COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

3/F St. Theresas Building,

900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
Advance Research Method 1
Preliminary Examination
(TOTAL: 75 PTS)

Daguay, Dionne R.
Sibal, Kristal Joyce M.

General Instructions: Submit the exam NLT 5:00PM on Wednesday (August 2, 2017) thru hard copy or
email ([email protected]). Kindly follow the format: Calibri 11, 8.5x13, .doc/x file.

I. Data Presentation
Choose the appropriate graph for each of the data set given below. Give a brief interpretation
of your graphs. (5 points each)
1.
Table 2.1 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity in the Philippines, 1991
Causes Rate Per 100, 000 Population
Diarrheal Diseases 1, 702.5
Bronchitis 1, 518.5
Influenza 788.3
Pneumonia 469.2
Tuberculosis, all forms 210.0
Accidents 107.3
Diseases of the Heart 98.0
Malaria 73.6
Varicella 73.0
Measles 59.9
Source: Philippine Health Statistics, 1991

TEN LEADING CAUSES OF

MORBIDITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00

Table 2.1 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity in the Philippines Rate Per 100,000

Interpretation: 4 among the top 5 diseases in the Philippines are respiratory tract infections
due to the population congestion and tropical climate in our country. Diarrhea is the leading
cause of morbidity in our country also because of our climate, that makes our food easier to
spoil.

Page 1 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
2.
Table 2.2 Occupation of 256 Patients with Allergic Contact Dermatitis Seen at the PGH
Dermatology Clinic, April 1982 to November 1986
Occupation No. of Patients %
Housekeeper 83 32.42
Student 40 15.63
Office Worker 35 13.67
Paramedic 18 7.03
Teacher 15 5.86
Dressmaker 15 5.86
Others 50 19.53
Total 256
Source: Gutierrez, G., et.al., A Study of Allergic Contact Dermatitis at the PGH Dermatology
Clinic, Acta Medica Philippina, vol.24, Series 2, no. 2, April-June 1988, pp. 61-65.

Occupation of 256 Patients with Allergic

Contact Dermatitis Seen at the PGH
Dermatology Clinic, April 1982 to November
1986

Housekeeper
19% Student
32% Office Worker
6% Paramedic
6% Teacher
7% Dressmaker
16% Others
14%

Interpretation: Housekeepers tend to be more prone on having contact dermatitis in the years observed
than the rest of the group because of job related factors like replacing of beddings, dusting, dirt removal
and frequent use of detergents for cleaning. But they are briefly followed by other non-specific group of
people, student and office workers. Lower cases are observed in the rest of the group, namely paramedics,
teachers and dressmakers respectively.

Page 2 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
3.
Table 2.3 Distribution of Health Workers According to Type and Whether or Not They
Have Received Training on the Proper Way of Filling-up Forms
Type of Health Worker Without Training With Training
Midwife 37 10
Sanitarian 19 8
Nurse 8 8
Doctor 4 6
Total 68 32

Distribution of Health Workers According

to Type and Whether or Not They Have
Received Training on the Proper Way of
Filling-up Forms
50
45
40 10
35
30
25
8
20 37
15
10 8
19
5 6
8
0 4
Midwife Sanitarian Nurse Doctor

Without Training With Training

Interpretation: In this chart, the number of midwife and sanitarian health workers are higher in those
who didnt have training on the proper way of filling-up forms than those who had for this particular group
of people doesnt necessarily need to fill up hospital/medical forms. Nurses have equal amount of
numbers while Doctors, have a slightly higher number in those who trained than those who did not, for
these professions are the ones that makes use and writes these forms.

However, the numbers are somewhat irrelevant for comparison between the health worker, as they are
not equally distributed in number, having a lower population for nurses and doctors, but can be evaluated
between the specific profession, assuming the comparison is between the specifics.

Page 3 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
4.
Table 2.4 Distribution of CPH Students by Degree Program
Degree Program Total Number of Students Numbers of MDs
MPH (Masters of public 80 55
Health)
MHA (Master of Health 40 34
Administration)
MOH (masters of 6 3
occupational health)
MSPH (master of science in 20 4
public health)

Distribution of CPH Students by Degree

Program
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MPH MHA MOH MSPH

Total Number of Students Numbers of MDs

Interpretation: The 3 degree programs MPH, MHA, MSPH have a wider scope of study and so has more
number of enrolled students. On the other hand, MOH focuses on aspects of health and safety in the work
space and constitutes the smallest number of students. The students who finished MPH, MHA and MOH
mostly proceeded to medicine because they have mastery in their field. While those who finished MSPH
only have a fifth in their population who proceeded to medicine.

