How To Establish Service Level Agreements

How to
Establish
Service Level
Agreements
NAOMI KARTEN
781-986-8148
[email protected]
www.nkarten.com
www.ServiceLevelAgreements.com
2003 Naomi Karten. All rights reserved.

Table of Contents
WELCOME TO THIS HANDBOOK
Greetings,
This handbook represents more than a decade of experience providing

SLA training and consulting services internationally. I hope you find it
helpful.
Please note that this handbook is copyrighted. You have my permission

to reproduce it for use by those with whom you are creating SLAs and
those who are participating in the effort. However, reproduction or use
of this handbook for any other purpose is prohibited except with my
written permission. And youll need my written permission to use this
handbook, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes. I invite you to
contact me at [email protected] to discuss permissions.
For information on my SLA presentations, seminars, and consulting

services, see Chapter 9 or visit www.nkarten.com/slaservices.html.
Be sure to check out my articles on SLAs and numerous related topics

at www.nkarten.com/indepth.html and in my newsletter, Perceptions
& Realities, at www.nkarten.com/newslet.html. If you would like to be
notified when Ive posted new articles or newsletters, let me know and
Ill be happy to add your name to the list.
I wish you all the best in your SLA efforts.
Naomi Karten
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Establishing Service Level Agreements 2003 NAOMI KARTEN www.nkarten.com. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Introduction
About the author........................................................................... i
Objectives of this book.................................................................. ii
Framework of this book......... ...................................................... iii
Disclaimer...................................................................................... iv
Permission to use samples and examples................................... iv
1. Service Level Agreements: Role and Key Features

Chapter overview.......................................................................... 1.1
Case study to set the stage........................................................... 1.2
Recommendations from the case study........................................ 1.3
What a service level agreement is................................................. 1.5
What a service level agreement is not .......................................... 1.6
The parties to an agreement......................................................... 1.7
Key participants in establishing an SLA..................................... 1.9
Variations in SLA focus................................................................. 1.10
Why bother? Benefits of an agreement........................................ 1.11
Five categories of benefits ............................................................. 1.12
The role of the SLA in reducing uncertainty............................... 1.13
How long should an SLA be?........................................................ 1.14
How long should an SLA take to establish?............................... 1.15
How long should an SLA remain in effect?............................... 1.16
When not to establish an SLA....................................................... 1.17
How to make an SLA fail!............................................................. 1.18
Remember the human factor........................................................ 1.20
2. The SLA Document and Process at a Glance

Chapter overview......................................................................... 2.1
The SLA document vs. the SLA process.................................... 2.2
The key elements of the SLA document.................................... 2.3
The functions of the key elements....................................... 2.4
A template outline................................................................ 2.5
What to place in an appendix............................................... 2.8
Possible additional SLA sections......................................... 2.9
Elements of a contractual agreement................................... 2.10
The SLA process in brief.............................................................. 2.12
SLA process: Critical initial steps......................................... 2.13
SLA process: Development checklist................................... 2.14
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
CONTENTS IN DETAIL (cont.)
3. Exercise 1: Evaluate a Sample Agreement

How to evaluate this agreement................................................ 3.2
Sample agreement........................................................................ 3.3
Observations about this agreement............................................ 3.8
SLA evaluation: an important caveat......................................... 3.13
Evaluation criteria........................................................................ 3.14
4. The Service Elements of an SLA

Chapter overview........................................................................ 4.1
Overview of the service elements............................................... 4.2
Service element #1: Context-setting information....................... 4.3
Examples of context-setting information............................. 4.6
Service element #2: Description of services............................... 4.7
Do you have a service description?..................................... 4.9
Is your service description clear?......................................... 4.10
Service element #3: Service standards....................................... 4.11
Service standards from everyday life.................................. 4.12
A lesson about the risks of service standards..................... 4.15
Five categories of service standards.................................... 4.16
Examples of the five categories...................................... 4.18
Caveats about selecting service standards.......................... 4.19
Ingredients of a service standard ........................................ 4.20
Analysis: service standard #1............................................. 4.22
Analysis: service standard #2............................................. 4.24
Excerpts from service standards......................................... 4.25
Service dependencies and examples.................................... 4.26
Service exceptions................................................................ 4.27
Examples of service exceptions..................................... 4.28
Escalation paths and examples........................................... 4.29
Division of responsibilities ................................................. 4.30
Examples of division of responsibilities....................... 4.31
Real-time service standards....................................................... 4.32
5. The Management Elements of an SLA

Overview of the management elements..................................... 5.2
Management element #1: Service tracking & reporting.. 5.3
What to track: objective measures ...................................... 5.4
What to track: subjective perceptions ................................. 5.5
Focus on patterns of service delivery................................... 5.6
Recommendations for service tracking................................. 5.7
Planning service reporting...................................................... 5.8
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
5. The Management Elements of an SLA (continued)

Recommendations for service reporting............................... 5.9
Examples of service tracking and reporting......................... 5.10
Sample report........................................................................... 5.11
Sample report: points worth noting..................................... 5.12
Management element #2: Periodic review................................. 5.14
The objectives of a periodic review..................................... 5.15
Methods of conducting a periodic review........................... 5.16
Periodic review frequency.................................................... 5.17
Periodic review participants................................................ 5.18
Periodic review examples.................................................... 5.19
Management element #3: Change process................................. 5.20
Creating a change process.................................................... 5.21
Examples of change process................................................. 5.22
6. Exercise 2: Evaluate a Sample Agreement

How to use this agreement.......................................................... 6.2
Evaluation criteria: another approach........................................ 6.3
Sample agreement......................................................................... 6.4
Observations and recommendations.......................................... 6.15
7. Critical Initial Steps

Step 1: Assess whether an SLA is appropriate......................... 7.2
Step 2: Ensure management commitment................................... 7.3
Step 3: Designate SLA managers................................................ 7.4
Why this role is so critical..................................................... 7.5
Attributes of an SLA manager.............................................. 7.6
Responsibilities of an SLA manager..................................... 7.7
Questions regarding SLA managers...................................... 7.8
Step 4: Provide SLA education.................................................. 7.10
Who and how to educate...................................................... 7.11
Topics for an overview presentation.................................... 7.12
8. Development Checklist
Step 1: Assess current services.................................................... 8.2
Assessment advice for providers.......................................... 8.3
Assessment advice for customers......................................... 8.4
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Table of Contents
8. Development Checklist (continued)

Step 2: Gather customer feedback.............................................. 8.5
Guidelines for gathering feedback........................................ 8.6
Sample feedback-gathering questions.................................. 8.7
Step 3: Ensure agreement about the agreement......................... 8.8
Step 4: Develop a draft SLA..................................................... 8.9
First develop the big picture................................................ 8.10
Select a meeting format........................................................ 8.11
Development tips.................................................................. 8.12
Step 5: Solicit feedback from reviewers..................................... 8.13
Guidelines for soliciting reviewer feedback........................ 8.14
Step 6: Implement and manage the agreement......................... 8.16
Finalize the agreement .......................................................... 8.17
Complete pre-implementation activities............................. 8.18
Conduct a pilot............. 8.19
Guidelines for conducting a pilot.................................. 8.20
Sign the agreement................................................................ 8.21
Manage the agreement.......................................................... 8.22
Responsibilities in managing an SLA............................. 8.23
Advantages and disadvantages of Web-based SLAs... 8.24
9. My Services and Resources

SLA services and resources............................. .......................... 9.2
Training in how to establish SLAs........................................... 9.3
Overview of services and resources......................................... 9.4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction i
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Ive always been fascinated by human behavior. Drawing from my B.A. and M.A. in
psychology, and extensive experience in technical and management positions, Ive
presented seminars and keynotes to more than 100,000 people internationally.
My training, consulting, presentations, and writings have helped organizations and

groups improve customer satisfaction, improve provider/customer relationships,
strengthen teamwork, and manage change.
Im the author of Managing Expectations: Working With People Who Want More,
Better, Faster, Sooner, NOW!, a book which offers a serious, light-hearted look (yes,
both!) at expectations in the workplace and how to manage them better. My book,
Communication Gaps and How to Close Them, describes how to use communica-
tion as a tool to build relationships, strengthen teamwork, manage change, deliver
superior service, and deal with everyday misunderstandings.
My newsletter, PERCEPTIONS & REALITIES, offers ideas and advice on how to

deliver superior service and build win-win relationships. Readers have described the
newsletter as lively, informative, and a breath of fresh air. Ive also published more
than 300 articles in business and trade publications and websites. Im a member of
the National Speakers Association, and for three years was editor of NSAs news-
letter for international speakers.
My eBooks include:
How to Establish Service Level Agreements
Why SLAs Fail and How to Make Yours Succeed
How to Critique and Strengthen Your SLAs
An SLA Template and How to Use It
How to Survive, Excel and Advance as an Introvert
Changing How You Communicate During Change
40 Frequent Feedback-Gathering Flaws and How to Fix Them
How to Profit (Quickly!) by Writing a Handbook
My website (www.nkarten.com) is regularly updated with articles on such topics as
managing expectations, improving customer satisfaction, strengthening teamwork,
managing change, and gathering customer feedback. I invite you to take a look.
Im an avid downhill skier who has taken numerous trips to the Rockies and the Alps.
My husband and I enjoy helping friends and colleagues plan ski trips to faraway
places.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction ii
OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK
A service level agreement (SLA) is an excellent mechanism for creating a common

understanding between a service provider and its customers about services and service
delivery. It is a communication tool that helps to manage expectations, clarify responsi-
bilities, and provide an objective basis for assessing service effectiveness.
However, establishing a successful service level agreement can be a complex under-

taking, and it is not the solution to every problem. If established in the wrong way or
for the wrong reasons, it can create bigger problems than those it is trying to solve.
This book will help you understand SLAs and prepare you to create your own SLA by:
Discussing what an SLA is and what it is not
Describing what makes a service level agreement (SLA) work or fail to work
Explaining how a service level agreement can help to improve communications,

manage expectations, and build the foundation for a win-win relationship
Outlining the key elements of an SLA and their functions
Providing detailed guidelines for planning, developing and managing an SLA
Enabling you to critique an existing SLA or one that is under development
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction iii
FRAMEWORK OF THIS BOOK
This book is divided into 8 chapters. Here is a view of the structure by chapter:
# TITLE FOCUS
1 SLA: Role and Key An overview of what an SLA is, its benefits, the
Features parties to an SLA, and related information
2 The SLA Document Overview of the SLA document and the process of
and Process at a Glance establishing an SLA
3 Exercise 1: Evaluation An exercise that develops skill in evaluating an SLA,

of a Sample Agreement highlights common flaws in SLAs, and sets the stage
for the information in Chapters 4 and 5.
4 The Service Elements Descriptions and examples of three Service Elements

&
and three Management Elements that are key to a
successful SLA
5 The Management
Elements
6 Exercise 2: Evaluation An SLA that offers an opportunity to gain experience

of a Sample Agreement in critiquing an SLA using the information provided
in the preceding chapters
7 Critical Initial Steps Guidelines for establishing an SLA, presented in the

&
form of four critical initial steps and six steps that
comprise the development process
8 Development
Checklist
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Introduction iv
DISCLAIMER
This handbook focuses on the service level agreement as a communication tool

and an expectations-managing mechanism. No claim is made that a service level
agreement that you establish as a result of this book will legally protect you or
your organization.
If your service level agreement must be capable of protecting your companys

interests in a court of law, it is your organizations responsibility to ensure that:
negotiation of your Agreement on behalf of your organization is carried out

by skilled negotiators
your Agreement is reviewed, modified as needed, and approved by attorneys

or other appropriate legal or corporate authorities before it is finalized and
signed
your Agreement is valid, legal and enforceable according to the laws and
regulatory provisions of the states and countries in which it is to be in effect
PERMISSION TO USE SAMPLES AND EXAMPLES
This book includes sample service level agreements (Chapters 3 and 6) and
examples from many SLAs (Chapters 4 and 5) to assist you in organizing, word-
ing, and writing your own Agreement. Permission is granted to use or adapt these
samples and examples for use in your own organization. Please note that if you do
so, it is your responsibility to tailor them to fit the needs and circumstances of your
own organization.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1: Service Level Agreements: Roles and Key Features 1.1
CHAPTER 1:
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS:
ROLES AND KEY FEATURES
Chapter Overview
This chapter provides a foundation for describing the SLA document and process
by:
1. Presenting one organizations approach to establishing an SLA, and offering

comments and recommendations regarding this approach.
2. Describing what an SLA is and what it can realistically accomplish.
3. Providing information that will help you inform and educate others about
SLAs in order to gain their support and cooperation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CASE STUDY TO SET THE STAGE
This case study is based on a real situation, and reflects a view of SLAs common in
many organizations. It therefore provides an excellent starting point for considering
what an SLA is, how it works, and how to go about establishing one.
After reviewing this case study and considering the questions below, turn the page for
some comments that may add to your own ideas.
THE SITUATION:
A customer support director described his plan:
Our customers are complaining too much, so we are going to establish a

service level agreement to stop their complaining. I have directed my staff
to write the agreement. When it is completed, we will pilot it with our best
customers and request their feedback.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is your reaction to this directors plan?
2. What is positive and negative about this plan?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE CASE STUDY
Most people who review this case study are quick to find fault with the customer ser-
vice director. Nevertheless, he is far from unique; this type of situation is extremely
common and suggests several issues to keep in mind if you wish to be successful with
your own SLAs.
Here are some positive and negative aspects of this case study to consider:
1. Taking action. The director decided to do something. He recognized and

acknowledged that he had a problem, and was motivated to try to resolve it.
Thats a positive, despite the flaws in the method he selected to resolve it.
RECOMMENDATION: When customers complain, dont ignore their com-

plaints. Take steps to understand and resolve them.
2. Reason for creating an SLA. The director viewed an SLA as a way to stifle cus-
tomer complaints. However, an SLA intended as a complaint-stopper cannot
succeed, because it simply gives customers one more thing to complain about.
RECOMMENDATION: Create an SLA to build a sound relationship be-

tween parties, not to suppress evidence of dissatisfaction with it.
3. Method of creating the SLA. The director had his staff write the agreement.
The customers were not involved. When one party unilaterally develops an
agreement, it is unlikely that the other party will agree to it, particularly if
it doesnt address the causes of their dissatisfaction. s
RECOMMENDATION: The term agreement is too often used to describe

the process of one party telling the other party how things will be done. One
of the keys to a successful SLA is that both parties are involved in its
creation. If its not an agreement, dont call it an agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE CASE STUDY

(continued)
4. An understanding of SLAs. It is likely that the directors staff and the director
himself is inexperienced in creating and managing an SLA. In such circum-
stances, SLAs are rarely completed, or if completed are rarely managed well.
Because of his lack of familiarity with the complexity of the task, the director
would probably hold his staff responsible for such an outcome, and fail to see
that the problem was the approach he took to it.
RECOMMENDATION: Before undertaking an agreement, be sure at

least one party clearly understands what an SLA is, what it can realis-
tically accomplish, and how to establish and manage it.
5. Conducting a pilot. Piloting an SLA with ones best customers can generate
valuable feedback that will improve the agreement. But a successful pilot with
the best customers does not ensure success when the agreement is used with
dissatisfied customers. If a pilot is to be of value under realistic circumstances,
it must be undertaken with a representative subset of customers.
RECOMMENDATION: In creating an SLA, a pilot is optional, but if you

prefer to conduct one, seek feedback from a representative sampling of the
customers it will be used with.
If its not an agreement,

dont call it an agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT A SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT IS
A service level agreement is a formal negotiated agreement which helps to identify

expectations, clarify responsibilities, and facilitate communication between two
parties, typically a service provider and its customers. As such, it is:
9 A communication tool
A properly established SLA fosters improved communication between the
two parties. Furthermore, the very process of establishing an SLA helps to
strengthen communication, so that the parties come to better understand each
others needs, priorities, and concerns.
9 An expectations-managing mechanism
Often it is not until its too late that an organization realizes its expectations
are not going to be met. The process of establishing an SLA facilitates the
identification and discussion of expectations. As a result, the two parties
achieve shared expectations about services and service delivery.
9 A conflict-reduction tool
In the absence of a shared understanding about needs and priorities, conflicts
can easily arise. An SLA, and the communication process involved in estab-
lishing it, helps to minimize the number and intensity of conflicts, and to
more readily resolve those that do occur.
9 A living document
The SLA acknowledges that changing circumstances may necessitate modi-
fications to services, expectations, and responsibilities. Accordingly, it pro-
vides mechanisms for periodic review and modifications as warranted.
9 An objective process for gauging service effectiveness

In the absence of an agreement, the parties may disagree about service
adequacy. An SLA provides a consistent, ongoing and mutually agreed to
basis for assessing and discussing service effectiveness.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT A SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT IS NOT
An SLA is unlikely to succeed if undertaken as:
2 A mandate
A service level agreement has a reduced probability of succeeding if ordered
into existence, as was the case with the customer service director in the case
study. When the decision to create an SLA is driven by a major restructuring
(such as a reorganization, downsizing, the consolidation of services, or the
transition to a shared services environment), extra care must be taken to
involve and seek input from all pertinent parties.
2 A get strategy
Attempting to get others to do things your way may make them feel coerced,
and is likely to generate resistance and resentment. It is counterproductive to
view an SLA as a way to get customers to stop complaining or to get service
providers to deliver better service.
2 A complaint-stifling mechanism
An SLA that attempts to stifle complaints rather than understand and resolve
those complaints can actually trigger an increase in complaints. An SLA is not
a club; it cannot be used to bludgeon the other party into conforming to some
standard.
2 A unilateral decision-making process

Trust cannot easily be built between two parties if one imposes decisions
about how things will be done. For an SLA to succeed, both parties must
have a say in formulating it.
2 A quick fix
Establishing an agreement is not a quick process. Attempting to rush it
undermines the considerable value of that process in helping the parties to
understand each others perspective and build a strong relationship.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE PARTIES TO AN AGREEMENT
Most service level agreements are between a service provider and its internal or
external customers. For example, an SLA can be established:
BETWEEN AND
IT departments Internal business units
A help desk Internal business units
A human resources department Corporate departments
A marketing department Corporate departments
A facilities management group Corporate departments
Administrative services departments Corporate departments
A shared services group Corporate departments
Providers of outsourced services Client companies
Service vendors and suppliers Client companies
Management consulting firms Client companies
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE PARTIES TO AN AGREEMENT

