8.

Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 373

Chapter 8

Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms

Farzad Naeim, Ph.D.,S.E.

Vice President and Director of Research and Development, John A. Martin & Associates, Los Angeles, California.

R. Rao Boppana, Ph.D.,S.E.

President, Sato & Boppana, Los Angeles, California.

Key words: Design, Diaphragm, Earthquake, Flexible Diaphragms, IBC-2000, Reinforced Concrete, Seismic, Structural
Steel, Rigid Diaphragms, Timber, UBC-97.

Abstract: This chapter surveys the seismic behavior and design of floor and roof diaphragms. Following some
introductory remarks, a classification of diaphragm behavior is presented in Section 8.2, and a discussion on
the determination of diaphragm rigidity in Section 8.3. Potential diaphragm problems are explained in
Section 8.4 where examples are provided to clarify the subject. Provisions of major United States building
codes for seismic design of diaphragms are summarized in Section 8.5. Finally, in Section 8.6, the current
standard procedures for design of diaphragms are presented via their application in a number of realistic
design examples

373
374 Chapter 8
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 375

8.1 INTRODUCTION elements requires a three dimensional analysis

that accounts for the relative rigidity of the
The primary function of floor and roof various elements including the floor
systems is to support gravity loads and to diaphragms. Increasingly, this type of analysis
transfer these loads to other structural members is being performed for design and rehabilitation
such as columns and walls. Furthermore, they of major buildings that feature significant plan
play a central role in the distribution of wind irregularities. In general, however, some
and seismic forces to the vertical elements of assumptions are made on the horizontal
the lateral load resisting system (such as frames diaphragm rigidity and a relatively simple
and structural walls). The behavior of the analysis is performed to determine distribution
floor/roof systems under the influence of of lateral forces. Obviously, the accuracy of the
gravity loads is well established and guidelines results obtained depends on the validity of the
for use in structural design have been adopted assumptions made. In addition, the behavior of
(8-1,8-2)
. certain floor systems such as plywood, metal
In the earthquake resistant design of deck, and precast concrete diaphragms are
building structures, the building is designed and difficult to model analytically due to their
detailed to act as a single unit under the action various attachments. In some cases testing may
of seismic forces. Design of a building as a be required to establish the strength and
single unit helps to increase the redundancy and stiffness properties of such systems.
the integrity of the building. The horizontal
forces generated by earthquake excitations are
transferred to the ground by the vertical systems
of the building which are designed for lateral
load resistance (e.g. frames, bracing, and walls).
These vertical systems are generally tied
together as a unit by means of the building
floors and roof. In this sense, the floor/roof
structural systems, used primarily to create
enclosures and resist gravity (or out of plane)
loads are also designed as horizontal
diaphragms to resist and to transfer horizontal
(or in-plane) loads to the appropriate vertical
elements.
The analysis and design of a floor or roof
deck under the influence of horizontal loads is
performed assuming that the floor or roof deck
behaves as a horizontal continuous beam
supported by the vertical lateral load resisting
elements (hereafter referred to as VLLR
elements). The floor deck is assumed to act as
the web of the continuous beam and the beams
at the floor periphery are assumed to act as the
flanges of the continuous beam (see Figure 8-
1).
Accurate determination of the in-plane
shears and bending moments acting on a floor
diaphragm, and the corresponding horizontal
Figure 8-1. Design forces on a diaphragm
force distribution among various VLLR
376 Chapter 8

While for the great majority of structures, be made as to a diaphragm's rigidity or

simplified analysis procedures result in a safe flexibility in order to simplify the analysis. If
design, studies indicate that neglecting the real the diaphragm deflection and the deflection of
behavior of floor diaphragms can sometimes the VLLR elements are of the same order of
lead to serious errors in assessing the required magnitude, then the diaphragm can not
lateral load resistance capacities of the VLLR reasonably be assumed as either rigid or
elements(8-3, 8-4, 8-5). flexible. Such a diaphragm is classified as semi-
This chapter addresses the major issues of rigid.
seismic behavior and design of diaphragms. It
starts by classification of diaphragm behavior in
Section 8.2, and a discussion on the
determination of diaphragm rigidity in Section
8.3. Potential diaphragm problems are
explained in Section 8.4 where examples are
provided to clarify the subject. Provisions of
major United States building codes for seismic
design of diaphragms are summarized in
Section 8.5. Finally, in Section 8.6, the current
standard procedures for design of diaphragms
are presented via their application in a number
of realistic design examples.

8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF
DIAPHRAGM BEHAVIOR

The distribution of horizontal forces by the

horizontal diaphragm to the various VLLR
elements depends on the relative rigidity of the
horizontal diaphragm and the VLLR elements.
Diaphragms are classified as "rigid", "flexible",
and "semi-rigid" based on this relative rigidity.
A diaphragm is classified as rigid if it can
distribute the horizontal forces to the VLLR
elements in proportion to their relative stiffness.
In the case of rigid diaphragms, the diaphragm
deflection when compared to that of the VLLR
Figure 8-2. Diaphragm behavior. (a) Loading and building
elements will be insignificant. A diaphragm is proportions. (b) Rigid diaphragm behavior. (c) Flexible
called flexible if the distribution of horizontal diaphragm behavior, (d) Semi rigid diaphragm behavior
forces to the vertical lateral load resisting
elements is independent of their relative Exact analysis of structural systems
stiffness. In the case of a flexible diaphragm, containing semi-rigid diaphragms is complex,
the diaphragm deflection as compared to that of since any such analysis should account for the
the VLLR elements will be significantly large. relative rigidity of all structural elements
A flexible diaphragm distributes lateral loads to including the diaphragm. The horizontal load
the VLLR elements as a series of simple beams distribution of a semi-rigid diaphragm may be
spanning between these elements. approximated as that of a continuous beam
No diaphragm is perfectly rigid or perfectly supported on elastic supports. In most cases
flexible. Reasonable assumptions, however, can consisting of semi-rigid diaphragms,
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 377

assumptions can be made to bound the exact The dashed line in Figure 8-2d indicates the
solution without resorting to a complex deflection pattern of a semi-rigid diaphragm
analysis. under the influence of lateral forces. Here the
The absolute size and stiffness of a stiffness of the walls and the diaphragm are of
diaphragm, while important, are not the final the same order. Both wall deflections and
determining factors whether or not a diaphragm diaphragm deflections do contribute to the total
will behave as rigid, flexible, or semi-rigid(8-3). system deflection. Determination of exact load
Consider the one-story concrete shear wall distribution among the walls requires a three
building shown in Figure 8-2a. Keeping the dimensional analysis of the entire system
width and the thickness of walls and slabs (including the diaphragm).
constant, it is possible to simulate rigid, flexible
and semi-rigid diaphragms as the wall heights 8.3 DETERMINATION OF
and diaphragm spans are varied. The wall DIAPHRAGM RIGIDITY
stiffness decreases with an increase in the floor
height (H). Similarly, the diaphragm stiffness In order to estimate the diaphragm rigidity,
decreases with an increase in span (L). it is necessary to predict the deflection of the
The dashed line in Figure 8-2b indicates the diaphragm under the influence of lateral loads.
deflection of the system under the influence of The various floor and roof systems that have
horizontal forces when the diaphragm is rigid. evolved primarily for the purpose of supporting
This can be accomplished by increasing H and gravity loads do not lend themselves easily to
decreasing L so that the stiffness of the analytical calculation of lateral deflections.
diaphragm relative to the wall is significantly Some of the more common floor systems in use
larger. In such a situation, the deflection of the today are: (1) cast-in-place concrete; (2) precast
diaphragm under horizontal loads is planks or Tees with or without concrete
insignificant when compared to the deflections topping; (3) metal deck with or without
of the walls. The diaphragm will move as a concrete fill and; (4) wood framing with
rigid body and will force the walls to move plywood sheathing.
together accordingly. The force distribution With the single exception of cast-in-place
among the walls will depend only on the concrete floor system which is a monolithic
relative stiffness of the walls. In Figure 8-2b it construction, all the other floor systems
is assumed that the applied load and the wall mentioned above consist of different units
stiffness are symmetric. If this is not the case, in joined together with some kind of connections.
addition to the rigid body translation, the In precast concrete construction, adjacent units
diaphragm will experience rigid body rotation. are generally connected together by welding
Figure 8-2c shows the deflection of the embedded plates or reinforcing bars. This will
system under the influence of horizontal forces help the units to deflect vertically without
when the diaphragm is flexible. This can be separation while providing some diaphragm
accomplished by decreasing H and increasing L action. The strength and rigidity of such a
such that the stiffness of the diaphragm when diaphragm will depend to a great extent on the
compared to the walls is small. In such a type and spacing of connections. Analytical
situation, the diaphragm segments between the computation of deflections and stiffness of such
walls act as a series of simply supported beams a diaphragm is complex. As an alternative, a
and the load distribution to the walls can be bonded topping slab on precast floor or roof can
determined based on the tributary area of the be provided with sufficient reinforcement to
diaphragm to the wall. Obviously, a flexible ensure continuity and resistance for shear
diaphragm can not experience the rotation or transfer mechanism. In floor systems consisting
torsion that occurs due to the rigid body of metal decks, the deck is welded
rotation of a rigid diaphragm. intermittently to the supports below. Adjacent
378 Chapter 8

