
ILO Convention Europe, where they are subsequently subjected to nonconsensual
105, abolition of exploitation. Sierra Leone may also be a destination country for
Forced Labor children trafficked from Nigeria, and possibly from Liberia and
Guinea for forced begging, forced labor, and commercial sexual
exploitation.
Reports indicated that women and children were trafficked from
the provinces to work in the capital or in diamond areas as
laborers and commercial sex workers. Persons were trafficked
from neighboring countries for forced domestic and street labor,
forced begging, and for sexual exploitation. Persons were
trafficked out of the country to destinations in West Africa,
including Liberia and Nigeria for labor and sexual exploitation;
persons were also trafficked to Lebanon, Europe, and North
America; and the country also served as a transit point for persons
trafficked from elsewhere in West Africa.
The government developed and began implementing a protocol

for law enforcement and social services authorities identification
of trafficking victims, but only a small number of officials were
trained to follow it during the reporting period. Most high-risk
persons such as females in prostitution, unaccompanied minors,
and undocumented immigrants remained unscreened.
A number of government agencies, including the SLP, Ministry

of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs, the
Immigration Department, and the Office of National Security, are
responsible for combating trafficking. The country's only shelter
for trafficking victims, run by the International Organization for
Migration, closed during the year due to lack of funding,
negatively impacting the efficacy of the victim referral network.
The Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs
and the SLP publicly supported NGO antitrafficking efforts.
Somalia Prior to the central government's collapse Optional Protocol to Since the governments collapse, trafficking for forced labor and Not a party
in 1991, human trafficking was illegal. the Convention on sexual exploitation is common for women and children. Also, Not ratified/
The TFC (Transitional Federal Charter) the Rights of the militias frequently conscript children into forced military service. Not signed
does not explicitly prohibit trafficking. In Child in armed
February 2008 Puntland authorities Conflict (signed, not Somali territory was known to be a source, transit, and possibly
announced that persons who were caught ratified); ILO destination country for trafficked women and children, and there
engaging in human trafficking would be Convention 29, were reports of trafficking. Human smuggling was widespread,
punished by death. Various forms of Forced Labor; ILO and there was evidence that traffickers utilized the same networks
trafficking are prohibited under some Convention 105, and methods as those used by smugglers. Dubious employment
interpretations of Shari'a and customary abolition of Forced agencies were involved with or served as fronts for traffickers,
law. Labor especially to target individuals destined for the Gulf States.
Somali women were trafficked to destinations in the Middle East,
including Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria, as well as to South Africa, for
domestic labor and commercial sexual exploitation.
Somali children were reportedly trafficked to Djibouti, Malawi,
and Tanzania for commercial sexual exploitation and exploitative
child labor. Ethiopian women were believed to be trafficked to
and through the country to the Middle East for forced labor or
sexual exploitation.
In 2009, there were several reported cases of Somali women
trafficked into the commercial sex trade in Sudan after smugglers
abandoned them midway through their journey to Libya.
Armed militias reportedly also trafficked women and children for
forced labor or sexual exploitation, and some of those victims
also may have been trafficked to the Middle East and Europe.
Trafficking networks were reported to be involved in transporting
child victims to South Africa for sexual exploitation.
Ethiopian women are smuggled through Somalia to Yemen and
onward to other destinations in the Middle East where they are
forced into domestic servitude and commercial sexual
exploitation.
South South Africa ratified the UN Palermo ILO Convention The country was a source, transit point, and destination for the Ratified
Africa Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish 182, Elimination of trafficking of persons, including children, from other countries in February 20,
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women Worst Forms of Africa, Asia, and Europe for prostitution and forced labor. 2004
and Children on February 20, 2004. The Child Labor; Domestic and international organized crime syndicates trafficked
protocol binds nations to develop and Optional Protocol to women in and out of the country for use in the sex industry, and Reservation:
enact legislation that protects trafficking the Convention on girls were exploited for sex or domestic servitude. Not bound
victims and prosecutes offenders the Rights of the According to law enforcement officials, new brothels proliferated by Art 15(2)
appropriately, yet the laws of South Africa Child on the Sale of near football stadiums in advance of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. re:
do not meet the standards for the Children, Child Many of the new venues undertook recruitment drives, for both compulsory
elimination of trafficking. Furthermore Prostitution and willing sex workers and trafficking victims. In most cases jurisdiction
South Africa has ratified the ILO Worst Child Pornography traffickers lured foreign women with phony promises of of ICJ
Forms of Child Labor Convention, which (a); Optional employment, marriage, or educational opportunities abroad. dealing with
prohibits child slavery and the recruitment Protocol to the Traffickers often lured the children of poor families with interpretation
of children for prostitution or Convention on the fraudulent promises of jobs, education, or a better way of life. or
pornography, and the UN Convention on Rights of the Child Victims, who might have been kidnapped or forced to follow application
the Rights of the Child and Optional in armed Conflict; their traffickers, were subjected to threats of violence, of Protocol.
Protocol, which prohibits the abduction, ILO Convention 29, withholding of documents, and debt bondage to ensure All parties
sale and trafficking of children for any Forced Labor; ILO compliance. must consent
purpose. Convention 105, to dispute in
The governments comprehensive Anti- abolition of Forced Trafficked women and children forced to work in the commercial every case.
Trafficking Bill failed to pass in advance Labor sex industry often lived with other trafficked victims in
of the 2010 World Cup even though there segregated areas. They were frequently under constant
had been promises to do so since 2008 so surveillance; usually had no money or identifying documents;
it could be implemented in time. The bill were often in debt to the agents who arranged their travel; often
was introduced in 2008. Until this law is worked long hours--in some cases up to 18 hours each day and on
passed the existing legislation remains weekends and when ill; and sometimes were fined by their
weak. Under current law traffickers are traffickers for infractions of arbitrary rules.
prosecuted for offences such as
kidnapping, assault and murder and may According to the NPA, which leads government efforts to combat
also be prosecuted for offences in terms of trafficking, Chinese traffickers made Johannesburg a regional hub
certain Acts, such as the Sexual Offences for collecting victims from Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland
Act, 1957; the Immigration Act, 2002; the for exploitation locally and in other cities. Trafficking from
Basic Conditions of Employment Act, neighboring Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and
1995 and the Domestic Violence Act, Zimbabwe was believed by law enforcement officials to be on the
1998. rise. Nigerian syndicates reportedly began moving trafficked
The Childrens Amendment Act of 2007 women to the United States where they were exploited to attract
prohibits child trafficking but hasnt been African migrant clientele.
fully implemented or funded. The Sexual
Offences Amendment Act 32 of 2007, Following awareness and sensitivity training conducted by the
under Part 6 has transnational provisions UN Office on Drugs and Crime, IOM, and others, police
relating to trafficking in persons (adults treatment of trafficking victims improved. However, extensive
and children) for sexual purposes only. pretrial delays caused some trafficking victims not to testify at the
The Act also states that victims aren't to trials of their alleged traffickers.
be prosecuted for any directly related On March 24, 2009 after a month-long investigation by a newly
offense such as contravention of formed provincial task team comprising members of the
immigration laws or prostitution. Penal organized crime unit, the NPA, and child prostitution experts,
Code provisions allow for perpetrators to police arrested several businessmen linked to a child prostitution
be prosecuted for trafficking offenses, but ring in Durban. The businessmen were charged under the human
the law doesnt provide for preventative trafficking and child pornography provisions of the SOA. The
and rehabilitative services to victims. investigation into the prostitution ring and the case were pending
Furthermore the existing laws are unclear at year's end.
and there are few government financial On November 26, Giang Broodryk, a Thai citizen, was arrested
and other resources devoted to anti for allegedly assisting girls from Thailand to enter the country
trafficking enforcement, all of which illegally. She was denied bail by the Rustenburg Magistrate's
inhibit prosecutions. Court. Brooderyk allegedly promised the girls employment in her
The current Prevention and Combating of massage parlor but then forced them to work as prostitutes in her
Trafficking in Persons Bill was introduced brothel; the case was pending at year's end. According to the
to the South African Parliament on March IOM, the prosecution concluded argument during the year in the
15, 2010 by the Minister of Justice and trial of Mozambican Aldina dos Santos, which began in 2008.
Constitutional Development. As of early There were no further developments at year's end. There were no
July 2010 the bill is still in the National developments in the 2008 alleged trafficking cases involving a
Assembly. On July 1, 2010, the U.S. Sierra Leonean child trafficker in Durban and five Nigerian
House of Representatives passed a traffickers of Nigerian women. Corruption within the police,
resolution congratulating the government immigration, customs, and private services at the international
of South Africa on its first two successful airports impeded interdiction efforts. Traffickers reportedly
human trafficking convictions and hailed bribed officials to help them move victims out of transit areas to
their efforts surrounding the prevention of avoid detection. The DHA dismissed immigration officers for
trafficking surrounding the 2010 World involvement in trafficking and for petty corruption relating to
Cup. It also calls upon the government to trafficking. The border police, SAPS, and judicial officials
quickly adopt the trafficking bill before received additional antitrafficking training during the year, but
Parliament and to prioritize anti- confusion by officials between smuggling and trafficking
trafficking enforcement during the 2010 remained a problem. The NPA's SOCA unit leads an interagency
World Cup. task force to formulate new strategies for dealing
comprehensively with trafficking in persons. The NPA
subcontracted IOM to conduct training workshops for hundreds
of social workers and government officials to improve
recognition of trafficking victims, care and attention to victims,
and referrals of cases to authorities. The government
commissioned the Human Sciences Research Council to research
the scale and nature of trafficking.
Some domestic victims of trafficking were placed in government
facilities for the sexually abused. The government continued to
fund private shelters that provided short- and long-term health
care, counseling, and legal support to trafficking victims.
Sudan The Criminal Act of 1991 does not ILO Convention Sudan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, Not a party
prohibit all forms of trafficking in 182, Elimination of women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, Not ratified/
persons, though its Articles 155, 156, and Worst Forms of specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. Not signed
163 criminalize operating a place of Child Labor; Sudanese women and girls, particularly those from rural areas or
prostitution, inducing or abducting Optional Protocol to who are internally displaced, are trafficked into domestic
someone to engage in prostitution the Convention on servitude in homes throughout the country; some of these girls
(seduction), and forced labor, the Rights of the are subsequently sexually abused by male occupants or forced to
respectively. Penalties prescribed under Child on the Sale of engage in commercial sex acts. Sudanese girls also engage in
these statutes of up to five years Children, Child prostitution within the country, at times with the assistance of
imprisonment for brothel keeping and Prostitution and third parties, including law enforcement officials. Sudanese
seduction, and one years imprisonment or Child Pornography women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude
a fine for forced labor are neither (a); Optional in Middle Eastern countries, such as Bahrain and Qatar, and to
sufficiently stringent nor commensurate Protocol to the forced prostitution in European countries. Sudanese children
with those prescribed for other serious Convention on the transit Yemen to Saudi Arabia for use in forced begging.
crimes, such as rape. Nevertheless, no Rights of the Child Sudanese gang members reportedly coerce other young Sudanese
trafficker has ever been prosecuted under in armed Conflict; refugees into prostitution in nightclubs in Egypt. Sudanese
these articles. In January 2010, the GNU ILO Convention 29, children may be exploited in prostitution in Sudanese refugee
National Assembly enacted the Child Act Forced Labor; ILO camps located in eastern Chad. Sudan is a transit and destination
of 2008. This Act prohibits, but does not Convention 105, country for Ethiopian and Eritrean women subjected to
prescribe punishments for, forced child abolition of Forced involuntary domestic servitude in Sudan and Middle Eastern
labor, child prostitution and sex Labor countries, as well as a destination for Ethiopians and Somalis
trafficking, and the recruitment of victimized by forced prostitution. Agents recruit young women
children under the age of 18 into armed from Ethiopias Oromia region with promises of high-paying
forces or groups; it includes provisions, employment as domestic workers in Sudan, only to force them
however, for the rehabilitation and into prostitution in brothels in Khartoum or near Sudans oil
reintegration of children victimized by fields and mining camps. A research study published in January
such crimes. Some states, such as 2009 documented that, as part of the Darfur conflict, government-
Southern Kordofan, instituted their own supported militia, like the Janjaweed and the Popular Defense
Child Act based on the national law. The Forces, together with elements of the Sudan Armed Forces
Sudan Armed Forces Act of 2007 (SAF), systematically abducted civilians between 2003 and 2007,
prohibits the act of recruiting children mostly from the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups, for
under 18 years of age, as well as commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Abducted
abduction and enslavement; the act women and girls are subjected to sexual exploitation and forced
prescribes penalties of up to five years domestic and agricultural labor, while men and boys are
imprisonment for child recruitment and up subjected to forced labor in agriculture, herding, portering goods,
to 10 years imprisonment for and involuntary domestic servitude; some of these individuals
enslavement. The Southern Sudan Child remained captive at the end of the reporting period.
Act of 2008 prohibits the recruitment and
use of children for military or paramilitary
activities and prescribes punishments of
up to 10 years imprisonment for such
crimes. The Southern Sudan Penal Code
Act prohibits and prescribes punishments
of up to seven years imprisonment for
unlawful compulsory labor, including
abduction or transfer of control over a
person for such purposes; the Act also
criminalizes the buying or selling of a
child for the purpose of prostitution and
prescribes a punishment of up to 14 years
imprisonment. In 2009, the Southern
Sudan Ministry of Labor drafted an
omnibus Labor Act to further protect
against forced and child labor; it was not
passed during the most recent legislative
session.
Swaziland In 2009, the government enacted ILO Convention Swaziland is a source, destination, and transit country for women Signed but
comprehensive anti-human trafficking 182, Elimination of and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically not ratified
legislation, which provides for the Worst Forms of commercial sexual exploitation, involuntary domestic servitude, January 8,
prosecution of trafficking offenders and Child Labor; ILO and forced labor in agriculture. Swazi girls, particularly orphans, 2001
protections for victims, including Convention 29, are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and involuntary
immunity from prosecution for Forced Labor; ILO domestic servitude in the cities of Mbabane and Manzini, as well
immigration violations. The People Convention 105, as in South Africa and Mozambique. Some Swazi women are
Trafficking and People Smuggling abolition of Forced forced into prostitution in South Africa and Mozambique after
(Prohibition) Act, 2009 became effective Labor voluntarily migrating to these countries in search of work.
in December 2009. The legislation Chinese organized crime units transport some Swazi victims to
considers consent and past sexual Johannesburg, South Africa where victims are distributed
behavior of the trafficked persons to be locally or sent overseas for subsequent exploitation. Traffickers
immaterial, and incorporates provisions reportedly force Mozambican women into prostitution in
against money laundering as a way to Swaziland, or else transit Swaziland with their victims en route to
identify persons involved in human South Africa.
trafficking. The Act covers both internal
and transnational forms of trafficking and The Prime Minister created the Task Force for the Prevention of
provides for victim restitution through the People Trafficking and People Smuggling in July 2009, which
forfeiture of convicted offenders includes representatives from multiple government and law
moveable property. The law prescribes enforcement agencies, UNICEF and UNDP, and NGOs focused
penalties for all forms of trafficking, on assisting women, children, victims of crime, and other
including the act of facilitating trafficking vulnerable populations. The Task Force met regularly, and began
offenses, of up to 20 years imprisonment, developing a national plan of action and various standard
plus a fine determined by the court to operating procedures. Government officials, accompanied by
compensate the victim for his or her Task Force members, conducted seminars about what the nature
losses; these penalties are sufficiently of human trafficking and discussed the proposed legislation in all
stringent and commensurate with four regions of the country in 2009. The Prime Minister launched
penalties prescribed for other serious Swazilands branch of the regional Red Light 2010 Campaign,
crimes, such as rape. Likewise, the building on publicity surrounding the 2010 FIFA World Cup
prescribed penalties of up to 25 years soccer championship in South Africa, to mobilize trafficking
imprisonment for trafficking children for prevention activities. All Swazi media covered the meetings
any purpose are also sufficiently stringent. extensively. The Swazi government created an anti-trafficking
hotline for victims needing assistance, and for the public to report
suspected occurrences of trafficking. In 2009, officials from
Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland held meetings to
discuss ways of reducing demand for commercial sex acts in
relation to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.
Tanzania The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of ILO Convention Tanzania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, Signed May
2008, which came into effect in February 182, Elimination of women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, 24, 2006
2009, outlaws all forms of trafficking and Worst Forms of specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution.
prescribes punishments of one to 20 Child Labor; The incidence of internal trafficking is higher than that of
years imprisonment, punishments that are Optional Protocol to transnational trafficking, and is usually facilitated by family
sufficiently stringent, but not the Convention on members, friends, and brokers offers of assistance with
commensurate with those prescribed for the Rights of the education or finding lucrative employment in urban areas. The
other serious crimes. In November 2009, Child on the Sale of use of young girls for forced domestic labor continues to be
Parliament passed the Child Act which Children, Child Tanzanias largest human trafficking problem. Girls from rural
prohibits but does not prescribe Prostitution and areas of Iringa, Singida, Dodoma, Mbeya, Morogoro, and Bukoba
punishment for forced child labor. The Child Pornography regions are taken to urban centers and Zanzibar for domestic
government investigated cases of human (a); Optional servitude; some domestic workers fleeing abusive employers fall
trafficking, but did not secure any Protocol to the prey to forced prostitution. Tourist hotels reportedly coerce some
convictions. Convention on the Tanzanian and Indian girls employed as cleaning staff into
The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act Rights of the Child prostitution.
provides foreign victims legal alternatives in armed Conflict
to their removal to countries where their (a); ILO Convention Smaller numbers of Tanzanian children and adults are subjected
safety or the safety of their families may 29, Forced Labor; to conditions of involuntary domestic servitude and commercial
be endangered ILO Convention sexual exploitation in surrounding countries, South Africa, Saudi
105, abolition of Arabia, the United Kingdom, and possibly other European
Forced Labor countries. During the year, trafficking victims, primarily children,
from Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, and Uganda were identified in
Tanzania, particularly in the agricultural, mining, and domestic
service sectors. Malawian men are subjected to forced labor as
fishermen on Tanzanias lakes. Indian women legally migrate to
Tanzania for work as entertainers in restaurants and nightclubs;
some are reportedly forced into prostitution after their arrival.
Small numbers of Somali and Chinese women are also subjected
to conditions of commercial sexual exploitation in Tanzania.
Citizens of neighboring countries may voluntarily migrate
through Tanzania before being forced into domestic servitude and
prostitution in South Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.
Indian women who entered the country legally to work as
entertainers in restaurants and nightclubs were at times exploited
as prostitutes after arrival. Small numbers of Somali and Chinese
women were also trafficked into the country and sexually
exploited. There were several reports of Malawian men being
brought in for forced labor in the fishing industry. It was believed
that in tourist areas, such as Zanzibar and Arusha, some girls who
were hired for hotel work, both locally and from India, were later
coerced into prostitution.
There were reports that men recruited village girls who had
completed primary school but were not entering secondary
school. The men offered the girls money and employment and
promised the girls a better life if they accompanied them to urban
areas; however, these girls ended up in domestic labor or
prostitution. Another method of trafficking involved low-income
parents entrusting children to wealthier relatives or respected
members of the community to care for the child as one of their
own. Some took advantage of this traditional practice and placed
children in abusive or exploitive situations such as domestic
servitude or prostitution. Orphans were particularly vulnerable to
trafficking.
In December 2009, Tanzanian police worked in partnership with