(continued)
In addition, a service level agreement can be established between any two parties that
must interact or cooperate to:
Complete a task,
Produce a result, or
Support a third party
For example, an SLA can help to identify expectations, clarify responsibilities, and
facilitate communication between:
BETWEEN AND
A customer service department Departments responsible for the

resolution of customer complaints
A human resources department A payroll department
A technical support department A training department
Level 1 support staff Level 2 support staff
Telecommunications staff Network management staff
A data center A help desk
A quality support department Computer services departments
At any given point, one of the above parties might be providing services to the other
and is therefore the service provider, while the other is the service recipient or (in
common parlance) the customer. Each may at different times be the provider of
services to the other or the recipient of services from the other.
For an agreement between internal parties, some organizations prefer to use desig-
nations such as operational level agreement, customer service agreement, or docu-
ment of understanding rather than service level agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
KEY PARTICIPANTS IN ESTABLISHING AN SLA
Who actually does the work of establishing an SLA?
SLA Managers. Typically, the primary work falls to the SLA Manager of each party.
The SLA Manager is the person designated to direct the SLA effort on behalf of
his/her organization.
For external SLAs (those between a service provider and its external customers):
The service provider and the customer organization each appoint one SLA
Manager. Each such manager may single-handedly carry out SLA responsibil-
ities, soliciting information from others in his/her organization as needed.
Alternatively, each SLA Manager may head a team which participates in such
tasks as gathering customer feedback, assessing service history, drafting service
standards, and writing portions of the SLA documents.
For internal SLAs (those between service providers and internal business units):
An SLA may be established between multiple customer groups (such as the

business units which are a Help Desks customers) and/or multiple service
provider groups (such as the IT departments which provide related services to
internal business units). The multiple service provider groups or customer
groups may each be represented by a single SLA Manager; alternatively, each
service provider and customer group may designate its own SLA Manager.
The Role of Facilitator
Some organizations invite a facilitator to help the service provider and customer
organizations establish the SLA. The role of facilitator may be undertaken by:
A member of either the service provider or customer organization who is

skilled in facilitation and experienced in establishing SLAs. As a member of
one of the parties to the SLA, such individuals must have the respect of both
parties, and must be able to function in an objective manner.
(For internal SLAs) An employee from the Human Resources Department, a

Quality Improvement Group, or other such groups who can facilitate the
process or serve as an objective observer and guide.
An independent consultant with SLA expertise, who can objectively facilitate

the development process.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VARIATIONS IN SLA FOCUS
An SLA can focus on a specific service, technology, or customer, or a range of services,

technologies or customers. It can be used locally or globally. The following examples
illustrate some of these possibilities:
FOCUS EXAMPLES
1 Company-
Wide
A Help Desk might create a single agreement
regarding services for all of its client departments.
2 Customized
Client-Specific
A Data Center Operations group might have a dif-
ferent agreement with each of its client departments.
3 Company-
Wide and
An organization providing shared services might
create an SLA with each client which includes general
Client-Specific provisions pertaining to all clients, combined with
customized provisions regarding issues unique to each
client.
4 Service-
Specific
A consulting firm might negotiate a different SLA for
each service it delivers to its clients.
5 Platform-
Specific
An outsourcing vendor might have one SLA with a
client company for mainframe services and another
SLA for mid-range services.
6 Location-
Specific
Each regional office of a company might create its own
agreement with its clients, customizing it to the issues
unique to that region, state, country, etc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHY BOTHER? BENEFITS OF AN AGREEMENT
An SLA offers benefits to both providers and customers. If you need to persuade
others of the value of an SLA, start by identifying what you hope to accomplish as a
result of creating it, such as:
1. Improved provider understanding of customers needs and priorities
2. Clearer customer expectations of provider capabilities
3. Increased customer ability to compete for limited provider resources
4. Consistency between parties in evaluating service effectiveness
5. A context for focusing on continuous improvements
6. A framework for assessing and improving customer satisfaction
7. A competitive edge over other providers that dont use agreements
8. Less time lost in resolving conflicts between the parties
9. Clarity among parties regarding roles, responsibilities and accountabilities
10. A basis for building trust, cooperation and partnership between the parties
11. A framework for making a business case for increased resources
12. Greater customer control over costs relative to services delivered
13. Increased opportunity for long-term supplier/customer relationships
14. Contribution to ISO9000 certification
15. Part of an overall process improvement effort
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIVE CATEGORIES OF BENEFITS
Another way to look at SLA benefits that may be helpful in selling the value of SLAs is
to organize the benefits into categories, such as these five:
A. SLAs help to improve communication by

1. Creating an improved understanding between provider and customer
2. Facilitating increased sharing of important information
3. Providing timely feedback (and feedforward) about problems and needs
4. Reducing the number and intensity of complaints
B. SLAs help to manage expectations by

1. Clarifying the scope of services and the division of responsibilities
2. Providing a context for realistic and reasonable expectations
3. Creating a shared language
4. Establishing priorities and service levels
C. SLAs help to improve service delivery by

1. Providing an objective basis for assessing service effectiveness
2. Facilitating the setting of performance thresholds
3. Providing a context for service changes
4. Providing a basis for continuous improvement
D. SLAs help to strengthen relationships by

1. Helping providers and customers make contact
2. Fostering a customer orientation
3. Often reversing troubled relationships
4. Conveying to service recipients that youre paying attention
E. SLAs help to create a business orientation by

1. Providing a link between services and business objectives
2. Facilitating the integration of new service offerings
3. Creating cost/performance accountabilities
4. Creating awareness of cost/benefit tradeoffs
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE ROLE OF THE SLA IN REDUCING UNCERTAINTY
The following service issues are among those you may want to address in your SLA:
1. Hours of operation 7. Turnaround time for delivery
2. Problem/request acknowledgment 8. Planned downtime
3. Problem resolution 9. Escalation procedures
4. Status notification 10. Emergency procedures
5. Recovery time 11. Response time
6. Service availability 12. Number of rings of the phone

before answering
Note that all these service issues revolve around the matter of uncertainty. That is,
when customers are dissatisfied with the service they receive, their dissatisfaction
often stems from some uncertainty about that service.
For example, customers often wonder:
How long will it take for my problem to be resolved?

How do I know they received my message?
What level of consistency or predictability in service delivery can I expect?
When will service be restored?
Whom do I contact if Im dissatisfied with the service I am receiving?
What level of service can I expect during evening hours?
What is the status of the project they are carrying out for me?
How will I know when service has been resumed?
A successful SLA focuses on information that helps to reduce or avoid customer

uncertainty.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW LONG SHOULD AN SLA BE?
SLAs vary from one page to more than 100. Consider the following issues:
Too short:
Extremely brief SLAs (just a few pages) often lack important information. An
SLA that is missing any of the Service Elements or Management Elements
described in Chapters 4 or 5 is too short, no matter what its length.
Too long:
Extremely long SLAs (100 pages or more) are often overly detailed; their very
length makes them off-putting and hard to read. When legal requirements
necessitate a lengthy document, it is advisable to present purely legal provisions
separately from service information, so that those interested in the latter can
locate it and read it.
Just right:
A service level agreement should be as long as it must be and as short as it can

be. SLAs 10 to 50 pages long are not unusual. The longer it is, the more important
it is to focus on structure, clarity and readability.
In evaluating an existing or draft SLA, ask whether it includes all the information
it should, while omitting information that is unnecessary, redundant, excessively
detailed, or readily available elsewhere.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW LONG SHOULD AN SLA TAKE TO ESTABLISH?
Not surprisingly, this is one of the questions most frequently asked about SLAs.
Too short:
A major misconception about SLAs is that they can be created in a week. How-
ever, developing an SLA quickly is both difficult and inadvisable. It is difficult
because of the workload involved. It is inadvisable because the process entails
the two parties meeting, talking, learning more about each others context, and
building the foundation for a long-term relationship. To rush this process is to
sabotage the entire effort.
Too long:
In this context, too long means the process has gotten bogged down because
of such things as a lack of understanding of how to establish the SLA or the
absence of a serious commitment to the effort. Before initiating an SLA effort, be
sure you appreciate the effort involved and have both the time and the know-
how to proceed.
Just right:
Establishing an SLA is typically a many-month process of information-gathering,

analyzing, documenting, educating, negotiating, and consensus-building. The
duration of the effort depends on the complexity of the service environment, the
proximity of the parties, the span of impact of the SLA, the relationship between
the parties, and the experience of the SLA developers.
Although it is difficult to estimate how long the process will take, 3 to 6 months is
a good rule of thumb, with three months for relatively straightforward SLAs and
six months for more complex situations. In certain situations, six months may
prove too short; however, if you have not made substantial progress within three
months and the effort lacks a reasonable momentum, it would be advisable to
discontinue the effort and determine whats holding it back. Otherwise, you might
end up devoting time and resources to an effort thats likely to fail.
Despite this rule of thumb of 3 to 6 months, you may be able to create your own
SLAs in less than 3 months. And whatever amount of time the first SLA takes, the
experience youve gained and processes youve created make it likely that you will
be able to create subsequent SLAs in less time.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW LONG SHOULD AN SLA REMAIN IN EFFECT?
Occasionally, I see SLAs that describe a starting and ending date, often with a review
required within a certain time period before the ending date and renewal subject to
agreement by the parties involved.
However, although this approach is appropriate in contractual SLAs (those that are
part of a legal contract), it rarely makes sense in internal SLAs. In the internal context,
it is more appropriate to view the SLA an ongoing agreement that will remain in effect
indefinitely unless certain circumstances arise that justify its termination.
Such circumstances might include, for example:
Termination of the services described in the SLA. If the provider discontinues

the services described in the SLA, there is no reason for its continued existence
and both parties can be released of any responsibilities described in the SLA,
subject to any specifically identified that would need to continue following the
termination of the services (such as assistance by the provider in helping
customers transition the services to another provider).
Termination of the relationship between the parties to the SLA. If the parties
agree to terminate their relationship, the SLA ceases to function as soon as the
parties agree that its use can be terminated.
A large-scale reorganization that invalidates existing SLAs. When a company

undergoes a major reorganization, it may be possible to adapt existing SLAs to
the new relationships. Often, however, its easier to terminate existing SLAs and
start over, drawing from the existing SLAs to the extent feasible. Even when
SLAs may not require substantial revision to accommodate the reorganization,
parties to the new relationship may prefer to negotiate their own SLAs rather
than be held to the terms of SLAs that preceded those relationships.
An SLA that is part of a legal contract may articulate in detail the conditions, such
as those above and others, that would warrant termination of the contract. Internal
SLAs less often include language about SLA termination, although its fine to do so.
Regardless of conditions warranting termination of an SLA, it is always advisable to

conduct an in-depth review of the SLA annually with an eye to making adjustments
as agreed to by all pertinent parties.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHEN NOT TO ESTABLISH AN SLA
It may be inappropriate or counterproductive to attempt to establish an SLA if you

are facing:
1. A If the relationship between the parties is troubled, at-

relationship tempts to establish an SLA may backfire. Under such
problem circumstances, it may be preferable first to try to under-
stand the other partys perspective, address some im-
mediate problems, and develop a plan to improve the
long-term relationship. Establishing an SLA would be
part of this long-tem plan.
2. A communica- For example, if the service provider has not adequately

tion problem described its offerings, customers may use services
inappropriately. What is needed in this case may be not
an SLA, but improved service information. Preparing
and documenting service offerings is part of establish-
ing an SLA, and therefore a stepping-stone if an SLA is
subsequently desired.
3. An organiza- For example, service staff may be confused about

tional problem overlapping responsibilities. This situation calls for not
an SLA, but improved clarity about the division of
responsibilities within the service organization.
4. A resource For example, one or both parties may be unwilling to

problem dedicate staff to the SLA process. Establishing an SLA
is neither a simple nor a casual process. In the absence
of dedicated (though not necessarily full-time) staff to
establish and manage an SLA, the SLA is unlikely to be
completed.
5. A know-how For example, when neither party adequately under-

problem stands how to establish an SLA, efforts to do so usually
falter, and often, are eventually halted and deemed a
failure. A failed SLA effort can make dissatisfied
customers even more dissatisfied. When appropriate,
the use of outside expertise can help to expedite the
process and to ensure it is successfully carried out.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW TO MAKE AN SLA FAIL!
Many factors can account for an SLA either never reaching completion or becoming
operational but functioning ineffectively. However, the following factors stand out
as ones to particularly guard again. These factors are described in detail throughout
this handbook, and are stated here as well for emphasis.
For a detailed examination of why SLAs fail, see my guide, Why SLAs Fail and
How to Make Yours Succeed. Details: www.nkarten.com/book2.html.
1. Use of the SLA as a weapon
Service providers sometimes want to create an SLA to suppress customer

complaints; however, customers will see such an SLA as just one more thing
to complain about. Conversely, customers sometimes want to use an SLA as
a club with which to bludgeon the service provider whenever service slips,
as though each such blow will motivate them to deliver better service. For
an SLA to succeed, both parties must view it not as a gotcha, but a tool
designed to manage expectations, improve communications, clarify
responsibilities and strengthen relationships.
2. Confusion between the SLA document and the SLA process
Establishing an effective SLA requires much more than simply filling in the
blanks of an SLA template or modifying a sample agreement. The process
of communicating and building the foundation for a win-win relationship is
essential to the success of the SLA. When this process works, the resulting
document is secondary. If this relationship is lacking, even the best-written
document will be worthless.
3. Holding unrealistic expectation about how long it will take to establish
The assumption that creating an SLA is a start-today, done-tomorrow

process is a very common misconception. Its difficult to develop an SLA
quickly because of the workload involved in such tasks as negotiating
service standards, establishing tracking mechanisms, designing reports,
documenting procedures, and generating buy-in. The process is designed to
help the two parties build the foundation for a strong, successful, long-term
relationship. To rush this process is to sabotage the entire effort.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW TO MAKE AN SLA FAIL!

(continued)
4. Omitting the management elements of the agreement
An SLA requires both service elements (the services provided and the condi-
tions of service delivery) and management elements (service tracking and
reporting, periodic service reviews, and the process for making changes to the
SLA). Both service and management elements are necessary if an SLA is to be
effective; yet the management elements are often lacking. The result is not an
SLA, but a statement of services that cannot be expected to function as an SLA.
5. Creating the agreement unilaterally
Both parties must be involved in the formulation of an SLA. If one party

attempts to control the process, members of the other party may resist its
provisions even if they might otherwise support them. Although it may not
be feasible for both parties to collaborate on every aspect of the SLA develop-
ment, the overall process must be one in which both parties have some say. If
its not an agreement, dont call it an agreement!
6. Misunderstanding the development process
Establishing an SLA is a process of information-gathering, analyzing, docu-

menting, educating, negotiating, and consensus-building. If SLA developers
lack familiarity with this process, it sometimes hobbles along and never
reaches completion. Some managers initiate an SLA development process
enthusiastically and with good intentions, but conclude, sometimes after
several months of unproductive attempts, that they didnt really know how
to go about it.
7. Neglecting to manage the implemented agreement
A common misconception is that once the SLA document is complete, the job
is done. Unfortunately, an SLA that is not managed dies upon implemen-
tation. Managing the SLA entails such things as ongoing communications
about service delivery, reassessing service standards, tracking and reporting
key performance indicators, holding periodic service review meetings, and
overseeing pertinent service modifications.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REMEMBER THE HUMAN FACTOR
In the chapters that follow, you will be reviewing steps and tasks and pieces and
parts: impersonal guidelines, in other words. But its important to remember that
SLAs are about people. An agreement is not just a piece of paper or a file posted on
a website. Its an understanding between individuals or groups who are striving to
work together effectively. And an awareness that SLAs are about people, not
procedures, is a critical key to success.
Keep in mind that for individuals (and organizations) that have not previously used
SLAs, they represent a change in the way work is carried out. Thats not a trivial
matter. Change upsets the relative stability of whatever came before. Almost any
change or even just a rumor of a coming change can create some anxiety and
turbulence, as people wonder, What does it mean for me?
Here is whats important to understand about this state of anxiety and turbulence:
Its perfectly normal. Its human. Its how people react to change. Major change is a
felt experience, and people may very well react emotionally than logically and
rationally, at least initially.
Therefore, its unreasonable to introduce a change, SLAs or any other, and expect
everyone to instantly adjust. Some people will, but many wont, and wishing that it
were otherwise wont make it so.
However, how you communicate with those affected can significantly reduce the
duration and intensity of that turbulence. Therefore, in implementing SLAs:
Accept that a certain amount of pushback is inevitable.
Keep people informed about whats happening, doing your best to stay
ahead of the rumor mill.
Treat the old way with respect, recognizing that it was a place of relative
familiarity and comfort.
Acknowledge the turbulence people are experiencing and listen to and
empathize with their concerns.
Acknowledge progress and even small successes.
Build trust so that those affected will be open to your ideas and advice.
My eBook, Changing How You Communicate During Change, offers ideas and
advice for successfully introducing and coping with change. Details:
www.nkarten.com/changeguide.html.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2: The SLA Document and Process at a Glance 2.1
CHAPTER 2:
THE SLA
DOCUMENT AND PROCESS
AT A GLANCE
Chapter Overview:
This chapter highlights key aspects of the SLA document and development process
in order to set the stage for the detailed information in later chapters.
In particular, this chapter:
1. Provides a context for understanding the SLA elements described in

Chapters 4 and 5.
2. Summarizes the SLA process described in Chapters 7 and 8 so that you have
some understanding of the process as you read about the elements.
3. Describes the relationship between the SLA document and the process of
establishing the SLA.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE SLA DOCUMENT vs. THE SLA PROCESS
The Misconception:
People who are given responsibility for developing an SLA often assume that the
job consists primarily of filling in the blanks in an SLA template or modifying a
sample SLA to suit their situation. It logically follows that the faster they can fill in
the blanks, the faster the job will be done.
The Reality:
This fill-in-the-blank mindset results from confusing the SLA document with the
process by which that document is established. The process of having the two
parties meet, talk, negotiate, discuss, develop understanding, build trust, and over
time, jointly develop the SLA is far more important than the document that
emerges from that process.
In fact:
Creating an SLA rapidly by modifying the terms of a sample agreement may

do the parties a disservice by depriving them of the opportunity to use the
process to strengthen their relationship.
The more effective the process, the less important the SLA document, because
the parties have developed the ability to work together effectively and to
resolve conflicts amicably.
Conversely, if parties to an agreement keep referring to the document to

support contentions about the other partys shortcomings, such behavior
usually indicates insufficient attention given to the process.
An SLA document needs certain elements to be complete, but a structurally

complete document is not necessarily a successful SLA.
In short, do NOT confuse the SLA document with the process by which that
document is established. Creating an effective SLA requires much more than simply
filling in the blanks of a model agreement or modifying a sample agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE KEY ELEMENTS OF AN SLA DOCUMENT
To be effective, a service level agreement must contain the following six elements. Other
elements may prove helpful, but these six are minimum requirements:
1. Context-setting information 4. Service tracking and reporting
2. Description of services 5. Periodic review
3. Service standards 6. Change process
These six elements are actually subsets of two broad categories:
The Service Elements, which describes the service context and the terms and
conditions of service delivery.
The Management Elements, which describe the steps the two parties will take
to assess service effectiveness and resolve any problems that may arise.
It would be more precise, therefore, to show the six elements as follows:
Service Elements Management Elements