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 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621

5.
Table 2.5 Post-Treatment Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis of Both Sexes by
Age, San Narciso, Victoria, Mindoro Oriental (1982)
No. of Ascaris Trichuris Hookworm
Age Group
Examination + % + % + %
0-6 53 7 13.2 15 28.3 0 0.0
7 14 92 8 8.7 27 29.3 5 5.4
15+ 163 11 6.7 57 35.0 8 4.9
Source: Cabrera, B.D. and Cruz, A.C. A Comparative Study on the Effect of Mass Treatment
of the Entire Community and Selective Treatment of Children on the Total prevalence of
Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Two Communities, Mindoro, Philippines, Collected
Papers on the Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Vol.2

Post-Treatment Prevalence of Soil-

Transmitted Helminthiasis of Both Sexes by
Age, San Narciso, Victoria, Mindoro Oriental
(1982)
120

100

80
35
57
60

40 29.3

6.7 27
20 11 8.7
8 28.3
13.2 15 8 4.9
0 7 5
0 5.4
0
+ % + % + %
Ascaris Trichuris Hookworm

0-6 7 14 15+

Age No. of Ascaris Trichuris Hookworm

Group Examination + % + % + % Total %
0-6 53 7 13.2 15 28.3 0 0 41.5
7 14 92 8 8.7 27 29.3 5 5.4 43.4
15+ 163 11 6.7 57 35 8 4.9 46.6

Interpretation: Based on our computed data, all age groups have percentages from 41-47 percent of
recurrent worm infection even after treatment. Therefore, age group is not a factor for efficacy of
treatment. In this situation, one out of two people still have worm infections, so the treatment is
inefficient to eradicate the worms.

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 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621

II. Linear Regression (include the syntax and STATA output if necessary)
1. A pre-test is given to all students enrolled in Biostatistics 201 at the beginning of the
course in order to test the students background in Basic Math (Algebra). The pre-test
scores and the final grades of 20 students who were enrolled in Biostatistics 201 in 1987
were recorded as follows:
a. Interpret the scatterplot for these data. (3 points)
b. Find the equation of the regression line to predict final grades from the
pre-test. (3 points)
c. How do you interpret the computed values of the intercept and the
regression coefficient? (3 points)
d. Using the derived regression equation, what is the expected final grade
of a student with a pre-test score of 25.0? (3 points)
e. Is the pre-score a significant predictor of a students final grade in
Biostatistics? Support your answer. (3 points)

Pre-Test Final Grade Pre-Test Final Grade

37.0 2.50 35.0 2.75
39.0 1.25 40.0 1.50
13.0 2.25 10.0 2.00
32.0 5.00 20.0 1.75
31.0 1.50 35.0 1.75
35.0 2.25 27.0 1.75
43.0 1.50 5.0 5.00
42.0 1.50 34.0 1.50
34.0 1.25 14.0 2.75
6.0 5.00 24.0 2.50

a.

Interpretation: based on the scatter plot above, it is visualized that there are many
outliers from the line and it does not present a significance between the pre-test and the
final grade.

Page 6 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
b.

Multiple R 0.572093
R Square 0.32729
Adjusted R
Square 0.289917
Standard
Error 1.035381
Observations 20

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 1 9.38811 9.38811 8.757445 0.008396
Residual 18 19.29627 1.072015
Total 19 28.68438

Standard Upper Lower Upper

Coefficients Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 3.958278 0.586841 6.745057 2.54E-06 2.72537 5.191185 2.72537 5.191185
-
X Variable 1 -0.0574 0.019397 -2.9593 0.008396 -0.09815 -0.01665 0.09815 -0.01665

Y= mx + b
Y = -0.0574x + 3.958278

c. Based on the computations, with the regression being significant, the pretest is contributory
to the final grade, however we should still consider other factors that can raise the final grade.
The intercept show almost 2/3 of the class had a grade of 30-40 in their pre-test.

d.
Y = -0.0574x + 3.958278
Y = -0.0574(25.0) + 3.958278
= 2.523278 or 2.50

e.

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 1 9.38811 9.38811 8.757445 0.008396
Residual 18 19.29627 1.072015
Total 19 28.68438

The pre-score is a significant indicator of the final grades based on the criteria:

If < 0.05 = Significant

> 0.05 = Not significant

0.008396 < 0.05

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 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
III. Correlation (35 points)
Using exam.dta, investigate which subtests are associated with each other. By a line, show
the trend of the relationship existing between two subtests that exhibit the strongest
association.
Hint: To determine the correlation between the different subtests use the syntax pwcorr.