Kenyan authorities to repatriate two Kenyan child trafficking
victims to their home country. A 24-hour crime hotline staffed by
police officers was available for citizens to make reports about
suspected trafficking victims; the hotline received no trafficking
tips in 2009. The government did not provide information on the
participation of Tanzanian victims in anti-trafficking
investigations and prosecutions; the lack of national procedures
for victim identification likely led to the deportation of foreign
victims before they were identified or able to give evidence in
court. The government usually treated foreign victims as illegal
migrants and housed them in prisons until deportation.
Local officials also continued partnerships with ILO-IPEC and
various NGOs to identify and withdraw an unknown number of
children from various forms of forced labor and provide them
with educational opportunities.
The The Gambia prohibits all forms of ILO Convention The Gambia is a source, transit, and destination country for Ratified on
Gambia trafficking through its October 2007 182, Elimination of children and women subjected to trafficking in persons, May 5, 2003
Trafficking in Persons Act. The law does Worst Forms of specifically forced labor and forced prostitution.
not differentiate between sexual Child Labor; Trafficking victims often were found in the greater Banjul area
exploitation and labor exploitation, and Optional Protocol to and were used as street sellers, domestics, and sex workers. The
prescribes penalties of from 15 years to the Convention on country was also a point of origin and transit for West African
life imprisonment, penalties which are the Rights of the trafficking victims destined for Europe.
sufficiently stringent and commensurate Child on the Sale of Gambias porous borders as an active transit zone for women,
with those prescribed for other serious Children, Child girls, and boys from West African countries mainly Senegal,
crimes, such as rape. The Gambias 2005 Prostitution and Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau,
Childrens Act also prohibits all forms of Child Pornography; and Benin who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in
child trafficking, prescribing a maximum Optional Protocol to particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex
penalty of life imprisonment. the Convention on with children.
the Rights of the In June 2009, authorities investigated reports that a group of girls
The government's trafficking taskforce, Child in armed from Ghana had been trafficked to a fishing settlement called
which included representatives from Conflict (signed/not Ghana Town for exploitation in prostitution.
government agencies, the UN Children's ratified); ILO In July 2009, a Banjul court convicted a Gambian man of
Fund, the National Assembly, and the Convention 29, trafficking two children and sentenced him to two years
NGO Child Protection Alliance Forced Labor; ILO imprisonment.
finalized a national action plan for Convention 105,
combating trafficking in persons in abolition of Forced
December 2008. Labor
Togo Togo does not prohibit all forms of ILO Convention Togo is a country of origin and transit for men, women, and Signed but
trafficking, though in July 2007 the 182, Elimination of children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically not ratified
government placed en force the countrys Worst Forms of forced labor in Togo and commercial sexual exploitation in December
first Child Code, which provides for the Child Labor; neighboring countries. Victims are usually from rural areas of 12, 2000
protection of childrens economic, Optional Protocol to Togo, and most are children recruited for work in the capital,
psychological, and moral rights, and the Convention on Lome, as domestic servants, roadside vendors, or for the purpose
prohibits child trafficking. Unlike the the Rights of the of commercial sexual exploitation.
countrys 2005 Law Related to Child Child on the Sale of Trafficking occurred throughout the country at both official
Trafficking, the 2007 Child Code Children, Child points of entry and covertly at unrecognized, unmonitored border
provided a strong definition of trafficking Prostitution and crossing points. The majority of trafficking victims were children
and prohibited child sexual exploitation, Child Pornography; from the poorest rural areas, particularly those of Kotocoli,
along with the worst forms of child labor Optional Protocol to Tchamba, Ewe, Kabye, and Akposso ethnicity and mainly from
and child prostitution. The child the Convention on the Maritime, Plateau, and Central regions. More young girls than
trafficking law prescribes penalties of the Rights of the boys were victims of trafficking. Trafficking in women for the
three months to 10 years imprisonment, Child in armed purposes of prostitution or forced labor as domestic servants were
which is sufficiently stringent and Conflict; ILO problems.
commensurate with prescribed penalties Convention 29, Trafficking offenders are both women and men, and are often
for other serious offenses, such as rape. Forced Labor; ILO Togolese, Beninese, or Nigerian. Some reports indicate Togolese
Article 4 of the 2006 Labor Code Convention 105, women are recruited for work in Lebanon and Saudi Arabia,
prohibits forced and obligatory labor, but abolition of Forced where they are forced into conditions of domestic servitude and
provides inadequate penalties for forced Labor prostitution. Others go to France, Germany, and other European
labor, and did not provide definitions of countries for the same purposes. A Togolese woman living in the
either obligatory or forced labor United States was arrested in 2009 and prosecuted for trafficking
violations. No law in Togo specifically offenses involving 20 girls from Togo and Ghana who were
prohibits adult sex trafficking, and the working forcibly under her direction in a hair salon in New
Ministry of Social Affairs (MSA) lobbied Jersey.
the Ministry of Justice to remedy the
problem in its ongoing revision of the The National Committee for the Reception and Social Reinsertion
penal code. of Trafficked Children is the focal point for statistics on child
trafficking and is represented in each prefecture. The NGO Terre
des Hommes assisted recovered children until their parents or
other next of kin could be notified. Assistance was also available
from the government-funded Social Center for Abandoned
Children. CARE International-Togo worked with NGOs
including Terre des Hommes, La Colombe, The Network to Fight
against the Trafficking of Children (RELUTET), and Ahuefaon
on reintegration of trafficked children, awareness campaigns for
parents and communities, keeping children in school, and
supporting women's income-generating activities.
Government agencies involved in antitrafficking efforts included

the Ministry of Social Affairs, Promotion of Women, and
Protection of Children and the Elderly; the Ministry of Health;
the Ministry of Security; the Ministry of Justice; the Ministry of
Labor, Employment, and Social Security; and the security forces
(especially police, army, and customs units). The government
cooperated with NGOs and the governments of Ghana, Benin,
and Nigeria under a quadripartite law allowing for expedited
extradition among those countries. In 2008 local officials,
especially the Ministry of Social Affairs, Promotion of Women,
and Protection of Children and the Elderly, worked closely with
numerous NGOs, including Plan Togo, the World Association for
Orphans-Afrique, CARE International-Togo, and Terre des
Hommes, to conduct public awareness campaigns and training
workshops for lawyers, journalists, judges, NGO representatives,
and security personnel. The International Labor Organization
(ILO) and UNICEF assisted the government in organizing and
training regional and local committees and in sensitizing and
educating parents on the dangers of child trafficking and labor
throughout the country.
Tunisia Tunisias Penal Code prohibits some ILO Convention Tunisia is a source, destination, and possible transit country for Ratified on
forms of human trafficking. The Penal 182, Elimination of small numbers of men, women, and children trafficked for the July 14,
Code prescribes punishments of 10 years Worst Forms of purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. 2003
imprisonment for capturing, detaining, or Child Labor; Some Tunisian girls are trafficked within the country for
sequestering a person for forced labor, and Optional Protocol to domestic servitude. In April a Tunis court convicted and Reservation:
up to five years imprisonment for forced the Convention on sentenced a Tunisian woman to three years' imprisonment for Not bound
prostitution of women and children. The the Rights of the subjecting a seven-year-old girl to domestic servitude and by Art 15(2)
Penal Code also criminalizes child Child on the Sale of physical abuse. re:
prostitution. The prescribed penalties for Children, Child The MOI and the Ministry of Social Affairs, Solidarity, and compulsory
forced labor are sufficiently stringent. The Prostitution and Tunisians Abroad were the agencies responsible for enforcing jurisdiction
penalty for forced prostitution five Child Pornography anti-trafficking efforts. There were no specific government of ICJ.
years imprisonment is sufficiently (a); Optional campaigns to prevent trafficking. The government did not have
stringent, though not commensurate with Protocol to the measures to identify trafficking victims from those persons
penalties prescribed under Tunisian law Convention on the smuggled voluntarily.
for other serious offenses, such as rape. In Rights of the Child
addition to these laws the Penal Code in armed Conflict;
prescribes one to two years imprisonment ILO Convention 29,
for forced child begging. Forced Labor; ILO
Convention 105,
Tunisia Penal Code arts. 224, 233, 236, abolition of Forced
and 250. Labor
Uganda In October 2009, the President signed the ILO Convention Uganda is a source and destination country for men, women, and Signed but
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2008 182, Elimination of children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced not ratified
and it was published in the official Worst Forms of labor and forced prostitution. Ugandan children are exploited in December
gazette. The penal code was not, however, Child Labor; conditions of forced labor within the country in the fishing, 12, 2000
updated to reflect the new law and the Optional Protocol to agricultural, and domestic service sectors, as well as for
Attorney General did not formally notify the Convention on commercial sexual exploitation; they are also taken to East
the police steps that are required to the Rights of the African and European countries for the same purposes.
bring new legislation into effect. The act Child on the Sale of Karamojong women and children in particular are subject to
prescribes punishment of 15 years to life Children, Child domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, cattle
imprisonment, penalties which are Prostitution and herding, and begging.
sufficiently stringent and commensurate Child Pornography South Asia crime networks transport South Asian children to the
with those prescribed for other serious (a); Optional country for commercial sexual exploitation. Children from the
crimes. Because the law is not yet in Protocol to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi,
effect, suspected trafficking offenses Convention on the Kenya, Tanzania, and Sudan are subjected to forced agricultural
continued to be charged under other Rights of the Child labor and commercial sexual exploitation in Uganda. There were
statutes during the year, such as in armed Conflict reports that children were trafficked for labor from the country to
prohibitions on procurement for (a); ILO Convention Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia,
prostitution, defilement, and kidnapping. 29, Forced Labor; and Iraq.
ILO Convention In January 2010, the task force began compiling a comprehensive
105, abolition of report on human trafficking for release in mid-2010. In the same
Forced Labor month, it directed district security committees to form task force
teams under their respective police commanders to improve local
efforts to combat trafficking; teams have been established in
some parts of the country.
Victims of internal trafficking were subjected to hazardous
working conditions, and commercial sex victims were subjected
to physical abuse and the risk of contracting sexually transmitted
diseases. Victims of commercial sex trafficking in urban centers
often came from small rural villages. According to NGOs,
women and girls often willingly placed themselves with
intermediaries fraudulently offering employment in other areas of
the country, only to find themselves exploited for labor or sex.
NGOs also found evidence of a well-connected network of
traffickers who facilitated the movements of victims to
prospective buyers, negotiated their salaries in advance, and
received a percentage of their monthly wages. A 2007 study
conducted by the International Labor Organization's (ILO)
International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor found
that women and girls could be purchased for approximately 5,000
to 30,000 shillings ($2.60 to $15.60) and used as domestic
workers. In the case of child trafficking for labor and commercial
sexual exploitation, intermediaries such as pimps, employment
bureaus, churches, transporters, NGOs, fishermen, and peers
lured children and facilitated their travel with accommodations
and travel documents. The Ministry of Gender, Labor, and Social
Development (MGLSD) is the lead agency on child trafficking
issues, the national police force is responsible for investigating
trafficking related crimes, and the Justice Ministry and the
Directorate of Public Prosecutions prosecute cases.
Recently police established an Anti-Human Sacrifice and
Trafficking in Persons Task Force Unit with investigative teams
at the national, regional, and district levels to curb trafficking in
persons and increased ritual killings. The national police
maintained a Child and Family Protection Unit to train local
police on women's and children's rights, including identification
of trafficking victims and prevention of trafficking. The police
also allowed the local NGO Uganda Development Youth Link to
place its social workers in police stations to assist children and
other trafficking victims, primarily in Kampala District.
Zambia Zambias comprehensive Anti-Human ILO Convention Zambia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, Acceded to
Trafficking Act of 2008 criminalizes all 182, Elimination of women, and children subjected to forced labor and forced on April 24,
forms of trafficking. The law prescribes Worst Forms of prostitution. Most trafficking occurred within the countrys 2005
penalties that range from 25 years to life Child Labor; borders and primarily involved women and children from rural
imprisonment, which are sufficiently Optional Protocol to areas exploited in cities in involuntary domestic servitude or other
stringent and commensurate with the Convention on types of forced labor. Zambian trafficking victims have also been
penalties prescribed for other serious the Rights of the identified in South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
crimes, such as rape. Child on the Sale of and Namibia. While orphans and street children are the most
Children, Child vulnerable, a government report shows that children of more
Prostitution and affluent village families are also vulnerable to trafficking, as
Child Pornography sending children to the city is perceived as a status symbol. Some
(signed, not ratified); child domestic workers receive adequate room and board, but
Optional Protocol to others are starved, beaten, deprived of sleep, and/or overworked
the Convention on to the point of exhaustion, practices indicative of forced labor. To
the Rights of the a lesser extent, Zambia is a destination for migrants from Malawi
Child in armed and Mozambique who are exploited in forced labor or forced
Conflict (signed, not prostitution. An increasing number of Chinese and Indian men
ratified); ILO recruited to work in Chinese or Indian-owned mines in Zambias
Convention 29, Copperbelt region are reportedly exploited by the mining
Forced Labor; ILO companies in forced labor. After work hours, some Chinese
Convention 105, miners are confined to guarded compounds surrounded by high
abolition of Forced concrete walls topped by electrified barbed wire. Zambias
Labor geographic location, numerous porous borders, and immigration
enforcement challenges make it a nexus for trafficking from the
Great Lakes Region to South Africa. Increasing numbers of South
Asian victims are trafficked through Zambia to South Africa.
Officials believe transnational trafficking through Zambia is
becoming increasingly organized and linked to criminal groups
based largely in South Africa. Traffickers often supply victims
with fake documents, and the same travel document is sometimes
used for multiple individuals. A 2007 International Labor
Organization (ILO) study on child trafficking in the country
concluded that trafficking was predominantly domestic and
informal. The ILO noted that children were often trafficked as a
source of cheap labor and that girls were more at risk of being
trafficked than boys. The ILO indicated that traffickers frequently
included parents, other relatives, truck drivers, businesspersons,
traders, and religious leaders.
Two Zambian men successfully prosecuted under the new act in