(Chapter 4) (Chapter 5)
1. Context-setting information 1. Service tracking and reporting
2. Description of services 2. Periodic review
3. Service standards 3. Change process
Both the Service Elements and the Management Elements are critical to SLA success.
In establishing an SLA, organizations often focus primarily on the Service Elements
and overlook the Management Elements. When an SLA does not function as the
parties had hoped, the problem is often that it is missing some or all of the Manage-
ment Elements.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE KEY ELEMENTS
1. Context-Setting Information includes the purpose and scope of the agreement,

the parties to the agreement, and assumptions underlying the agreement.
2. Description of Services focuses on the services provided, as well as the services not
provided if customers might assume the availability of such services.
3. Service Standards ensure that both parties share a common understanding about
the timeframes and conditions under which the stated services will be provided.
4. Service Tracking and Reporting identifies how service effectiveness will be

assessed and communicated.
5. Periodic Review ensures ongoing communication between the two parties and
formal systematic attention to service adequacy.
6. Change Process provides formal mechanisms for modifying the agreement to

address changing service needs and priorities.
The Service Elements are described in detail in Chapter 4 and the Management
Elements in Chapter 5.
In addition to the above, many SLAs include one or more appendices or attachments.
See page 2.8 for examples of information that is often placed in an appendix.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A TEMPLATE OUTLINE
This template outline presents the elements listed on the previous page, but this time
with the supporting detail. The chapters that follow elaborate on these elements.
I.ContextSettingInformation
3 Cover page
3 Table of contents
3 Summary
3 Parties to the agreement
3 Purpose of the SLA
3 Scope of the SLA
3 Glossary of key terms
3 Related documents
3 Signatures and date
II.ServiceInformation
A. DescriptionofServices
1. The environment for which services are being provided
2. The services covered by the SLA, including such information as:
Service description
Benefits
Service availability
How to obtain the service
Prerequisites
Contact information
Financial information
References
3. Services not covered by the SLA, if customers might reasonably assume
the availability of these services
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A TEMPLATE OUTLINE (cont.)
B. ServiceStandards
Service standards generally revolve around, but are not limited to:
1. Availability
2. Responsiveness
3. Timeliness
4. Rate/frequency
5. Quality
and may include:

a. Business impact
b. Priorities
c. Urgency or severity levels
d. Variations in service delivery under different circumstances
e. Service exceptions
f. Service dependencies
g. Definitions of service terminology
h. Provider and customer responsibilities
C. ServiceTracking
1. Tracking of objective measures
2. Tracking of subjective perceptions
D. ServiceReporting
1. Reports to be generated
2. Party responsible for generating each report
3. Report recipients
4. Frequency and schedule of reports
5. Report medium
6. Aspects of the reported information of particular interest
III.ManagementInformation
A. PeriodicReview
1. Review objectives
2. Review frequency
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A TEMPLATE OUTLINE (cont.)
III.ManagementInformation(cont.)
B.ChangeProcess
1. Conditions warranting change
2. Change frequency
3. Change procedures
4. Change log
C.ProblemResolution
1. Escalation paths
2. Problem management
IV.Appendices
1. Pricing/cost/budget information
2. Additional service details
3. Product information
4. Glossary of service definitions
5. Contact information
6. Diagrams
7. Change log
8. Holiday list
PossibleAdditionalSLASections
1. Targets for service improvement
2. Consequences of failure to meet service standards
3. Rewards or bonuses
4. Renegotiation procedures
5. Termination of the SLA
My eBook, An SLA Template and How to Use It, pulls together into a single concise
guide all the items in the above template outline, along with explanations of each.
Details: www.nkarten.com/book2.html.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT TO PLACE IN AN APPENDIX
Certain information may more properly be located in an appendix or attachment

rather than in the body of the SLA. For example, information you may want to place
in an appendix includes:
9 Pricing/cost/budget information: It is appropriate to include pricing data in an

appendix if services span countries and regions that use different money systems
and different pricing. In such situations, it may take several charts to present all
pertinent information.
9 Additional service details: If service details beyond a brief description are likely
to be of interest to only a few people, an appendix is the appropriate location for
the additional details. In addition, service information of a complex nature, such
as algorithms and technical explanations, is best located in an appendix so as not
to bog down the body of the SLA with details that most readers may not need.
9 Product information: For example, IT SLAs often place detailed tables of sup-
ported hardware and software in appendices.
9 Glossary of service definitions: Organizations that dont locate a glossary up
front in the SLA generally place it in an appendix.
9 Contact information: This is a list of phone numbers, email addresses, and other
relevant contact information for those with SLA and other service-related
responsibilities.
9 Diagrams: These diagrams can be helpful in providing a detailed visual image of
selected processes, such as Call Flow Diagrams.
9 Problem management process: For example, a Help Desk might describe its
process for call handling, problem diagnosis and resolution, priority-setting, and
urgency classification.
9 Change log: This log, updated with each change to the SLA, records the date of
the change, a brief description, optionally the reason for the change, and initials
of those who approved or authorized the change.
9 Holiday list: This list is important If different service conditions pertain during
holiday and non-holiday periods. This list is especially important for SLAs that
span geographic boundaries.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL SLA SECTIONS
As noted at the end of the Template Outline, an SLA may include additional sections.
For example, you might want to include information that addresses issues that are
unique to your environment or service context or are important in ensuring a solid
understanding between the parties.
Other sections that some organizations include in their SLAs are these:
1. Targets for service improvement: This section, which documents improvements

that customers or providers would like, facilitates using the SLA as a vehicle for
continuous improvement. Listing an improvement in the SLA sets the stage for
identifying benefits, evaluating whats involved in achieving the improvement,
assessing costs and impact, and clarifying responsibilities for implementing the
improvement and managing it.
2. Consequences of failure to meet service standards: This information defines

failure to meet (such as a deviation of a specified amount below the service
commitment or a pattern of below-standard service delivery over a specified
period of time) and the financial, management or other consequences of such a
failure.
3. Rewards or bonuses: Some SLAs that describe penalties or consequences for

failing to meet service standards also describe rewards or bonuses for service
delivery that exceeds those standards.
4. Renegotiation procedures: For SLAs that have a specified term (typically one to
five years), this section describes the timeframe and process by which renegotia-
tion of the SLA will take place.
5. Termination of the SLA: As living documents, most SLAs continue indefinitely

until certain specified conditions occur, such as termination of the services ad-
dressed in the SLA, termination of the relationship between the parties to the
SLA, or a large-scale reorganization that invalidates existing SLAs. If desired,
this section can document such conditions.
In addition to these sections, it is appropriate to include any others that will help
providers and customers communicate service expectations, build understanding,
and clarify responsibilities.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENT
If you are creating an SLA as a legal contract or as part of a legal contract, it is impera-
tive that you involve the appropriate legal authorities in its creation.
BEWARE: Any agreement, whether written or verbal, which reflects the

intent of both parties and includes an offer, an acceptance and payment for
agreed upon services, may be considered a legal, enforceable contract in a
court of law.
In addition to the elements described in Chapters 4 and 5, contractual SLAs may in-
clude some or all of the following provisions. Some of these provisions may also be
of interest for non-contractual agreements, particularly those that involve payment
for services.
Terms of Service Delivery, such as use of subcontractors, failure to execute, and

claim for compensation
Accountabilities, such as for errors, outages and failure to deliver
Incentives, rewards and penalties, shared risks and rewards
Remedies, such as penalties or damages for inadequate performance or quality
Dispute Resolution: how disputes and complaints will be resolved
Pricing Issues: pricing structures (services covered in basic price, services and
situations that will incur additional charges, etc.), terms of payment, etc.
Termination, such as for cause, convenience, or failure to perform; processes

for terminating the agreement and transferring responsibility
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENT

(continued)
Personnel Issues: staffing assignments, methods of and commitments to

maintaining staff competence, restrictions on hiring the other partys staff
Definitions, especially for terms likely to have different meanings to different

individuals, such as bug vs. enhancement, uptime, failure, recovery, response
time, turnaround and quality.
Changes: how changes to services and service levels will be initiated and
implemented, how changes triggered by new requirements or business growth
will be handled
Disaster Recovery: capabilities, conditions, obligations
Ownership/Control Issues, such as who owns equipment or applications, who

is responsible for upgrades, who controls the manner in which services are
delivered, and options for third-party involvement
Communications: lines of communication, points of contact, conditions of

access between parties, extent and method of sharing insider business informa-
tion between parties
Security: provisions for ensuring the integrity of data or other pertinent

information, preventing unauthorized access, providing adequate backup
facilities and capabilities, providing system redundancy
Confidentiality: conditions or guarantees regarding the confidentiality of

tangible property, code, or proprietary information
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE SLA PROCESS IN BRIEF
No two organizations establish an SLA in exactly the same way. The steps they fol-
low and the sequence of those steps varies with their circumstances.
Nevertheless, experience has shown that certain steps are critical to a successful SLA;
conversely, analysis of SLAs that have failed often reveals that these steps were
omitted or ignored.
Critical Initial Steps (Chapter 7)

1. Assess Whether an SLA is Appropriate.
2. Ensure Management Commitment.
3. Designate SLA Managers.
4. Provide SLA Education.
Development Checklist (Chapter 8)

1. Assess Current Services.
2. Gather Customer Feedback.
3. Ensure Agreement about the Agreement.
4. Develop a Draft SLA.
5. Solicit Feedback from Reviewers.
6. Implement and Manage the Agreement.
The next two pages summarize the Critical Initial Steps and the Development Checklist.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SLA PROCESS: CRITICAL INITIAL STEPS
The following four steps are prerequisites both to a smooth and expeditious SLA
development effort and to an effective SLA. If these prerequisites are met, the
probability of a successful development effort is greatly enhanced. Conversely, if
these prerequisites cannot be met, it may be wise to temporarily terminate the SLA
effort before undue time and expense have been invested.
1. Assess whether an If an SLA is the wrong solution to the problem or

SLA is appropriate. need, the effort will be, at best, an unnecessary
drain on resources with perhaps some positive
outcome. At worst, however, not only will it not
solve the problem at hand; it may worsen it and
damage the relationship between the parties.
2. Ensure management This commitment gives the effort credibility,

commitment. ensures support of service changes that may be
deemed necessary, and communicates that the
agreement is important and is to be taken seriously.
3. Designate SLA Establishing an SLA is not a process that can be

managers. carried out casually or as an afterthought. It re-
quires capable, knowledgeable, dedicated staff to
lead the effort of establishing the SLA and to
manage it after it has been implemented.
4. Provide SLA Often, members of one or both parties are unfamil-

education. iar with SLAs. In the absence of SLA education,
these individuals may misunderstand the objectives
and benefits of the SLA, and as a result, withhold
their cooperation, display resistance during SLA
development, or refuse to support the completed
agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SLA PROCESS: DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST
1. Assess current Before making commitments to customers, service

services. providers should determine the level of service they
can realistically provide. And before eliciting com-
mitments from service providers, customers should
review and clarify their service needs and priorities.
2. Gather customer Such feedback helps the provider understand the

feedback. customers concerns and provides a baseline against
which to assess customer satisfaction after SLA im-
plementation.
3. Ensure agreement The parties to an agreement often have different,

about the agreement. and sometimes conflicting, views about SLAs. It is
important to ensure that both parties agree on what
an SLA is and what it can accomplish.
4. Develop the This is but one step in establishing an SLA; it is not

agreement. the entire process. It includes establishing ground
rules for the development process, creating a struc-
ture for the SLA document, and collaboratively
creating a draft agreement.
5. Solicit feedback Key members of both parties should have an oppor-

from reviewers. tunity to review the draft, raise questions, and offer
suggestions. This step is important in gaining the
support, cooperation and buy-in of these individuals.
6. Implement and These steps includes identifying and completing

manage the pre-implementation tasks, running a pilot if desired,
agreement. implementing the SLA, and carrying out the respon-
sibilities of managing it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 3: Exercise 1: Evaluation of a Sample Agreement 3.1
CHAPTER 3:
EXERCISE 1:
EVALUATE A SAMPLE AGREEMENT
Chapter Overview
Whether you are developing a new SLA or reviewing an existing one, its useful to
gain a perspective of what goes into a typical SLA including some of the com-
mon flaws. This chapter presents a service level agreement for you to critique as a
first step in gaining that perspective. This agreement is designed to:
1. Provide a context for understanding the SLA elements described in Chapters

4 and 5.
2. Shed light on some of the common flaws in SLA documents.
3. Help you anticipate and prepare for differences in viewpoint among indi-
viduals with whom youll be establishing an SLA.
4. Provide some experience in reviewing an SLA, so that you can become skilled
in identifying the positives or negatives in your own SLAs.
5. Help you develop evaluation criteria for use in reviewing your own SLAs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW TO EVALUATE THIS AGREEMENT
NOTE: The Agreement in this chapter is intended for instructional purposes only. As
written, it would be inappropriate and ineffective for use in your company.
This Agreement is between two departments of a company, the Client Services

Group and the Marketing Department. Although the services described in this SLA
may differ from your own, your reactions to the organization and presentation of
information will be helpful in planning your own SLA.
Following this SLA are some comments about it. If your schedule permits, review this
SLA before looking at those comments, and consider these questions:
1. What is your overall reaction to this agreement?
2. What, specifically, do you like or dislike about it?
3. What would you describe as its strengths and flaws?
4. What criteria seem important in evaluating this SLA?
5. If you are able to review this SLA with others who will participate in your SLA
effort, what aspects of this SLA generated differences in viewpoint?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMPLE AGREEMENT - Page 1 of 5
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT
between
The Client Services Group and The Marketing Department
I. OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS
This agreement represents the joint efforts of the Client Services Department and
the Marketing Department, in order to create a shared understanding about
the services the Client Services Department will and will not provide
the level of services the Marketing Department can reasonably expect
any priorities that may be pertinent
how we will resolve any conflicts that arise regarding the specified services
what each department can do to maximize service effectiveness
We believe this agreement will help us manage our respective workloads, com-
municate more effectively, and quickly resolve any service problems that arise.
II. SERVICES
A. This agreement pertains to the delivery of the following services:
1. PC training
Including: All hardware, software and electronic mail training for Unix and
Windows platforms
Excluding: Macintosh training other than operating system training (OS X

only)
Excluding: Application-specific training
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Help desk support
Including: Assistance in the use of approved hardware and software. See the
Approved Products List in the Help Desk Service Guide.
Excluding: Assistance in the use of products other than those on the

Approved Products List.
NOTE that Client Services discourages, but does not prohibit, the use
of these non-approved products. However, requests for assistance
with such products will be given low priority and assistance may be
delayed or unavailable.
Excluding: Selection, purchase and installation of application software. The

Marketing Department is responsible for selecting, purchasing and in-
stalling its own application software, as outlined in the Standards Manual
posted at [URL of internal website].
Excluding: Responses to inquiries regarding the status of production

operations. For such information, contact the Data Center at x3654 or at
[email address]
3. Hardware selection and acquisition
Including: Configuration planning, ordering, and installation of PC and

network equipment.
Excluding: Selection or acquisition of non-PC equipment. Please see the

Standards Manual for equipment specifically excluded and whom to
contact for the purchase and installation of such equipment.
4. Development support
Including: Problem analysis, application design, and development

troubleshooting.
Excluding: Application development. Such development is outside the

scope of Client Services. Requests for development should follow the
procedures outlined in the Development Guidelines handbook posted at
[URL of internal website].
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. SERVICE STANDARDS
A. PC Training
Requests for training must be submitted to Client Services at [email address].