units of the deck are connected together by In buildings with long and narrow plans, if
means of button punching or welding. Here seismic resistance is provided either by the end
again, the diaphragm stiffness is directly related walls alone, or if the shear walls are spaced far
to the spacing and type of connections. In the away from each other, floor diaphragms may
wood construction, the plywood sheathing is exhibit the so-called bow action (see Figure 8-
nailed directly to the framing members. Again, 3). The bow action subjects the end walls to
strength and stiffness depends on the spacing of torsional deformation and stresses. If sufficient
the nails and whether or not the diaphragm is bond is not provided between the walls and the
blocked. diaphragm, the two will be separated from each
It is general practice to consider the other starting at the wall corners. This
diaphragms made of cast in place concrete, separation results in a dramatic increase in the
precast with concrete topping, and metal deck wall torsion and might lead to collapse.
with concrete fill as rigid while the diaphragms
consisting of precast planks without concrete
topping, metal deck without concrete fill, and
plywood sheathing as flexible. This
classification is valid for most cases. Gross
errors in force distribution, however, can occur
if the above assumption is used without paying
attention to the relative rigidity of the VLLR
elements and the diaphragm(8-3, 8-4, 8-5).
Metal deck manufacturers have established
test programs to provide strength and deflection Figure 8-3 A plan showing how the so-called bow action
characteristics of various metal decks and subjects the end walls to torsion
various connection patterns(8-6, 8-7). Similarly,
the Uniform Building Code provides an The Arvin High School Administrative
empirical formula to compute plywood Building in California which suffered extensive
diaphragm deflections and tables to establish damage during the Kern County earthquake of
the strength of such diaphragms. July 21, 1952 is a good example in this regard.
Schematic plans and elevations of this building
are shown in Figure 8-4. An analytical study of
8.4 SIGNIFICANT FACTORS
this building by Jain(8-8) indicated that the two
AFFECTING DIAPHRAGM lowest natural frequencies of the building were
BEHAVIOR close to the fundamental frequencies of the
floor and roof diaphragms modeled as simply
Identifying every situation where special supported beams. When an analytical model of
attention should be given to the design and the building was subjected to a 0.20g constant
detailing of floor diaphragms requires spectral acceleration, with four translational
substantial experience and a good amount of modes considered, the two diaphragm modes
engineering judgement. Certain cases, however, represented 74 percent of the sum of the modal
more often than not, require special attention base shears. As documented by Steinburgge (8-9)
and in this section guidelines for identification diaphragm deflections caused a separation
of such cases are provided. between the roof diaphragm and the wall
In general, low-rise buildings and buildings corners at the second story wall located at the
with very stiff vertical elements such as shear west end of the building. This action subjected
walls are more susceptible to floor diaphragm the wall to significant torsional stresses beyond
flexibility problems than taller structures. its capacity.
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 379

As an example consider the three story

concrete shear wall building shown in Figure 8-
6. The concrete floor diaphragms are eight
inches thick. A set of static lateral forces of 24
kips, 48 kips and 73 kips are applied at the
center of mass of the first, second, and third
levels, respectively. The base of the building is
assumed to be fixed and the reported results are
based on an elastic analysis. An analysis based
on a rigid-diaphragm assumption and a finite
element analysis considering the un-cracked
diaphragm stiffness, yield very close results.
However, if we make a simple change in the
elevation of the building by moving the opening
at the second level, from the wall on line A to
the wall on line B (Figure 8-7), the results of
the two methods will be markedly different (see
Figure 8-8). For example, the rigid diaphragm
assumption suggests that the shear force in wall
A is reduced from 94.3 kips above the first
floor diaphragm to 26 kips below this level,
while the finite element model of the building,
Figure 8-4. Plan and elevation of the Arvin High School
Administrative Building (8-8) shows that such a large portion of the shear
force is not transferred away from this wall by
Another potential problem in diaphragms the floor diaphragm.
can be due to any abrupt and significant
changes in a wall stiffness below and above a
diaphragm level, or any such changes in the
relative stiffness of adjacent walls in passing
through one floor level to another (Figure 8-5).
This can cause high shear stresses in the floor
diaphragm and/or a redistribution of shear
forces among the walls.

Figure 8-6. Plan and elevation of a simple three story

Figure 8-5. Abrupt changes in stiffness and location of shear wall building (Note the uniform stiffness along the
VLLR elements can cause drastic redistribution of forces height of walls on lines A and B.)
380 Chapter 8

In buildings with significant plan

irregularities, such as multi-wing plans, L-
shape, H-shape, V-shape plans, etc. (Figure 8-9)
particular attention should be paid to accurately
access the in-plane diaphragm stress at the
joints of the wings and to design for them. In
this type of buildings, the fan-like deformations
in the wings of diaphragm can lead to a stress
concentration at the junction of the diaphragms
(see Figure 8-10). If these stress concentrations
are not accounted for, serious problems can
arise. For the case of reinforced concrete
diaphragms, it is recommended to limit the
maximum compressive stresses to 0.2fc.
Alternatively, special transverse reinforcement
can be provided. In some cases the diaphragm
stresses at the junctions may be so excessive
that a feasible diaphragm thickness and
reinforcement can not be accommodated. In
these cases the wings should be separated by
seismic joints. One example for this type of
Figure 8-7. Altered plan and elevation of the three story
shear wall building (Note the abrupt change of stiffness
problems was provided by the West Anchorage
along the height of walls on lines A and B.) High School Building in Anchorage, Alaska,
which suffered severe damage during the

Figure 8-8. Computed shears of walls on lines A and B

8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 381

Figure 8-9. Typical plan Irregularities

Alaskan earthquake of March 27, 1964 (see

Figure 6-15).
Other classes of buildings deserving special
attention to diaphragm design include those
with relatively large openings in one or more of
the floor decks (Figure 8-11) and tall buildings
resting on a significantly larger low-rise part
(Figure 8-12). In the later case, the action of the
low-rise portion as the shear base and the
corresponding redistribution of shear forces
(kick-backs) may subject the diaphragm located
at the junction of the low-rise and high-rise
parts (and sometimes a number of floor
diaphragms above and below the junction) to
some significant in-plane shear deformations.