2009 for selling their children to Tanzanian traffickers are being
held in prison pending High Court sentencing. There are currently
nine new trafficking prosecutions pending. Immigration and
police officials note that transnational trafficking offenders are
often convicted for immigration violations due to lack of
sufficient evidence to prosecute under anti-trafficking legislation.
Zimbabwe Zimbabwean law does not prohibit all ILO Convention Zimbabwe is a country of origin, transit, and destination for men, Not a party
forms of trafficking in persons, though 182, Elimination of women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, Not ratified/
existing statutes outlaw forced labor and Worst Forms of specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. Not signed
numerous forms of sexual exploitation. Child Labor; ILO Zimbabwean women and girls from towns bordering South
Forced labor offenses are punishable by a Convention 29, Africa and Zambia are forced into prostitution in brothels that
fine or two years imprisonment, or both; Forced Labor; ILO cater to long-distance truck drivers. Some of these victims are
these penalties are not sufficiently Convention 105, subsequently moved across the border for continued exploitation.
stringent. abolition of Forced Zimbabwean men, women, and children from rural areas are
Labor subjected to forced agricultural labor and domestic servitude, or
are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation and subjected
to involuntary domestic servitude in cities and towns. Young men
and boys are forced by Zimbabwean government security forces
to work in the diamond fields of Marange district. Young women
and girls are also lured to China, Egypt, the United Kingdom, and
Canada under false pretenses, and then subjected to commercial
sexual exploitation. Men, women, and children from Bangladesh,
Somalia, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia are trafficked through
Zimbabwe en route to South Africa. Foreign women and children
are trafficked for labor and commercial sexual exploitation from
communities near the borders with the four surrounding
countries. A small number of trafficked South African girls are
exploited in Zimbabwe in involuntary domestic servitude.
Traffickers were typically independent businesspersons who were

part of small networks of local criminal groups that facilitated
trafficking within the country, as well as into South Africa or
other surrounding countries. Anecdotal reporting indicated that
traffickers approached a potential victim, usually young women
or girls, with the offer of a lucrative job in another part of the
country or in a neighboring country.
Women and children were reportedly trafficked for sexual

exploitation in towns across the borders with the four neighboring
countries. In recent years women and girls were lured to South
Africa, China, Egypt, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Zambia
with false employment offers that resulted in involuntary
domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation. Women
and children from the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia were trafficked through the
country to South Africa. Small numbers of South African girls
were trafficked to the country for forced domestic labor.
Government officials attended and led portions of 15 sector-

specific training workshops in partnership with IOM. The
Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and UNICEF have
agreements with 21 NGOs to advance the National Action Plan
for Orphans and Vulnerable Children, designed to ensure their
access to education, food, health services, and birth registrations
as a means of protecting them from abuse and exploitation.
Orphans without birth certificates are particularly vulnerable to
exploitation in forced labor and prostitution. The government did
not directly fund any trafficking awareness programs, but the
state-run media continued to print and air messages about the
dangers of illegal migration, false employment scams, underage
and forced marriages, prostitution, and exploitative labor
conditions.
Local immigration and social services officials referred
trafficking victims to NGO-funded centers. Save the Children
Norway also offered shelter and referrals for medical attention at
the IOM reception centers in Beitbridge and Plumtree for
unaccompanied children and trafficking victims. The
government-run media prominently featured articles about
trafficking in persons, and the government had prevention
programs to provide alternatives for children at risk.
APPENDIX 2 - ORGANIZATIONS WORKING ON TRAFFICKING ISSUES IN AFRICA
African
Countries of Organization Mission/View on Focus
Organization Operation Prostitution Contact Info/Website Funding
Abantu Nigeria ABANTU is an African and ABANTU for Development, Nigeria UNIFEM Sex trafficking
gender-oriented NGO (Non- Country Office, Plot F6, Ahmadu Bello
Governmental Organisation)which Way, Y.A. Ahmed Building, Kaduna. Tel:
supports and build the capacity of +234 62 247066, +234 62 218890 Website:
local women focused organizations www.abantunig.org
and NGOs to engage actively and Email: [email protected],
influence policy-making processes [email protected]
from a gender perspective.
Adolescent Health Nigeria Dissiminates health information, http://ahipnig.org/ Unknown Adolescent girls
and Information (Kano State) works with trafficked individuals,
Project (AHIP) UNODC report AHIP Centre, Kano
Gidan AHIP, Plot 270/271 Maiduguri Road
P.O. Box 12846, Nigeria
(Kano State)
Fax: 234 064 663193
[email protected]
African Centre for Nigeria Strengthening womans influence http://www.african-advocacygrp.org/ Unknown Child trafficking
Advocacy and in social life, free private (possibly
Human enterprise, and art and by means of 57 Alakuko Road, Caterpillar Bus Stop, women)
Development partnership training activity, Alakuko, Lagos . Nigeria.
(ACAHD) informational exchange with non Tel :+( 234)-1-85-08019, 08056782349,
governmental organizations in Fax: + (416)946-1019
Nigeria and throughout the world. E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
*To Contribute to the campaign
against child labour, child abuse
and child trafficking so as to
ensure a secured future for the on-
coming generation
ACAHDS methods of achieving

goals include active protection of
human rights through litigation
(ACAHD operates a legal services
programme that provides
African
assistance to victims of human
rights abuse), and promotional
activities such as research studies,
investigations, reports and
publications.
African Foundation Nigeria To strengthen women influence in http://www.affah.org Unknown Child trafficking
For Human social and political spheres , free
Advancement private enterprise and self 30, Baale Animashaun Street, Alakuko,
employment by means of Lagos
partnership training activities, Phone: +234-1-7368294
literatures, education, Email: info @ affah.org
informational exchange with other
non governmental organizations in
Nigeria and elsewhere.
To Uphold childrens rights as

enunciated in the United Nations
Charter and prevent, prosecute and
discourage child abuse, child
trafficking, spousal abuse and
elders abuse.
African Network for Kenya, Benin, Pan African org http://www.anppcan.org/ Unknown Child trafficking
the Prevention and Ethiopia, Ghana,
Protection against Lesotho, Anti-Child Trafficking: This Florence Noussouglo, 43, Lumumba Street,
Child Abuse and Liberia, Malawi, project works to minimize and New Haven,
Neglect Mauritius, eventually eliminate child Enugu, Nigeria. Tel: 042-257923 ,
(ANPPCAN) Rwanda, trafficking. It undertakes action- 08045173572
Senegal, oriented studies on child
Somaliland, trafficking, increase the level of Prof Peter Ebigbo ANPPCAN Nigeria No
South Africa, awareness of child trafficking 43, Lumumba Street, New Haven, Enugu,
Sudan, Togo, among different groups, builds the Nigeria Tel. 234 42 257923,
Tanzania, capacity of key actors, develops 450112 Telfax.234 42 450112,
Tunisia, and enhance networks and 557566 [email protected] childabus
Uganda, alliances to effectively contribute [email protected]
Zambia, to the fight against child
Zimbabwe, Cote trafficking
DIvoire,
Democratic
Republic of
Congo, Niger,
African
Mozambique,
Sierra Leone
African Tourism and Gambia, Nigeria To promote diversity, gender http://www.african-tourism.org Unknown All trafficking
Development equity, social justice and
Organization development in Africa through Secretariat - Gambia
engagement with media, training, Olympic House
research and content development. Bertil Harding Highway
ATO's mission fosters an inter- Mile 7 Bakau, The Gambia
agency network geared towards
reduction and prevention of human P.O.Box 605
trafficking, with a focus on Banjul, The Gambia
responsible travel and tourism, the Phone: 220-8806047 / 220-9912432
environment, and public Mobile: 301-326-9888
diplomacy. ATO Objectives
includes victims assistance,
advocacy, capacity-building, and
entrepreneurship.
African Women and Kenya (pan- To promote diversity, gender http://www.awcfs.org/ Unknown Women/girls
Child Feature African) equity, social justice and
Service development in Africa through Unit 4,
media, training and research. Nairobi Baptist Church Court Flats,
off Ngong Road
P.O.BOX 48197- 00100
+254 20 2720554 / 2724756
+254 20 2718469
+254 722 209510 , +254 734 916148
African Womens Nigeria Our mission is to promote the http://www.aweg.org/ Unknown Women/girls
Empowerment Guild (Benin City) rights of women and children
(AWEG) (youth); empower them with 29, Airport Road, (YWCA
information and skills that would BUILDING) Benin City, P.O. Box
enhance their personal and 8083, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria . E-
communal development through mail: [email protected],
training and policy advocacy. [email protected] Tel: +234-802-3514832,
The vision of AWEG is to address 802-3060147, +234-52-258644, 256555
the agenda of today's woman and
mentor the girl-child toward an
empowered womanhood.
Alliance for Arab Egypt The Alliance For Arab http://www.theallianceforarabwomen.org Unknown Women
Women Women(AAW) is a voluntary Non
governmental organization
African
registered with the Ministry of
Social Affairs in 1987 under No
154, and was re-registered
according to Law 184 of 2000 .
AAW has a consultative status
with the UN (ECOSOC) since
1996. It has been selected , as the
coordinator of Arab NGOs to
prepare and participate in the 4th
International Conference on
Women in Beijing in 1995 , to
deliver the Arab NGOs statement
in the UN General Assembly in
2000. AAW has its secretariat in
Cairo and number of branches in
Upper and lower Egypt
governorates. The Alliance For
Arab Women works as an
umbrella to a network of NGOs
and cooperates with other
Egyptian and Arab organizations
to provide women with basic
human security through
influencing policies and
legislations, and through providing
services and programs within the
frame work of human rights. AAW
General assembly includes 100
members from both sexes, it also
includes members from different
Arab countries.
SOLWODI Kenya NGO which provides support to Mathilda Katana, field coordinator Affiliations with Women/Comme
(Solidarity with commercial sex workers (CSW) on church and rcial sex
Women in Distress) the Kenyan coast. CSWs are http://www.solwodi.de/?id=99&L=1 corporations. Head works/Adolesce
trained to learn new skills, are organization is in nt girls
offered counseling, and the Germany.
younger ones are encouraged to
return to school.
Amazing Grace South Africa The centre has a strategy to create http://www.agch.org.za/ Various affiliations Child trafficking
African
Children Centre awareness about Child trafficking.
The Anti-child trafficking project Phone: +27 (0)13 790 0423 Fax: +27 (0)13
intends putting an end to this 790 1789 E-mail: [email protected] or
modern-day form of slavery. We [email protected] No. 01 Station
help victims of trafficking through House Factory Street Malelane P.O. Box
repatriation, by offering basic 1492, Malelane, 1320
shelter and food, and assit with the
paper work for education. In the
past we managed to launch the
Anti-child trafficking programme
in Mpumalanga together with
Mozambican NGOs. A
comprehensive awareness
programme was launched in
Gauteng in November 2005. We
work with the SAPS to trace kids
and tap into the regional structure
for the SADC region that was
established to discuss issues
relating to trafficking with the
South African Government.
Anti-Slavery Worldwide Open to restricted legalization of http://www.antislavery.org/english/ Unknown All trafficking
International prostitution
Recommends that all national

legislation which, in intent or in
practice, results in the placing of
sex workers outside the scope of
the rule of law, should be repealed.
However, the removal of penal
sanctions alone will not be
sufficient to guarantee the rights of
the men and women who work in
the sex industry.
Red card campaign

Association Enfants, Cameroon http://www.asseja.org Unknown Children
Jeunes et Avenir
Association Femmes Mauritania In 2009, Aminetou Mint Moctar, http://www.afcf.asso.st/ Unknown Girls
Chefs de Familles spearheaded highly visible public
African
campaigns to denounce trafficking
of young Mauritanian girls to Gulf
States and the exploitation of
Mauritanian and West African
women living in domestic
servitude. Because of the work of
Ms. Mint Moctar and others like
her, the Government of Mauritania
now recognizes the existence of
these practices. Ms. Mint Moctar
has fought for these women
whose voices are not heard in
Mauritanian society to create a
legal framework to protect victims
and fight impunity.
Association of Senegal http://www.afard.org/6ndexing.php
African Women for
Research and
Development
Association of Kenya Creates awareness http://www.amwik.org/ Unknown All trafficking
Media Women In
Kenya (AMWIK) Jane Wambui Thuo
Director, Association of Media Women In
Kenya (AMWIK)
Nairobi
+254 20 444 1226
+254 720 048 458
Email : [email protected]
Association Pour la Morocco Conducts various activities to raise
Protection De la awareness in society regarding
Famille Marocaine children's rights and fights child
illiteracy.
Part of the Protection Project

Global NGO Network.
Babiker Badri Sudan To encourage research programs
Scientific and projects to enhance the status
Association for of Sudanese women, to advocate
Women Studies for women's rights and
(BBSAWS) empowerment and to contribute
African
effectively in regional, national
and international programmes and
meetings that foster the
development of humanities in
general, and women's issues in
particular.
Bender Djedid Djibouti Multiple, mainly education:
Socio-economic Founded in 1992, Bender Djedid
Association works throughout Djibouti and its
(Association socio- objectives mainly involve
culturelle Education. Benerd Djedid run a
bienfaisance de nursery school; hold crash courses
Bender Djedid) for primary and secondary
children; hold literacy classes for
adults; organise remedial courses
and run a training centre. It also
works in the area of Health
Development, providing social
assistance for poor families and
disaster victims; and provides
administrative assistance for the
installation of small businesses for
durable development.
Berea Hillbrow South Africa Works with street children being http://hopehome.org.za/ Unknown Child/adolescent
Home of Hope (Johannesburg) exploited and young girls who girls
were sex workers. Helps increase Budget House, 5th Floor, Office 506
awareness in poor homes and 130 Main Street Johannesburg
brothels on the dangers of Tel: +27 11 331-4466
HIV/AIDS, drugs, prostitution, etc. Email: [email protected]
Want to create a safer
environment, where no pimps, no
drug dealers rule street. Ensure
that children get educational and
skills training opportunity to help
earn living without selling their
bodies.
Busia Uganda BUCOF is an organisation which Unavailable online USAID, IOM All trafficking
Compassionate works with trafficked persons at all partner
Friends stages of the process and also with
rehabilitation of drug addicts. The
African
aim of the organisation is to allow
orphaned children, youth, women
and their families to prosper
despite their difficult situations.
CARITAS Egypt Egypt http://www.caritasegypt.com/english/index.h
tm
Catholic Secretariat Nigeria Have a Religious Committee on http://www.csnigeria.org/department.php Unknown (church) Women
of Nigeria/Caritas Women Trafficking
Nigeria
Center for Egyptian Egypt http://www.cewla.org
Women's Legal
Assistance
Center for Human Nigeria Mentioned as org in report Dr. Mustapha Hassan Ismail (Director), MacArthur unknown
Rights in Islam (Kano State) Department of Arabic Foundation
Bayero University Kano PMB 3011, Kano
08037036172
[email protected]
Central Educational Nigeria Sensitization, Education, Unknown Unknown Youth
Service Networking. Infusion of
trafficking educational material
into the school
Education curriculum.
Mentioned in report
Centre for Child Kenya http://www.crin.org/organisations/vieworg.as
Protection and p?id=154
Rescue
Challenging Heights Ghana http://www.challengingheights.org/
Child Hope Initiative Nigeria Mentioned in report Hajiya Zuwera Abdu Gusau, C/O Govt. Unknown Child trafficking
(Zamfara State) Girls Day Secondary School, Samuaru
Gusau, Zamfara State. 08065722653
Child Protection Gambia http://www.cpagambia.gm/

Alliance
Christian Relief and Ethiopia Working to strengthen the capacity
Development of NGOs to help disadvantaged
Association (CRDA) communities and to raise the
standard of living in Ethiopia.
CRDA has 215 organizations in its
membership. CRDA organizes and
African
executes short-term training
courses, workshops, seminars and
conferences that are designed to
build a capacity of NGOs in
Ethiopia.

Global NGO Network.
Coalition Against Mali, South http://www.catwinternational.org/
Trafficking in Africa, Nigeria
Women Esohe Aghatise
Italy
+39 011 517 6755
+39 3355 781 006
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Coalition for Somalia COGWO is a network of 30
Grassroots Women women organizations. Member
Organisation organizations operate in
(COGWO) Mogadishu, Banadir, Middle &
Lower Shabelle, Hiran, and
Galgadud. COGWO works for the
social, political and economic
empowerment of Somali women
through the promotion of peace,
women's rights, capacity building,
and information sharing &
networking.
Coalition on Kenya http://www.covaw.or.ke/
Violence Against
Women Kenya Mary Njeri
(COVAW) Coordinator
+254 20 387 4357/8/9
+254 721 804 429
[email protected]
Committee for the Nigeria Touched by the horrible Sis Florence Nwaonuma, 29A, Uwa Street, Catholic orientation Women
nd rd,
Support of the (Benin City) experiences of young women Between 2 & 3 East Circular Road, Benin
Dignity of Women trafficked into Europe and City, Edo State. Tel: 08033942652
African
(COSUDOW) elsewhere for sex trade, the
Leaders of the religious women of C/O CATHOLIC SECRETARIAT
Nigeria established the Committee 34A AIRPORT ROAD
for the Support of the Dignity of P O BOX 35,
Women (COSUDOW) in 1999 as BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
a counter-trafficking project. EMAIL: [email protected]
COSUDOW works to prevent
human trafficking, protect and http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/up
rehabilitate those who are already dates/COSUDOW.doc
victims, and seek out and
prosecute traffickers. COSUDOW
has its office in Benin City from
where about 95% of trafficked
women come from.
COSUDOW works in
collaboration other NGOs both
within and outside Nigerian in
rehabilitating and reintegrating
returnees from Italy, Spain,
Germany and other European
countries as well as from with
Nigerian.
Daughters of Nigeria Rehabilitates sex workers. Non- http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news Unknown Women and
Abraham (Abuja) Governmental and Non- /nasarawa/11108113842.html girls
Foundation (DOAF) Denominational Christian
Organisation committed to
restoring the dignity of
womanhood.
Provides shelter, skills training and
education.
Four-fold ministry that undertakes
a holistic approach in the
transformation of the total woman
to equip her spiritually, medically,
emotionally and socially.
Founded in 1994 by founded 10
years ago by late Mrs. Julie Useni,
wife of General Jereminah Useni,
former minister of the FCT, now
African
the deputy national chairman of
the All Nigeria Peoples Party
(ANPP).
Diar for Sudan (IDPs) To promote the enhancement of
Rehabilitation and unity amongst Sudanese women;
Development the economic, social and political
Association (DRDA) empowerment of women; and the
elimination of Violence Against
Women.
DITSHWANELO - Botswana http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/
The Botswana
Centre for Human
Rights
Eastern African sub Uganda http://www.eassi.org/
Regional Support Marren Akatsa - Bukachi
Initiative for the Executive Director
Advancement of Eastern African sub Regional Support
Women (EASSI) Initiative for the Advancement of Women
(EASSI)
Kampala
+256 414 285 163
+256 782 425 529
Email:[email protected]
[email protected]
ECPIK Kenya GTZ Partner Unknown Women

Edo State NGO Nigeria Mentioned in various reports Mrs Henrietta Agun, 30, Airport Road, Unknown Child/women
Coalition Against (Edo Catholic Estate
Trafficking State/Benin) Benin City ,052-253062, 08023359509
Etta Faith Ventures

30 Airport Road
Opposte JDPC Secretariat
Catholic Estate, Benin City
Edo State
Enfants Solidaires Benin http://www.esamsolidarity.org/ Unknown
d'Afrique et du
Monde
African
Enslavement Ghana http://www.epawa.org
Prevention Alliance
West Africa
Enslavement Ghana Combats human trafficking/sex
Prevention Alliance- trafficking, worked on Red Card
West Africa to Trafficking of Women and
Children during Ghana 2008.
Concerned with social factors that
follow trafficking.
Ethiopian Women Ethiopia http://www.comminit.com/en/node/130825/3
Lawyers Association 07
Shewaye Takele
Legal Aid Coordinator, Ethiopian Women
Lawyers Association
Addis Ababa
+251 104 168 251
+251 104 661 627
+251 911 401 375
Eye of the Child Malawi Works with SANTAC on anti http://www.crin.org/organisations/vieworg.as Children
trafficking issues p?id=2924
Physical Address: Magalasi Road, Feed the