Client Services will notify Marketing within 48 hours of receipt either to con-
firm registration or to state when the next available class is scheduled.
B. PC Hardware Outages
Temporary replacement equipment will be provided for all reported hardware

malfunctions that cannot be resolved within 8 business hours.
Marketing will be notified at least 72 hours in advance of any planned network

shutdowns that will affect the Department.
C. Help Desk
Client Services will attempt to answer all calls by the third ring and to acknowl-
edge all voice mail messages within one hour of receipt.
Client Services will respond to problems reported by the Marketing Department

in the order in which they are received, unless Marketing management specifi-
cally requests a different sequence.
D. Planning
To enable Client Services to allocate resources effectively, Marketing will notify

Client Services quarterly of upcoming needs that may require unusual or
greater-than-normal attention.
If an unplanned Marketing need arises that requires immediate attention,

Marketing will identify existing efforts that Client Services can defer in order to
give priority attention to the newer need.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. URGENCY LEVELS
These levels have been established to ensure that problems reported by the
Marketing Dept. receive adequate and timely attention based on business impact.
The Marketing Dept. will assign urgency levels to the problems it reports.
Urgency Level Action

Urgency Level 1 Critical work of the Marketing Dept. cannot continue
until the problem is resolved. Work on other problems
which have a lesser urgency will be temporarily
discontinued, if necessary, so that resources can be
allocated to the resolution of this problem.
Urgency Level 2 Work can continue temporarily, but resolution
within 4 hours is necessary.
Urgency Level 3 Work can continue using a work-around or manual
alternative; resolution is desirable within 72 hours.
Urgency Level 4 Work can continue indefinitely.
V. REPORTING
The Client Services Department will issue to the Marketing Department a monthly
report documenting:
Breakdown of time allocated per service as outlined in Section II
Training summary, including courses taken and course needs not met
Help desk statistics, including

- Number of calls received and breakdown by urgency level
- Breakdown of calls by problem type (as defined in the Help Desk Services
Guide)
- Problem resolution time by call type
Requests for temporary replacement equipment by type and reason
Service problems, concerns or recommendations not included in the above

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. PROBLEM RESOLUTION
Both departments will be assumed to find the performance of the other acceptable
under this agreement, unless exceptions are specifically communicated.
Managers will determine whether reported problems require immediate action or

can be deferred till a quarterly meeting.
VII. PERIODIC REVIEW
1. Quarterly meetings will be held to review and, if necessary, make modifica-

tions to the agreement concerning:
Problems currently affecting service delivery

The adequacy of current service standards
Issues that may affect the delivery of future services
Any concerns requiring this agreement as currently stated
2. A full review of the agreement will be undertaken annually in order to ensure

that it continues to meet the needs of both departments.
We encourage both departments to use this agreement in a spirit of cooperation.
_______________________________________________ ____________________________________________
Director, Client Services Dept. Director, Marketing Dept.
_______________________________________________ ____________________________________________
Date Date
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THIS AGREEMENT
This SLA provides a good illustration of flaws that often appear in an SLA. Never-
theless, this SLA is has many strengths, and the comments below will highlight both
flaws and strengths.
Note that when several people review the same SLA, it is not unusual for them to
have different, and sometimes contrary, reactions to various aspects of it, and such
differences have certainly occurred with this SLA. Part of the challenge of establishing
an SLA is to merge and mesh the differing viewpoints so as to create a document that
represents the shared views of both parties.
The following comments, which are representative of those frequently offered by

participants in my SLA seminars (referred to below as reviewers), highlight some
of these differences in viewpoint. Each of these comments points to an issue to keep
in mind in formulating your own SLA. Chapters 4 and 5 present additional informa-
tion on these topics.
1. Structure
Many reviewers have described this SLA as clear and well-structured. Some
reviewers, however, find that the clarity they sensed upon first looking at the
SLA vanished as they attempted to read it. Some reviewers suggest that a table
of contents would help in providing an overview of the contents.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Is it structured so as to be easy to follow,

particularly for those who have not participated in establishing the SLA?
2. Organization
Many reviewers consider this SLA well-organized. Some, however, find the
flow of information cumbersome, and would prefer to have the service stan-
dards (Section III) described in conjunction with each pertinent service. These
reviewers complain that stating all the services in one section and all the stan-
dards in another section results in too much flipping back and forth to make
the connection between related information.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Are the sections of the SLA logically
organized so that readers can readily make sense of the contents?
3. Readability
Most reviewers find this SLA easy to read, with helpful design features such as
a large-enough size font and wide margins. However, many reviewers point
out that the information would be easier to absorb if more of it were presented
in a visual format, such as through the use of charts and tables. Section IV, for
example, might be easier to grasp in a table format.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Is it designed so as to be easy to read,

particularly for those who will be accountable for following the provisions
of the SLA?
4. Tone
Some reviewers feel that Section I (Objectives and Benefits) and the closing
statement communicate a tone of cooperation and collaboration, but that the
remaining sections dont convey a similar tone. Some reviewers find that the
tone starts as collaborative and gradually becomes pushy and one-sided. Other
reviewers question whether the tone in Section I and in the closing statement is
sincere, or whether the wording is intended to convey a sense of cooperation that
the two parties havent really experienced.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: What tone does it convey? Is it the tone we
want it to convey? What unintended reaction might readers of the SLA have
regarding the tone?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
5. Service inclusions and exclusions
Some reviewers like detailed descriptions of service exclusions, with each service
specifying both what is and is not included (Section IIA). Other reviewers find
the exclusions information cumbersome and caution that describing exclusions
can be risky, since customers might assume that any service not specifically
excluded is included. Many reviewers comment that the emphasis on exclusions
conveys a negative tone, and suggest that where services are excluded, informa-
tion should be provided on where customers might obtain such services.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Have service inclusions and exclusions
been adequately described? Could the wording lead to misunderstanding
regarding what services are actually included?
6. Precision of language
Many reviewers find the service standards (Section III) too vague, and prefer
more precision and more detail. Other reviewers find the standards reasonable;
they prefer to keep the language of the SLA general and open-ended, unless cir-
cumstances warrant otherwise. This difference in viewpoint may reflect differ-
ences in management philosophy, and is sometimes one of the most hotly
debated issues among participants in my SLA seminars.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Have service standards been described
with an appropriate level of precision?
7. Consistency
Most reviewers agree that this SLA lacks consistency from one section to the
next: The service standards in Section III dont clearly relate to the services in
Section II, and the reporting section (Section IV) doesnt follow from the service
standards.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Does the information in each section
of the SLA logically follow from those that precede it? Can the information
in the various sections be easily mapped from one to the other?
8. Urgency levels
Some reviewers question why this information is included in the SLA since it
is likely to be a subset of the Help Desk Service Guide referred to in the SLA.
Other reviewers believe that if this item is viewed as important enough to
emphasize, then it is appropriate to include it in the SLA, even if it repeats
information documented elsewhere.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: Is the SLA overly focused on procedures?
Are these procedures already documented elsewhere and if not, can
they be documented elsewhere, so as to keep the SLA from becoming overly
detailed?
9. Problem resolution
Most reviewers like the idea of a Problem Resolution section (Section V), but
many express concern about the approach taken in this SLA: The parties will
assume that performance has been acceptable unless exceptions are specifically
communicated. Since periodic review meetings are to be held only quarterly
(Section VI), many problems could become exacerbated due to lack of timely
attention.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: If the SLA includes problem resolution
provisions, are they adequate and appropriate? Do they ensure that im-
portant problems will receive timely attention?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
10. Overall reaction
Some reviewers describe this SLA as a good starting point and a document
with potential. Others declare it mushy and wishy-washy.
In reviewing your own SLA, ask: What is my overall reaction to this SLA?
What reactions might it trigger in those who have not participated in its
creation?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SLA EVALUATION: AN IMPORTANT CAVEAT
How did your own reactions to this sample SLA compare to those cited in these last
few pages? When you evaluate another organizations SLA, you generally lack in-
formation about the process that led to the SLA document. And that fact leads to an
important caveat:
If an SLA works for the organizations involved that is, if the process of
developing the SLA strengthened their relationship and its use has delivered
the desired benefits then for those organizations, it is a successful SLA.
You, as an external reviewer, may find fault with it relative to your own
circumstances and preferences. However, you cannot reasonably judge the
effectiveness of an SLA based solely on a review of the SLA document.
Nevertheless, it is easy for those directly involved in developing SLAs to be so close

to them that they miss gaps, errors and inconsistencies that are apparent to outside
reviewers. Therefore, if you are called on to evaluate an SLA created by another
organization or another part of your own organization, it is perfectly appropriate to
point out potential weaknesses and to suggest ways to strengthen the SLA.
My eBook, How to Critique and Strengthen Your Service Level Agreements, offers
a comprehensive look at factors and criteria to keep in mind in evaluating your
SLAs. Details: www.nkarten.com/book2.html.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Drawing from this sample SLA, here are some criteria for evaluating your own SLAs.
Think about other readability and content criteria you can add to those below, as well
as other categories of criteria you might find helpful. In addition to using the resulting
criteria list yourself, provide it as a guide for anyone from whom you seek feedback
on your SLAs.
1. Readability
a. Appearance: clean, pleasing type style and type size, professional looking
b. Length: neither too short nor too long for its purpose
c. Structure: easy to comprehend organization and sequence of information
d. Clarity: information understandable, all jargon or ambiguous terminology

appropriately explained, understandable by all appropriate members of
both parties
e. Consistency of language: similarity of language throughout
2. Content
a. Completeness: no gaps in information or omission of key items
b. Level of detail: adequately detailed for its purpose, but not too detailed
c. Boundaries: scope/constraints adequately covered
d. Representation: both parties appropriately represented
e. Tone: emphasis on the positive, language of collaboration
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 4: The Service Elements 4.1
CHAPTER 4:
THE SERVICE ELEMENTS
OF AN SLA
Chapter Overview
This chapter provides detailed information about the three key Service Elements of
an SLA: Context-Setting Information, Description of Services, and Service Standards.
Included in this chapter are:
1. Numerous examples taken or adapted from actual SLAs.
2. Questions and checklists to guide you in preparing these elements for your
own SLA.
3. Detailed analysis of two service standards to provide a perspective of key

issues to consider in formulating your own service standards,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OVERVIEW OF THE SERVICE ELEMENTS
WHY
Context-Setting Information
WHAT HOW
Service Service
Description Standards
As described above, the three Service Elements present the Why, What and How of
the agreement. That is,
Context-Setting Information sets the stage with some basic information.
Service Description describes the services that are the basis for the SLA.
Service Standards explains the timeframes and conditions under which the
stated services will be delivered.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE ELEMENT #1: CONTEXT-SETTING INFORMATION
1. Context-Setting Information
2. Description of Services
3. Service Standards
Context-Setting Information sets the stage for an understanding of the agreement. The
following context-setting items can be combined or rearranged as you wish.
3 CoverPage
Irecommendthatsignaturesofapprovingauthoritiesappearonthecoverpageto
confercredibilityandcommunicatetheimportanceoftheagreement.TheSLAis
typicallysignedbythehighestlevelproviderandcustomerindividualswhoare
sponsoringorbackingtheeffort.Manyorganizationsalsoincludesignaturesofthe
providerandcustomerindividualswhoheadedtheefforttocreatetheSLA.
3 TableofContents
Createatableofcontents(TOC)sothatreaderscanquicklylocateinformationof
interest.TheTOCalsoprovidesanoverviewofthestructureandcontentsofthe
document.SLAsaremostreadablewhendividedintosections,eachofwhichis
listedintheTOC.
3 Summary
IftheSLAislong,provideasummaryasaconciseoverviewofitscontents.This
summaryisparticularlyvaluabletopeoplewhowanttogetanideaofwhatthe
SLAisaboutwithoutdelvingintothedetails.
3 PartiestotheAgreement
IdentifythepartiestotheSLAandthetitlesoftheindividualsorgroupsresponsible
formanagingtheSLA.Itisadvisabletolistcontactinformationinanappendixso
thatyoudontneedtocontinuallyrevisethebodyoftheSLAwhenphonenumbers,
emailaddresses,etc.change.
Ingeneral,locateinformationinanappendixifitisofanadministrativenatureor
subjecttofrequentchange,sothatchangestothebodyoftheSLAcanbelimitedto
thoseissuesdrivenbysignificantbusiness,serviceortechnologicalfactors.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
3 Purpose of the SLA

UsethissectiontostatetheobjectivesoftheSLA,whatitisintendedtoaccomplish,
orhowthepartieswillbenefitfromit.Thissectioncanalsobeusedtosetthetonefor
theSLAbyconveyingaspiritofcooperationamongthepartiestotheSLA.

Example:

The aim of this Service Level Agreement is to provide a clear and concise
picture of the procedures and responsibilities that contribute towards the
management of [Providers] service. The SLA includes those actions and
information required from both [Provider] and [Customer] to ensure that
[Provider] is able to provide the offered level of service and that [Customer]
is able to support its own customer base.
3 ScopeoftheSLA
Includesuchinformationas:
ThegeneralsetofservicestheSLAaddresses,suchasnetworkmanagement
services,HRservices,orfinancialservices
Keypointsabouttheservicerecipients,suchasthatservicesarebeingpro
videdonlytocorporateheadquarters,specificregions,orcustomerdivisions
thathaveimplementedcertainenterprisesoftwarecapabilities
Importantassumptionsorconstraints,suchasthenumberofemployeesfor
whomserviceswillbedelivered,theanticipatedgrowthinthenumberof
productssupported,orthehiringfreezethatlimitsthesizeoftheprovider
staff.ForSLAsthatspantimezones,thissectioncanindicatethetimezone
indicatedbyclocktimesspecified.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
3 Glossary of Key Terms

DefineimportanttermswhosedefinitionremainsconstantthroughouttheSLA,such
ascompanyspecificterms,technologyterms,andorganizationalacronyms,aswell
aspotentiallyambiguousserviceterminologysuchasoutage,reliability,timeliness
anddefects.Terminologywithservicespecificcanbedefinedaspartofthesections
pertainingtothoseservices.InwebbasedSLAs,thefirstappearanceoftermsdefined
intheglossarycanbeformattedaslinkstothedefinitions.
3 RelatedDocuments
Listanyprintedorelectronicdocumentsthatprovidesupportinginformationand
relevantpoliciesandprocedures,andindicatewhereorhowthesedocumentsmay
beobtained.Documentsoftenlistedinthissectioninclude:
FormsandproceduresforrequestingtheservicesdescribedintheSLA
Formsandproceduresfororderingequipmentandmaterial
Policydocuments
Pricinginformation
Documentationstandards

OrganizationsthatposttheirSLAsandotherorganizationaldocumentsontheir
internalwebsitescansimplycreatelinksfromeachSLAtotheserelateddocuments.
3SignaturesandDate
Provide a place on the cover (or other location of your choice) for signatures and date
of signing. Changes to the SLA after the initial signing do not require the cover page
to be signed again. Generally, such changes are made through the Change Process
and documented in a change log, which typically appears in an appendix.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF CONTEXT-SETTING INFORMATION
Examples from the opening statements of SLAs:
Example 1:
This service agreement represents the mutual understanding of the Technical
Support Division and the Client Community about
technical support services which clients may reasonably expect,
the conditions under which those services are available, and
how we can work together to ensure the effective service delivery.
Example 2:
This Service Level Agreement has been created to detail the services provided
by the Quality Support Department to the rest of the Systems Organization,
and to specify the criteria which are met when doing so.
Example 3:
The purpose of this Service Level Agreement is to describe the relationship
between [Customer] and [Provider] regarding work to be carried out on
[Project XYZ]. It is the intention of both parties that this SLA should enable a
clear understanding of the level of service to be provided, the cost, the mecha-
nisms for amending the agreement, the monitoring arrangements, and how the
agreement will be enforced.
Example 4:
This Service Level Agreement is intended to be used in conjunction with [XYZ]
services in order to demonstrate the partnership between [Customer] and
[Provider]. This document sets forth the expectations and responsibilities of
both parties in ensuring effectively service delivery.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE ELEMENT #2: DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES
The Description of Services focuses on:
1. THE ENVIRONMENT FOR WHICH SERVICES ARE BEING PROVIDED.

State any facts about the customers business that would help to explain the SLA,
such as the regulatory nature of the banking industry, the critical importance of
accuracy in financial reporting, or the need for rapid problem resolution.
2. The services covered by the SLA

Information might include:
Service list: Provide a concise list of services, limiting detail to a paragraph or
two per service. Additional detail, if necessary, can appear in an appendix.
If service information already exists elsewhere, the SLA can simply summa-
rize it and refer to the supporting documents. If a corporate intranet stores
service documents, this information can be made available through a link.
Some IT organizations divide their services list into broad categories, such as
Standard Service Offerings (for example, Network and Infrastructure Ser-
vices, Development Services, Application Maintenance, Hardware/Software
Acquisition, Technical Support, etc.) and Nonstandard Services (for example,
services that have one-time or short-term nature and/or are required to sat-
isfy unique customer needs).
Service availability: State the standard hours of availability, as well as any

periods of extended or reduced availability, such as weekends or holidays.
How to obtain the service: Identify any forms customers must submit or
procedures they must follow to request the service or gain access to it.
Prerequisites: Describe any activities or requirements that must be fulfilled

before requesting or using the service.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE ELEMENT #2: DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES

(continued)
3. THE SERVICES NOT COVERED, if customers might reasonably assume the

availability of services, such as:
Services outside the Providers control: This might include services offered
by other internal or external parties, such as external telecom providers.
Organizational changes: If certain Finance Department services have been
moved into a shared services organization, this section of a Finance SLA can
clarify which Finance services are not included.
Services not offered: If customers might reasonably expect certain services
to be offered or, in the past, customers have repeatedly requested services
which the provider doesnt offer, this section can identify those services and
indicate where they may be obtained.
Termination of service offerings: If certain previously available services are
no longer offered, this section can document those services.
If desired, organize service description information as a chart, such as the following,
which might appear in an HR SLA:
Employee Training and Development

Description: Evaluate and respond to training requests, identify training
needs, select and manage vendors, and arrange and coordinate classes
Benefits: One-stop shopping for corporate training needs
Excluding: IT training is coordinated and arranged by IT Training, X5842
Availability How to obtain Prerequisites Contact info References
8:00-5:00 M-F Submit HR See specific Training Policies &
Form 12-546 courses for manager, Procedures
pertinent X5932 Manual,
prerequisites Section V
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DO YOU HAVE A SERVICE DESCRIPTION?
Many service providers have never prepared a service description either for their
customers or for internal use. When they attempt to do so, they often find many
differences of opinion among themselves about their services and responsibilities.
Therefore, the process of documenting services is not just an important starting point
in an SLA effort; it is also a worthwhile exercise for any service organization.
If you are a service provider, questions that might help in preparing or reassessing
your service description include:
1. What business are we in?
2. What is our mission?
3. Who are our customers?
4. How do we want our customers to perceive us?
5. How do we distinguish ourselves from our competitors?
6. What are 3 to 5 key points that we want current and prospective customers to
understand about our company or our services?
7. What information do we currently disseminate to our customers, and how

successful are we in doing so?
8. In what ways might current or prospective customers be confused or unclear

about our services?
9. Did the above questions generate any important differences of opinion, and if
so, what are we going to do about it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IS YOUR SERVICE DESCRIPTION CLEAR?
Customers who misunderstand a providers services may misuse those services, or

make unreasonable or unrealistic requests for assistance. Misunderstandings are
likely not only when the provider has never created a service description, but also
when an existing description is unclear or incomplete.
Do your customers understand your services?

If your answer is yes, are you sure?
For example, a Help Desk that was sure its customers understood its services
conducted a customer survey which included the question:
Are you familiar with the services provided by the Help Desk?
Here are some of the responses.
Not all of them.

Better information could be provided.
Familiar with basic service, but probably not all services provided.
I assume we only call the Help Desk when we are in need of assistance.
Most of them, maybe not all.
Not sure what applications they support.