Figure 8-10. Fan-like deformation of wings causes stress Figure 8-11. Significant floor openings are cause for
concentration at the junction concern
382 Chapter 8

n
Ft + Fi= x
i
F px = n
w px (8-1)
W
i= x
i

The minimum value of Fpx to be used in

analysis is 0.5CaIwpx. However, it need not
exceed 1.0CaIwpx where:

Ca = seismic coefficient (see section 5.3)

I = Importance factor (see Section 5.3)
i = Index identifying the ith level above the
base
x = Floor level under design consideration
W = Total seismic dead load of the building
Fi = the lateral force applied to level i.
Ft = that portion of the base shear, V,
considered concentrated at the top of
Figure 8-12. Elevation of towers on an expanded low-rise the structure in addition to Fn
base Wi = the portion of W at level i.
wpx = the weight of the diaphragm and the
elements tributary thereto at level x, including
8.5 CODE PROVISIONS FOR 25% of the floor live load in storage and
DIAPHRAGM DESIGN warehouse occupancies.

UBC-97 makes an exception for buildings

8.5.1 UBC-97, ASCE 7-95, and IBC-2000 of no more than three stories in height
Provisions excluding basements, with light-frame
construction and for other buildings not more
Diaphragm design provisions contained in than two stories in height excluding basements,
the UBC-97, ASCE 7-95 and IBC-2000 are diaphragm design forces may be estimated
similar but vary in the degree of detailed using a simplified procedure as follows:
information they provide. All these model
codes contain a clause limiting the in-plane 3.0C a
deflection of the floor diaphragms as follows: F px = w px (8-2)
R
The deflection in the plane of the
diaphragm, as determined by engineering where R is the numerical coefficient
analysis, shall not exceed the permissible representative of the inherent overstrength and
deflection of attached elements. Permissible global ductility of the lateral-forceresisting
deflection shall be that deflection which will system as described in Chapter 5. In the above
permit the attached element to maintain its equation, Fpx should not be less than 0.5Cawpx
structural integrity under the individual loading and need not exceed Cawpx.
and continue to support the prescribed loads. ASCE 7-95 requires the floor and roof
UBC-97 requires the roof and floor diaphragms to be designed for a minimum
diaphragms to be designed to resist the forces seismic force equivalent to 50% of the seismic
determined in accordance with: coefficient Ca times the weight of the
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 383

diaphragm. Diaphragm connections can be force P1 has to be transferred by the diaphragm

positive connections, mechanical or welded. to the VLLR elements below the diaphragm
IBC-2000 requires the roof and floor since the VLLR element above the diaphragm
diaphragm to be designed to resist the force Fp has been discontinued at this level. In addition,
as follows: the force P2 from the other VLLR element
above, has to be redistributed among the VLLR
F p = 0.2 I E S DS w p + V px (8-3) elements below the diaphragm. The diaphragm
must be designed to transfer these additional
loads.
where:
Fp = The seismic force induced by the parts.
IE = Occupancy importance factor (see
Section 5.4.2).
SDS = The short period site design spectral
response acceleration coefficient (see
Section 5.4.6).
wp= The weight of the diaphragm and other
elements of the structure attached to.
Vpx = The portion of the seismic shear force
at the level of diaphragm, required to be
transferred to the VLLR elements because
of the offsets or changes in stiffness of the
VLLR elements above or below the
diaphragm.

Notice that vertical distribution of lateral

forces in IBC-2000 takes place in accordance
with Equations 5-25 and 5-26 (see Section
5.4.13) which do not necessarily conform with
the distributions obtained according to the
UBC-97 formulas.
IBC-2000 provisions also require that Figure 8-13. Code provisions for diaphragm
diaphragms be designed to resist both shear and design
bending stresses resulting from these forces.
Ties or struts should be provided to distribute As per UBC-97, additional requirements for
the wall anchorage forces. the design of diaphragms are as follows:
Obviously, the floor or roof diaphragm at Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry
every level need to be designed to span walls should be designed with continuous ties
horizontally between the VLLR elements and to between diaphragm chords to distribute the
transfer the force Fpx to these elements (see anchorage forces into the diaphragm. Added
Figure 8-13a). All contemporary model codes chords of subdiaphragms may be used to form
require the diaphragms to be designed to subdiaphragms to transmit the anchorage forces
transfer lateral forces from the vertical lateral to the main continuous crossties. The length to
load resisting elements above the diaphragm to width ratio of the wood structural
the other VLLR elements below the diaphragm subdiaphragms should not exceed 2 to 1.
due to offsets in the placement of VLLR Diaphragm deformations should also be
elements or due to changes in stiffness of these considered in the design of supported walls.
elements. For example, in Figure 8-13b, the Furthermore, in design of wood diaphragms
providing lateral support for concrete or
384 Chapter 8

masonry walls in seismic zones 2, 3, and 4, Reinforcement is required to ensure the

anchorage should not be accomplished by use continuity of the shear transfer across precast
of toenails or nails subjected to withdrawal. In joints. The connection requirements are to
addition, wood framing should not be used in promote provisions of a complete system with
cross-grain bending or tension. necessary shear transfers. Obviously, the cast-
For structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 in-place topping on a precast floor or roof
having a plan irregularity of type 2 in Table 5- system can be used without the composite
10, diaphragm chords and drag members should action provided that the topping alone is
be designed considering independent movement proportioned and detailed to resist the design
of the projecting wings of the structure. Each of forces. In this case, a thicker topping slab has to
these diaphragm elements should be designed be provided.
for the more severe of the following two The shear strength requirements are the
conditions: same as those for slender structural walls (see
1. Motion of the projecting wings in the same Chapter 10). The term Acv in the equation for
direction; and calculating the nominal shear strength refers to
2. Motion of the projecting wings in opposing the thickness times the width of the diaphragm.
directions.
This requirement is considered satisfied if a 8.6 DESIGN EXAMPLES
three-dimensional dynamic analysis according
to the code provisions is performed. As discussed in Chapter 6, it is desirable
As a requirement for flexible diaphragms, from the structural point of view to have regular
the design seismic forces providing lateral buildings with minimal offset in the location of
support for walls or frames of masonry or VLLR elements and without sudden changes in
concrete are to be based on Equation 8-1 and stiffness from floor to floor. Quite often,
determined with the value of the response however, other requirements of the project
modification factor, R, not exceeding 4.0. (such as architectural considerations) control
these parameters and the structural engineer is
8.5.2 ACI 318-95 Provisions faced with buildings that are considered
irregular in terms of seismic behavior and
The thickness of concrete slabs and design.
composite topping slabs serving as structural Diaphragm design consists primarily of the
diaphragms used to transmit earthquake forces following tasks:
cannot be less than 2 inches. This requirement
reflects current usage in joist and waffle 1. Determining the lateral force distribution on
systems and composite topping slabs on precast the diaphragm and computing diaphragm
floor and roof systems. Thicker slabs are shears and moments at different locations.
required when the topping slab does not act 2. Providing adequate in-plane shear capacity
compositely with the precast system to resist in the diaphragm to transfer lateral forces to
the design seismic forces. the VLLR elements.
A composite cast-in-place concrete topping 3. Providing suitable connection between the
slab on precast units is permitted to be used as a diaphragm and the VLLR elements.
structural diaphragm provided the topping slab 4. Design of boundary members or
is reinforced and its connections are reinforcement to develop chord forces, and
proportioned and detailed for complete transfer 5. Computing diaphragm deflections, when
of forces to the elements of the lateral force necessary, to ascertain that the diaphragm is
resisting system. A bonded topping slab is stiff enough to support the curtain walls, etc.
required so that the floor or roof system can without excessive deflections.
provide restraint against slab buckling.
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 385