Children Building
Postal Address: Box 31571, Chichiri,
Blantyre 3, Malawi, Africa.
Tel: 265 0-9511311/9222790 Fax: 265-0-
1676459
FIDA Uganda Uganda http://www.fidauganda.org/ Women and
girls
FIDA Nigeria Nigeria Womens human rights http://www.fidanigeria.org/ Unknown Women and
girls
FIDA National Secretariat 16, Makoko
Road, Yaba, Lagos Nigeria E-mail:
[email protected]
C/o Foundation Chambers 1st Floor, Summit

House 6, Ajele Street, Lagos, Nigeria. Tel:
African
01-2601223-4 E-
mail: [email protected].
FIDA-Kenya Kenya http://www.fidakenya.org/ Women and

girls
Carol Mayanja
Manager Access to Justice
Federation of Women Lawyers - Uganda
[FIDA-U]
Kampala
+256 752 644 300
Jacqueline Asiimwe
Activist/lawyer/FIDA-U
Kampala
+256 772 311 713
Beverly Lamenya
Intern, FIDA-Kenya
Nairobi
+254 20 387 0444 / 3511
Foundation Cameroon http://www.humanusinternational.org
Humanus / Humanus
International
Free the Slaves Throughout http://www.freetheslaves.net/
continent
Friends of Suffering Ghana http://www.sufferinghumantiy.org/
Humanity
GBV Prevention Uganda (Horn, To provide member organizations
Network Eastern, with relevant information about
Southern Africa) and access to resources on
violence prevention; To build
solidarity between organizations
working on violence; To
strengthen capacity of members on
critical issues and methodologies
in GBV prevention; To advocate
African
for increased interest in and
investment for preventing violence
against women in the region.
Gender Centre for Sudan To achieve gender-balanced policy
Research Training planning, gender mainstreaming,
(GCRT) and improved socio-economic
status for vulnerable groups.
Ghana NGO Ghana http://www.smeghana.com/mysite/index.cfm Unknown
Coalition on the ?CompanyID=147
Rights of the Child
Girls Power Nigeria OUR MISSION http://www.gpinigeria.org/ Unknown Girls
Initiative (GPI) (Benin City) GPI seeks to empower girls,
especially those between the ages Blessing Ehiagwina, Girls Power
of 10-18 years and to promote Initiative (GPI)
their sexual and reproductive 7, Eguadase Street, Benin City,
health and rights, through 08058549259
educational programmes,
counseling, referral services and
social action.
OUR VISION
To build a strong and empowered
feminist institution with critical
consciousness and capacity for
analysis of social and gender
prejudices, committed to managing
and educating girls into healthy
self-reliant, productive and
confident women for the
achievement of positive changes
and transformation of patriarchal
values in Nigeria.
Global Rights Nigeria Mentioned in UNODC report 27 Moses Majekodunmi Crescent Utako Unknown Mentioned in
Partners for Justice District, Abuja Tel: +234 9 783 0116 Email: UNODC report
(GRPJ) Global Rights is also building the Nigeria Office unknown
capacity of human rights activists focus
throughout the country to monitor, Rommy Mom
report, and respond to human Country Director
rights violations against LGBTI
individuals and communities, as
African
well as joining in local advocacy
efforts by civil society to challenge
discriminatory legislation or to
mitigate its impacts. Our long-
term, in-country presence and deep
connections to civil society allow
us to play a pivotal role in
connecting LGBTI and sexual
rights activists to the human rights
mainstreamcritical in a country
where discrimination against
LGBT individuals is deep-seated
and widespread.
Groupe d'action de Central African http://www.grip.org/rafal/membres/gapafot.h
paix et de formation Republic tm
pour la
transformation
Haguruka Rwanda Part of the Protection Project http://www.haguruka.org.rw/
Global NGO Network.
Zaina Nyiramatama
Specialized in conducting different Director, Haguruka
training programs to educate and Kigali
sensitize government policy +250 788 30834
makers to on the issue Human Email: [email protected]
rights.
Heal Africa - Heal DRC Provides holistic care to people,
My People many of them women victims of
gender-based violence, in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
Holy Family Sisters Nigeria Mentioned in report Rev. Sr. Alloysius, Vicar General, P.O.Box Catholic affiliation Unknown focus
of the Needy (Imo State) 3967, Nekede Owerri Imo State.
08035402948
http://www.dioceseoflincoln.org/mauve/holy
family.htm
Idia Renaissance Nigeria Empowerment, education, public J.I. Uduebor, 2 Ihama Street, GRA, Benin Unknown Girls/Women
(Benin City/ advocacy and evaluation. City
Edo State) Skills Acquisition and Edo State, Nigeria. 052-254998,
Rehabilitation under privileged 08025954339
scholarship scheme public
African
Advocacy at the community level
and the Anti-Trafficking
surveillance network.
Idia Renaissance is a non-

governmental organisation aimed
at promoting positive cultural
values and the restoration of
human dignity through education,
information, communication,
advocacy, mobilization and
counseling of women and youths.
IIDA Women Somalia To promote non-violent means of
Development conflict-resolution; to ensure
Organisation integration of Somali women in
reconciliation and development
processes; and to provide training
programmes in the areas of
literacy, home economics and
business promotion; to hold public
seminars for women.
Ilitha Labantu South Africa Ilitha Labantu is a social service http://www.ilithalabantu.org.za/ Unknown Women and
(Cape Town) and educational organization with girls
a specific focus on addressing
violence against women and
children and supporting those
affected by it. This is
accomplished through individual
and family counseling, workshops,
skills training and empowerment,
and acting as a trusted advisor in
government and community
processes. The client base is
particularly focused amongst
women living in townships and
rural areas of South Africa, has
been operating for over 12 years in
the greater Cape Town Area.
Ilitha Labantu is committed to
empowerment through education
African
and participatory practices.
Began by working with issues of

gender violence. Also provide
convenient services to black
women (location) and in local
languages (not just English).
Today they work to empower
women affected by gender
violence, provide survivor based
services for women, promotes
inter-agency responses to gender
violence. THey also have drop in
centers/shelters, provide cultural
healing and conduct advocacy and
research for women/children.
Human Trafficking:
Launched two campaigns leading
up to the 2010 World Cup. Both
sought to educate and mobilize
communities at the grassroots level
to combat human trafficking and
slavery through activism. Used
innovative solutions to link human
trafficking to own community and
to fight against.
- "Nabo bane lizwi" (They have
a voice)
This campaign kicked off with a
hip-hop rally (late April 2010), and
included PSAs on television and
radio. The rally encouraged local
artists to develop material that
addressed trafficking in their
communities. Posters, brochures,
calendars, stickers, tshirts, etc were
distributed in all major cities
across various townships and rural
communities. Educational and
African
promotional materials were
distributed in indigioneous/local
languages to ensure
comprehension throughout local
communities
- "Imizimba yethu
asiyoyentengo (Our bodies are
Not for Sale) (Mele ya rona gae
rekiswa)
This campaign was based on
students, youth groups, politicians,
social workers and all justice
seekers united to end gender based
violence and human trafficking.
Everyone has a skill to contribute
free of slavery/bondage.
International Ghana http://www.internationalchildrengamesghana
Children Games .org/
Ghana
International Justice Kenya, Uganda, http://www.ijm.org/
Mission Zambia,
Rwanda
International Nigeria IRRRAG is a feminist http://irrragnigeria.org/ World Women and
Reproductive Rights (Benin City) collaborative action-research, non- Bank/European girls
Research Action governmental, non-religious, non- IRRRAG Nigeria, 43 Ehaekpen Street, P. O. Union/BLinN
Group (IRRRAG) political and not-for-profit Box 14286, Benin City, Edo State. Tel/Fax: Humanitas/USAID
organization working to improve (+234-52-252636, Mobile: 08037176636 E-
the sexual/reproductive health and mail: [email protected], UNICRI/UNODC
rights of women. IRRRAG is [email protected] African Women
registered in Edo State and works Development Fund
in three States in Nigeria namely: (AWDF)/Ford
Edo State, Cross River State and Foundation/MacArt
Kaduna State. hur Chicago
Global Fund for

Women
Justice (ACTS) Works all over, The aim will be to communicate http://www.justiceacts.org/justice-mobilizes Supported by:
stadium cities with and minister to the victims Part of the Counter
during World who are already being exploited. Trafficking
African
Cup The ultimate aim is to demonstrate Coalition of Western
to these people their value in God. Cape, The United
Nation Slavery
Fund, Life Outreach
International, The
United States
Government T.I.P.
Fund, The
International
Organization of
Migration, The
Claremont Rotary
Club South Africa
Kalsan Voluntary Somalia To improve living conditions of
Organisation for women's groups and individuals in
Women (KVOW) Somalia by creating job
opportunities, through the
establishment of agriculture,
education, income generation
activities, peace, and human rights.
Kiwohede Tanzania Raises public awareness on http://www.kiota.org/news/62
trafficking and lobbies the
government to enforce anti-
trafficking laws. Working in
collaboration with the International
Organization for Migration (IOM),
KIWOHEDE in 2007 established
the first ever shelter (drop-in
centre) in Dar-es-Salaam for child
victims of trafficking.
KUDHEIHA East Africa GTZ Partner on Trafficking
L'Association Mauritania A women's association, its mission
Mauritanienne des is to provide women with pro-bono
Femmes Juristes legal assistance.
(AMAFEJ)
Global NGO Network.
L'Association pour Mali http://www.apdf.org.ml/
le Progres et la
Defense des Droits
African
des Femmes
Law and Advocacy Uganda Work for reform of laws and
for Women in practices that discriminate against
Uganda (LAW-U) women.
Leadership All over Anti prostitution, support dignity http://www.sacbc.org.za/ Catholic Church
Conference of of person
Consecrated
Religious and the
Southern African
Catholic Bishops
Conference of the
Catholic Church
Legal and Human Tanzania http://www.humanrights.or.tz/
Rights Centre
(LHRC) Mrs. Anna Henga Katemana,
Dar es Salaam
+255 684 0470
+255 712 471 006
Email: mailto:[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Lesotho Council of Lesotho http://www.lecongo.org.ls/home/default.php
NGOs
Molo Songololo South Africa Falls in line with anti-prostitution http://www.molosongololo.com/home/ Unknown
(Cape Town) Exploitation shall include at a
minimum the exploitation or the
prostitution of others or other
forms of sexual exploitation,
forced labor or services, slavery or
practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal of organ
Conducted report: Child

trafficking, child prostitution and
the potential dangers of the 2010
FIFA World Cup in South Africa
Mutawinat Sudan Provides legal aid, and focuses on
Benevolent child rights-based training,
Group/Company awareness raising and lobbying.
Nagaad Umbrella Somaliland Advancement of women's
African
Organization political, social and economic
status in Somalia.
Nan Hua Temple South Africa http://www.nanhua.co.za/
National Council of Nigeria Mentioned in report Alh. Nura Attajjri, Mai Kahon Karo Road, Unknown
Muslim Youth P.O. Box 152 Sokoto, Sokoto
Organisation State.08038221948, [email protected]
(NACOMYO)
National Council of Nigeria Mentioned in report c/o National Council for Women Societies, Unknown
Womens Societies (Kano State) NCWS House, Area 11, Garki, Abuja
(NCWS)
National Council of Nigeria Mentioned in report Hadjai Zainab Maina c/o National Council Unknown
Womens Societies. for Women Societies, NCWS House, Area
(Borno State 11, Garki, Abuja
Branch)
National Polices Burundi Christine Sabiyumva is a pioneer US State Dept recognized in 2010 TIP
Women and in Burundi as one of the first Report
Childrens Brigade women to become an army officer.
(Individual) Now a commander of the National
Polices Women and Childrens
Brigade, Mrs. Sabiyumva is well
known on the streets of
Bujumbura, where she personally
searches for children in
prostitution and human traffickers.
In 2008 and 2009, Ms. Sabiyumva
broke a human trafficking ring in
which businessmen and women
lured 17 young victims across
borders to Rwanda, Kenya, and
Uganda for sexual exploitation.
She continues her work with
dedication and determination
despite the lack of technical
support and human resources
available to her, such as dedicated
police vehicles or communications
equipment.
National Union of Djibouti To promote the integration of

Djiboutian Women women in the processes of
African
(Union Nationale development; to fight against
des Femmes female illiteracy, FGM, and female
Djiboutiennes - poverty; and to protect the health
UNFD) of mothers and children.
NEPAD (New Pan African The New Partnership for Africas http://www.nepad.org/ Unknown Unknown
Partnership for Development (NEPAD) is a (See:http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?I
Africa's comprehensive integrated D=23238)
Development) sustainable development initiative
for the economic and social revival New Partnership For African
of Africa. It is a pledge by African Development 18 Ganges Street, off Alvan
leaders, based on a common vision Ikoku way, Maitama, Abuja - Nigeria Tel:
and shared conviction that they 234 9 413075, 234 9 4133898 Fax: 234 9
have a pressing duty to the African 4133898 E-mail:
people to eradicate poverty and to [email protected],
place their countries, both [email protected]
individually and collectively, on
the path of sustainable growth and
development, at the same time, to
participate actively in the world
economy and body politic.
Network for Justice Nigeria o Mission is to promote and http://www.justiceanddemocracy.org/ Recipient of Grants
and Democracy defend reproductive rights, from: World Bank
gender equality, combat the ills United States Office
of human trafficking and to Combat and
advance the cause of democracy Monitor Human
through research, advocacy, Trafficking,
education and mobilization. Washington D.C.
o Research Study on Human United Nations
Trafficking leading to the Office of the High
publication of a Research Text Commissioner for
titled "International Perspectives Human Rights,
and Nigerian Laws on Human Geneva,
Trafficking". Switzerland.
o Organization of a Seminar on
Anti-Human Trafficking in
collaboration with the National
Agency for the Prohibition of
Trafficking in Persons, Nigeria
and Other Related Matters and
the Law Students Association of
African
Benson Idahosa University,
Benin City in April 2006.
o Organization of Secondary
School Based- Peer Education
Programs on Human Trafficking
in June-July 2006 to raise Peer
facilitators who will sensitize
and raise awareness on the
dangers, antics of traffickers and
prevention of trafficking in five
Secondary Schools namely
o Organization of a Workshop on
Effective Strategies To
Eliminate Trafficking In
Persons in Benin City in
September 2006. The project
was supported by the United
States Office To Combat and
Monitor Trafficking In Persons,
Washington DC, USA.
o Free legal services to widows,
victims of human trafficking and
persons living with HIV/AIDS
whose rights have been
infringed.
o Advocacy Campaigns to major
stakeholders such as National
Agency for the Prohibition of
Trafficking in Persons and Child
Labour, Nigeria- collaboration
in the fight against human
trafficking.
o Organization of a Seminar on
Effective Strategies To Combat
Human Trafficking
Network of Ethiopia Yitbarek Yohannes
Ethiopian Women Program Manager, Network of Ethiopian
Association Women Association (NEWA)
(NEWA) Addis Ababa
+251 911 303 728
African
New Life Centre South Africa The vision of New Life Centre is http://www.newlifecentre.org.za/ Unclear, started by
(Johanesburg) to free women and children who two women that
find themselves caught in a web of were fed up with
prostitution and trafficked in South sexual exploitation
Africa; to reunite them with their in area. Requests
families and re-integrate them donations on the
back into the society as productive, website as well.
responsible and dignified members
of the society.
No Silence Now Uganda http://www.nosilencenow.org/
Not For Sale South Africa Anti-Slavery/Anti-trafficking http://www.notforsalecampaignsa.org/ Red Card Campaign
Campaign (Cape Town), & partnered with
Uganda, Sudan http://www.notforsalecampaign.org/ Martin|Williams
(throughout Advertising
continent)
ONG Femme et Vie Benin Works in the fields of education,
environment, finance and health in
the departments of Atlantique,
Collines, Littoral, Oum, Plateau,
Mono and Zou (5 of the 6
departments TPP's project is
targeting.) Their work focuses on
educating women on women and
children's rights. They also work to
combat all forms of violence and
discriminatoin against women and
children. In performing their
mission, the ONG Femme et Vie
broadcasts public service
announcements on television and
radio and in the written press.
They also organize educational
seminars covering a variety of
issues, including the rights of
women and children. The ONG
Femme et Vie was granted the
African
status of observer at the African
Commission of Human Rights.