It might not hurt to remind us.
I know some of the services but obviously there are more.
Not exactly!
Know some, not all.
Before concluding that your customers clearly understand your services, ask them
how they are currently using those services, what questions they have about your
services, and what services not currently being provided would be helpful. You may
discover you have some work to do.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE ELEMENT #3: SERVICE STANDARDS
Service Standards are sets of information which describe
Time frames within which services are to be provided
Levels of responsiveness under different circumstances
Service dependencies
Service exceptions
Escalation paths
Division of responsibilities
Service standards ensure that parties to an SLA share a common understanding about
the circumstances under which the stated services will be provided. As a result, all
parties know what they can reasonably expect.
Some organizations use terms such as performance standards, key performance indi-
cators (KPIs) or other terms instead of service standards. Use the terminology of your
choice in your SLAs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE STANDARDS FROM EVERYDAY LIFE
Service-standard-like slogans for consumer products aptly illustrate how service

standards can create clarity or (just as easily) cause confusion. For example, consider
the following slogans, some of which you may recognize:
Mail order company -----------> Allow 30 days for delivery.
Overnight delivery service ---> Delivery by noon tomorrow.
Fast food restaurant ------------> Have it your way.
Department store ---------------> Return with receipt for a full refund, no

questions asked.
Pizza shop ------------------------> Your pizza delivered in 30 minutes, or your

order is free.
Appliance repair service ------> Call any time, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
Car repair --------------------------> Your muffler guaranteed for the life of your car.
Whats positive and whats negative about these standards relative to SLAs?
See the next page for some answers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Whats positive and whats negative about the service standards on the previous page?
Here are some possibilities:
Mail order company ------------> Allow 30 days for delivery.
This service standard is intended to protect the mail order company from
delivery delays, by informing customers that in some cases, delivery may
take 30 days. However, many customers read this standard to mean that
delivery will take 30 days. Those who dont want to wait 30 days may take
their business elsewhere an outcome not likely to please the mail order
company.
Recommendation: Be careful of the wording you use in your own service

standards. Guard carefully against unintended negative connotations.
Overnight delivery service ---> Delivery by noon tomorrow.
This statement is concise and to the point. You know what to expect and
when. However, some people have reacted to this standard by asking, And
what if they dont? For some delivery services, the answer is Well refund
your money, which is a highly dissatisfactory outcome for customers for
whom delivery by noon tomorrow is essential.
Recommendation: Make sure you have confidence in the level of service you
commit to if customers are going to count on that service level. Be prepared to
offer some recourse for those instances in which delivery slips below that
commitment.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Fast food restaurant ------------> Have it your way.
This service standard was designed to help the hamburger emporium display
its flexibility, compared with the more limited range of choices offered by its
competitors. In practice, however, this restaurant is willing for you to have it
your way, only if your way conforms to one of the options they view as their
way.
Recommendation: SLAs can unintentionally make promises that you didnt

intend to make. Be sure to set appropriate constraints on service delivery, so
that customers know what they can realistically expect.
Pizza shop ------------------------> Your pizza delivered in 30 minutes,

or your order is free.
Customers may equate pizza that can be delivered this quickly with low
quality pizza, and refrain from ordering from this pizza shop.
Recommendation: In formulating a service standards, ask what other

messages it could be delivering that are other than what you intended.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A LESSON ABOUT THE RISKS OF SERVICE STANDARDS
Lets take one more look at this last service standard:
Pizza shop ------------------------> Your pizza delivered in 30 minutes,

or your order is free.
Service standards can backfire, and indeed this one did. An attempt to meet the 30-
minute standard led to some reckless driving. Accidents occurred that resulted in
pedestrian deaths.
This situation highlights a key risk of service standards, namely that:
Service Standards influence behavior,

and not always in the manner intended.
Therefore, in establishing service standards, think carefully:
What are our intentions for this service standard?
How is it likely to influence behavior?
How might it backfire by negatively influencing behavior or having an impact

other than we intended?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIVE CATEGORIES OF SERVICE STANDARDS
In an SLA, service standards most often focus on issues of when, how long, how
many, how soon, and how good:
1. AVAILABILITY focuses on when? For example:
Personnel availability What are the hours of operation during

regular hours and off-hours, and during
standard and non-standard circumstances?
Application availability During what hours will key applications be
accessible to customers?
Network availability During what hours and what circumstances
will the network be available to customers?
What is the likely percentage of up-time?
Service unavailability Under what known or likely circumstances
will service be unavailable?
2. RESPONSIVENESS focuses on how long? For example:
Response time How quickly will calls be answered under

different conditions or urgency levels?
Problem resolution How long will it take from the time a prob-
time lem is reported until a solution is found?
Recovery time How long will it take to recover from an
outage?
Delivery time How long after an order is placed will it
be delivered?
Acknowledgments How long after a request is submitted
will it be acknowledged?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIVE CATEGORIES OF SERVICE STANDARDS

(continued)
3. RATE or FREQUENCY focuses on how many? For example:
Transactions processing How many transactions will be processed per

rate unit time?
Transfer rate What is the transfer rate of data through the
network?
Frequency of notification How often will customers be notified about
about status the status of the service or project?
Frequency of access to How often will customers be able to access
status status information?
4. TIMELINESS focuses on how soon? For example:
On-time delivery What day or time will specified services

be delivered under various conditions?
On-time availability What is the transfer rate of data through the

network?
Product completion What guarantees will be provided about the
on-time completion of specified products
under development?
5. QUALITY focuses on how good? For example:
Flaw-free products What flaws will signify unacceptable quality?

Defect rates What guarantees will be made regarding
freedom from defects?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF THE FIVE CATEGORIES
SERVICE
STANDARD
EXAMPLES
CATEGORY
Availability We commit to 99% availability of the Inquiry Database

1 (when?) between 8:00 am and 6:00 pm Monday-Friday, 95% availabil-
ity between 6:00 pm and 8:00 am, and 92% availability at all
other times.
Problems with A-level products will be addressed within

2 Responsiveness
(how long?) one business day for $$$. Problems with B-level products
will be addressed within two business days for $$. All other
products will be addressed as resources permit for $.
Transactions will be processed at an average rate of

3 Rate/frequency
(how many?) 4,000/hour during the peak hours of 10:00 am to 2:00 pm
Monday-Friday.
Requests for changes submitted by Thursday at 3:00 pm

4 Timeliness
(how soon?)
with complete information and the required approvals will
be completed by Friday at 5:00 pm.
We will assure that output is controlled to prevent in-

5 Quality
(how good?)
complete or defective output (such as illegible printing,
skewed printing, or use of the wrong forms).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CAVEATS ABOUT SELECTING SERVICE STANDARDS
KEY QUESTION: Which service standards should we have in our SLA?
KEY ANSWER: There is no one set of service standards that any given SLA
must include. In deciding what service standards are appro-
priate for your SLA, ask:
3 What aspects of the service delivery create the greatest

amount of uncertainty for the customer?
3 What aspects of the service delivery create the biggest

challenges for the provider?
3 What service standards will help the two parties know what
they can reasonably expect from each other?
To determine which service standards are appropriate, the

service provider and customer should discuss their service
concerns and identify what standards will be helpful in
improving and/or managing service effectiveness.
KEY CAVEATS: It is common to overcomplexify the SLA by creating more

service standards than are useful. The best advice is dont.
3 Keep the SLA as simple as possible. Create as few service

standards as are needed so that the parties know what they
can reasonably expect from the other.
3 Start with just a few service standards. There is no need for a

dozen service standards if three or four will suffice for now.
You can always add more later on.
3 For a service standard to be useful, conformance to it must

be tracked and reported. If you dont know how to track it,
or cant track it, or wont track it, omit it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
INGREDIENTS OF A SERVICE STANDARD
In addition to the preceding information, your service standards should include any of
the following items that you consider pertinent.
a. Business impact of this service standard: This item is optional, but can be useful
if the standard supports critical business objectives, such as the need for rapid
fraud detection or the financial consequences of service outages.
b. Priorities: Identify aspects of the service that require priority attention and that
may, as a result, justify the relaxation of other service commitments. For example,
fiscal year end financial reporting may take priority over certain other financial
obligations and justify delayed completion of these other obligations.
c. Urgency or severity levels: If appropriate, classify problems into urgency or

severity levels. For each level, describe the criteria for determining a problems
level (such as the number of customers affected or the impact on customers
ability to do their jobs), and specify the associated timeframes. For example:
Severity Definition Resolution Time

Critical Situation prevents further work, and Within 4 hours
no workaround is available.
High Urgent situation that must be resolved Within 1 business
within 24 hours, but customer is able to day
continue working.
Low Working with the problem is Within 3 business
inconvenient, but not impossible. days
Routine Situation is commonplace within the Estimated on a case-
normal course of business. by-case basis
In conjunction with the definitions in this table, additional definitions or

explanations may be needed, such as for resolution and inconvenient.
It is difficult to devise severity level definitions that clearly cover all situations, so
start simple and make adjustments as needed. The most important consideration
is that genuinely urgent problems receive timely attention.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
INGREDIENTS OF A SERVICE STANDARD

(continued)
c. Urgency or severity levels (continued)
Generally, the provider (often the Help Desk) assigns the urgency level to a given
problem based on available information, while allowing the customer to request
escalation to a greater level of urgency. Thus, the SLA might state the following:
Customers who are dissatisfied with the severity level assigned to a
problem may contact the Help Desk to negotiate a change in level.
d. Variations in service delivery under different circumstances. List any important

variations that let customers make choices about the service levels they receive.
For example, consider four circumstances in which tiered service levels might be
appropriate. (Note: the time frames below are strictly for illustration purposes):
Faster service and greater cost for higher-priority services, such as:
A-level services delivered within one business day for $$$
B-level services delivered within five business days for $$
C-level services delivered as quickly as resources permit for $
Greater cost for faster response time for a specified service, such as:
$$$ for delivery of Service A within one business day
$$ for delivery of Service A within three business days
$ for delivery of Service A within five business days
Lower cost for slower response time for a specified service, such as:
$$$ for standard, one-day turnaround of Service B
$ if customer will accept five-day turnaround of Service B
Greater cost for unscheduled service, such as:

$ per unit for Service C processing during normal cycles
$$ per unit if Service C processing is required outside normal cycles
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ANALYSIS: SERVICE STANDARD #1

(continued)
This service standard and the next one are designed to help you become aware of
some of the subtleties about well-stated service standards.
As you read each one, see what concerns you about it. Then review the recom-
mendations that follow it.
Service Standard for a Client Services Department
The Client Services Department will respond to 90 percent of customer

calls within 4 hours of receipt of the call. Priority will be given to cus-
tomers whose departments have designated a PC coordinator as the first
source of support for that department.
Recommendations:
Avoid service level gaps. In specifying a four-hour response for 90% of calls,
this service standard leaves customers uncertain about what they can expect
for the remaining 10%. It is preferable to account for the full 100%. For ex-
ample, you might commit to:
1. Respond to 90% of calls within 4 hours

2. Respond to 98% of calls within one business day
3. Regularly inform customers of the status of the final 2%
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Create standards for times of unusual uncertainty. This final 2% described

in the previous recommendation concerns complex or unusual situations in
which you cant commit to a service level because you dont know how long
it will take. The best recourse in situations like that is to commit to providing
information about the status of the situation, as described in the following
service standard:
During malfunctions whose duration is unknown,

we will update clients every 30 minutes.
We will inform clients of this schedule, and we will
provide an update every 30 minutes even if there is
no change in status.
Clarify terminology: Does the term respond in this service standard refer
to acknowledging the call or resolving the problem? Clearly, these two possi-
bilities are very different. In addition, does call encompass problems and
requests for information? Watch for potentially ambiguous terminology, and
define terms to avoid misinterpretation and conflict.
Be careful in using service standards as an incentive. The Client Services

staff hoped to inspire customers to join the Department Coordinator program
by offering a more responsive service level to those that did. However, while
rewarding departments that participated, this standard could penalize the
rest by imposing on them a lesser level of support service.
Link responsiveness to business value. This service standard offers support

on a first-come first-service basis, with no priority-setting based on the busi-
ness impact of the problem being reported.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Now consider this service standard:
Service Standard for a Network Management Group
We guarantee 99% up-time.
Recommendations:
Specify the pertinent time period. The 99% service level is meaningless
without stating the time period over which it is being calculated. A one-
month time period is the most common, but any time period pertinent to the
specific service is appropriate:
We guarantee 99% . . . as measured over a calendar month.
Identify time periods excluded from the service commitment. Is every

minute in the calendar month to be included in the 99%? Or are some periods
of known down-time to be excluded, such as for weekly maintenance? If so,
describe them. See Service Exceptions, page 4.24, for more on this.
Use guarantees judiciously. Perhaps there is no difference in intent between

We guarantee . . . and We will provide . . . For some customers, however,
guarantee suggests a more stringent adherence to the stated service level,
and these customers may want to impose penalties for any slippage below the
guaranteed service level.
Guard against ambiguous terminology. What does up-time refer to? The
network may be operational at the server, but down at the customers
terminal. From the customers perspective, therefore, its down. A service
standard that does not reflect the customers perspective is unlikely to be
successful.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXCERPTS FROM SERVICE STANDARDS
The following excerpts from service standards offer additional language that may
be pertinent.
Example 1:
There will be no more than 12 departures from the daily operational

timetable (including late starts) measured over a period of 3 months.
Example 2:
[Service Provider] will conduct an initial meeting with [Customer]

within two weeks of receipt of a request, in order to establish the
requirements associated with the request and to agree upon a plan for
its completion. In the event the two-week lead time is too long for
[Customer], [Service Provider] will endeavor to meet [Customers]
required time frame, but cannot guarantee to meet it.
Example 3:
In the event of an environmental disaster, [Service Provider] will provide

alternative accommodations at [location] within two hours.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE DEPENDENCIES AND EXAMPLES
Successful service delivery may depend on the support or cooperation of other parties.
In creating service standards, you may wish to identify them and the role they play.
Example 1:
In order to respond to customer complaints within agreed upon time frames,

all personnel who receive customer complaints must forward them to the
Customer Service Department within one hour of receipt.
Example 2:
Delivery times may be constrained by supplier-driven shortages. In the event

supplier shortages prevent us from meeting stated turnaround times, we will
provide notification of delays and estimated delivery times.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE EXCEPTIONS
Situations sometimes arise in which the service provider temporarily cannot deliver
service at all or can deliver it only at reduced levels. It may be appropriate for the SLA
to treat these departures from normal service as service exceptions, rather than service
problems. They can then be excluded from the tracking of conformance to service
standards.
An SLA often identifies service exceptions for such things as:
Temporary down-time, such as for routine, regularly scheduled maintenance. To

be acceptable as a service exception, this down-time must typically be confined to
specified time periods and must not exceed agreed upon limits
Environmental conditions, particularly those that are clearly outside the ser-
vice providers control. However, since the nature of such circumstances gener-
ally cannot be specified in advance, and since the customer may not be able to
tolerate the resulting impact without serious financial consequences, the cus-
tomer may reasonably request a contingency or disaster recovery plan. Such a
plan will have its own service standards regarding timeframes and conditions
for resumption of service, which may be referenced in the SLA.
Customer-caused problems, such as those attributable to customer errors or

failure of the customer to carry out agreed upon service-related responsibilities.
Determining that a decline in service is due to such circumstances can be highly
subjective.
By identifying these service exceptions in the SLA, members of both organizations can
plan accordingly. Be careful, however, not to categorize too many different
circumstances as service exceptions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF SERVICE EXCEPTIONS
Example 1. Planned downtime:
Hardware maintenance will be conducted the first Sunday of each month

between noon and 18.00 hours. During this period, network access will be
unavailable. On-line reminders will be posted during the five business days
preceding this scheduled downtime.
Example 2. Scheduling exceptions:
During national holidays, a reduced staff of two will provide coverage during
evening hours.
Example 3. Customer error:
Outages caused by application errors in customer-developed systems will be

excluded from assessments of [Service Providers] service performance.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ESCALATION PATHS AND EXAMPLES
Two types of escalation paths may be appropriate to include:
Type 1: An escalation path used in problem management to describe the

successive levels of technical or management attention that a problem will
receive in order to ensure expeditious resolution.
Example:
Problems which cannot be resolved by Level 1 staff within one hour of

the customers call will be escalated to Level 2 staff.
Level 1 staff will immediately forward to Level 2 staff any problem which
requires expertise not available within Level 1 or the use of products not
supported by Level 1.
Type 2: An escalation path that describes the successive levels of personnel that
either party can contact if dissatisfied with the progress of problem resolution.
Frequent recourse to this type of escalation path generally indicates a break-
down in the problem-solving process.
Example:
Project managers will escalate to their respective management any

problem or concern not satisfactorily addressed within 3 days.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES
This information states each partys key responsibilities (the things each must do) to
ensure that services are delivered at the specified levels.
Descriptions of responsibilities typically include such things as:

9 Information, material, etc. that each must supply by specified dates
9 Activities that must be completed by certain dates or in accordance with specified
guidelines before designated processes can be carried out
9 Education that each party must provide to members of its own organization or to
the other party
9 Steps to ensure the expeditious resolution of service-related problems
9 Responsibilities associated with managing the SLA, such as tracking conformance
to a given service standard, participating in quarterly review meetings, and pro-
viding notifications of revisions to the SLA
Note:
Some organizations prefer to list all responsibilities associated with a given

service in a single section, rather than listing these responsibilities separately for
each service standard.
Some organizations prefer to divide responsibilities into those associated with

service delivery and those associated with managing the SLA.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES
Example 1:
[Service Provider] Responsibilities
[Service Provider] will subject all changes to the operation environment, systems
or the service to standard change control procedures.
[Service Provider] will maintain procedures to ensure the confidentiality of all

data belonging to the [Customer].
[Customer] Responsibilities
[Customer] will provide [Service Provider] with reasonable forecasts of capacity

requirements every July and in the interim when new business requirements
become known which may result in changes in service demand.
[Customer] will promptly report service deficiencies to the Help Desk and, if
necessary, assign relative priorities.
Example 2:
Statement of Responsibility Responsible Individual/Group
Installations should be completed

in 3-5 working days.
Where a component is found to be

faulty, a replacement must be installed
within 48 hours, excluding weekends
and public holidays.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REAL-TIME SERVICE STANDARDS
Communicate early and often:
Remind customers about service standards:
Even if service standards have been established and communicated, customers

may be unaware of them or may have forgotten them. Therefore, while working
with customers, the service provider should inform them of the pertinent service
standard.
For example, if a service standard states that callers will be notified of the status
of their reported problem within 24 hours of their call, a service provider can
remind them of this time period during the call, such as by saying:
Well review your problem, and let you know the status within the next 24
hours.
Inform customers about what they can expect:
Even if formal service standards have never been established, a wise service
provider uses every reasonable opportunity to ensure that customers under-
stand what they can expect and what is expected of them. For example:
Ill be happy to help you with this problem. It would help speed up the
process if you would . . .
It will take up to a week to resolve this problem, but Ill contact you daily
to let you know the status. Id appreciate the name of someone else I can
speak to if youre not available.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5: The Management Elements 5.1
CHAPTER 5:
THE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS
OF AN SLA
Chapter Overview
This chapter provides detailed information about the key Management Elements
of an SLA: Service Tracking and Reporting, Periodic Review, and Change
Management. Included in this chapter are:
1. Numerous examples of these elements.
2. Issues to consider and questions to ask in planning these elements.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OVERVIEW OF THE MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS
Service
Tracking
and
Reporting
Conflict
Management
Change Periodic
Process Review
The 3 key Management Elements, as noted above, are:
Service Tracking and Reporting