In addition, the diaphragm must be designed for a typical one story neighborhood shopping
and detailed for local effects caused by various center.
openings such as those caused by the elevator
shafts. Parking structure diaphragms with EXAMPLE 8-1
ramps are a special case of diaphragms with
openings. The effect of the ramp attachment to It is proposed to build a two story wood
floors above and below the ramp should be framed apartment building on top of one story
considered in lateral force distribution, concrete parking. The building will be located
especially for non-shear wall buildings. in a zone of high seismicity. The concrete floor
In this section, the current design procedures supporting the wood construction (see Figure 8-
for seismic design of floor diaphragms are 14) will be a 14 inch thick, hard rock concrete,
demonstrated by means of four design flat plate (fc = 4000 lb/in2). The lateral force
examples which are worked out in detail. In the resisting system for the concrete parking
first example, a concrete floor diaphragm at the structure consists of concrete block masonry
top of a parking level under a two story wood walls (fm = 3000 lb/in2). Given that the
framed apartment building is designed. The superimposed dead load from the two story
second example explains diaphragm design for wood framing above is 65 pounds per square
a four story concrete parking structure, which foot, design the concrete diaphragm per typical
has setbacks in elevation of the building and the requirements of the modern model codes. Floor
shear walls. In the third example, the metal- to floor height is 10 feet. Assume that the
deck diaphragm of a three story steel framed structural analysis of the building has produced
office building is designed. Finally, the fourth a seismic base shear coefficient of 0.293 for
example, explains the wood diaphragm design strength design purposes (V=0.293W).

Figure 8-14. Second floor framing plan (Example 8-1)

386 Chapter 8

SOLUTION one half of the height of a wall above and below

the diaphragm will contribute to the mass of
Dead loads and seismic shears: each floor. The parameters needed for
determination of the center of mass of the walls
Superimposed dead load from wood framing are calculated in Table 8-1. Therefore, the
above = 65 lb/ft2 center of mass of the walls is located at:
Concrete slab at 150 lb/ft3 = (14/12)(150) = 175
lb/ft2
x1 = xW = 12,703.0 = 88.31 ft
Miscellaneous (M + E + top half of column
weights) = 10 lb/ft2
W 143.85
=
Total floor weight = (175)(89.66)(65+175+10) yW 8,564.1
y1 = = 59.53 ft
= 3922.6 kips W 143.85
N-S walls:

12-in walls at 124 lb/ft2 = 4(5)(17.33)(0.124)=

43 kips

E-W walls:

8" wall at 78 lb/ft2 =

(5)(175)(0.078) = 68.25 kips
12" walls at 124 lb/ft2 =
(5)(17.33+35.33)(0.124) = 32.65 kips
Figure 8-15. Locations of centers of mass and rigidity.
The weight of the walls parallel to the
applied seismic force does not contribute to the Since the slab is of uniform thickness, the
diaphragm shears. However, in general, they center of mass of the floor coincides with its
are included conservatively in the design of geometric centroid:
concrete floor diaphragms. In this example, the
x2 = 87.50 ft
weight of the walls parallel to the applied
seismic force is not included in calculating
y2 = 44.83 ft
diaphragm shears.
Location of the combined center of mass:
E-W weight = Wx = 3922.6 + 43 = 3965.6 kips
143.9(88.31) + 3922.6(87.5)
N-S weight = Wy = 3922.6 +68.25 + 32.65 = xm =
4023.5 kips 143.9 + 3922.6
= 87.53 ft
Base shears:
143.9(59.53) + 3922.6( 44.83)
ym =
FPy =0.293(3965.6)=1161.9 kips (in y direction) 143.9 + 3922.6
= 45.35 ft
FPx =0.293(4023.5)=1178.9 kips (in x direction)

Center of mass (see Figure 8-15): Center of rigidity:

In computing the location of the center of For a cantilever wall (see Figure 8-16):
mass of the walls it is generally assumed that
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 387

4 P ( h / L) 3 3P ( h / L)
= +
Et Et
The relative wall rigidities, R = 1/D, may be
computed assuming a constant value of P, say
P=1,000,000 pounds. Using the parameters
generated in Tables 8-2 and 8-3, the location of
the center of rigidity is established as:

xr =
xR y
=
4886.0
= 87.50 ft
R y 55.84
Figure 8-16. Deformation of a cantliever wall panel

yr = yR x
=
6506.93
= 55.23 ft
=
3
Ph 1.2 Ph
+ R x 117.8
3EI AG

Denoting wall thickness by t and assuming G = Torsional eccentricity:

0.40E for masonry, this relation may be
ex = xr xm = 87.5 - 87.53 0 ft
rewritten as:
ey = yr ym = 55.23 - 45.35 = 9.88 ft

Table 8-1 Center of Mass Calculations for Example 8-1

Wall Weight, Length, Area, Weight, x, xW, y, yW
No. Lb/ft2 ft ft2 Kips Dir. ft ft-kips ft ft-kips
1 124 17.33 86.65 10.74 y 0.50 5.37 66.00 708.84
2 124 17.33 86.65 10.74 y 0.50 5.37 33.67 361.62
3 124 17.33 86.65 10.74 y 174.50 1,874.10 66.00 708.84
4 124 17.33 86.65 10.74 y 174.50 1,874.10 33.67 361.62
5 78 175.00 875.00 68.25 x 87.50 5,971.88 89.33 6,096.78
6 124 17.33 86.65 10.74 x 55.84 559.72 10.00 107.40
7 124 35.33 176.70 21.90 x 110.16 2,412.50 10.00 219.00
143.85 12,703. 8,564.

Table 8-2. Relative Rigidity of the Walls

Wall Height, Length, H/L E, t, R
No. ft ft lb/in2 in. = 1/
1 10 17.33 0.5770 3,000,000 11.625 0.0716 13.96
2 10 17.33 0.5770 3,000,000 11.625 0.0716 13.96
3 10 17.33 0.5770 3,000,000 11.625 0.0716 13.96
4 10 17.33 0.5770 3,000,000 11.625 0.0716 13.96
5 10 175.00 0.0571 1,500,000 7.625 0.0150 66.67
6 10 17.33 0.5770 3,000,000 11.625 0.0716 13.96
7 10 35.33 0.2830 3,000,000 11.625 0.0269 37.17
388 Chapter 8

Table 8-3. Center-of-Rigidity Calculations for Example 8-1

Wall
No. Dir. x y Rx Ry xRy yRx
1 y 0.50 ---- ---- 13.96 6.98 ----
2 y 0.50 ---- ---- 13.96 6.98 ----
3 y 174.50 ---- ---- 13.96 2,436.02 ----
4 y 174.50 ---- ---- 13.96 2,436.02 ----
5 x ---- 89.33 66.67 ---- ---- 5,995.63
6 x ---- 10.00 13.96 ---- ---- 139.60
7 x ---- 10.00 37.17 ---- ---- 371.70
117.80 55.84 4,886.00 6,506.93

Table 8-4. Wall Shear for Seismic forces in the N-S Direction
Wall Fv, Ft-1, Ft-2, Ftotal-1 Ftotal-2 Fdesign
Rx Ry dx, ft dy, ft Rd Rd2
No kips kips kips kips kips kips
1 0 13.96 -87.00 ----- -1214.52 105,663 294.70 -20.70 20.70 274.00 315.40 315.40
2 0 13.96 -87.00 ----- -1214.52 105,663 294.70 -20.70 20.70 274.00 315.40 315.40
3 0 13.96 87.00 ----- 1214.52 105,663 294.70 20.70 -20.70 315.40 274.00 315.40
4 0 13.96 87.00 ----- 1214.52 105,663 294.70 20.70 -20.70 315.40 274.00 315.40
5 66.67 0 ----- 34.10 2273.45 77,524 0.00 38.80 -38.80 38.80 -38.80 38.80
6 13.96 0 ----- -45.23 -631.41 28,559 0.00 -10.80 10.80 -10.80 10.80 10.80
7 37.17 0 ----- -45.23 -168.20 76,041 0.00 -28.70 28.70 -28.70 28.70 28.70
1179.50