Global NGO Network.
Ouahigouya Burkina Faso Unknown http://www.courantsdefemmes.org Unknown
Association of BP 103, Secteur 1
Burkinabe Women Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso
(Association des [email protected]
Femmes Burkinab 226 4055 0458
de Ouahigouya -
AFBO)
Women for Women Rwanda Against criminalization of
International prostitution for women. Also
educate women and provide job
skills training.
Peace and Human Somalia To prevent conflicts and encourage
Rights Network peace initiatives; to organise and
(PHRN) participate in workshops and
demonstrations that encourage the
cessation of fighting,
reconciliation, and good
governance of Somalia
communities; to advocate for
peace and human rights; to
document violations of human
rights in Somalia; and to
collaborate with institutions and
civil society to minimise social and
political conflicts throughout
Somalia.
People Serving Girls Malawi Caleb C. Ng'ombo, Child/adolescent
At Risk Executive Director, girls
People Serving Girls At Risk,
P.O. Box 1841,
Blantyre - Malawi.
Tel.: +265 1 984 181 (office) +265 888 555

560 (cell)
Fax +265 831 126
African
E-mail: [email protected]
Poverty Alleviation Nigeria Mentioned in report Hannatu U. Biniyat (Mrs) Unknown
and Development (Kaduna State) No.1c College Rd Karmin Mashi New
Center (PADEC) Extension Kaduna, Kaduna State
08037021031, 08029444432,
[email protected]
Quaker Peace Centre South Africa http://www.quaker.org/capetown/index2.htm
Rapcan (Resources South Africa http://www.rapcan.org.za
Aimed at the (Cape Town)
Prevention of Child
Abuse and Neglect)
Refugee Consortium Kenya http://www.rckkenya.org/
of Kenya
SALMMAH Sudan Realising social justice in women,
Women's Resource human rights and gender-related
Centre issues through providing
professional services such as
research, documentation, training,
and proper quality management
systems.
SANTAC (Southern South Africa SANTAC vision is to create a http://www.santac.org Unclear
Africa regional (Johannesburg) Southern Africa free of child
Network against abuse, exploitation and human
Trafficking and trafficking for any purpose.
Abuse of Children)
Slum Aid Project - Uganda A study by Slum Aid Project
SAP (SAP) in slum areas of Kampala
found that 71% of children
engaged in prostitution were from
rural areas outside of Kampala.106
Rural girls trafficked for
prostitution are frequently school
drop outs in the 12 to 15 age
bracket, often recruited by other
women with vague promises of
work, and then find the work is
as a bar girl or prostitute. Girls
work in bars, clubs, on the street or
in peoples houses. Generally girls
are not restrained from leaving but
African
stay because of economic
desperation; they are able to earn
some money from the prostitution,
but the majority goes to the bar
owner (usually a woman).
Save the Children Nigeria Mentioned in various reports 8A Dan Marna Road, GRA Ungwar Rimi Unknown Child trafficking
P.O. Box 2319 Kaduna.
Tel: 062-242427, 218826 Fax: 062-242419
Second Chance Somaliland Establishing educational
Education Network programmes for women and
children; enhancing marketing
skills for women and children; and
advocating for equal education
opportunities for girls and boys.
Sex Workers South Africa - Outreach work to sex workers http://www.sweat.org.za/index.php?option=c
Education and Task (Cape Town) working on the streets and om_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=2
Force (SWEAT) within agencies extended
beyond safer sex education to
include crisis counseling, legal
advice and skills training for
sex workers.
- Want decriminalization of
industry because
decriminalization allows for
the industry to be regulated
and offers access to
protections that all workers
enjoy.
- Sex work is not going away.
We have a responsibility to
make it as safe as possible, for
sex workers, clients of sex
workers, and the communities
of South Africa.
SIN-DO Benin Partner with New Field http://courantsdefemmes.free.fr/Assoces/Ben
Foundation: in/SinDo/sindo.html
http://www.newfieldfound.org/abo
ut.team.php?categoryid=2&action
=detail
Sisonke South Africa Aim is to unite sex workers, to http://www.sweat.org.za/index.php?option=c
African
(Cape Town) improve our living and working om_content&task=blogcategory&id=10&Ite
conditions and to fight for equal mid=26
access to rights.
SOS Villages Benin SOS Villages Enfants du Benin
Enfants du Benin focuses on helping families and
children in difficulty to become
main actors in their own lives. In
accordance with that objective,
SOS Villages Enfants du Benin
works on family planning and
education of orphans and
abandoned children. SOS Villages
Enfants du Benin has opened a
school, raised awareness on child's
rights, and provided help for
children infected with HIV/AIDs.
They raise public awareness
through broadcasting public
service announcements on
television and radio and in
newspapers. SOS Villages Enfants
du Benin has strong ties with the
press, including a press attach in
charge of reporting on SOS
Villages Enfants du Benin
activities. This organization is
active in Abomey-Calavi
(Atlantique/Littoral) and
Natitingou (Atacora/Donga). They
are currently extending their
activity to Dassa-Zoume. SOS
Villages Enfants du Benin was
granted diplomatic status in Benin
as a result of their achievements.

Global NGO Network.
Southern African South Africa Established through IOM. Main http://www.iom.org.za/CounterTrafficking.ht IOM
Counter Trafficking (Pretoria) goals include: ml#SACTAP
Assistance - Victim assistance
African
Programme - Capacity building
(SACTAP) - Research and data collection
- Information and awareness
raising
Subiya Development Somalia To free Somali women from the
Volunteers violent and dominating attitudes of
Organisation Somali culture. SUDVO's
(SUDVO) programmes include formal and
informal education for girls and
women, counselling services for
survivors of VAW, Child
Protection Programme, and sport
programmes of women.
Sudan Development Sudan To assist poor communities in their
Association efforts of promoting the
advancement of women, exploring
opportunities to stimulate growth
with equity.
Swazis for Positive Swaziland To offer support to HIV-positive
Living (SWAPOL) women in Swaziland.
Tahirih Justice Tanzania, South www.tahirih.org/ Serves clients
Center Africa, Sudan, from all over
Togo, Tunisia, based in US
Uganda,
Zambia,
Zimbabwe,
Nigeria,
Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Somalia,
Mozambique,
Morocco,
Mauritius, Mali,
Libya, Kenya,
Ghana, Gambia,
Gabon,
Ethiopia, Cote
DIvoire,
Congo, Egypt,
Chad, Burkina
Faso, Algeria
African
Tanzania Women Tanzania http://www.tawla.or.tz/
Lawyers Association
(TAWLA) Hilda Stuart Dadu
Assistant Program Coordinator
Dar es Salaam
+255 752 461 076
Email:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Tasintha Program Zambia http://www.lovetoafrica.co.za/index.php?opti

on=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemi
d=175
Mwiika Mushikita
Program Officer, Tasintha Program
Lusaka
+260 977 364 637
Terre des Hommes Worldwide The mission of the Terre des www.terredeshommes.org/ Funds individual Child
International Hommes organisations is to programs within trafficking/child
Federation provide active support to children, Nigeria soldiers
without racial, religious, political,
cultural or gender-based
discrimination. To this end the
organisations develop and
implement projects designed to
improve the living conditions of
disadvantaged children in their
own environment.
The Burundian Burundi One of the largest women
Women associations in Burundi. CAFOB
Associations involves in a wide range of
"CAFOB activities, such as Human Rights
development and peace building.
The Centre for Kenya http://www.creawkenya.org/
Rights Education
and Awareness Caroline Nyambura Nganga
(CREAW) Program Officer, The Centre for Rights
African
Education and Awareness (CREAW)
Nairobi
+254 20 386 0640
+254 721 294 667
[email protected]
The CRADLE - The Kenya Works for childrens rights; http://www.thecradle.or.ke/ Child trafficking
Childrens worked to pass anti-trafficking bill Tonny Odera
Foundation in parliament in Kenya Program Officer
The CRADLE - The Childrens Foundation
Nairobi
+254 20 387 4575 / 6
+254 722 476 579
Email:[email protected]
[email protected]
The Egyptian Egypt Works to promote human rights
Woman and values with an emphasis on
Development women's rights education. They
Association conduct an array of community
(EWADA) outreach projects, workshops,
seminars and conferences that
encompass contemporary human
rights and social concerns in Egypt
and the Middle East.

Global NGO Network. Have
undergone training and capacity
building activities, including the
design, implementation and
analysis of various projects
encompassing academic and field
research, training. These activities
are carried out with a focus on
issues of trafficking in persons and
child labor; human rights
education; women's
empowerment; state compliance
with internationally recognized
human rights; and capacity
African
building for civil society
organizations around the world.
The Protection International/Rw Organizer of the Protection Project http://www.protectionproject.org
Project anda, Ethiopia, Global NGO Network.
Benin, Egypt,
Morocco, Work with parnter NGOs training
Mauritania and capacity building activities,
including the design,
implementation and analysis of
various projects encompassing
academic and field research,
training. These activities are
carried out with a focus on issues
of trafficking in persons and child
labor; human rights education;
women's empowerment; state
compliance with internationally
recognized human rights; and
capacity building for civil society
organizations around the world.
Run a national hotline in USA as

well.
Timidria Niger Against trafficking and slavery. http://www.antislavery.org/english/what_we
Had case before ECOWAS court. _do/working_in_partnership.aspx
Tomorrows Child Kenya http://www.hivos.nl/english/personal/profile/ Unknown Child trafficking
Initiative (TCI) 4015
Beverline Ongaro
Board Member, Tomorrows Child Initiative
(TCI)
Nairobi
+254 20 230 4776
Tomorrows Women Nigeria The formation of this Non- Mrs. Chinyere Offor, 149 Chief B. O. Unknown Child (possibly
Development governmental, non-profit outfit Offors Resident, Ireti-Raifite, women)
(TWDO) was borne out of the need to help [email protected],
women, children and youth in [email protected].
Africa who have fallen victim to http://www.tomorrowswomendevelopment.o
African
the menace of human trafficking, rg/
child labour, school dropout,
HIV/AIDS, criminal victimization Tomorrow's Women Development
among others. Organization is strategically located in
Anambra/Lagos-Nigeria .
Our areas of focus includes
integrated health, HIV/AIDS, POSTAL ADDRESSES-
youth/women empowerment,
child's right advocacy, agriculture, Secretariat: 149,Chief B.O Offor's
social/community development. Residence. Irefi-Oraifite.Anambra state,
Nigeria
TEL: 234-803-302-5166, 805-211-9963
E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected]
Lagos Office:Suite 12E, I Close, Road 21,

Festac Town, Lagos.
TEL: 234-1-505-90746
E-
MAIL:info@tomorrowswomendevelopment.
org
Tshwane Counter- South Africa Coalition of Pretoria faith-based
Trafficking organisations, local government
Coalition for 2010 and civic society, seeks to address
the issue of human trafficking in
Pretoria ahead of the 2010 World
Cup but will extend its efforts
beyond the event. The initiative
consists, inter alia, of educational
programmes, developing outreach
teams that will target areas of
vulnerability, and ensuring proper
care and counselling of victims.
Undugu Society Kenya GTZ report working on sex http://www.undugukenya.org/ Child
tourism
Uganda Youth Uganda UYDELs current research on www.uydel.org Women and
Development Link - commercial sexual exploitation of youth
African
UYDEL trafficking, as in Kenya and Sir Apollo Kaggwa Rd
Tanzania, there is movement from Bifro House Opp.
rural to urban centres for MBI above Action Aid
employment, especially for child
domestic labour and child sexual S-Mail
exploitation. children in border UYDEL
areas of Uganda shows children P.O. Box 12659,
are migrating from Eastern Kampala, Uganda
Uganda to Nairobi, Kenya for
prostitution. In terms of interna 041-530353
256-772-470190
Women and Uganda Partner with GTZ on trafficking
Children Crisis issues
Centre - WCCC
We Are Women Somalia & To institutionalize a network of
Activists (WAWA) Puntland activist Somali womens
organization to work for peace and
human rights through womens
participation in decision making at
all levels of civil society, the
economy and the state.
Women in Law and Pan African The primary goal of LAP is to http://www.wildaf.org/ Unknown Women and
Development in East have sustainable legal education girls
Africa (WILDAF) and rights awareness within the National Programme Coordinator- Accra
various communities in the Volta P. O. Box LG 488, Legon-Accra
and Western Regions. Tel: +233 21 768349
The specific objectives are: Fax: +233 21 768349
To provide training for legal eMail: [email protected]
literacy volunteers (LLVs) Website: www.wildaf.org
To provide back-up support to Premises of Christian Council
the educational activities of the Lokko Road, Osu
LLVs
To offer legal counseling
services to needy women and
men
To undertake research and
gather data which could be
used in developing training
material
WILDAF/FEDDAF/ Benin The WILDAF/FEDDAF/BENIN is http://courantsdefemmes.free.fr/Assoces/Ben Women
African
BENIN a network of NGOs and in/WiLDAF/wildaf-benin.html
individuals working in the 12 WiLDAF/Bnin Women in Law and
departments of Benin seeking to Development in Africa / Bnin Carr n
promote women's rights. Pursuant 1066 Vodj Kpota Cotonou BENIN Tel :
to that objective, the (229) 30 69 92 Fax : (229) 30 60 22 Mail :
WILDAF/FEDDAF/BENIN [email protected]
coordinates cooperation among
local and international network
member NGOs. They organize
seminars to promote education of
women in legal matters and to
promote the implementation of
legal programs throughout Benin.
In addition to these actions,
WILDAF/FEDDAF/BENIN
conducts annual public awareness
campaigns on women's rights in
Benin and in the world. The
WILDAF/FEDDAF/BENIN also
broadcasts public service
announcements on television and
radio and in the written press.

Global NGO Network.
Womens Legal Aid Tanzania GTZ report http://tanzania.fes-
Center - WLAC Partner against trafficking international.de/partners/wlac.pdf
Womens Legal Aid Centre, SUWATA

Building, Kariakoo, Lindi Street, Adjacent/
Near Uhuru GirlsPrimary School, P. O. Box
79212, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Tel: 255-22-2183769 E-mail:
[email protected]
Women AID Nigeria Mentioned in report Joy Ezeilo, 042-256678, 042-256831 Unknown Women/girls
Collective (Enugu State) http://www.wacolnigeria.org/
(WACOL) WACOL stands for WomenAid
Collective. We are an independent, HEAD OFFICE :
non governmental, non-profit N0.9 Umuezebi Street Upper Chime,New
organisation. We are dedicated and Haven, Enugu. P.O.BOX 2718 Enugu State,
African
committed to helping women and Nigeria.Tel: +234-0704-761-828
young people in need. We are +234-0704-761-845
gender conscious and work Fax 234-42-256831
towards gender equality and E-mail [email protected],
human rights for all. [email protected]
Abuja Office
Plot 8 Kontagora Close off Jos Street Area 3,
Garki Abuja,
P.M.B 621 Abuja
Tel: +234-0704-761-839,0704-761-839
Tel/fax 234-9-2340647,
234-805-505-4571
E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected]
Port-Harcort Office:
30 Agudama Street By Wogu Street,
D- Line
P.O.BOX 10369 Port-Harcort,Rivers State.
Tel:+234-0704-761-849,0704-761-850
E-mail [email protected]
[email protected]
Anambra Office
7th Mile Coner, Near Philips Anglican
Church,
Nkwele-Ogidi, Ogidi
Anambra State.
Tel:+234-0704-761-844
E-mail: [email protected]
Ebonyi Office
Amaezu, Near Nkalagu junction
Eboyi State. 080-52655111
E-mail [email protected]
Imo State Office.

Zonal Women Political Empowerment
Office,
African
Old Secretariat, Orlu Road, Owerri, Imo
State.+234-0704-761-847, 0704-761-839.
Katsina Office
102 Zaria Road, Funtua
Katsina State
Women Trafficking Nigeria The Woman Trafficking and Child Headquarters: Mrs. Veronica K. Umaru, UNICEF, ILO Women/Girls
& Child Labour Labour Eradication Foundation Plot 306, House 13 Gabes Street, Wuse Zone
Eradication (WOTCLEF) is a frontline NGO in 2, Abuja. 08034081183
Foundation the fight against TIP in Nigeria. Its
(WOTCLEF) stated mission is to raise awareness Barr. Mrs. Maureen Chinwendu .O.
and mobilise community action Theodore NO. 5 Ozalla Road,
against TIP, child labour and child PMB 1309, Onitsha Anambra State
abuse and against the spread of
HIV/AIDS. Mrs. Nkechi Mba, 1 Bishop Pattessen,
From its inception in 1999, Ikenegbu Layout Owerri, Imo State.
WOTCLEF recognised the 08033474084
importance of raising public
consciousness about TIP as a Alhaja Fati Talatu Ade Bello, B170, Okesa
means of curbing the phenomenon Street, Ilesa, Osun State, 08060759278
has worked to ensure this and has
devised a variety of strategies for Mrs Adijat Titilade Malik, Rm 42&43,
fighting TIP in Nigeria. Some of High Court of Justice Ring Rd, Ibadan, Oyo
their activities are outlined below. State. 08034539083, 08052270867, 02-
2314108
Advocacy, Counseling, Education, Ms Aisha Asabe Bello, Abinsa House, Zaria

Sensitization, Empowerment. Road Kano, Nigeria
Initiated a private bill that led to
the NAPTIP Act 2003, which Mrs. Theresa Ikwue No.1, Sacred Heart
established brigades in schools, Close, Off Sam Obande Street, Off Old
youth Advocacy and annual Otobi Road, GRA Otukpo, Benue State Tel:
competition 08033802514 044-661708, 08023148951
[email protected]
Women's Action for Sudan (Upper To enable gender issues to occupy

Development Nile) their rightful place in sustainable
development; through institutional
strengthening, capacity building,
African
activity implementation, and
networking.
Women's Aid Togo http://membres.multimania.fr/waoafrique/
Organisation -
Action to Stop Child
Exploitation
Womens Nigeria Sensitization and awareness http://www.advocacynet.org/page/wocon Unknown Women/Girls
Consortium of creation, IEC materials, skills
Nigeria (WOCON) acquisition. Ugo Ezekwem, Nkwo Nkalagu Market
Square
Against victimization of trafficked Nkalagu, Ebonyi. 08033101718,
person. Against criminalizing 08045106022, 042-257259
prostitute.
Womens Rights Nigeria Free legal Representation, MRS. NOGI IMOUKHUEDE Unknown Women/Girls
Watch (Benin/Edo Advocacy, Alert database of
State) violation of womens rights,
microcredits, Skills Acquisition
Centre, Campaigns through the
internet and media.
WONETHA Uganda http://www.wonetha.4t.com/
Uganda
Kyomya Macklean
Director, WONETHA-Uganda
P.O.Box 31762, Namirembe Rd, Kla
Kampala
+256 774 603 754
[email protected]
World Voices Sierra Sierra Leone http://orgs.tigweb.org/world-voices-sierra-