Periodic Review
Change Process
Each of the three elements influences the other two, and together, the three
contribute to improved service effectiveness.
A common flaw in SLAs is the omission of the Management Elements. However,

these elements minimize conflict and strengthen relationships by ensuring that
service delivery is tracked, reported, and regularly and objectively assessed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MANAGEMENT ELEMENT #1:

SERVICE TRACKING & REPORTING
1. Service Tracking and Reporting

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Service tracking focuses on the collection of service data in order to assess service
effectiveness. When service data is collected and reviewed, problems in service
delivery tend to be identified and addressed before they escalate into crises.
Service reporting focuses on when and how service data will be reported and acted
on.
In the absence of an SLA, many organizations experience problems related to service

tracking and reporting such as the following:
Service tracking is not done and the service provider and its customers have
different, and often conflicting, impressions of service adequacy.
Service tracking is entirely carried out by the provider, and reflects the
providers perspective of what is important, not the customers.
Service data is collected, but not reported.
Service data is reported but not to all pertinent parties.
Service data reveals problems, but no action is taken to resolve the problems.
The SLA helps to prevent these problems by incorporating provisions for service
tracking and reporting.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT TO TRACK: OBJECTIVE MEASURES

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Service tracking should focus on both objective measurements and subjective per-
ceptions. Addressing either while omitting the other results in a restricted and often
flawed view of customer satisfaction.
Objective, quantitative measurements reflect what is that is, actual service deliv-
ery by focusing on performance data (or KPIs key performance indicators)
generated by automated or manual measuring tools. The measures selected may
vary with the services provided.
Examples:
Average amount of time per month to acknowledge service requests
Average amount of time per quarter to resolve reported problems
Number of instances per month in which exception handling was
provided
Number and duration of delays per month in turnaround time for a
given service
Number of instances per quarter in which service following an outage
was (or was not) restored within specified time frames
Percentage of minutes of up-time per month relative to the total
number of available minutes
Percentage of reported problems resolved in a single call
Percentage of requests addressed within specified time limits
Percentage of problems that require a customer call back
To simplify the tracking process, focus on exceptions; that is, situations in which
service is not delivered at the levels specified in the service standards.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT TO TRACK: SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Subjective, qualitative perceptions reflect what is perceived that is, how cus-
tomers perceive the service they have received which may differ from what is
and is at least as important in creating customer satisfaction.
Customer research reveals that for many customers, the determining factor in
customer satisfaction is how they feel theyve been treated. This finding suggests
that excellent performance according to objective indicators doesnt necessarily
reflect customer satisfaction.
It is important, therefore, to supplement objective measures by tracking customer

perceptions of such service staff attributes as:
cooperation availability attitude

empathy patience competence
Whereas the objective measures may vary according to the specific service provided,
these subjective indicators are important for all providers.
In tracking subjective indicators, try to use a mix of feedback-gathering methods,

such as:
Periodic customer surveys, which can be used to gather data from a large
number of customers at one time
Service-specific assessment forms, which permit customers to rate service

they have recently received
Customer interviews, which provide the opportunity for in-depth open-

ended feedback
Evaluation of complaints, which can help to quickly identify and resolve

problems before they grow.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FOCUS ON PATTERNS OF SERVICE DELIVERY

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Service data representing a point in time or a single time period may not be indi-
cative of whether service is adequate or in need of improvement. That is, whether
the data suggest that service delivery has been excellent or substandard, it is im-
possible to know whether this outcome was a one-time occurrence or part of a
pattern of service delivery.
Therefore, in selecting objective, quantitative measures, think about how you can
use those measures to track patterns of service delivery and to quickly isolate both
pertinent and unacceptable variations. You may find it helpful to identify ques-
tions that these measures will help you answer, such as:
9 How has response time varied during the last 6 months?
9 Is this months percentage of downtime consistent with past months, or is

it an aberration? If the latter, what accounts for it?
9 Does on-time delivery show seasonal variations?
9 What kinds of problems have taken the greatest amount of time to resolve
in the last three months?
9 How do the number of call disconnects per hour vary over the course of
the day?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SERVICE TRACKING

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Dont spend more time tracking than in delivering the services being tracked.
Consider manual tracking. Use automatic tracking mechanisms where

feasible. However, consider carefully before purchasing or developing new
tracking systems; expensive or complex systems may be overkill. Manual
methods are often more readily available and easier to use. For example,
some organizations track downtime manually by documenting the starting
and ending time of the outage.
Involve customers in collecting service data. For example, special technology

may be necessary to determine transaction response time. As an alternative,
some organizations have designated customers submit selected test trans-
actions at specified times and monitor response time with a stopwatch. The
results are at least as useful as that generated by automated methods.
Consider the customers perspective in selecting what to track. Customers

dont care that the service is available 99% of the time if they can access what
they need only 75% of the time.
Track the fewest number of indicators possible. Focus on measures that pro-
vide actionable information. For measures under consideration, ask:
What will this data tell us?

How will we use it?
What types of actions will be able to take as a result of it?
If you dont know, omit the measurement.
REMINDER: Be careful what you track. Remember: measurements influence

behavior!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PLANNING SERVICE REPORTING

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Details pertinent to service reporting include:

1. Reports to be generated: Often, organizations dont know exactly what reports
they will generate until they have gained some experience with the SLA. But any
reports that have been defined beforehand can be listed.
2. Party responsible for generating each report: Service data is typically tracked and
organized into reports by the service provider, but it may be appropriate for certain
reports to be produced by the customer.
3. Report recipients: Ideally, reports will be accessible by all provider and customer
personnel who have responsibility for the success of the SLA.
4. Frequency and schedule of reports: SLA reports are generally produced monthly
and published within a specified number of days after month end.
5. Report medium: Indicate if reporting will be, for example, via printed report,
formal presentation, electronic mail, intranet, etc.
6. Aspects of the reported information of particular interest: If appropriate,
highlight patterns of service delivery that bear examination, such as variations in
availability over time or fluctuations in volumes of orders processed.
If desired, these items can be organized into a table, such as
Service Reporting
Report Frequency/Schedule Generated By Medium
Daily Application Monthly, 5 days Provider Printed
Availability after month end
Help Desk Call Monthly, 10 days Provider Intranet
Analysis after month end
Problem Monthly, 5 days Provider Intranet
Acknowledgment after month end and client
jointly
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SERVICE REPORTING

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
To avoid reporting pitfalls and maximize the value of reports:
Maintain customer confidentiality. Distributing service data about one

customer to another may violate customer privacy. However, some service
providers deliberately distribute customer data (with customer permission),
in response to customer curiosity about how other customers are doing.
Educate report recipients. Explain to recipients how to evaluate and use the
information reported. Consider including some questions or guidelines with
the report which customers can use in assessing the information reported, so
that they actually use the report rather than ignoring it.
Identify conditions that will trigger a closer look. Doing so will help you
quickly zone in on possibly critical situations. For example, conditions such as
a call volume that exceeds a certain limit or a recurring type of outage may
indicate a problem worth investigating.
Ensure a valid need for each report. SLA developers are sometimes tempted to
specify numerous reports without giving adequate attention to whether the
report is actually needed and how it will be used. Discussing the purpose and
value of each report makes it less likely that either organization will burden the
other organization with superfluous reporting responsibilities.
Dont forget the power of the naked eye. In reviewing reports, be alert to pat-
terns. such as a gradual increase in call volume. However, dont be so mes-
merized by reports that you miss patterns that are evident to the naked eye.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF SERVICE TRACKING AND REPORTING

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Example 1:
[Provider] will collect and summarize statistics relating to each of the specified
service standards. These statistics, which will be made available to [Customer]
monthly, will be used to monitor service quality. In addition, [Customer] may
be requested to complete service assessment reports.
Example 2:
[Provider] will collect response times by calendar month and report them to
[Customer] by the 5th workday of the following month.
Example 3:
[Customer] agrees to prepare a monthly report assessing the quality and

timeliness of [Provider] outputs, and describing:
the number of days output was late

frequency and duration of service unavailability
reason for non-performance as known by [Customer], and
any comments or supporting information deemed appropriate
[Customer] agrees to send this report monthly to the [Provider] Director. The
Director will compare the report to his records and resolve any differences
with a [Customer] representative. [Provider] will publish a monthly report
denoting service levels.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMPLE REPORT

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
The following report of a particular train service was posted for passenger review in
the main train station. The report cited punctuality and reliability statistics for each of
several train lines. See what stands out for you in this report, then see the next page for
some comments.
Week of May 7
Target Average Average

4 Weeks Past Year
Train Service 90% 96.7% 92.5%

Punctuality
(Previous
% of peak hour trains target
arriving within 5 minutes 89%)
of advertised arrival
Train Service 99% 99.7% 99.3%

Reliability
(Previous
% of advertised train target
service actually operated 98.5%)
Incidents beyond our control and excluded from these statistics: None
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMPLE REPORT: POINTS WORTH NOTING

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
This report offers several features which make it valuable as a model report:
1. Report contents: The report concisely captures several key pieces of information:
the reporting period: week of May 7th
the standards being tracked: punctuality and reliability
the definitions of these two standards
the target percentages for the reporting period: 90% for punctuality, 99%
for reliability
the previous target percentages: 89% for punctuality, 98.5% for relia-
bility. (It cannot be determined from this report whether these prior
targets are for the previous 4 weeks or some earlier period.)
actual punctuality and reliability relative to the targets
special circumstances excluded from the reported statistics: none, during

this reporting period
2. Performance assessment: This report quickly reveals that 4-week or past-year

performance for both punctuality and reliability exceed the service target.
3. Tracking kept simple: According to the definition, punctuality is not being

tracked 24 hours a day, but rather during peak periods; that is, periods of
greatest business impact. This is a nice example of how to keep tracking both
simple and pertinent. And the simpler the tracking, the better it lends itself to
simple manual reporting methods.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMPLE REPORT: POINTS WORTH NOTING

(continued)

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
4. Service standard with built-in leeway: Punctuality, as defined in the report,

means within 5 minutes of advertised arrival, giving train crew some minor
flexibility in delaying departure. (Customers, of course, may not approve of such
leeway; however, customers often want it both ways: In one of my SLA seminars,
a participant complained about airlines that refused to delay departure for pas-
sengers on late-arriving connecting flights; however, if customers insist on delays
in departure, they must be willing to accept comparable delays in arrival.)
5. Exclusions: This report takes two approaches to identifying service exclusions:
Tracking only peak-hour arrivals, thereby excluding non-peak arrivals.

(Unfortunately, this report does not state what the peak hours are.)
Identifying exclusions after the fact. This report ends with a statement
about incidents excluded from the statistics (of which there were none
during this reporting period). After-the-fact exclusions avoid the often
time-intensive up-front effort to identify and negotiate all possible exclu-
sions, and may be an appropriate approach in an SLA. Each such circum-
stance that arises can then be assessed after the fact and a decision made
how to handle such circumstances in the future.
6. Public reporting: This report was posted in a central location. Although most
customers ignored it, the option to view it was available to them. For SLAs,
public displays or widespread dissemination of performance reports can be
valuable in communicating service improvements to customers, particularly if
service has previously been below par (as with this train service). Customer
recognition of service improvements generally lags far beyond the implemen-
tation of those improvements; publicly reporting and publicizing improve-
ments accelerates the reversal of a negative image.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PERIODIC REVIEW

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
In the absence of an SLA, the two parties may tend to meet only for project-related
work or when a serious problem has occurred that requires immediate attention.
Meetings to assess service effectiveness and improve service delivery may occur
rarely or not at all.
The SLA counters this tendency not to meet by incorporating provisions for a
regularly scheduled periodic review. These reviews are a critical aspect of managing
an SLA. They provide a formal way to assess service adequacy and to negotiate
changes to services or service delivery.
Reviews are usually coordinated and conducted by the SLA Managers of the two
parties or their designees. Ideally, a service review report is prepared and circulated
after each meeting, documenting issues addressed, decisions made, and action to be
taken.
Key issues, as described on the next few pages, include:
The objectives of a periodic review
Methods of conducting a periodic review
Periodic review frequency
Periodic review participants
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
THE OBJECTIVES OF A PERIODIC REVIEW

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
The objectives of a periodic review may vary from one review to the next and need
not be predefined. However, documenting a general set of objectives in the SLA
improves the odds that reviews will actually be carried out. It also informs others
who read the SLA that this review process will occur and that service effectiveness
will be regularly and systematically assessed.
General objectives of a periodic review are:
To review service delivery since the last review
To discuss major deviations from service standards
To resolve any conflicts or concerns about service delivery
To re-evaluate services in light of current business needs and available

resources
To discuss changes planned or in progress to improve service effectiveness
To negotiate changes to service levels, service tracking, reporting, responsibili-

ties, or other matters deemed pertinent, and to plan associated changes to the
SLA document
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
METHODS OF CONDUCTING A PERIODIC REVIEW

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
What are the pros and cons of alternative methods of conducting the review?
Face-to-face. When the parties to the SLA are in close proximity or travel is
feasible, it is preferable for reviews to be conducted face-to-face, particularly
when the SLA is new. Personal contact facilitates communication that might be
awkward otherwise. Some SLA managers invite a different colleague to attend
each review with them, so that these individuals have an opportunity to have
face-to-face contact with members of the other organization.
Telephone conference. After an initial set of face-to-face meetings, or when the

parties are located far from each other, telephone conference calls may be a less
expensive alternative to face-to-face meetings. However, they tend to become
awkward when numerous individuals attend or people cant readily recognize
each others voices.
Videoconferences or web-based meetings. These methods may be more

expensive than telephone conference calls, but offer the advantage of visual
contact, particularly for parties located remotely from each other.
Email. Email is not recommended for periodic reviews. The importance of the
review warrants face-to-face or at least voice-to-voice contact. However, on-line
access to service reports, such as via a corporate intranet, can facilitate discus-
sions about service data during telephone-based reviews.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PERIODIC REVIEW FREQUENCY

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Important issues invariably surface during periodic reviews, and these issues pave
the way for problem prevention and service planning. Therefore, although review
dates need not be specified in the SLA, the frequency of such meetings should be
specified. Otherwise, such meetings are easily deferred and may not be held even
when circumstances warrant.
It is advisable to conduct a formal review at least:
Monthly . . . when the SLA is new, service delivery is below acceptable levels,
or the service environment is undergoing significant change. Some organiza-
tions hold monthly reviews on an ongoing basis; the SLA managers find that
important issues always arise regarding service effectiveness that might not
otherwise get timely or focused attention.
Quarterly . . . when service has been stable or when the SLA managers are in
frequent contact on a routine basis.
Annually . . . in order to conduct an in-depth assessment of the SLA in light of

changing business or service needs.
On an interim basis as warranted . . . for matters that cannot or should not

await the next formal review. For example, an interim review may be
considered if:
Significant concerns arise regarding the adequacy of services or service

delivery, as stated in the agreement
Service standards or other service conditions specified in the agreement are

in conflict with current business or organizational needs
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PERIODIC REVIEW PARTICIPANTS

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Who participates in a service review?
SLA Managers. The SLA managers, or their designees, are responsible for
coordinating and conducting the review.
Members of both parties. It is a wise idea to invite all members of both parties
who have a stake in service effectiveness. It is also a good idea to encourage
them to submit any issues of concern for inclusion in the agenda. Although few
may actually attend or submit issues, they will know they have had the
opportunity to contribute and participate.
Selected individuals by invitation. It may also be a good idea to personally

invite selected individuals when issues of concern to them will be addressed or
when issues in which they have expertise are to be discussed.
Management. Some organizations designate selected reviews, such as every third

one, as a management review, designed specifically for participation by upper-
level managers who may otherwise not have close contact with the SLA effort.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PERIODIC REVIEW EXAMPLES

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Example 1:
A joint review of SLA objectives and service performance will be conducted

quarterly by [Customer] and [Provider]. A special meeting will be conducted
annually to review SLA terms and conditions.
Example 2:
Service Level Reviews will be conducted via video conference monthly at a

mutually agreed upon date and time. This meeting will be attended by the
Director of [Provider] and the Vice President of [Customer] and their designated
representatives. The agenda will include, but not be limited to:
A review of the previous months Service Level Review Report
A discussion of any issues, outstanding problems, and expected changes

in processing volumes
Example 3:
This SLA will be reviewed quarterly by [Provider and Customer]. Interim reviews
can be specially scheduled under the following circumstances:
1. An individual request from an associated department
2. When members of either party perceive that certain criteria in the SLA do
not meet current requirements
3. When related parties provide feedback regarding the inadequacy of any of

the services listed in the SLA
4. In the event of substantial alterations to the structure or operation of an

associated department
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHANGE PROCESS

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
A Change Process provides formal mechanisms for making changes to service

delivery and to the SLA document. Changes might be made for such things as:
adding new services or service standards
modifying service levels
setting new service targets
adjusting the division of responsibilities
The Change Process is often missing from SLAs. This gap is critical, because the
Change Process serves an important role in the success of the SLA by ensuring
members of both parties that nothing in the SLA document is permanently fixed.
Throughout the life of the SLA, change can be made as circumstances warrant and
as agreed to by both parties.
This opportunity to make adjustments to the SLA often reassures those who may
fear making service commitments that will be cast in concrete. Thus, the intent to
permit changes is not sufficient; it is important to document this intent in the SLA.
Even the change process itself can be changed using the change process! Some-
times, after making some changes to the SLA, organizations conclude that the
process is either too complex or insufficiently detailed, and so they change the
change process.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CREATING A CHANGE PROCESS

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Key issues in creating a change process include these:
Conditions warranting change. Although everything in the SLA document is

eligible for change, changes should not be made casually or frivolously. Thus,
it is advisable to describe the types of conditions most likely to warrant
consideration of changes, such as
changing business or service needs

significant variations from agreed upon service standards, or
unanticipated events.
Change frequency. To ensure stability of the SLA document and to avoid the
potential confusion imposed by repeated revisions, changes should be made as
infrequently as possible. It is suggested that, as a general rule, changes be
incorporated no more often than quarterly.
Change procedures. The SLA should document the process of requesting,

initiating and negotiating changes. Generally, this process entails identifying
circumstances warranting consideration of changes, negotiating such changes
at periodic review meetings (or other sessions as appropriate), incorporating
the changes in the SLA document, and notifying pertinent personnel about the
changes.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE PROCESS