Modern codes generally require shifting of

the center of mass of each level of the building Ry
a minimum of 5% of the building dimension at
Fvy = V y
Ry
that perpendicular to the direction of force in
addition to the actual eccentricity: and the in-plane wall forces due to torsion are
ex = 0.05(175) = 8.75 ft computed from

ey = 9.88 0.05(89.67) = 14.36 ft or 5.4 ft Rd

Ftx = Tx
Rd
2

Torsional Moments:
Rd
Ty = FPy ex = 1178.9(8.75) = 10315.4 ft-k Fty = T y
Rd
2
Tx+ = FPx ey+ = 1161.9(14.36) =16,684.9 ft-k

Tx- = FPx ey- =1161.9( 5.40) = -6,274.2 ft-k where d is the distance of each wall from the
center of rigidity. Using these formulas, the
In-plane forces in the walls due to direct wall forces for seismic force acting in the N-S
shear are computed from and E-W directions are calculated and reported
Rx in Tables 8-4 and 8-5, respectively. Note that
Fvx = V x the contribution of torsion, if it reduces the
Rx magnitude of the design wall shears, is ignored.
The design shear forces are summarized in
Table 8-6.
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 389

Table 8-5. Wall Shear for Seismic forces in the E-W Direction
Wall dx, dy, Fv, Ft-1, Ft-2, Ftotal-1 Ftotal-2 Fdesign
Rx Ry Rd Rd2
No ft ft kips kips kips kips kips Kips
1 0 13.96 -87.00 ----- -1214.52 105,663 0.00 33.52 12.60 33.52 12.60 33.52
2 0 13.96 -87.00 ----- -1214.52 105,663 0.00 33.52 12.60 33.52 12.60 33.52
3 0 13.96 87.00 ----- 1214.52 105,663 0.00 -33.52 -12.60 -33.52 -12.60 33.52
4 0 13.96 87.00 ----- 1214.52 105,663 0.00 -33.52 -12.60 -33.52 -12.60 33.52
5 66.67 0 ----- 34.10 2273.45 77,524 657.60 594.85 -23.60 594.85 634.00 634.00
6 13.96 0 ----- -45.23 -631.41 28,559 137.70 155.10 6.60 155.10 144.30 155.10
7 37.17 0 ----- -45.23 -168.20 76,041 366.60 413.00 17.50 413.00 384.10 413.00
1,162.95

or
Table 8-6. Shear Design Forces (kips)
Wall Wall L E-W N-S Max Load VL + 2VR = 22.24 ( II )
No ft. Load Load Solving equations I and II for VL and VR yields:
1 17.33 33.52 315.40 315.40
2 17.33 33.52 315.40 315.40 VL = 4.72 k/ft, and
3 17.33 33.52 315.40 315.40 VR = 8.76 k/ft.
4 17.33 33.52 315.40 315.40
5 175.00 634.00 38.80 634.00 The mid-span diaphragm moment1 (Figure 8-
6 17.33 155.10 10.80 155.10 18) is:
7 35.33 413.00 28.70 413.00
M = 548(87.5) 19.4(79.66)
4.72(87.5)(58.33)/2 6.74(87.5)(29.17)/2
Diaphragm design for seismic force in
= 25,758 ft-kips
the N-S direction:
Check slab shear stress along walls 1 and 2:
The wall forces and the assumed direction of
L = 17.33 ft, t = 14 inches
torque due to the eccentricity are shown in
Figure 8-17. Using this information, the Slab capacity without shear reinforcement
distribution of the applied force on the
diaphragm may be calculated. Denoting the left Vc = (2) f ' bt
and right diaphragm reactions per unit length by c
VL and VR, from force equilibrium (see Figure
8-18), 0.85(2) 4000 (14)(17.33)(12)
=
175 175 1000
VL + VR = 1179.5 Kips
2 2
or
VL + VR = 13.48 (I )
from moment equilibrium:
1
The mid-span moment has been used in this example to
175 175 175 175
VL + 2 VR = demonstrate the chord design procedures. This
3 2 3 2 moment, however, is not necessarily the maximum
moment. In a real design situation the maximum
1179.5(96.25) moment should be calculated and used for the chord
design.
390 Chapter 8

Figure 8-17. Design wall forces for seismic load in the N - S direction

1 1.0(25,758)
Tu = M = = 301kips
d (89.66 4.0)
T
As = u = 301 = 5.57 in 2
f 0.9(60)
y
Provide 6#9 chord bars (As = 6.0 in2) along
the slab edges at the North and South sides of
the building. Here, we have assumed that the
chord bars will be placed over a 4 ft. strip of the
slab.

Diaphragm design for seismic force in

the N-S direction:

A sketch of the wall forces indicating the

assumed direction of the torque due to
eccentricity is shown in Figure 8-19.
Similar to the N-S direction, the force and
moment equilibrium equations may be used to
Figure 8-18 Force distribution and diaphragm moments obtain the distribution of lateral force on the
for seismic load in the N-S direction. diaphragm:

= 313 kips 315.4 O.K. 1

Arguably, strict conformity with the UBC-97 would
Chord Design: require this moment to be multiplied by a factor of 1.1
(UBC-97 Sec. 1612.2.1 Exception 2). No such
requirement exists, however, in the IBC-2000 which
replaces UBC-97.
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 391

0.85(2) 4000 (14)(175)(12)

Vc =
1000
1 4 .3 6 =3,161 kips > 634 O.K.
o r 5 .4

Figure 8-19. Design wall forces for seismic load in the

E-W direction

89.66 89.66
VL + VR = 1162.95 Kips
2 2
or
VL + VR = 25.95 ( III )
and
89.66 89.66
VL ( 29.89) + VR (59.77)
2 2
= 1162.95(45.35)
or
Figure 8-20. Force distribution and diaphragm moments
VL + 2VR = 39.36 ( IV ) for seismic load in the E-W direction

solving equations III and IV for VL and VR: along wall 6:

VL = 12.54 k/ft and VR = 13.41 k/ft
L = 17.33 ft, t = 14 in.
The mid-span diaphragm moment (Figure 8-
20): 0.85(2) 4000 (14)(17.3)(12)
Vc =
M = 568(34.83) + 33.52(175) 1000
12.55(44.83)(29.83)/2 12.98(44.83)(14.94)/2
= 313 kips > 155 O.K.
= 12,916 ft-kips
along wall 7:
Similarly, diaphragm moments at other
locations, including the cantilever portion of the L = 35.33 ft, t = 14 in.
diaphragm can be calculated.
0.85(2) 4000 (14)(35.33)(12)
Check diaphragm shear capacity: Vc =
1000
along wall 5: = 638 kips > 413 O.K.
L = 175 ft, t = 14 in. Chord Design:
392 Chapter 8

12,916 inches thick post-tensioned slabs spanning to 36

Tu = M = = 74.23 kips in. deep post-tensioned beams. Typical floor
d (175.0 1.0)
dead load for purposes of seismic design is
estimated at 150 pounds per square foot. This
T includes contributing wall and column weights.
As = u = 74.23 = 1.37 in2
f 0.9(60) Typical floor to floor height is 10 feet. This
y building is irregular and therefore needs to be
Provide 4#6 chord bars (As = 1.76 in2) along analyzed using the dynamic response
the slab edges at the East and West sides of the procedures. Furthermore, the redundancy factor
building where the maximum chord force for the building needs to be calculated and
occurs. applied. For preliminary design purposes only,
however, use the UBC-97 static lateral force
procedure and ignore accidental torsion. Soil
profile type is SD, I = 1.0, Na = Nv =1.0. Use fc
= 5,000 lb/in2 and Fy = 60,000 lb/in2.