Leone leone-youth-organization-wvsl
Womens Rights Kena Mentioned in GTZ report as Next to Mathari Hospital
Awareness Program trafficking partner P. O. Box: 3006 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
- WRAP
Works to enhance the promotion Telephone:
and protection women's and + 254 (020) 2050148 + 254 (020) 3744874
children's rights through advocacy Office Mobiles:
and awareness creation, and to 0733 - 812013 0722 - 252939
initiate mitigative measures for WEEC Mobiles:
abused women and children such 0733 - 579133 0721 - 367677
African
as safe and secure alternative E-mail: [email protected]
accommodation and other related Website: www.wrapkenya.or.ke
supportive services.
Youth Crime Watch Gambia http://www.ycwa.org/world/gambia
of the Gambia
Youth Crime Watch Sierra Leone http://www.ycwa.org/world/sl/index.html
Sierra Leone
Youth Net and Malawi http://www.sdnp.org.mw
Counseling
Zanzibar Current Tanzania http://zcgforum.net16.net/
Generation Forum
Appendix 3 News Articles re: Successful Prosecutions in Nigeria
Another Race Against Human Trafficking
By: Roland Ogbonnaya
This Day (Nigeria)
Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media , Source: The Financial Times Limited
September 2, 2009
The US Secretary of State, Mrs. Hilary Clinton in one of her town hall meetings while visiting Nigeria last month
commended the activities of NAPTIP in fighting human trafficking. For her, it is only NAPTIP, among other
government agencies that impresses the US Government.
She said the efforts of NAPTIP and government of Nigeria are commendable and its cumulative achievement over the
past few years to combat human trafficking has not been left unnoticed. Clinton made this statement following the
Department of States annual Trafficking in Persons report in a public event at Washington D.C
But, the Executive Secretary, NAPTIP, Mr. Simon Chuzi Egede said any achievement by his agency is an achievement
for the Federal Government and therefore congratulated the government for achieving this feat, by its strict compliance
with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking. He stressed the need for all involved in this fight
to be mindful of the fact that the battle is far from being won, because the enemies of the Nigerian children are ever
ready to deploy their arsenals of assault through any loophole either real or imagined.
Egede, a lawyer, emphasised the existence of a non-uniform level of ratification and implementation of the Palermo
protocol amongst neighbouring countries, which he said provided enabling environments for traffickers to criss-cross the
region taking advantage of either lack of legislation or weak enforcement. He noted that despite these shortcomings,
NAPTIP has put in place measures that will beef up the pursuit and capture these criminals by improving the welfare
policies of staff, opening of a seventh office in Maiduguri, and by developing a holistic approach to victim care and
protection.
On this, he said he received approval from the Federal Executive Council to adopt as regional policy on protection of
victims of human trafficking by the ECOWAS Committee of experts in Ghana last March. He went further to disclose
the convictions of eight traffickers in a space of seven days in a federal court in Jos, Ilorin, Uyo, Lagos and Sokoto
respectively which he attributed to the joint collaboration of other law enforcement agencies in the country and the total
support of the Attorney General of the Federation and Minister of Justice,
He reiterated government's dedication to eliminating this crime and called on all stakeholders, international organisations
and destination countries to gird their loins for battle, because human trafficking is still a clear and present danger facing
Nigeria today.
Egede said NAPTIP cannot and is not taking the credit solely; he commended contributions of all partners like the
Police, Immigration, Civil Defence Corp, the Nigerian Customs, non-governmental organisations like WOTCLEF, Idia
Renaissance and the media for their support. He said the achievement is a testimonial to the efficacy of the strategy in
enforcement procedure, investigation, monitoring and prosecution.
"We are quite gladdened to be mentioned by the United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton on the good work we
are doing. That means the work we are doing in public enlightenment, prosecution and tenacious fight against the crime
is being noted. Government has also increased budgeting in the fight against human trafficking. We also know that other
agencies like NDLEA are doing well. In my interaction with some of the heads of these agencies, you find out that they
are also doing well," Egede told THISDAY in an interview in Lagos last week.
He said with the act setting up NAPTIP, "we are mandated to collaborate with other agencies and organisations in the
fight against human trafficking. I would say that Nigeria Immigration and Police have been quite helpful in this task.
They have helped us in arrests and rescue of traffickers and the trafficked which they normally hand over to us. The
officers at the borders and the airports have been doing well.
"You know we are not in any airport or border; it's the Immigration and the Police that intercept these people and hand
them over to us for necessary action. We believe that non-governmental organisations should do more by assisting
NAPTIP in caring for the victims in the area of providing and sponsoring them on skill acquisition so that they can be
useful to themselves once more," he further explained the need for more collaborations.
NAPTIP is concerned about the level of awareness among the rural people which is the ready market for traffickers. This
explains why the agency is taking the fight to the level of prevention, prosecution and protection of victims and
partnership. "We are going to do more in the area of prevention through public enlightenment programmes because if
people are aware of the dangers of human trafficking, they will not engage in it or encourage it. We believe that to fight
the menace we should start with preventive measures first.
"Victims are deceived by these agents that they are going abroad to work, but when they get there it's another kettle of
fish as many of them end up in the cold streets of Europe prostituting. So we believe that if there is awareness, many of
them will not fall victim.
"We now want to take the message to the grassroots, to the market square and schools. We want to tell them the true
story and show them the exact picture of what awaits them if they are trafficked," he said.
As part of the grassroots awareness programme, NAPTIP is organising a project: "Race Against Human Trafficking."
According to Egede, it's like a mini marathon race in which "we want to use to draw the attention of the public to the
menace of human trafficking." The race is coming up in Benin City, Edo State on September 26. The choice of Benin
City as the host, according to the NAPTIP boss is largely due to the known fact that Edo State is the most endemic area
in human trafficking. "We want to use the race to further create awareness.
"The audience will be largely school children and young adults who will be exposed to a lot of literatures, materials and
banners that will educate them on the dangers of human trafficking. In the race, there are lots of prizes to be won, and in
winning the prize the message will be clear," Egede said.
Collaborating with the NAPTIP boss position, the agency's head of public relations, Mr. Arinze Orakwue emphasised
that several companies have shown interest to sponsor the programme with cash and products as prizes to be won at the
occasion. He said while educating the young minds as well as their parents, they will also have the opportunity of
winning prizes. According to Orakwue, similar programme is being planned for Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory in
October. "The message is loud and clear and the mass media is strategic in all these. Many people don't even know the
evil of human trafficking," the agency said.
Another contemporary debate that pokes the attention of the NAPTIP boss is the issue of whether the buying and selling
of sex should be criminalised. Egede however said that prostitution is already a criminal offence in Nigeria and "as far as
we are concerned in this country, it remains a crime. What we should be talking about is the enforcement. From time to
time arrests are made and some of these people are not prosecuted. In most countries of Europe, it's not a crime so, you
find it difficult.
"What we want and what we are doing is to stop the influx of Nigerians to these countries. That's the unfortunate
situation. What we are fighting for is child exploitation-taking an under-aged Nigerians to engage in prostitution. I stand
for the side of criminalising prostitution as we have done in Nigeria," he emphasised.
In battling human trafficking, the NAPTIP executive secretary said his agency have continued to enjoy excellent
working relationship with countries like Finland, Spain, Netherlands and Italy. He also told THISDAY that the Lagos
office which was inaugurated recently is strategic in the fight as major traffickers are here in Lagos because of the sea
and air ports, and also serve as transit camp for traffickers.
He has a message for traffickers: "We cannot continue to tolerate modern day slavery, United Nations have condemned
it, other well meaning countries and Nigeria have condemned it. The traffickers are working against this, but I must
assure you that their days are numbered. We rounded over 50 traffickers recently around Europe. This trade will not
continue, they should look elsewhere to make money, not human trafficking. It must stop now."
NAPTIP - Human Trafficking, Worst Crime Against Mankind
This Day (Nigeria)
July 5, 2009
The National Agency for Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and other Related Matters {NAPTIP}, recently convicted
three human traffickers. The traffickers, which include Jonah Osaarimwan, 25, Patience Aisomwan, 30, and Helen
Aisomwan were sentenced to two years imprisonment without an option of fine.
While Patience and Helen Aisomwan were sentenced to one-year imprisonment each for their role in the procurement of
17 young girls to a human trafficker, Gladys Joy Okonta, 30, for trafficking abroad. Both sentences are without an option
of fine.
In the case of Okonta who is standing trial on charges of procurement and organising foreign travels for 17 young girls,
which promotes exploitative sex trade, Justice Okeke reserved judgment for July 28 2009. Delivering the judgment,
Justice Okeke reiterated the stand of the court as the last hope for justice for victims of human trafficking, as she insisted
that the accused person's plea of guilt does not mitigate the offence as preferred against them.
The Executive Secretary of NAPTIP, Simon Chuzi Egede, a lawyer, said the judgment is a strong statement in the
condemnation of the crime of trafficking and a complete support of the judiciary arm to finally rid the nation of the
crime. He said human trafficking is a sad commentary due to collapse of family values as it has become a family
business, judging that the two female traffickers were from the same family who showed lack of respect for their own
family as well as to life of the young and vulnerable ones.
Egede told THISDAY in Abuja recently that NAPTIP has been and will always be a trafficker's worst nightmare. He
stated that the rate at which the courts are prosecuting these cases and securing convictions clearly shows a strong level
of collaboration among "our partners and stakeholders. This conviction brings to 14 of the number of convictions
secured by Sokoto Zonal Office of NAPTIP and 57 of the number of traffickers brought to justice by the agency since
inception."
The Executive Secretary said the human traffickers who think that with the change in the leadership of the organisation
would slow the campaign against the illicit business should better have a rethink because he has resolved to haunt them
wherever they are. Egede who assumed duty as the boss of the organisation few months ago, while basking in the latest
conviction by the courts however explained some of the challenge in the campaign against human trafficking.
"As you are very much aware, NAPTIP is a law enforcement agency and as with other law enforcement agencies, we
deal with the crime of trafficking in persons and the major challenge that one would allude to would be the nature of the
crime. The traffickers themselves are very much organised. They go into the villages and every nook and cranny of the
country and lure the vulnerable children and women with false messages, coercion and all sorts of false presentations.
"The victims themselves do not know what they are getting into. Most times, they buy what these people feed them with
and then begin to dream of the financial wealth that would come out of these foreign trips. So the major challenge is
even when they are apprehended, the victims are not ready to tell us all about the perpetrators of these evil trips. The
more dangerous aspect of it is the fact that many of them are taken to the shrines and other institutions where oath of
secrecy is administered on them," he said. On the other hand, he said some of the victims are threatened with death if
they should reveal the identity of the traffickers. So it becomes very difficult for them to tell the story that would enable
the agency apprehend a full time trafficker. Again the Act, like all other laws is a public document which people are
aware of, but there is the challenge where people are not able to accept or reconcile themselves with the provision of the
Act vis--vis the cultural belief of the people.
For instance, Egede noted that the area of internal trafficking- the syndrome of housewife and house girl, culturally is
part of the society where a boy serves a master or a man brings his uncle's or aunt's daughter to take care of his children.
Also, a businessman brings a young girl or boy to be an apprentice and all that. These, he said, are the areas the agency
wants to reconcile between cultural practices and the law, because it is realised that children and their parents were
actually being exploited.
He said, "You bring somebody from the village and he/she lives with you, does not earn any money or go to school as he
or she should while your own children are going to school. The people in the village believe that the children are living
better lives over there in the city but the world knew and we have all come to agree that this is exploitation and child
labour which must not continue. Some times, we have inadequate financial cooperation in the area of investigation and
deportation of traffickers in destination countries."
According to investigation, a lot of Nigerians are trafficked into some North African countries where they are promised a
passage to Europe as most of the trafficking is perpetrated across the land boarders in the Northern part of the country.
Despite the efforts of the men and officers of the Nigerian Immigration and Police, because of the massive land boarder
of the country, it is not possible to mount check points on every major road, so traffickers still find other illegal routes
out of the country. Having succeeded in leaving the country, they go through other hideouts and camp in Niger, Libya
and Morocco, en-route to Europe, hence the concentration of many Nigerian victims in those countries.
Efforts have been made in the past; including NAPTIP officials in collaboration with other agencies in the country to
have these stranded illegal immigrants deported. "Indeed, I would want to say that these countries take the menace very
seriously. In Libya for instance, where official information is received, it is treated very promptly and these illegal
immigrants are handed over to the police and are deported immediately. But as with other trans-national criminal
organisations, traffickers have huge financial outlay at their disposal to influence concerned authorities in these countries
and do all that it takes to avoid being caught up by the law," Egede said.
The NAPTIP boss further told THISDAY that he is aware of the sophistication the traffickers are devising to carry out
their illegal businesses. He however said that his agency is always ready to combat such acts. "It is true that their antics
are becoming more and more sophisticated. But we have also been able to collaborate with several international
organisations as well as adopt a national plan of action, which has been approved by the Federal Executive Council
(FEC) and adopted by ECOWAS Council of Ministers.
"This kind of action is a comprehensive document which encompasses all strategies to deal with these problems. We
have opened a new office in Maiduguri, which makes it three within the northern part of the country. The essence is to
have operatives in those zonal offices that can easily be mobilised to the boarders to check trafficking and to apprehend
traffickers. Again with the support of some European countries, we have developed several software and material. We
have some materials that when traffickers are arrested and apprehended, their handset can be taken to our computer and
all calls and messages within a period of time can be monitored and accessed.
"This is a very good technical assistant that we have received and only last month, the Italian government also donated
another modern equipment (software) where we can also intercept some of these people within a particular area and our
investigators would be able to follow the trend in trafficking and communication and other gathering of information
would become easier and effective. So we thank the governments of those countries and our sponsors for being able to
equip us in the most modern technology in this fight and I dare say we are one of the first that is being equipped with
these technologies. We are very well equipped and focused on the fight and I believe our officers are equal to the task
too," the NAPTIP boss said.
He said the fight is in two forms: internally and within the boarders. The internal trafficking, he pointed out, gives a bit
of headache because it has been very much entrenched in the cultural values. For instance, Egede mentioned the case of
child begging in some parts of the country. Another difficult area is where 'madams' who run restaurants and beer
palours recruit these young hands to help out in the running of such place, but unfortunately, many of them eventually
turns out to become prostitutes under the supervision of their 'madam.'
He said these young girls are given away to their customers after they have patronised the restaurant. If NAPTIP want to
intervene, the girls would not tell the real story as they leave in fear of being returned to the villages and so they are
prepared to obey the instructions of the people who have brought them to the cities. While on the other hand, young able
bodied men are moved to cocoa farms in the western part of the country where they do hard labour without worthwhile
remuneration.
"All these lie in our tradition where unsuspecting parents back home entrust their children and wards to these people who
promise to give them better lives, not knowing that they are used for forced labour. These are the issues we are facing
and we believe that the main focus should be public enlightenment so that we inform parents the intention of those that
take their children and promise them better lives but turn out not to be true.
In that regard, Egede said all its zonal offices have been provided with some form of sensitization materials to inform the
people about the trade so that they can devise means to reject juicy but fake promises of the traffickers. He believes that
when people are aware of the real intentions of the traffickers, they would become less vulnerable.
He said "we are pleased to inform that the United States government has undertaken a project on public awareness, they
have voted a very large sum of money for it and they are bringing an officer from Washington for this purpose. We
believe that by the time it takes off more people will be aware of the evil of human trafficking and then prepare
themselves against the traffickers and their antics. We have also been in touch with Wale Adenuga Productions (WAP)
for the production of a television drama series. If we have money to execute this, it will be very successful because over
50 million Nigerians would watch the programme.
All these to Egede are testimonies that the organisation is making progress in the fight against human trafficking. "We
are indeed making good progress; the statistics are very clear as we have stepped up our prosecution of the traffickers. I
am pleased to report that recently, within one week we have had nine convictions. These people have been sentenced to
jail terms without options of fine. We believe that these will give a clear message and signal to the traffickers that it
cannot be business as usual. Again we have rehabilitated over 3,000 victims, and some of them were trained in various
vocations.
"We are also supporting the rescued victims with finance to enable them establish small businesses. Many of them have
made progress and are now useful to the society. We have also raised a very high level of awareness, traveled around the
country and worked with Nigerian communities in various countries to see how they would come in to assist in the
rehabilitation of the victims. So we have made a lot of progress in the spate of five years; we have also established
various offices and accommodations in various parts of the country," the executive secretary stated.
The organisation, he stressed, has been making so much progress that it was not surprised that the United Nation during
its 2009 annual global report on trafficking in persons, Nigeria was elevated from tier two to tier one. Tier one meaning
that it is the highest level of classification and through the hard work of his predecessor, Chief Mrs. Carol Ndaguba and
the team she put in place, the agency has been able to achieve this feat in just five years. However, he believes with more
vigour and determination, NAPTIP would sustain its status in tier one.
The elevation to tier one by the US Government definition, Egede said, is that the Nigerian government now fully
complies with all efforts to eradiate trafficking in persons. That is to say that the country has put in place all necessary
machineries, while government has shown that it is prepared to stop the menace by giving financial and all manner of
support to ensure that trafficking in persons is eradicated.
"So to that extent, it shows that we have reached the level where the world is satisfied that we are doing what it takes to
battle the traffickers. We have reached the level where the traffickers themselves would begin to feel that they are up
against the law of the nation and that is very important. Again, it is very important because we are now in a position
where we can get the maximum support and cooperation for their efforts," a former Attorney-General and Commissioner
for Justice in Benue State said.
He emphasised that the conviction of the 13 traffickers recently would send a clear signal to traffickers that the road is
now tough and it is not business as usual. He commended the Nigerian Police, Immigration Service and the Judiciary for
a job well done. "As you know, ours is a small agency and we rely very much on the collaborative action of these
agencies. Most of the arrests that are made are by the police and immigration services. I must say that the judiciary has
helped us so well because each case taken to court are held by very reputable judges and emphasis is not on option of
fines, but jail terms. We are happy that the judiciary is living up to expectation and is also giving the maximum sentences
and jail terms to the convicts," Egede said with a sense of fulfillment. Consequently, THISDAY investigation showed
that the National Assembly has aided the work of the agency by giving it a comprehensive law to guide its operations.
The Act itself has provision for assets confiscation and sales, and use proceeds for the benefit of victims. It is established
under the board headed by the Attorney General of the Federation. Once conviction is secured and assets of the trafficker
connected with the crimes are traced and identified, NAPTIP goes back to the court with a motion for orders of the court
to enable it have them confiscated and sold.
Once the Court grants this, the movable and immoveable assets are sold and the proceeds are paid into the Victims of
Trafficking Trust Funds. The agency however, has not succeeded so much in assets confiscation and sales because it
does not have the technical knowledge and most of the traffickers as with other criminal organisations are based mainly
in Europe, while those arrested in Nigeria are mere agents.
However, two of the convictions NAPTIP secured recently involved the prosecution of a proprietor of a brothel in Lagos.
Those are the rare cases where it actually apprehended the core people in the business that kept young girls and exploit
daily. The agency has secured his conviction and the next thing the agency said it will do is to apply to the court to have
the brothel confiscated and sold and proceeds paid into the coffers of the Trafficking Trust Fund.
To seriously tackle or fight human trafficking, there is a need to look critically on what the law says about house helps
because all these areas are captured in the NAPTIP Act. Egede said if a girl of about 25 to 30 years old who chose to go
into prostitution as a profession, that is her choice. "Here we are talking of children who are not matured and cannot
decide for themselves and are being lured into these places and then exploited.
"The Child Right Act is very clear that a child of that certain age should be in school. So all we are now trying to do in
collaboration with the state is to sensitise them to implement the child right act and the states that have not implemented
them, we are urging them to adopt them. Once this Child Right Act is put together, you won't have young girls and boys
that are being used as hawkers and street vendors. This is a challenge that we are all determined to face," he emphasised.
Though he added that poverty and economic backwardness is part of the problem, but he quickly argued that it is not all
of it that is economic. For example, he said Edo State is in the forefront of human trafficking and most of the people
apprehended are from that state, despite a lot of campaign in those areas.
Again, he insisted that poverty is a major factor that lures people into the hands of the traffickers, but maintained that it
is not an excuse that should be encouraged. He, therefore, warned prospective traffickers that NAPTIP like never before
has been strategically positioned to go after them. "We will snuff them out from wherever they are," Egede said.
Pastor in Police Net for Alleged Human Trafficking
By: Gabriel Enogholase
Vanguard (Nigeria)
July 14, 2008
Officials of the zone 5 police command Benin Edo State have arrested the head of a Christian gospel church in the state
over an alleged involvement in human trafficking .
The suspect Bishop Nosayaba Agbonavbare of the Messiah Gospel Church of Cherubim and Seraphim was arrested by
the police weekend for alleged role in human tarfficking and prostitution of young girls in Italy and other European
countries.
But the suspect while speaking with journalists in Benin denied his involvement in the crime and attributed his fate to
what he called a frame up by some aggrieved members of the church over an internal problem between the leadership
and members of the church.
The arrest of the church leader who is also the Provost of the church followed a petition by two ladies(nameswitheld) to
the National Agency for the Prohibition of Human Trafficking and other Related Matters, NAPTIP over threat to their
lives by the said bishop
Vanguard investigations indicated that the ladies presently living abroad had approached the pastor for spiritual cleasing,
special prayers for protection and sponsorship for their travel after reaching an agreement with the pastor on the amount
of money to be paid by them.
Trouble was said to have started fter four months the ladies had paid the agreed fee the man of God came up with
another demand and had threatened his clients with unpleasant consequences if they refused to remmit more money to
his account.
However disturbed by the fear that their lives were threatened, the ladies petitioned NAPTIP who on their part contacted
police who subsequently arrested the clergyman.
The police Public Relations Officer,PPRO, zone 5 Benin,Mr.A.B. Orubiri, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, ASP,
declined comment when contacted yesterday saying that the case had not been reported to them.
Human Trafficking - 80yr Old Woman, 13 Ladies Arrested
By: Onwuka Nzeshi
This Day (Nigeria)
June 6, 2008
The police have arrested an 80 year old woman and 13 young girls over their alleged involvement in human and child
trafficking in Abia State.
The arrest of the suspects is coming barely one week after the police apprehended some youths said to be students of
higher institutions of learning over their roles in the kidnap of persons for ransom.
Inspector General of Police, Mr. Mike Okiro who briefed newsmen on the arrest of the suspected human traffickers, said
the octogenarian named Mrs Grace Erondu was arrested in her private hostel where she harbours young preganant ladies,
particularly teenagers who fled from home and school to escape the scorn and stigma of unwanted pregnancy.
Those paraded along with the woman included: Miss Chioma Chime (21), Miss Jennifer Njoku (26), Miss Akachi Uche
Ijeoma (19), Miss Ogechi Onwuha (21), Miss Joy Akudo (19), Miss Oluma Adindu (25) and 19 year old Miss
Chinwendu John. Others were Miss Mary Ibe (19), Miss Joy Nnodim (18), Miss Eucharia Uka (25) Miss Happiness
Amaechi (25), Miss Angela Madu (26) and Miss Mercy Johnson aged 20.
Investigations revealed that the teenage mothers were usually kept within the walls of the hostel throughout the period of
their preganancy until they delivered their babies. However, all the suspects have denied the allegations.
According to Okiro, babies delivered in the hostel under the supervision of Mrs Erondu were usually sold out to some
unnamed clients of the hostel who are said to be either childless couples in search of children to adopt or influential
persons in society who procure the babies for rituals believed to give them political victory and wealth.
"On 28 May 2008, acting on a tip-off, Police detectives from the Anti-Human Trafficking Section of Zone 9 of the
Nigeria Police Umuahia swooped on the suspect's illegal hostel were she harbours young women and arrested her.
Eleven of the victims found in the hostel are pregnant, while two are suspected to have delivered recently and their
babies disposed off by the suspect to suspected adopters/ritualists.
The victims when interrogated confirmed they were in the suspect's hostel to deliver their babies and sell them to her for
various sums of money. "Investigation further revealed that these victims most of who are students, on getting pregnant,
run away from their homes and schools without the knowledge of their parents and school authorities to live with the
suspect until they deliver. This development has contributed to the increasing number of the cases of missing persons
being reported in the country," Okiro said.
The Police boss expressed appreciation to the informants who exposed the illegal trade pepertrated by Madam Grace
Erondu, adding that such cooperation was a clear confirmation that a strong police-public partnership was necessary in
the task of safeguarding the security of lives and property in Nigeria.
Okiro appealed to Nigerians to consider it a priority to pass vital information to the Police on any suspected act of
criminality around their communities and pledged that such information will not only be treated with confidentiality but
be effectively utilized to rid the country of criminal elements.
Human Trafficking - NIS Arrests Two At MMIA
By: Chinedu Eze
This Day (Nigeria)
September 30, 2008