2. Periodic Review
3. Change Process
Example 1:
Requests for changes to the agreement can be made by any member of either
party and must be submitted in writing to that partys SLA manager. Rene-
gotiation will take place through the Periodic Review process. All changes must
be approved by the signatories to the agreement or their designees. A Change
Log will be used to maintain a record of all changes to the SLA.
Example 2:
Revisions to this Agreement by mutual consent may be made in anticipation of,

or in response to:
[Customer] or [Service Provider] request
Significant change in capacity requirements, number of transactions

processed, or volume of printed output. Significant change is defined as
an increase or decrease of 20% over average daily statistics at the time of
signing the Agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 6: Exercise 2: Evaluate a Sample Agreement 6.1
CHAPTER 6:
EXERCISE 2:
EVALUATE A SAMPLE AGREEMENT
Chapter Overview
The objective of this chapter is to provide a second opportunity for you to gain
experience in evaluating a sample SLA, this time drawing from the information in
the preceding chapters. Following this SLA is a detailed set of observations and
recommendations to help you in preparing your own SLAs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW TO USE THIS AGREEMENT
This SLA illustrates many of the points made in the preceding chapters and offers an
opportunity to examine the service and management elements in context.
You will undoubtedly find aspects of this SLA that you consider strengths and others
you view as weaknesses. Please remember that the final test of any SLA is not how it
appears to others, but whether the parties to it agree that it serves their purposes.
Therefore, in evaluating this agreement:
1. Focus on the big picture. The purpose of this SLA is to illustrate key issues
for you to pay attention to in creating your own SLAs. To the extent that the
specific services described differ from your own, dont be distracted by them.
Instead, concentrate on the language of the SLA, its structure, format, read-
ability, consistency, clarity, and so on.
2. Observe your reactions. See what strikes you as positive or negative about
this SLA. If possible, compare your reactions with your colleagues. Doing so
will help you broaden your view of the many possible reactions to a given
SLA, thereby helping you prepare to negotiate the terms and conditions in
your SLAs.
3. Identify aspects of this sample SLA that relate to your own SLAs. Highlight
features or wordings you would like to include in your own SLAs, as well as
those youd like to avoid. Use the table of contents of the SLA and the word-
ing of the various sections as a basis for creating a template for your own
SLAs.
4. Expand your list of evaluation criteria. Identify any criteria beyond those
previously outlined that will be helpful in assessing your own SLAs. These
criteria are presented in a modified form on the next page.
Following this SLA is a set of observations and recommendations. These points

highlight features or wordings that you may want to use in your own SLAs, alterna-
tive ways of expressing certain issues, common differences of opinion among SLA
developers, and suggestions for possible enhancements.
My eBook, How to Critique and Strengthen Your Service Level Agreements, offers
a comprehensive look at factors and criteria to keep in mind in evaluating your
SLAs. Details: www.nkarten.com/book2.html.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION CRITERIA: ANOTHER APPROACH
This list of evaluation criteria is based on the list on page 3.14. In this case, however,
the criteria are presented as questions. When formatted as questions, evaluation
criteria tend to elicit more useful information, because they help reviewers better
understand what you are asking for.
1. Readability
a. Does the SLA have a pleasing, professional look? Do you find the type style
and type size easy on your eyes?
b. Is the length of the SLA appropriate to its purpose?
c. Do you find the structure of the SLA easy to comprehend? What was your
reaction to the organization and sequence of information?
d. Do you understand all the information in this SLA? Did any terminology
seem ambiguous, vague or confusing?
e. Is the information consistent? Are there instances of terminology or

structure changing from one section to another?
2. Content
a. Is the SLA complete? Are the key service elements and management
elements adequately covered? Are there any gaps in information or
omissions of key items?
b. Is the level of detail appropriate?
c. Is the scope of the SLA and the services it addresses clear?
d. Are both parties appropriately represented?
e. Does the tone reflect a spirit of collaboration between the parties to the SLA?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT

between
[Customer]
and
[Service Provider]
PREPARED BY:
___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Name Name
Title Title
Date: ________________________________________ Date: ________________________________________
APPROVED AND OWNED BY:
__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Name Name
Vice President, [Customer] Vice President, [Service Provider]
Date: ________________________________________ Date: ________________________________________
Doc Ref C042

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Purpose and Objective 3
B. Scope 3
C. Related Documents 3
D. Contact Personnel 4
E. Critical Applications
1. Application Availability 5
2. Application Reliability 7
3. Exceptional Circumstances 7
F. Problem Management
1. Outage Notification 8
2. Problem Acknowledgment and Resolution 8
G. Service Review 9
H. Change Process 9
I. Maintenance and Distribution of the Agreement 10
APPENDICES
A. Glossary of Key Terms 11
B. Contact List 11
C. Document Log 11
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Purpose and Objective

This Service Level Agreement (SLA) has been jointly created by [Customer] and
[Service Provider] to detail the conditions and expectations of our two organiza-
tions regarding service delivery by [Service Provider] to [Customer].
We view this Agreement as a building block that will contribute to a long-term

relationship. Accordingly, no changes will be made to this document without the
agreement of both organizations. This document will remain in force until
explicitly superseded, replaced or terminated.
B. Scope
[Service Provider] provides network services and associated technical support
services. A service guide detailing these services is available at [website URL].
This SLA currently pertains only:

to a subset of the services which [Service Provider] provides to
[Customer], and
to those terms and conditions deemed to have greatest business impact
on [Customer] profitability
In particular, the service standards in this Agreement address availability and

reliability for critical applications (Section E).
As circumstances warrant, this Agreement will be modified to incorporate other

services and additional terms and conditions.
C. Related Documents
The following documents are either referenced in this SLA or pertinent to the
services described. All named documents are available online.
A001 Documentation Standards
C006 Problem Resolution Procedures
P024 Service Pricing
P104 Escalation Procedures
S004 Network Procedures
Key terms in this Agreement are defined in the glossary in Appendix A.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Contact Personnel
1. Service Managers
[Customer] and [Service Provider] have each designated a Service Manager

who is responsible for managing the Agreement for his/her organization, and
for ensuring timely and effective attention to service issues pertinent to this
Agreement.
Contact information for the Service Managers and other personnel with SLA-
related responsibilities are listed in Appendix B.
2. [Service Provider] Help Desk
The [Service Provider] Help Desk is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
This Help Desk is the point of contact for [Customer] personnel for questions
and problems regarding service delivery.
This Help Desk can be contacted by email at [email address] or by phone at

[phone number]. Individuals with Help Desk responsibilities are listed in
Appendix B.
3. [Customer] Help Desk
The [Customer] Help Desk provides support services to [Customer] internal

clients, and is the point of contact for [Service Provider] personnel for ques-
tions and problems regarding service delivery.
Help Desk staff are on duty Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm.
Two members of the Help Desk are on call, on a rotating basis, during off-
hours. Daily and off-hour contact information is listed in Appendix B.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
E. Critical Applications
1. Application Availability
This standard concerns the percentage of time that [Customer] personnel will
have network access to critical applications involved in providing timely and
effective service to [Customers] customers.
Critical, as used here, refers to the applications in Table 1, which have been
identified by the [Customer] Steering Committee as having the maximum
impact on [Customers] profitability.
Availability is defined as the percentage of time that the specified application

is available for use by [Customer], as measured over a calendar month.
[Service Provider] has committed to having these applications available

99.5% of the time during the weekday hours stated in the table, and
97.5% during the stated weekend and holiday hours.
APPLICATION WEEKDAYS WEEKENDS/HOLIDAYS
aaa 6:00am-8:00pm 8:00am-8:00pm
bbb 5:00am-9:00pm 5:00am-9:00pm
ccc 6:00am-8:00pm 6:00am-6:00pm
ddd 6:00am-9:00pm 6:00am-9:00pm
Table 1. Critical Applications
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Outages will be calculated based on the date/time stamps on trouble tickets.

Trouble tickets are opened automatically by the network or manually by the
[Service Provider] Help Desk upon notification from the [Customer] Help
Desk or other [Service Provider] personnel.
For purposes of calculating monthly availability, unavailability is disregarded:
For outages due to scheduled and announced maintenance, up to 3

outages per month, a maximum of 2 hours per outage, and 4 hours in
total.
For time periods other than those stated in Table 1.
If support or repair staff is unable to gain access to [Customers]

equipment to carry out necessary repair work
If caused by environmental conditions at [Customers] location or

other environmental conditions outside of [Service Providers] control.
If caused by a malfunction created by [Customer] personnel and for

which [Customer] personnel are responsible.
If [Customer] fails to follow mutually agreed upon procedures, as

documented in Document S004.
Within 5 business days after month end, [Service Provider] will deliver a
report to [Customer] documenting daily availability by application for the
month, and monthly availability by application for the most recent 12
months.
If actual availability for any application is below the guaranteed level, the re-
port will document the reasons and describe a plan for avoiding a recurrence.
All such service deviations will be addressed during Service Review meetings
(Section G), and may result in a financial penalty commensurate with the de-
gree of slippage.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Application Reliability
This standard concerns the number of outages per calendar month for critical
applications. This standard complements the availability standard in Section
E1 by ensuring that no critical application faces an excessive number of
outages even when availability exceeds required levels.
Service is considered to be unacceptable if more than 2 outages occur per

critical application or more than 3 outages in total for the month.
For purposes of tracking reliability, outages are disregarded:
If they occur for scheduled and announced maintenance.
If caused by environmental conditions at [Customer] sites or other

environmental conditions outside of [Service Providers] control.
If unavailability is caused by a malfunction created by [Customer]

personnel and for which [Customer] personnel are responsible.
Within 5 business days after month end, [Service Provider] will deliver a
report to [Customer] documenting daily reliability (number of outages) per
application for the month just completed, and monthly reliability per ap-
plication and in total for the most recent 12 months.
The report will document the reasons for each outage and describe a plan for
avoiding a recurrence.
If reliability for any application falls below the number of outages specified
above, [Provider] may be subject to a penalty commensurate with the degree
of slippage, as noted in Document P024.
3. Exceptional Circumstances
[Service Provider] reserves the right, in exceptional circumstances, to im-

plement changes to prevent degradation of critical applications without
[Customers] prior approval. Any such changes must be communicated to
the [Customer] Service Manager or Help Desk as soon as possible. Any such
instance must be documented and is subject to subsequent review.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F. Problem Management
1. Outage Notification
Member of either organization who become aware of a network or appli-

cation outage will notify their organizations Help Desk, which will notify
the other organizations Help Desk. Each Help Desk is responsible for
immediately contacting the personnel within that organization who are
responsible for or need to be alerted about the situation.
To determine whether a problem has already been reported or to find out

the current status, members of each organization will contact a designated
number to receive a recording about the status of all known outages. This
recording will be updated every 30 minutes or as otherwise agreed on a
case-by-case basis, and will include a final notification when a particular
outage has been resolved.
2. Problem Acknowledgment and Resolution
This standard concerns the turnaround time for [Service Provider] Help Desk
to respond to and resolve technical problems reported by [Customer].
The [Service Provider] Help Desks goal is to resolve 85% of reported prob-
lems within 1 hour of the call, as measured on a weekly basis. To enable this
goal to be achieved, [Customer] will supply appropriate technical and
business impact information, as outlined in Document P006, at the time of the
call or when leaving a voice mail message.
For problems that cannot be resolved within 1 hour, [Customer] will be

notified within 1 hour of the call of the estimated completion date or time for
resolving the problem.
For purposes of calculating the time to problem resolution, time periods are
excluded in which:
[Customer] is not available when contacted for necessary informa-

tion or to answer questions
A high-priority business need causes the [Service Provider] Help

Desk to suspend conformance to the goal.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
By Tuesday of each week, [Service Provider] will provide [Customer] with a

report documenting the previous weeks problem resolution activities,
including a listing of problems closed along with the action taken, and prob-
lems still open along with the estimated completion date.
The report will also note the percentage of problems resolved within 1 hour
of the call. If the commitment to resolve 85% of problem within 1 hour has
not been met, the report will include an explanation and steps to be taken to
achieve improved responsiveness.
G. Service Review
A quarterly review open to members of both organizations will be conducted

jointly by [Customer] and [Service Provider] Service Managers.
The purpose of the review is to assess service effectiveness during the past
quarter, to identify and address service problems, and to evaluate service de-
livery in light of current business needs and available resources. Particular
attention will be paid to notable deviations from service commitments.
As the basis for this review, the Service Managers will collaborate in collecting,
analyzing and reporting service data associated with the service standards in this
SLA. Within 5 business days after each quarterly review, a report will be
published describing issues addressed, decisions made and actions taken.
Interim service reviews may be conducted between quarterly reviews if a pattern

of service delivery warrants a more immediate review, or if a change occurs in
the structure or operation of either organization of sufficient impact to affect the
terms of the Agreement.
An in-depth review of the Agreement will be undertaken annually to ensure that

it continues to meet the needs of both organizations.
H. Change Process
Changes to this Agreement may be negotiated based on changing business or

service needs or significant variances from service commitments. Members
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
of either organization can submit requests for changes to their Service Manager,
who will negotiate the changes. All changes must be approved by the Vice
Presidents of both organizations, or their designees.
When changes are approved, an updated Agreement will be posted online.

Changes will be recorded in the Document Log in Appendix C.
I. Maintenance and Distribution of the Agreement
[Service Provider] is responsible for maintaining this Agreement and ensuring

that changes have been incorporated before new versions are distributed.
Distribution of copies within each organization is the responsibility of that or-

ganizations Service Manager. An online copy of the SLA will be available to
both organizations, along with links to other relevant documents.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix A. Glossary of Terms
Availability: A measure of the total time, as measured over a calendar month,

that the designated service is accessible and usable by [Customer].
Critical: Used to denote the five to eight applications deemed most critical to the
[Customer] Corporation.
Reliability: A measure of the number of service interruptions caused by outages.
Scheduled Outage: A mutually agreed upon service interruption that was

scheduled through the normal change process.
Service Standard: The terms and conditions that constitute acceptable service
delivery by [Service Provider] to [Customer].
Times: All times are in Eastern Standard Time.

_________________________________
Appendix B. [Service Provider] and [Customer] Contact List
[Service Provider]
.
.
.
[Customer]
.
.
.
_________________________________
Appendix C. Document Log
Date Details of Change
10/9/06 Conditions denoting unavailability expanded in Section F.
7/22/05 Section H amended to include interim reviews to ensure more timely

attention to critical problems.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Though not without flaws, this SLA is reasonably well-done in terms of both content
and format. You may find it helpful as a model for your own SLA, revising and
adapting it to fit your organizations unique issues and concerns.
If you will be establishing several SLAs, create a template that you can use for each
SLA. A template will enable you to use a similar structure and wording for all SLAs,
or at least to begin the effort from the same starting point. In doing so, you can
significantly reduce your overall workload compared with starting each SLA effort
from scratch. This SLA, adapted to your own circumstances, might serve as a basis
for that template.
Here are some items worth noting in this SLA:
Signatures
This SLA highlights names and signatures on the cover page. The wording
used for the second set of signatures (Approved and Owned By) empha-
sizes the buy-in of the two vice presidents. Such wording can facilitate the
acceptance of the SLA by those whose efforts are needed to support it.
Document reference number
The reference number at the bottom of the first page of the SLA is an ad-
ministrative element that relates the SLA document to other documents in
the same organization (typically the service providers organization). Cross-
referencing information of this kind is a good idea, provided the members of
the other organization are amenable to its use.
Table of contents
The table of contents page (SLA page 2) provides an overview of the structure
and contents of the SLA, making it easy for readers to locate sections of inter-
est to them. If the SLA is to be web-based, you can improve readability (par-
ticularly if the SLA is long) by linking each entry in the table of contents to its
appearance in the text.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Scope
The scope information in Section B is kept simple by concisely stating the
services the provider delivers and the range of services covered by the SLA.
Readers are told how they can obtain additional information about services;
there is no need to bog the SLA down with detailed information that is al-
ready available elsewhere.
Constraints
This SLA is an example of a minimal SLA: As the scope information in Sec-
tion B illustrates, the SLA pertains only to selected services and terms. An
SLA does not need to be all-encompassing to be usable; it can start by focus-
ing on the issues of greatest concern and expand to other services or service
conditions as circumstances warrant.
Acknowledging that additional services and terms may be added, as this

scope statement does, helps readers understand that omissions regarding
services and terms are deliberate, not due to a failure to consider them.
Definitions
The last line of Section C refers to the glossary of key terms in Appendix A.
Make sure the definitions of terms in the Appendix match the definitions as
used in context.
For terms that appear in the glossary, consider highlighting these terms the first
time they are used in the SLA text, so that readers know that they are explained
in the glossary. If you do so, point out the purpose of the highlighting. For
example, the closing line of Section C might read: Key terms in this Agreement
are defined in the glossary in Appendix A and are underlined upon first use in
the SLA.
Alternatively, if the SLA is web-based, consider linking the first appearance of

each term to its entry in the glossary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Contact personnel
Section D describes the Service Managers and Help Desks, but defers the list
of specific contact individuals to Appendix B. As a result, Section D will be
unaffected if there is a change in the specific contact individuals or their
contact information.
Key information highlighted

In the service standards in Sections E and F, key numbers are highlighted
with bold type and double underlines so that they stand out and quickly
catch readers attention.
Use of visual elements