Figure 8-21.Ground floor framing plan (Example 8-2).

EXAMPLE 8-2

Perform a preliminary design the third floor Figure 8-22.Second and third floor framing plan
diaphragm of the four story parking structure (Example 8-2)
shown in Figures 8-21 through 8-25. The SOLUTION
building is to be located in southern California
(UBC seismic zone 4). Access to each floor will Weight Computations:
be provided from an adjacent parking structure
that will be separated by a seismic joint. Roof Weight = (68')(185')(0.15 k/ft2)
Typical floor and roof framing consists of a 5 = 1887 kips
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 393

4th Floor Weight = (85')(185')(0.15 k/ft2) = 0.447(W ) > (0.11Ca I )W

= 2359 kips
3rd Floor Weight = (104')(185')(0.15 k/ft2) = 0.048W
= 2886 kips ZN v I
> 0.8 (W ) = 0.07W
2nd Floor Weight = (104')(185')(0.15 k/ft2) R
= 2886 kips
Ca I
Total Weight = 1887 + 2359 + 2(2886) > 2.5 (W ) = 0.244W
= 10018 kips R
V = 0.244 W = 2444.4 kips
W x hx
Fx = (V Ft )
Wx hx
Ft + Fi
Fpx = w px
W i

T = 0.318 Sec. < 0.7 Sec. Ft = 0

Figure 8-23. Fourth floor framing plan (Example 8-2)

Design Lateral Forces

T = Ct (hn)3/4

Take Ct =0.02

T = 0.02(40)3/4 = 0.318 Sec.

C I
Base Shear (V ) = v (W )
RT
0.64(1.0)
= (W )
4.5(0.318) Figure 8-24. Roof framing plan (Example 8-2)
394 Chapter 8

Figure 8-25. A section through the building (Example 8-2)

Values of Fpx for various floors are

calculated in Table 8-7. Concrete diaphragm is
assumed to be rigid. The seismic shear forces
acting on the walls were obtained by a
computer analysis and are shown in Figures 8-
26 and 8-27.

Figure 8-27. Forces on the third floor diaphragm due to E-

W seismic loading (Wall shears above the diaphragm are
shown with solid arrows while wall shears below the
diaphragm are indicated by dashed lines.)

Diaphragm Design in the N-S Direction:

Net shear forces acting on the walls and the

corresponding diaphragm load, shear and
moment diagrams are shown in Figure 8-28.
Check 8" thick slab shear capacity along the
walls on grid lines B and C:
Maximum slab shear = 283.75 kips
Slab capacity without shear reinforcement =

0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(37)(12)

Vc = 2 f c' =
1000
= 294 > 283.75 kips O.K.
Therefore, no shear reinforcement seems to be
Figure 8-26. Forces on the third floor diaphragm due to N- required by the code.
S seismic loading (Wall shears above the diaphragm are
shown with solid arrows while wall shears below the
diaphragm are indicated by dashed lines.) Chord Design:
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 395

Table 8-7. Calculation of Diaphragm Design Forces for Example 8-2

Level hx, Wx, Wx.hx Wx.hx Fx, Fx Wi, Fi Fpx,
ft Kips Wihi Kips Kips Kips wi Kips
Roof 40 1,887 75,480 0.324 792.4 792.4 1,887 0.420 792.4
4th 30 2,359 70,770 0.304 743.0 1,535.4 4,246 0.362 853.1
3rd 20 2,886 57,720 0.248 606.0 2,141.4 7,132 0.300 866.5
2nd 10 2,886 28,860 0.124 303.0 2,444.4 10,018 0.244 704.2
10,018 232,830 1.00 2444.4

Diaphragm Design in the E-W

Direction:

Net shear forces acting on the walls and the

corresponding diaphragm load, shear and
moment diagrams are shown in Figure 8-29.
Moment Calculations:

at Section A-A:

8.53(25.4) 2
M A A = 1,401(25.4)
2
= 32,833 ft - kips
at Section B-B:

8.53(50.8) 2
M BB = 1,401(50.8) 590.6( 4.5)
2
= 57,505 ft - kips
at Section C-C:
8.53(25.4) 2
M C C = 56(25.4)
Figure 8-28. Diaphragm loading, shear, and moment 2
diagrams for seismic load in the N-S direction
+ 16.1 (1031)(63.5)
37
8,586 = 27,158 ft - kips
Tu = M = = 85.4 kips
d (101.58 1.0) Estimated maximum moment1 = 57,505 ft-k
T Chord Design:
As = u = 85.4 = 1.58 in2
f 0.9(60)
Tu = M =
57,505
= 315 kips
y
d (184.5 2.0)
Therefore provide 3 #7 chord bars (As = 1.8
in2) along slab edges on the North and South
sides of the building. 1
A more accurate value of the maximum moment may be
obtained by reading the moment diagram plotted to a
larger scale.
396 Chapter 8

for L = 184.5 ft, slab capacity without shear

reinforcement is:

0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(184.5)(12)

Vc = =
1000
= 1465 kips > 1401 O.K.
Check the capacity of 30 foot long slab with #4
bars @ 18 inches, at the top and bottom of the
slab:
Vc = 238 kips
#4 @ 18" As = 0.13 in2/ ft
Vs = (0.85)(20.13)(60)(30 ft) = 398 kips
Vn = 398 + 238 = 636 kips < 1401 kips
Drag struts are needed to transfer the difference
(1401 - 636 = 765 kips).

Design of Drag Struts (see Figure 8-30):

Figure 8-29. Diaphragm loading, shear, and moment

diagrams for seismic load in the E-W direction

T
As = u = 315 = 5.83 in 2
f 0.9(60)
y
Therefore provide 6 #9 chord bars (As= 6.0 in2)
along slab edges on the east and west sides of
the building
Cu = Tu
Compression Cu to be resisted by edge beam
and concrete slab. Check 5-in.-thick slab Figure 8-30. Diaphragm chord, drag, and shear
reinforcement
shear capacity along the wall on line 1: For L =
30 ft, slab capacity without shear
Reinforcement is: The two beams along the Grid line 1 may be
designed to transfer the slab shear into the
0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(30)(12) walls:
Vc =
1000
= 238 kips < 1401 N.G.
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 397

As =
(7652 ) = 7.08 in 2
Vn = 294 + 490 =784 kips > 515.5
Therefore drag struts are not required.
(0.9)(60)
Provide 8 #9 bars (As = 8.0 in2) in the beams EXAMPLE 8-3
for seismic shear transfer.
Design the roof diaphragm of the three story
Drag strut length provided = 2(77.3) = 154.6 ft steel framed building shown in Figure 8-31.
Capacity of slab along drag strut The building is supported on the top of a one
story subterranean concrete parking structure.
0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(154.6)(12) The parking structure deck may be considered
= as the shear base for the steel structure. The
1000
= 1228 kips > 693 O.K. lateral load resisting system for the steel
building consists of moment resisting frames in
Check shear capacity of 5-in. thick slab at both directions. Beams and columns which are
the wall on grid line 4 to carry 590.8/2 = 295.4 not part of the lateral system are not shown in
kips of shear (notice that slab occurs on both Figure 8-31. The floor construction consists of
sides of the wall): 3 1/4 inches of light-weight concrete on the top
of a 3 inch deep, 20 gage, metal deck. The
0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(21)(12)
Vc = maximum spacing of floor purlins is 10 feet.
1000 Mechanical equipment is located on the roof,
= 167 kips < 295.4 N.G. west of grid line D. The roof construction west
of grid line D consists of 4 1/2 inches of hard
Therefore Shear reinforcement is required. rock concrete on the top of a 3 inch deep, 18
Using #4 bars @ 18 inches at the top and gage, metal deck. The maximum spacing of the
bottom of the slab: roof purlins is 8 feet. The roof construction east
Vs = (0.85)(20.13)(60)(21) = 278 kips of grid line D is similar to the typical floor
construction.
Vn = 167 + 278 = 445 kips > 295.4 O.K. The estimated total dead loads for seismic
design are 100 psf at the typical floors, 200 psf
Therefore drag struts are not required. It can be
at the mechanical areas of the roof, and 70 psf
realized by observation that the slab shear
elsewhere on the roof. The building is located
capacity along the walls on the grid line 7 is
in area of high seismicity. A three dimensional
sufficient. Check the shear capacity of the slab
computer analysis of the building has resulted
along the cross walls on grid lines B and C.
in a working stress level (WSD) roof diaphragm
Here again, slab occurs on both sides of the
design force of 364.8 kips in the N-S and E-W
wall:
directions. The distribution of the roof
0.85(2) 5000 (5.5)(37)(12) diaphragm shear among the moment-reistant
Vc = steel frames are shown in Figures 8-32 and 8-
1000
33.
1031
= 294 kips < = 515.5 N.G.
2 SOLUTION
Therefore shear Reinforcement is required. Try
#4 bars @ 18 inches at the top and bottom of Diaphragm Design in the E-W Direction
the slab:
Vs = (0.85)(0.132)(60)(37) = 490 kips
398 Chapter 8