Fake travel documents have exposed two young Nigerians girls who were apprehended by the Nigerian Immigration
Service (NIS) at the weekend at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport , Lagos on their way to Abidjan , Cote
d'Voire as possible victims of human traffickers.
Faith Osadebamwen and Promise Alfred were apprehended by NIS officials when the names and photographs on the
ECOWAS passports they were carrying did not tally with their physical appearance and what they disclosed as their real
names.
According to the passports in their possession at the time of their arrest, Faith Osadebamwen is Dorcas Omorose and
Promise Alfred is Odulumen Mabel who were supposed to be tailors from Edo State .
Further interrogation revealed that the suspects did not know what they were actually going to do in Abidjan or who they
were going to meet in the West African city.
Deputy Comptroller of Immigration in Charge of MMIA, Mr. Mike Longe, said the young girls could not say why they
wanted to go to Abidjan , but insisted they were told that when they got to the city someone would meet them.
Although he did not confirm it, but there is suspicion that those who wanted to send the ladies to Abidjan wanted to use
the Cote d'Voire capital as a leeway of taking them out of the country.
But Longe promised that NIS must get to the root of the matter, adding that the case might be that of the organized crime
by human traffickers and therefore would need further investigation.
Faith told journalists that she could not identify the persons that got them the documents, adding that it was her intention
to get to Abidjan and start a hair styling business there.
"I didn't know that they were giving me a fake document, they said that once I got to Abidjan that someone would meet
me and I would work in a salon and make money to pay back, " she said.
NIS also apprehended one Chidinma Nwogugu, who allegedly secures fake travel documents for Nigerians through his
contact who lives in South Africa . When interrogated, the suspect who claimed he was a native of Mbaise, Imo State ,
said that his contact was his brother who used the sophisticated facilities there to fake travel documents which he send
back to him in Nigeria . Nwogugu said once he got the particulars of his clients he sends them to his brother in South
Africa who prepares the passports and visas and send them back to Nigeria .
"When I secure the contracts, I send it to my brother in South Africa and he will help me process the visa and send it
here, then I give it to the owners. I hardly make any profit because my brother does not remember me; it is only the
clients who appreciate me that give me ten thousand naira or more. I started this in 2007", he explained. Reacting to
these revelations, Longe said that some Nigerians make desperate efforts to by pass the system and get away with
various crimes of forgery but Immigration was working "assiduously to uncover their plot." He also said NIS would
further investigate the case further for more information.
New Face of Child Trafficking
This Day (Nigeria)
January 6, 2008
The anti-human trafficking law recently claimed its first casualty in Abakakili, Ebonyi State when a 28 year-old child
trafficker, Miss Nneka Orji-Okoro was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment without an option of fine by a Federal High
Court in the state.
As the campaigners count their blessings, investigation has also revealed a new face of child trafficking in the eastern
part of the country that requires urgent attention.
Nneka was 17 years old early last year and in SSS II when she discovered she was pregnant. She kept the secret away
from her parents and made a successful attempt to hide the pregnancy from everybody until the delivery. Nneka only
confided to her friend who suggested to her that there is a hospital in Enugu that will be ready to buy off the baby from
her and offer her the opportunity to go back to school and continue life without anybody knowing what happened.
She bought the idea and disappeared from the village to the undisclosed hospital in Enugu, where she had a baby girl.
Before the birth of the baby, she was offered to sell the baby to the hospital at N25,000 if it's a baby girl and N30,000 for
baby boy, which she agreed and was made to signed a document to that effect.
However, after the birth and looking at her bundle of joy lying by her side, the string between mother and baby made
Nneka to change her mind of selling the baby to the hospital. Looking at what it was going to loose, the management of
the hospital insisted that Nneka must fulfil the terms of agreement earlier entered into-to abandon her baby with them
and be paid N25,000 for that effort. This is how the young lady's pregnancy came to public notice and the knowledge of
her parents as well as the intervention of the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and Other
Related Matters (NAPTIP). With the efforts of the agency and the poor parents of the girl, the hospital was paid about
N40,000 as the bill incured by the mother and child at the hospital.
According to THISDAY investigations on the enormity of child trafficking in South Eastern part of the country,
especially in Ebonyi, Enugu and Abia States, this new face of child trafficking is on the increase. Unregistered and
illegal hospitals and maternity homes are springing up in neighbourhoods. According to Mr. Tony Ezego, a resident in
Umuahia, this ugly practice has been going on, a common practice no one can actually come out to confront.
These illegal hospitals and maternity homes exploit the ignorance and greediness of some of these young girls who
mistakenly got pregnant in their parents houses. Some of them run away to some of these hospitals, maternity homes
immediately they discovered they were pregnant. They are taken care of by the homes or hospitals until they put to bed
and made to sign away the babies, which are later sold over the hospital counters to willing couples or individuals who
pretend to adopt them, circumventing existing adoption procedures and laws.
Further investigation revealed that the hospitals or illegal maternity homes sell these babies to these people who pose as
they need the babies for adoption. For the hospitals, baby boys go for about N400,000, while the baby girls are given out
for about N300,000. All these transaction are done without any documentation unlike when appropriate adoption is
contracted. That means that the buyers can do anything with the babies even for ritual purposes.
At Umuosu, a village out skirt of Umuahia, Abia State capital, Miss Oluoma Agbara told THISDAY that everybody
knows that such maternity homes exist, but no one will point exactly that this is the hospital that engage in such illicit
business. She said there was this girl in the village that was pregnant at a time even to the knowledge of everyone.
Suddenly she disappeared, had her baby and came back to tell people that the baby died after birth. Oluoma said what
baffled everyone was how the girl went on spending spree to the amazement of the villagers. She suspected that the girl
patronised such dubious maternity homes.
Mrs. Ijeoma Okoronkwo, Zonal Head, NAPTIP, South East, Enugu State confirmed to THISDAY the increasing rate of
child trafficking in the South East. She said that the activities have been going on but were not reported or people did not
know it was wrong. She explained that with the zonal office of the agency in Enugu, there have been avalanche of
reports and petitions on child trafficking, especially on the sell of newborn babies by dubious hospitals, illegal maternity
homes and their collaborators across the states with emphasis on Abia State.
"Yes, since we opened our office here in the past couple of years, there is this new trend of child trafficking in the South
East. There are these hospitals and maternity homes that go for young girls who are pregnant and helpless. They shelter
them till delivery time and they are made to sign out there babies.
"For example, for having a baby girl, the girls are paid about N20,000 to N25,000 while for baby boys they are paid
N30,000 to let go their children for adoption. Interestingly, these hospital turn around and sell these babies between
N150,000 to N200000 for girls and ^200,000 to N300,000 for boys. I must tell you that the trade is booming in south
east states and we are watching some of these hospitals and maternity homes in Imo, Abia, Anambra and Enugu States,"
she told THISDAY.
Late last year, Mrs. Okoronkwo said her agency received reports from some non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
from Abia State that there were some hospitals, maternity homes and traditional birth attendants who are involved in this
illicit business and have been placed under watch.
The agency's zonal Head, South East also confirmed the case of Nneka who found herself pregnant and agreed to sign
off the baby, but later changed her mind after delivery, whom the hospital refused to let go until NAPTIP intervened
before mother and child were later released after the hospital bill was paid. In Enugu in particular, she said some of the
dubious hospitals and maternity homes have abused the law and provision made by the former Enugu State Government
to allow school girls who discovered they were pregnant to go to certain designated hospitals to have their babies, give
them for adoption and come back to continue their education.
But what actually happen to these babies that are sold to the buyers? Are they really given out for these fees for adoption
or for other ulterior motives? Mrs. Okoronkwo said while there may be genuine ones who buy these babies for adoption,
she assumed that many of these babies end up on the ritual table, which she described as very unfortunate. Her
assumption that some of the babies are used for ritual purposes was hinged on that fact that there was this man who came
back to the same hospital to buy another baby after a week he bought a baby boy.
"There should be a question on what he did with the baby he bought the previous week? They may be using these
innocent babies for rituals and not adoption. It is sad that babies are now bought off the shelves in hospitals and
maternity homes; anybody can come in and buy one. Unfortunately we have not prosecuted any of these hospitals and
maternities because of the slow process of the courts. But many of the hospitals and maternity homes are also under the
agency's watch across the states mentioned.
It could be recalled that Police authorities last September disclosed the arrest of two people who offered to buy a six-
year-old girl for N600,000 in Maiduguri, Borno State capital northeast Nigeria.
The disclosure followed the arrest of six people, including a medical doctor, for alleged involvement in the sale of
children.
Then Borno State Police Commissioner, Alhaji Mohammed Abubakar, said the doctor (name withheld) and a member of
his staff had sold a newborn baby through an intermediary for N30,000 to a woman who was being trailed by the police.
Abubakar said Police received information that the woman had earlier visited a motherless babies' home in Maiduguri
and inquired about adopting some of them.
Her request, he said, was turned down because she was not a resident of Maiduguri. The same woman reappeared in
Maiduguri with a man who police suspected was her intermediary's brother. This time she bought a baby boy for a price
the police was unable to ascertain. Abubakar later handed the doctor, who allegedly got babies with the connivance of
women who had unwanted pregnancies to NAPTIP for further action.
In Abia and Ebonyi States, NAPTIP discovered that some churches also use children to beg and make money. The
agency last year got a petition that a church was using some 25 children for begging, which the agency intervened. Mrs.
Okoronkwo said it's not all the cases that they handle that end up in court. Some suspects or offenders, she said are
cautioned and monitored in other to check them incase they repeat the offence.
Another trend of child trafficking identified in the south east by NAPTIP is the growing rate of kidnapping of girls who
are later sold for between N15,000 to N20,000 to ready buyers as domestic house helps. There are also cases of rape in
the zone, Mrs. Okoronkwo noted, while admitting that there have been quite a number of rape cases reported to its office
in Enugu. She said the agency was currently investigating the case of a lecturer at the Imo State University who raped an
eight year old girl. She also mentioned the case of an 18-year old girl who was abused by a 70 year old man. She said the
girl is currently undergoing rehabilitation at the agency's temporary accommodation.
Mrs. Okoronkwo admitted that there has been an increase in reported cases of child trafficking in South East largely due
to awareness the agency has been able to create since its doors opened in Enugu. She said before NAPTIP came to the
zone, there was a study carried out which identified Abia, Ebonyi and Enugu States as endemic states. As the agency
began work in the area, it discovered that each state has its unique challenge in terms of the problem. "It's no more Edo
and Abia thing. For example, in Abia State, the traffic is high in Item area because of its border with Cameroun, while
Ebonyi also records high traffic in child trafficking.
Last year, the agency got information from a network in Ebonyi State that a group of youths (150) were being trafficked
to somewhere, probably to Cameroun. "When we intercepted them, the traffickers said they were taking them on holiday
camping and will bring them back after the holidays. But if you know the antecedent of young men of this area, some
will not come back as many will drop by to become house boys and girls or ply the streets selling petty and cheap
products on the streets of major cities. In the case of the girls, some will get pregnant.
"Another group comprising of 122 young men was also intercepted as they were passing Ebonyi State, claiming they
were going to another country. According to our investigation, they were being moved from Niger to Cameroun, it's a
cartel moving the trafficked people from one country to another. There are people who dispatch them; there are another
who receives them and their others whose business is to recruit. It's a network of traffickers," Mrs. Okoronkwo said.
The victims apparently moved from Mali, were about 13 years old and could not speak English, but French. According
to NAPTIP, they had no passport and did not know their destination, did not pay their fare, meaning that somebody
recruited and transported them. The agency described Nigeria as both destination and transit country for human
trafficking.
In its own account, the Ebonyi State Police Command said it recorded a major break-through in the fight against human
trafficking and child slavery, when it intercepted two bus loads of illegal emigrant at Ezzamgbo community in Ohaukwu
local government area. The immigrants, the Police said where on their way to Cameroun and other central African
countries.
In a news conference, the Ebonyi State Police Commissioner, Mrs. Julie N. Iroha said it was a major breakthrough in
crime combating by her command as she paraded the suspects numbering 121, including 12 women in connection with
the offence. She narrated how on July 12, 2007, at about 0600 hours following a tip off, a team of detectives from the
state command intercepted two luxurious buses belonging to Ifesinachi Transport Company conveying 122 persons from
Lagos to Cameroun.
The CP said that luck ran out of the desperate emigrants when their chaperon, Esther Eze, from Uburu in Ohaozara local
government area of the state could not give believable reasons why such a number of people, most of who are males
cramped in the luxury buses. She said strong indication emerged in the course of interrogation that the 122 persons were
being trafficked. While admitting that the matter was still under investigation, the CP said of the number, 92 were from
Mali, 14 from Senegal, one from Sierra Leone, one from Guinea Bissau, two from Mauritania, seven from Guinea, three
from Niger Republic and one from Cameroun.
The suspected human trafficker, Ms. Esther Eze told newsmen that she was just serving as a guide for the immigrant
pointing out that they were assembled at a park in Cotonou en route to Cameroun and other countries where they hope to
find jobs. She stated that this was not the first time she was shepherding such immigrants to various destinations. Eze
dismissed insinuations that she may have been a member of a racket.
Surprisingly however, one of the suspects, who gave his name as Alabi Abudu Kabiru, from Cotonou, said he paid 70,
000 CFA to Esther to facilitate his emigration to Cameroun where he said his elder brother is currently sojourning. Also
another suspect, a lady, who gave her name as Beya, said she paid 80, 000 CFA to the suspected trafficker pointing out
that she had been staying in Cotonou as an immigrant but decided to go back to Cameroun, her country of origin.
Since it opened its office in Enugu, Mrs. Okoronkwo said the agency in the last few years has rescued 55 cases of human
and child trafficking, while 35 arrests were made within the period in Ebonyi, Abia, Enugu and Anambra States where
THISDAY investigated.
Often times too, according to investigation, the victims are coerced, tricked, lured or out rightly forced out of the country
with promise of a very bright future in the destination country which always turns out to be a fluke. Stories from
repatriated victims revealed that some of them were made to swear before priests in shrines where their pubic hair, finger
nails are cut for keeps, to make them pliant.
A regional project launched in 2003 by the United Nations Office of Drug and Crime (UNODC) found in a succinct
Nigerian case study that although trafficking of persons from Nigeria involved both Nigerian and nationals of other
countries; it appeared that the human trafficking activities that take place in Nigeria are conducted entirely by Nigerian
citizens.
"Those involved include recruiting agents, native doctors (voodoo priests) who often perform ceremonies to control the
victims, lawyers who draw up debt bondage agreements, estate agents who help to launder trafficking proceeds through
real estate transactions and travel touts and agents who provide the necessary travel documents and arrangements.
Generally, foreign nationals work as temporary guides across borders or provide shelters and safe houses along the
routes or harbour victims traveling by land. This seemingly innocuous transaction has taken such dimensions that
Nigeriatoday has been dubbed an endemic country in the trafficking of human beings.
In a citation index drawn up by UNODC, Nigeria ranks as "very high" as an origin country, and together with Cote
D'Ivoire and South Africa, they are frequently cited as destinations for victims trafficked from African countries,
bringing with it negative portrayals and odium internationally.
Perhaps, this propelled government to enact the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and
Administration Act, 2003, which also created the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and
Other Related Matters (NAPTIP). As a result, Nigeria is the first African country to enact such a law and establish a
specific agency to implement it. Since its establishment, NAPTIP, in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies,
international agencies like UNICEF, the Italian and Belgian governments, have collaborated towards reducing the
incidence of this illicit phenomenon. According to NAPTIP, an estimated 4.5 million persons are trafficked
internationally, while about 10,000 are trafficked from Nigeria annually.
Before now, many people never knew that Trafficking in Persons (TIP) and Forced Labour (FL) constituted an offence.
Reactions hitherto have vacillated between ignorance and indifference. Executive Secretary of NAPTIP, Mrs. Caroline
Ndaguba said it has been difficult obtaining accurate statistics on the trafficking situation in Africa because of the nature
of the illicit trade. Quoting an earlier report from UNICEF on the phenomenon, she said that four per cent of repatriated
victims of international trafficking in Nigeria are children. The female/male ratio is seven to three. "Internal trafficking
in Nigeria was also reported to be forced labour (32 per cent), domestic labour (31 per cent) and prostitution (30 per
cent)," she said. Inadequate as the statistics may be, Ndaguba said they illustrated the magnitude of human trafficking in
Nigeria and efforts that need to be made to combat the illicit trade.
The agency's interventions have been in prosecuting traffickers, rehabilitating victims, collaborating with nations and
agencies to fight the scourge and generally creating awareness in the public about this new menace. NAPTIP however,
disagreed that poverty is not the reason and can never be the reason for human trafficking, but greed.
Human Trafficker Bags 14-Yr Jail Term
By: Chinyere Amalu
Vanguard (Nigeria)
December 17, 2007
The Federal High Court Sitting in Abakaliki in Ebonyi State has weekend sentenced a twenty year old Human Trafficker
Miss Nneka Orji to 14 years imprisonment.
According to a press statement signed by Mr. Arinze Orakwu, Head Communication and Media National Agency from
the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP), delivering the judgment on three count
charges of unlawful deprivation of the parents of the possession of eighteen months old baby, intent to selling a human
person and trafficking persons, Justice G.O. Kolawole condemned the vices of human trafficking and its effects in the
country.
Justice Kolawole according to the statement also called on agencies whose responsibilities are targeted towards ensuring
adequate protection for children to step up action to ensure that the lives of the young ones are svaed.
"The convict Miss. NNeka Orji who had pleaded guilty on the three counts was arraigned in November 2007 after her
arrest by Ebonyi Police Command and transferred to NAPTIP for prosecution.
"According to the prosecution counsel, Mr. Arinze Mbanefo from NAPTIP, the convict said she was instructed by a
proprietor of the little Angel Orphanage in Lagos , one Miss Ngozi Faith whom she was living g with, to procure a
pregnant teenager whose baby would be sold after delivery for a remuneration of thirty thousand.
Vista - Human Traffickers Confessions!
By: Tina Anthony
Vanguard (Nigeria)
December 10, 2006
Despite the abolition of slave trade decades ago, the inhuman practice seems to be gradually finding its way into the
country in a different form. And some Nigerians have been having their full day in the trade by exploiting unsuspecting
persons, who are desperate to make money and feel the only way to get rich quick under the present economic situation
in the country is by travelling out. Such people feel that even if they travel to a nearby country, they can make good
money and return home, set up a business and live comfortably.
Though it is becoming clear that most of the victims who are usually female teenagers just out of school and few young
unemployed males are from poor family background, the fact remains that what drives them into making such decisions
if not poverty is ignorance.
However, with the establishment of National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and other related matters
(NAPTIP) by the Federal Government, hundreds of victims of human trafficking have been rescued by the body in
various parts of the country. Recently, the Kano zonal office of NAPTIP intercepted three alleged gangs carrying 16
young ladies and two males out of the country enroute Niger Republic to Libya.
The zonal head of Kano NAPTIP office, Malam Ahmed Bello, who spoke on the 16 victims told Sunday Vanguard that
Kano State has been identified as one of those where activities of human traffickers are carried out because of the
presence of Malam Aminu Kano International Airport (MAKIA) and the two major border towns linking Kano and
Katsina with Niger Republic and the Maigatari border linking the state with the desert and Chad.
Bello said that the traffickers were intercepted in Kano following the 24 hours surveillance mounted by NAPTIP officers
daily along the identified spots, stating that they were arrested at different points and on different days. According to
him, the traffickers confessed that they were actually taking their victims outside the country illegally to help them get
better jobs and make better living. The NAPTIP boss pointed out that the victims claimed that they carried their victims
with the consent of their parents because they convinced them that they were going to take them out to get good jobs that
will bring fortune to their families.
Mr. Nurradeen Sunny - arrested with eight young ladies
Nurradeen, 25, hails from Ijaye-Ojokoro, Abeokuta in Ogun State. The alleged baron who is married with two kids said
he had been running the business in Libya for two years now. According to him, his wife and two kids are in Abeokuta.
He confessed that it costs him about N80,000 to travel from Abeokuta to Libya, but decided to collect N5,000 from each
of the girls except one because he wanted to help them. The girls confessed that he compelled them to fast for three days
for the success of the journey.
His words: "I am not a human trafficker, I am only trying to help these girls to get a better living. I only collected N5000
from each of the girls, except one, a hair dresser. When I approached the lady and asked her if she would like to travel
abroad where she could make more money, she said yes and I told her that to go to Spain, she needed N250,000 and she
pleaded that she had only N172,000. I accepted to assist her to get to Spain, but I did not tell her we would travel by road
because the money she brought would not be enough and she desperately wanted to travel abroad. As for the rest of the
girls, the N5,000 I collected from them was meant for their feeding on the way as we were to travel by road."
How he convinced their parents: "I did not carry them without the consent of their parents. I met their parents at different
times and convinced them that I wanted to help their daughters to travel to Spain to work in the farms where they would
be well paid and their parents believed me and prayed for journey mercies. I dressed like a rich man who has businesses
overseas; so the parents believed me when I told them that I didn't need their money to take their daughters abroad. I told
them all I wanted was N5,000 feeding money for their daughters, as a sign that they had accepted my offer. I did not tell
them I would travel with their children by road, even though that was my secret plan. I hid the truth to even the girls
because if I told them we were travelling by road, many of them may not want to travel again."
His links in Libya: He confessed that he had no money of his own to finance the trip, but depended on the N172,000 he
collected from one of the victims. NAPTIP officials told Sunday Vanguard that they found only N62,000 on him when
he was arrested. Nuraddeen had allegedly told NAPTIP that the journey from Abeokuta to Kano was funded from the
money and that he sent N50,000 to his friend, Seyi, who was expected to send him some money to continue the trip
when they get to Niger Republic.
Kayode Adeniyi - 27, Nuradeen's partner: His words: "I am only accompanying him to Libya and the two girls I was
carrying are for him. I don't know anything about the arrangement he made with the girls. He only said I should be in
charge of the two girls because they were too many to avoid being suspected by security operatives. I don't know what
he told the girls nor what they were going to do when they get to Libya. He said I should not ask question and that he
only wanted to assist them to get jobs in Libya."
Madam Odion Ola, another alleged human trafficker, married with two children:
She was allegedly caught with two boys and two ladies on their way from Benin City, Edo State to Niger Republic. She
insisted that she was not a trafficker but that she was only trying to help her alleged victims to a village called Saba in
Libya.
Said she: "I am a food seller in Saba. I have stayed there for one year, I just finished serving my mistress in Saba. I came
back to Nigeria to recruit these girls so that they could help in my new restaurant business which I want to start in Saba. I
am not a human trafficker." On interrogation, one of the youngmen she had with her confessed that she was his real sister
from the same parents, and that she was only going to assist him and the rest. But the ladies said she did not tell them
they were travelling to Saba in Libya, that she told them they were going to Niger Republic and that if they get there she
would get them a good job, and they could feed their families.
How she convinced their parents: Her words: "I only talked to the parents of the two ladies, the other youngman is a
carpenter, I only approached him and he said he was interested. I asked him to bring N100,000 but he was able to bring
N80,000 for the trip to get better jobs in Libya. The boy is a friend to one of my brothers; so when we discussed, he
accepted. I did not have to speak with any other person to get permission, but he told me he had spoken to his people that
he was traveling out of the country with me.
But the two girls, I met their parents and told them that I wanted to take them to Libya to help me in my restaurant
business, and their parents agreed because they were not doing anything tangible back home in Benin City. I collected
N2000 each from them for their feeding on the way. (She started weeping). I only wanted to assist them and now I have
been arrested as a human trafficker, what I am going to tell my husband? I feel so terrible."
Madam Jamila Najume, a 30 year divorcee from Benue State, was arrested on her way to Niger with two young ladies.
Her words: "I was arrested by the police who brought me to NAPTIP. They said I am a human trafficker; I have suffered
so much for no just reason. I have told them I was only trying to help the girls to become productive to themselves
instead of the wayward life they were living back home in Benue State. They were not working; I wanted to take them to
Niger where I reside since my husband divorced me in Burku village where I run a restaurant business. I did not collect
any money from them because I only wanted them to become responsible people in the society. I have told the officials
to ask the girls properly, I did not deceive them, they accepted willingly to follow me. I will not tell any lie, I did not
meet their parents because they are both 18 -21 years respectively and they were not even living with their parents."
Confession of the victims: NAPTIP officials pleaded that the names and pictures of the victims be concealed because
social stigma that might follow if they are exposed to the public. Looking confused and dejected, some of the girls
allegedly trafficked by Nuradeen confessed that they were deceived. The girls said he told them they would be taken to
South Africa , and others to Spain , where they were to work in farms and earn huge income. They said no written
agreement was made between the alleged human trafficker and their parents. They added that he told them they would
travel by air not by road. They only knew they were in Kano when NAPTIP officials arrested them.
The victims told Sunday Vanguard that when they were traveling from Lagos to Kano, they were in the same bus, sitting
in separate seats, but he told them not to talk or reveal anything about their mission to anybody because security
personnel may arrest them as they didn't have traveling documents. According to them, they only realized that they were
coming to the same place when NAPTIP arrested them in Kano .
The zonal head of Kano NAPTIP office told Sunday Vanguard that the office was already making arrangement to return
all the victims home and reconcile them with their parents. The office explained that the traffickers will remain under
their custody, while investigations continue and the alleged traffickers taken to court for prosecution if any case is
established against them.