. pwcorr awards read write math science socst, sig star (.05)

| awards read write math science socst

-------------+------------------------------------------------------
awards | 1.0000
|
|
read | 0.5617* 1.0000
| 0.0000
|
write | 0.8521* 0.5968* 1.0000
| 0.0000 0.0000
|
math | 0.5998* 0.6623* 0.6174* 1.0000
| 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
|
science | 0.5035* 0.6302* 0.5704* 0.6307* 1.0000
| 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
|
socst | 0.5214* 0.6215* 0.6048* 0.5445* 0.4651* 1.0000
| 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Having all p values > 0.05, means that all subtests have no significant relationship with each
other when paired. Each variable is independent from each other.

. regress id read write math science socst

Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 200

-------------+------------------------------ F( 5, 194) = 5.12
Model | 77711.7433 5 15542.3487 Prob > F = 0.0002
Residual | 588938.257 194 3035.76421 R-squared = 0.1166
-------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0938
Total | 666650 199 3350 Root MSE = 55.098

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
id | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
--
read | -.9399389 .5939055 -1.58 0.115 -2.111279 .2314016
write | -.0588975 .5952755 -0.10 0.921 -1.23294 1.115145
math | .3989122 .6282515 0.63 0.526 -.8401678 1.637992
science | 2.024179 .5580354 3.63 0.000 .9235838 3.124774
socst | .519796 .5031412 1.03 0.303 -.472533 1.512125
_cons | -.4929999 25.63078 -0.02 0.985 -51.04376 50.05776
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

. regress id read math science socst

Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 200

-------------+------------------------------ F( 4, 195) = 6.43
Model | 77682.0249 4 19420.5062 Prob > F = 0.0001
Residual | 588967.975 195 3020.34859 R-squared = 0.1165
-------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0984
Total | 666650 199 3350 Root MSE = 54.958

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
id | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
--
read | -.9464122 .58879 -1.61 0.110 -2.107626 .2148018
math | .3840752 .6085414 0.63 0.529 -.8160926 1.584243
science | 2.013055 .545203 3.69 0.000 .9378036 3.088307
socst | .5040097 .4759601 1.06 0.291 -.4346807 1.4427
_cons | -1.078062 24.87594 -0.04 0.965 -50.1385 47.98238
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

. regress id read science socst

Page 8 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621
Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 200
-------------+------------------------------ F( 3, 196) = 8.47
Model | 76478.9039 3 25492.968 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual | 590171.096 196 3011.07702 R-squared = 0.1147
-------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.1012
Total | 666650 199 3350 Root MSE = 54.873

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
id | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
--
read | -.8260443 .5561915 -1.49 0.139 -1.922932 .2708439
science | 2.133859 .509716 4.19 0.000 1.128627 3.139091
socst | .5632375 .4659004 1.21 0.228 -.3555839 1.482059
_cons | 3.487264 23.76449 0.15 0.883 -43.37966 50.35419
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

. regress id read science

Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 200

-------------+------------------------------ F( 2, 197) = 11.94
Model | 72078.2336 2 36039.1168 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual | 594571.766 197 3018.13079 R-squared = 0.1081
-------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0991
Total | 666650 199 3350 Root MSE = 54.938

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
id | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
--
read | -.5048064 .4891828 -1.03 0.303 -1.469514 .4599007
science | 2.208286 .5065767 4.36 0.000 1.209277 3.207295
_cons | 12.36642 22.62748 0.55 0.585 -32.25677 56.98961
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

. regress id science

Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 200

-------------+------------------------------ F( 1, 198) = 22.81
Model | 68864.237 1 68864.237 Prob > F = 0.0000
Residual | 597785.763 198 3019.12001 R-squared = 0.1033
-------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.0988
Total | 666650 199 3350 Root MSE = 54.947

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
id | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
--
science | 1.878867 .3934046 4.78 0.000 1.103066 2.654668
_cons | 3.080741 20.76476 0.15 0.882 -37.86772 44.0292
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

Among the subsets, science has the strongest relationship with id. Following the critera, it has a
P value of 0.000.

If > 0.05 = not significant

< 0.05 = significant

Since 0.000 < 0.05, there is a significance with science and the students. Therefore, we can
conclude that students performance are averaging from 40 60 with no one having marks that
are too low, or too high.

Page 9 of 10
 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
3/F St. Theresas Building,
900 San Marcelino Street,
1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines
Tel No., 524.2011 loc 390;
Direct Line: 5212621

The correlation within the plot is positive but not too strong because of the outliers or the
scattered dots seen from the line.

Page 10 of 10