Figure 8-31. Typical floor framing plan for building of Example 8-3 (Opening shown exist on second and third floors only)

The design lateral force of 3604.8 kips is

distributed along the roof in the same
proportion as the mass distribution at this level.
This loading pattern and the corresponding
diaphragm shear diagram are shown in Figure
8-34. The maximum diaphragm shear per linear
foot occurs at grid line 10 and is equal to:

Figure 8-33. Frame shears for N-S seismic loading

29.9 kips
v= = 1.44 k/ft
(3.8 + 14.5 + 2.5) ft
This value, has to be compared with the
allowable shear values supplied by the metal
Figure 8-32. Frame shears for E-W seismic loading deck manufacturer. For example, if a Verco 20
gage, W3 Formlok deck with 3 1/4 light-weight
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 399

Figure 8-34. Diaphragm loading and shear diagrams for the E-W seismic loading

concrete fill and puddle welds in every flute is the chord forces, diaphragm moments are
used, the allowable shear would be 1.74 kips computed at various sections. The transverse
compared to the required value of 1.44 kips (see shear forces (in the N-S frames) are small and
Figure 8-35). hence, are ignored in this analysis.
Check diaphragm chord requirements:
Moment at grid line 13
As mentioned earlier in this Chapter, the = 29.9(60)- 0.38(11)(57) - 0.57(9)(47)
frame beams at the perimeter of the building -0.90(10.75)(37.125) 1.15(31.75)2/2
will act as chord members or flanges of the = 375.8 kips-ft
diaphragm. To get a handle on the magnitude of
400 Chapter 8

Figure 8-35. A Verco Formlok diaphragm design table (reproduced with permission of Verco Manufacturing Company,
Benicia, California)
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 401

Figure. 8-35 (continued)

Chord force at grid line 13 Similarly, diaphragm moments and chord

= 375.8/57.58 = 6.52 kips forces can be computed at other locations. In
Moment at grid line 16 design of beams and the beam-column
= 29.9(120) 0.38(11)(137) 0.57(9)(107) connections, these chord forces must be
0.90(10.75)(97.125) considered. The metal deck-beam welds must
1.15(87.92)(47.76) 4.24(3.8)2/2 + 68.5(60) be verified to be able to develop the chord
= 777.2 k-ft forces in addition to their shear transfer
capability.
Chord force at grid line 16
= 777.2/57.58 = 13.5 kips Diaphragm Design in the N-S Direction
402 Chapter 8

Here again, the applied lateral force of 364.8 calculations, we compute the diaphragm
kips is distributed in proportion to the mass moment at grid line D:
distribution (see Figure 8-36). Diaphragm
diaphragm moment at grid line D
shears and moments at any location can be
computed similar to the east-west seismic
3.01(60.67 )
2
analysis. For example, = 99.3(58.92 )
2
= 311 ft - kips

Chord force at grid line D

= 311.05/52.92 = 5.87 kips

To complete this design, diaphragm
moments should be computed at a few other
locations on the diaphragm, in order to establish
the maximum moment, and the corresponding
maximum chord force. The beams along grids
16 and 18, near grid line D may be designed to
carry these chord forces.

EXAMPLE 8-4

The ground floor and roof plans of a one

story neighborhood shopping center which is
being planned for a city in a zone of high
seimsicity are shown in Figure 8-37. The roof
framing consists of plywood panelized roof
with glue laminated beams and purlins. The
roof dead load for the purposes of seismic
design calculations is estimated to be 16 pounds
Figure 8-36. Diaphragm loading diagrams for the N-S
per square foot. In addition to the framing
seismic loading
weight, this includes allowances for
composition roof, insulation, acoustic tile
diaphragm shear at grid line G.1
ceiling and a miscellaneous load of 1.5 pounds
99.3 - 3.01(1.75) per square foot. Design the roof diaphragm in
= = 1.59 kips/ft accordance with the UBC-97 requirements
59.25
(IBC-2000 diaphragm design process is
diaphragm shear at grid line D virtually the same). Assume Z = 0.40, I =1.0, Na
3.01(60.67 ) 99.3 = Nv = 1.0, and the SB soil type.
= = 1.40 kips/ft
59.25 Dead load and base shear in the N-S
Both of the above computed diaphragm direction
shears are less than the allowable shear value of
3.07 kips per linear foot for a Verco 18 gage, north wall at 75 lb/ft2 = 75(14/2 + 2)(180)
W3 Formlok deck with puddle welds in all = 121,500 lb
flutes. As an example of diaphragm moment
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 403

Figure 8-37. Floor plans for building of Example 8-4

pilasters in North wall = 75(14/2)(1.338) roof at 16 lb/ft2 = 16(180)(56.67)

= 5,600 lb = 163,210 lb

pilasters in South piers = 75(14/2)(1.33 10) total dead load = 121,500 + 5,600 + 7000 +
= 7,000 lb 40500+16,200 + 163,210 = 354,010 lb
south piers at 75 lb/ft2 = 75(14/2+2)(106) Because this is a one story light-weight
= 40500 lb structure, we can use the simplified method
according to UBC-97 section 1629.8.2. Notice
glass window at 15 lb/ft2
that for flexible diaphragms providing lateral
= 15(14/2 + 2)(714 + 211) = 16,200 lb
404 Chapter 8

support for masonry, an R value of 4.0 must be 75,859 lb

used (UBC-97 section 1633.2.9.3) N S diaphragm load =
180 ft
3.0C a = 421 lb/ft
Base Shear (V ) = W
R
East wall:
3.0C a diaphragm shear = 421(80/2)
Fpx = W px
R = 16,840 lb
diaphragm unit shear = 16,840/56.67
3.0(0.4) = 297 lb/ft
Fpx = W px = 0.30W px
4.0 force in the drag strut = 297(32.67)
= 9,703 lb
= 0.30(354,010)
Center Wall:
= 106,203 lb in N S direction
east side shear = 421(80/2) = 16,840 lb
This value, however, is intended for strength
design purposes. To convert it to the diaphragm unit shear = 16,840/56.67
corresponding working stress design value, we = 297 lb/ft
divide it by a load factor of 1.4.
west side shear = 421(100/2) = 21,050 lb
106,203
Fpx (WSD ) = = 75,859 lb diaphragm unit shear = 21,050/56.67
1.40
= 372 lb/ft

Diaphragm design in the N-S direction force in the drag strut =

(see Figure 8-38): (297 + 372)(32.67) =21,856 lb
West Wall:

diaphragm shear = 421(100/2) = 21,050 lb

diaphragm unit shear = 21,050/56.67
= 372 lb/ft
force in the drag strut = 372(32.67)
= 12, 153 lb
Diaphragm plywood requirements: Per UBC-97
Table 23-II-H (or similarly from IBC-2000
Table 2306.3.1), use 3/8-in. Structural 1 wood
panel diaphragm, blocked, 8d nails at 21/2-in. on
center at the boundaries and continuos panel
edges, 8d nails at 4 in. on center at other panel
edges, and 12 in. on center on intermediate
Figure 8-38. Chord forces for the N-S seismic loading framing members. Allowable diaphragm shear
based on flexible diaphragm assumption. is 530/1.4= 378 lb/ft which is greater than the
maximum demand of 372 lb/ft.
The diaphragm is assumed to be flexible.
Therefore, in both directions, the wall loads will Chord Design (see Figure 8-38):
be based on the tributary diaphragm areas. for the 100 ft span:
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 405

421(100) means of the steel angle shown in Figure 8-40.