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HUMAN SLAVERYS NEW ERA IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Combating the Trafficking of Women and Girls for Sexual Exploitation

Report of findings by Kimberly Brown, Legal Intern, Equality Now-Nairobi

August 13, 2010

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1870944

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ................................... 3

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL MECHANISMS TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ................. 8

CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................................ 16

Background on Trafficking Issues Facing South Africa Today ................................................. 16

Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in South Africa......................................... 22

Efforts Relating to the 2010 FIFA World Cup & Trafficking.................................................... 26

CASE STUDY: NIGERIA................................................................................................................... 34

Background on Trafficking Issues Facing Nigeria.................................................................... 34

Background on Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in Nigeria ....................... 45

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1870944

as migration by refugees and displaced persons from famine and conflict.

Africa are source, transit and destination for such purposes.3

many nation states, from rural areas to urban centers.5

educational or employment opportunities elsewhere. Other times hopelessness and a lack of

family unit and therefore vulnerable to trafficking for exploitative purposes.

often so dire that any other opportunity seems favorable.

to facilitate trafficking in persons.

from leaving such industries.

exponentially more frequently than males.

region point to a growing phenomenon that continues to be exacerbated by factors mentioned

overall analysis and conclusion with recommendations and personal commentary.

In recent history, governments and international organizations are working to eradicate

binding instrument to combat this scourge on humanity by helping to facilitate international

cooperation in investigations and prosecutions. The instrument labels trafficking as a crime

trafficking and related conduct.13

In an effort to synergize global anti-trafficking efforts in response to the protocol, the UN

HUMAN RIGHTS USUALLY

and protect vulnerable citizenry.

trafficking and abduction of children.

contains recommendations for regional economic communities and is based on a three-pronged

Trafficking (AU.COMMIT) in June 2009.22 The general objectives of AU.COMMITs program

Sub-regional organizations have also taken on multilateral initiatives to combat

trafficking in persons. In 2001, ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)

Against Trafficking in Persons.24 Furthermore, ECOWAS has implemented periodic action

Following the efforts of the ECOWAS community, ECCAS (Economic Community of

and evaluation, and finally, resource mobilization.29

situational review of trafficking in each nation state.

Background on Trafficking Issues Facing South Africa Today

exploitation, including child prostitution to attract child sex tourists.

year, generating approximately 1 million rand in profits for traffickers annually.

home if they refuse.

order to attract African migrants.

Anti-Trafficking Legislation & Government Efforts in South Africa

On a regional level, in November 2006 AU member states adopted the Ouagadougou

Despite these campaigns, the governments comprehensive Anti-Trafficking Bill failed to

provide for preventative and rehabilitative services to victims.

IOM, UNODC and various other NGOs.

on brothels where foreign victims are involved.

prosecutorial efforts within the last year:

Efforts Relating to the 2010 FIFA World Cup & Trafficking

willing sex workers and trafficking victims as staff.

stadiums and the IOM was ready to assist victims of trafficking.65

Numerous organizations have championed anti-trafficking campaigns leading up to the