2
M = = 526,250 ft - lb The steel angle is welded to the steel beam and
8 bolted to the wall. A wood ledger is used to
transfer the diaphragm shear from the plywood
8
d = 56.67 = 56.0 ft to the wall, and to attach purlins to the wall.
12

536,250
C or T = = 9,397 lb
56.0
for the 80 ft span:

421(80)
2
M = = 336,800 ft - lb
8

8
d = 56.67 = 56.0 ft Figure 8-39. Typical detail for transfer of shear from
12 plywood to the drag strut

336,800
C or T = = 6,014 lb
56.0
Provide horizontal reinforcement as chord
reinforcement in the North wall at the roof
level. The maximum required area of steel is:

9,397
As = = 0.30 in 2
1.33(24,000)

Therefore a #5 continuous horizontal bar may Figure 8-40. Typical detail for transfer of force from drag
be used typically (AS = 0.31 in2). A chord struts to a block shear wall
member is also required on the south side of the
diaphragm. Alternatively, a timber chord
member may be designed and used. Since the Dead load and base shear in the E-W
required chord area is small, one can design the direction:
edge purlin to act as a chord. Bolt purlin to the
piers and provide metal strap across the beams east and West walls at 75 psf =
for continuity of the chord. 75(14/2+2)(2)(24) + 75(14/2)(24) = 45,000 lb

Design of drag struts: The steel beams may be pilasters at 75 psf = 75(14/2)(16/12)(3)
designed to act as drag struts to transfer the = 2,100 lb
drag force from the steel beam to the block glass windows at 15 psf =
walls (see Figure 8-38). Diaphragm shear is 15(14/2 + 2)(2)(32.67) = 8,821 lb
transferred from plywood to the drag strut by
roof at 16 psf = 16(180)(56.67) = 163,210 lb
means of the nailer as shown in Figure 8-39.
The nailer is bolted to the drag strut. The total dead load = 45,000 + 2,100 + 8,821 +
plywood sheathing is nailed to the nailer. The 163,210 = 219,131 lb
drag strut force is transferred to the wall by
406 Chapter 8

Fpx = 0.30W px = 0.3(219,131) = 65,739 lb M = 829(56.67)2/8 = 332,791 ft-lb

65,739 d = 180 - 8/12 = 179.33 ft
Fpx (WSD ) = = 46,957 lb
1.40 C or T = 332,791/179.33 = 1,856 lb
The chord force is small. Hence, the steel beam
diaphragm design in the E-W direction and the horizontal reinforcement in the block
(see Figure 8-41): wall will work as chord members.

North wall: Diaphragm deflections:

46,957 lb
E W diaphragm load = The span to width ratio of the diaphragm in
56.67 ft both directions is less than 4. Therefore,
= 829 lb/ft deflection is not expected to be a problem.
However, if a deflection check is necessary, a
56.67
diaphragm shear = 829 = 23,490 lb simple procedure described in the Timber
2 Construction Manual(8-14) or formula 23-1 of the
effective length of diaphragm = 180 ft IBC-2000 may be used to estimate diaphragm
deflections.
23,490
diaphragm unit shear =
180
=131 lb/ft < 378 lb/ft
Therefore plywood requirements specified for
N-S seismic is adequate along this wall.
South wall:

56.67
diaphragm shear = 829
2
= 23,490 lb
Length of diaphragm in direct contact with the Figure 8-41. Chord forces for E-W seismic loading
wall is 106ft = 60 ft. However, the south-side
edge purlins, which were also designed and
detailed as the chord for N-S seismic, will act
as drag members along the south wall.
Therefore, diaphragm shear = 23,490/180=131
< 378 lb/ft. Hence, previously specified
plywood detailing will be adequate. Push or
pull at the wall in a typical drag strut is
T = (131 lb/ft)(14/2 ft) = 917 lb.
The edge purlin and its bolting to the wall must
be verified for the above force.

Chord design:
diaphragm span = 56.67 ft
8. Seismic Design of Floor Diaphragms 407

REFERENCES 8-15 American Concrete Institute (1995), Building Code

Requirements for Reinforced ConcreteACI 318-95,
8-1 International Conference of Building Officials Detroit, Michigan.
(1997), The Uniform Building Code 1997 Edition, 8-16 Building Seismic Safety Council, NEHRP
Whittier, California. Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations
8-2 International Code Council (2000), International for New Buildings and other Structures, (NEHRP
Building Code 2000, Virginia. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program),
8-3 Boppana, R.R., and Naeim, F., "Modeling of Floor 1997 Edition, Part 1: Provisions, Part 2:
Diaphragms in Concrete Shear Wall Buildings," Commentary, Washington, DC 20005.
Concrete International, Design & Construction, ACI, 8-17 American Society of Civil Engineers (1996),
July, 1985. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
8-4 Roper, S.C., and Iding, R.H., "Appropriateness of the Structures (ASCE 7-95), ASCE, New York, 1996
Rigid Floor Assumption for Buildings with Irregular
Features," Proceedings of 8th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, California,
1984.
8-5 Mendes, S., "Wood Diaphragms: Rigid Versus
Flexible Inappropriate Assumptions Can Cause
Shear-Wall Failures," Proceedings of the 56th Annual
Convention, Structural Engineers Association of
California, San Diego, California, 1987.
8-6 S.B. Barnes and Associates, "Report on Use of H.H.
Robertson Steel Roof and Floor Decks as Horizontal
Diaphragms," prepared for H.H. Robertson Company
by S.B. Barnes and Associates, Los Angeles,
California, July, 1963.
8-7 American Iron and Steel Institute, "Design of Light
Gage Steel Diaphragms," American Iron and Steel
Institute, New York, 1982.
8-8 Jain, S.K., "Analytical Models for the Dynamics of
Buildings," Earthquake Engineering Research
Laboratory, Report No. 83-02, California Institute of
Technology, Passadena, May, 1983.
8-9 Steinburgge, K.V., Manning, J.H, and Dagenkolb,
H.J., "Building Damage in Anchorage," in The Prince
Williams Sound, Alaska, Earthquake of 1964, and
Aftershocks, F.J. Wood (Editor-in-Chief), U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1967.
8-10 Buildings Officials and Code Administrators
International, "The BOCA Basic Building Code,"
Homewood, Illinois, 1987.
8-11 American National Standards Institute, "American
National Standards Building Code Requirements for
Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other
Structures," ANSI A58.1-1982, New York, 1982.
8-12 Federal Emergency Management Agency, "1997
Edition of NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the
Development of Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings,", 1997
8-13 Seismology Committee of Structural Engineers
Association Of California, "Tentative Lateral Force
Requirements," November-December, 1986.
8-14 American Institute of Timber Construction, "Timber
Construction Manual," 2nd edition, American
Institute of Timber Construction, Englewood,
Colorado, 1974.
408 Chapter 8