To enhance readability, SLAs should use visual elements as much as possible,
such as tables (e.g., Table 1 in Section E1) and lists (e.g., the conditions disre-
garded from calculations in Sections E1 and E2).
Tables are often used to capture the key commitments in an SLA; this infor-
mation can then be summarized on a single sheet for easy reference by the
personnel accountable for meeting these commitments. Readability of this
sample SLA would be improved by including just such a summary sheet.
Service standards
Service standards are the heart of an SLA, and are generally what people are
most eager to know about when they read the SLA. Given this fact, some SLA
developers like to highlight the service standard section. For example, in this
sample SLA, Service Standards could have been a section header, under
which the specific standards in Sections E and F were stated.
Business impact
The service standards in Section E emphasize business impact by focusing
entirely on applications identified by the customer as having critical impact.
These applications are top priority: If all remaining applications function
perfectly, but the critical applications fall below the specified standard,
company profitability and reputation will be damaged.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Availability
This service standard (Section E1) answers some issues well, but also raises
several possible concerns. For example:
Off-hour availability. The commitment to provide availability is limited

to the stated hours. But what about other hours? Is 100% unavailability
acceptable? If availability during other time periods is of no concern, it is
preferable to say so explicitly, so it is clear the two organizations have
addressed and agreed upon this issue.
Holiday schedule. Consider either stating the dates of holidays or

indicating where this information can be found. Being clear about such
dates is especially important when services span regions which may
observe different holidays.
Exclusions. This standard cites several exclusions from the calculation

of availability. Exclusions such as the last two (page 6.9) are subjective
and can cause conflicts if it is unclear whether the customer is respon-
sible for the outage. Some organizations prefer to have the calculation
include any unavailability for which either organization is responsible
so that both feel a stake in improving service. For such organizations,
the issue isnt who is to blame?, but rather what can we jointly do to
rectify the situation?
Penalties. Many customer organizations favor financial penalties if the

service provider fails to meet agreed upon service levels. The inclusion
of penalties is often a given in contractually-oriented SLAs. However,
some customers prefer not to include penalties, for fear that they will
damage their relationship with their provider and motivate the pro-
vider to give other customers higher priority rather than work to
rectify the situation.
Incentives. In the eyes of many SLA negotiators, the risk of financial

penalties for substandard service is unacceptable unless balanced by
the possibility of financial reward for better than agreed upon service.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Reliability
Availability and reliability are inter-related and many SLAs capture both in a
single service standard. In this SLA, reliability has been highlighted sep-
arately from availability to capture a key concern: reliability, as reflected in
the number of outages per month, can be poor even when availability is
excellent.
That is, even if availability is at a 99+% level, the downtime can comprise
anything from a single sustained outage to dozens of momentary outages.
This customers concern about the business impact of random brief outages
speaks to the concern about uncertainty (specifically consistency and pre-
dictability of service) as described on page 1.13.
Reporting
The service standards for availability and reliability (Sections E1 and E2) each
include provisions for reporting that begins Within 5 business days after
month end, [Service Provider] will deliver a report to [Customer]
documenting..... Readability might have been enhanced by combining these
two sets of reporting information into a single section that follows the two
service standards. Doing so would help the reader quickly grasp the report-
ing requirements associated with these service standards.
Outage notification
This service standard (Section F1) requires each Help Desk to contact the
appropriate personnel immediately. Many organizations consider the use of
such terminology too vague for an SLA; they prefer specific timeframes, such
as within 15 minutes.
Other organizations deliberately express such requirements in non-specific

terminology. Their view is that they can always modify the SLA to incor-
porate greater specificity if circumstances warrant. In the meantime, they use
phrases such as immediately, as soon as possible, and as circumstances
warrant as an indication of their trust in their personnel to act appropriately,
and in the belief that personnel are well-versed in what is expected of them
during top priority circumstances.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(continued)
Problem acknowledgment and resolution
This service standard (Section F2) states that an estimated completion date or
time will be provided for problems that cannot be resolved within one hour
of the call. The service standard does not state whether the provider intends
to give customers periodic updates until the problem is resolved or to inform
customers of a revised estimate if the original estimate needs adjustment.
Although both periodic updates and notification of revised estimates are
recommended, stating in the SLA that this will be done is at the discretion of
the two organizations).
Emphasis on problem prevention
The service standards in this SLA require the service provider not just to
document problems, but also to identify why they occurred and what steps
will be taken to avoid a recurrence. Although no information is included
about how the success of problem prevention will be assessed, the fact that
prevention is being emphasized may cause greater attention to be paid to
problem diagnosis and prevention than had been done previously.
Document log
Some organizations are content with the amount of information stated in this
log; others prefer more detail, such as documenting the specific conditions of
unavailability that were added on 10/9/06.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 7: Critical Initial Steps 7.1
CHAPTER 7:
CRITICAL INITIAL STEPS
Chapter Overview
References to the SLA development process have appeared throughout the

previous chapters. The objective of this chapter and the next one is to present
the SLA development process in a coherent, orderly fashion, and to provide
guidelines and recommendations for carrying out this process.
This chapter describes four key steps, or prerequisites, that require attention before
undertaking a full-fledged SLA development effort:
Step 1: Assess whether an SLA is appropriate.
Step 2: Ensure management commitment.
Step 3: Designate SLA managers.
Step 4: Provide SLA education.
When SLA efforts fail to result in a completed SLA, or get seriously bogged down
in reaching that goal, the reason can often be traced to inadequate attention to one
or more of these four steps.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 1: ASSESS WHETHER AN SLA IS APPROPRIATE
1. Assess whether an SLA is appropriate.

2. Ensure management commitment.
3. Designate SLA managers.
4. Provide SLA education.
Is an SLA is the right strategy for your needs? Is it the best strategy at this time? If
you can answer yes to any of the following questions, attempts to establish an SLA
may backfire or seriously divert valuable resources. (Refer to page 1.17 for
additional information on the issues raised by these questions.)
1. Is the relationship between the two parties characterized by a serious level of

tension and dissatisfaction?
2. Are customers confused about the providers services because these services
have not been adequately described?
3. Do provider personnel lack clarity about the division of responsibilities in

their organization?
4. Is either party unwilling to commitment staff resources to develop and

manage the SLA?
5. Do the members of the parties to the SLA lack expertise in establishing and
managing an SLA?
Any one or more of these problems may signal either that it would be inappropriate
to proceed with an SLA effort at all, or that it would be counterproductive to do so
at this time.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 2: ENSURE MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

Management commitment is essential to the success of a service level agreement,

because:
An SLA may result in changes in the way services have been delivered and in
the way the organization needs to be structured to support the provisions of
the SLA. Implementing these changes may require management backing.
Management support gives the SLA credibility, which can help in gaining the
buy-in of those whose cooperation or involvement you require to carry out its
provisions.
Without management commitment (particularly at upper management levels),

one or both parties might ignore the agreement once it is enacted.
Establishing an agreement is typically a significant effort, and those involved

in the effort may have require management approval to be relieved of other
responsibilities during this process.
Management backing communicates to all employees that the agreement is

important and is to be taken seriously.
Be forewarned: SLA development efforts without management commitment rarely

reach completion.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 3: DESIGNATE SLA MANAGERS

To oversee SLA development and management, each party to the SLA needs an SLA
Manager who works with the other organizations SLA Manager to develop and
manage the Agreement.
SLA Manager is not necessarily a formal title (although some organizations choose
to make it a formal title); rather it indicates the individual selected to oversee SLA
activities. In practice, people selected as SLA Manager have had such titles as:
Account Manager Technical Service Manager

Business Systems Manager Quality Manager
Service Level Manager Communications Consultant
Product Manager Support Services Manager
Customer Service Manager Client Relations Manager
IT Manager Marketing Manager
Director, Network Services Support Manager
Process Consultant Sr. Help Desk Analyst
Manager, Service Delivery Product Marketing Manager
Senior Administrator Network Support Engineer
Project Manager Contract Manager
Team Manager Facilities Manager
Manager, Communications Planning Coordinator
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHY THIS ROLE IS SO CRITICAL

An SLA Manager is instrumental to the success of an SLA effort. This person serves
in a multi-faceted capacity that entails being
A sales person who can sell the benefits of the SLA and its terms and
conditions to those whose buy-in is necessary to its success
An educator who can help others understand the purpose of the SLA, its
implications, its contents, and how it is established
A negotiator who can work with the other organization to find solutions and
approaches that benefit both organizations
A communicator who can keep others informed about the progress and status
of the SLA effort
A facilitator who can guide or oversee meetings and discussions about services
and service delivery
A conflict manager who can help to resolve tensions between organizations

due to actual or perceived service delivery problems
A detective who can gather data and analyze service problems so as to identify
underlying causes
A psychologist who can ease the fears and boost the confidence of those
concerned with how the SLA will affect them and their work
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ATTRIBUTES OF AN SLA MANAGER

Ideally, the individuals selected to lead the SLA effort should:
9 Be knowledgeable about the organizational entity they represent
9 Be reasonably familiar with the other partys business
9 Have the respect of both their own and the other partys organization
9 Be skilled in communications and negotiations
9 Have a strong interest in seeking win-win relationships
9 Be knowledgeable about the establishment and management of SLAs, or

have access to sources of expertise
9 Be able to commit the time and effort needed to establish and manage the
Agreement
Key Point
SLA Managers typically acquire heightened awareness of and apprecia-
tion for the other organizations service concerns. To their peers, they
may appear to be favoring the other organization in the terms of the
SLA and in the resolution of disputes once the SLA is in effect.
The best SLA Managers are those who can gain the trust and respect of
the other organization without losing the trust and respect of their own.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN SLA MANAGER

The responsibilities and accountabilities of an SLA Manager may include any or all
of the following:
9 Serve as the point of contact for problems or concerns related to the SLA
itself, or the delivery of services described in the SLA.
9 Maintain ongoing contact with the other partys SLA Manager.
9 Serve as the primary point of contact in the escalation process.
9 Periodically assess the effectiveness of mechanisms selected for service

tracking and reporting.
9 Plan and facilitate periodic reviews, in coordination with the other partys
SLA Manager, and coordinate and implement modifications to the SLA, as
deemed appropriate.
9 Facilitate or participate in conflict resolution processes regarding service

effectiveness
9 Regularly assess and report on how the two parties can further enhance
their working relationship.
9 Delegate responsibilities to, or seek the assistance of, colleagues, subordi-

nates or members of the other partys staff as needed to address issues that
may arise under the Agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS REGARDING SLA MANAGERS

Questions that sometimes arise regarding SLA Managers include these:
Q Can one SLA Manager establish the SLA and another manage it?
Circumstances often dictate a transfer of responsibilities once an SLA is

operational. In this situation, it is critical for the person who will manage the
SLA to become as conversant as possible with the issues and problems that
occurred during the development of the SLA.
Q Can SLA Managers single-handedly establish SLAs?
Rarely can the entire job of establishing SLAs be carried out by just one
person from each organization. At a minimum, it is wise for each to have a
backup to ensure continuity in case an SLA Manager becomes unavailable.
In addition, both the IT and customer organizations may require an imple-

mentation team to carry out the tasks involved in establishing the SLAs. The
team typically reports to and takes direction from its SLA Manager. Even
when a formal team is not established, the SLA Managers may need the
support of others who will provide background information, insight into
pertinent service issues, and perspectives regarding service delivery.
Q Who should be on the team with the SLA Managers?
The makeup of an SLA team varies with the circumstances, but may include,
for example, business and technical subject matter experts, other members of
the IT or customer organizations, administrative support, facilitators, finan-
cial personnel, and (for legal SLAs) representatives from the Legal Depart-
ment. Some of these people may be full-time team members; others are called
upon as needed to provide specialized expertise.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS REGARDING SLA MANAGERS

(continued)

Q If related service provider groups are concurrently establishing SLAs with

the same customer organization, should each have its own SLA Manager?
If the groups serve the same customers or have overlapping service issues,
SLA development can easily become a chaotic process, characterized by
redundant efforts and contradictory approaches. The process may flow more
smoothly with a single SLA Manager supported by others from the related
groups.
For example, if several departments in a division will each be establishing an

SLA with the same internal business units, one person in the division of can
serve as the division SLA Manager. Representatives from the other depart-
ments in the division can participate as team members or sources of input, so
that their issues and concerns are fairly represented.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 4: PROVIDE SLA EDUCATION

This education is typically carried out by the SLA Managers or outside experts who
are assisting with the SLA development effort.
This education about SLAs is important in two ways:
Lack of familiarity with SLAs. One or both parties is usually unfamiliar with
SLAs and may misunderstand how the SLA will affect them. As a result, they
may withhold their cooperation, display resistance during SLA development,
or refuse to support the completed Agreement.
Skepticism about SLAs. Some people voice considerable skepticism about

SLAs. Further inquiry often reveals a negative experience with an SLA that was
unilaterally developed, didnt represent the views of both parties, or wasnt
designed to be changed to accommodate changing circumstances. The cyni-
cism of such individuals is understandable given their experiences.
Education helps both of these groups understand the goals and objectives of a
properly developed SLA, including what it is designed to accomplish, how they will
benefit from it, and the role they can play in creating and managing it.
If the SLA is to succeed, you must sell its purpose and its value to those whose
participation or support is necessary to its success. Education is a key component of
that sales effort.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHO AND HOW TO EDUCATE

Any or all of the following groups may need to be educated:
Service provider management and staff, particularly those with customer

contact or direct service delivery responsibilities
Customer management and staff, particularly those who have service provider
contact or are most directly affected by by service quality
Those who will be asked to review a draft SLA and provide feedback
Those directly responsible for establishing and implementing the SLA
Methods of providing education
Interactive methods such as presentations, group discussions, and one-on-one

or small group meetings work best, because participants can get immediate
answers to their questions and their fears and concerns can be addressed.
Written descriptions may help to supplement interactive forms of education,

but are generally not effective as the primary method.
What to expect in delivering SLA education
Many recipients of SLA education respond enthusiastically. However, some may

display resistance, cynicism, and concern for whether their service issues will get
a fair hearing. In delivering this education, it is important to project confidence in
presenting information and responding to questions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOPICS FOR AN OVERVIEW PRESENTATION

The following topics are suggested for an overview presentation to those who are
new to or skeptical about SLAs:
What an SLA is and what it isnt

The factors driving the decision to create an SLA
How the SLA will help address existing service concerns
The anticipated impact of the SLA on those receiving this overview
The role of the SLA as a living document
The people championing or sponsoring the SLA
The people leading or participating in the SLA development effort
The SLA development process (in brief)
How recipients of this overview will be kept informed of the status
Review the information in Chapter 1 for other general topics that may be useful for
an overview. Add to these any other company- or group-specific issues that are
likely to be one the minds of those listening to this overview.
Key Point
The #1 concern of those new to or skeptical of SLAs is:
Whats in it for me?

Anticipate this question and be prepared to respond to it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 8: Development Checklist 8.1
CHAPTER 8:
DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST
Chapter Overview:
This chapter presents the six most important steps in the SLA development
process:
1. Assess current services.
2. Gather customer feedback.
3. Ensure agreement about the agreement.
4. Develop a draft SLA.
5. Solicit feedback from reviewers.
6. Implement and manage the agreement.
Although other steps may be helpful, they should supplement, not replace, any of
these six steps.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 1: ASSESS CURRENT SERVICES

Before making commitments to customers, service providers must determine the

level of service they can realistically provide. Similarly, before eliciting commit-
ments from service providers, customers should review and clarify their service
needs and priorities.
For both service providers and customers, this assessment process consists of two
primary activities:
Look within: determine what level of service delivery is feasible (for the
provider) or is needed (by the customer)
Assess your service experience: assess your experience as a provider in

delivering the service, or your experience as a customer in receiving it
The next two pages provide advice to the provider and customer in conducting
these assessments.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT ADVICE FOR PROVIDERS

Look within and create a description of services.
Many organizations have never compiled a description of their services, either for
their own use or for customers. Doing so often reveals differing viewpoints about
what should or should not be on the list. Questions to consider (in addition to
those on page 4.7) are:
What services are you currently offering?

How can you describe these services so that customers understand them?
What services, if any, do customers think you provide that you dont?
What services are you not currently offering that you might want to?
What additional behind-the-scenes or infrastructure activities do you carry
out that may not be visible to customers, but are nevertheless critical?
Assess your service experience.
Review 3 to 6 months of service delivery data. If such data is not available (as is
often the case), draw from the tracking suggestions in Chapter 5 and begin
tracking now. Using existing service delivery data or your best judgment re-
garding your service experience, use these questions to guide your assessment:
How would you characterize your service delivery?

In what ways has your service delivery been on target?
In what ways has your service delivery fallen short?
What aspects of your service delivery need improvement?
What problems or frustrations have you experienced in service delivery?
If you could make any changes in your services, what would they be?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT ADVICE FOR CUSTOMERS

4. Create a draft SLA.
Look within and review the services you currently receive.
In preparing to discuss services with the provider with whom you are establishing
an SLA, gather sufficient information from as many service recipients as possible
so as to answer these questions:
What services are you currently receiving?

What aspects of these services are confusing or unclear?
What services are you not currently receiving that you might like?
Evaluate your service experience.
Gather and analyze any available data on the service you have received. Consider
these questions:
How would you characterize the service youve received?

In what ways has your service delivery been on target?
In what ways has your service delivery fallen short?
What aspects of the service youve received need improvement?
What problems or frustrations have you experienced?
If you could make any changes in services, what would they be?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 2: GATHER CUSTOMER FEEDBACK

Before establishing an SLA, it is valuable for providers to gather feedback from

customers so that they have first-hand information about customer perceptions and
satisfaction. Such feedback improves the providers understanding about customer
concerns and creates a baseline against which to assess customer satisfaction after
SLA implementation.
Customer feedback can be obtained in numerous ways, such as:
Surveys
Interviews in person or by phone
Focus groups
Facilitated discussions
Survey data can be valuable in gauging customer perceptions provided it was col-
lected within a year of undertaking the SLA. If such survey data is not available, the
best way to quickly gather high-quality in-depth customer feedback is via face-to-
face discussions with a selected number of representative customers.
Even if survey data is available, it is advisable to supplement the survey findings

with some face-to-face interviews, which will provided information that is both
more detailed and more current.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES FOR GATHERING FEEDBACK

In gathering customer feedback, keep the following in mind:
Find out what aspects of your services are most important to your customers
(such as timeliness, responsiveness, quality, or up-time), and why. Their
responses will help in formulating the service standards for the SLA.
Ask customers for specific examples or experiences that illustrate their service
experience. This qualitative experience is far more valuable in planning the SLA
than quantitative ratings and rankings.
Follow-up to learn more about customers views. That is, if data is available
from prior surveys, follow-up with selected customers to gain a more com-
prehensive perspective of their service concerns.
Inform customers about the results of your feedback gathering. Doing so conveys
that you are listening to their concerns. It also provides an opportunity to explain
that an SLA is being developed to address their concerns, thereby gaining their
support for the SLA effort.
My eBook, 40 Frequent Feedback-Gathering Flaws and How to Fix Them, offers

guidance in conducting successful feedback-gathering efforts. Details:
www.nkarten.com/feedbackguide.html.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAMPLE FEEDBACK-GATHERING QUESTIONS

Whether obtained in writing or spoken form, the best feedback typically results from
a small number of open-ended questions. Such questions give customers a chance to
present their views at length and in their own terms. In spoken feedback, they also
give feedback-gatherers a chance to ask follow-up questions in order to seek
clarification and additional information.
The following are excellent questions to use or adapt:
1. How would you describe your satisfaction with [specified services] and what
are your reasons for this description?
2. In terms of your needs, what are [Service Providers] most important services,
and how well are they being delivered?
3. How would you describe [Service Providers] strengths?
4. What do you see as opportunities for improvement?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 3: ENSURE AGREEMENT ABOUT THE AGREEMENT

The two parties to an SLA often have different views about the role of an SLA and
what it can realistically accomplish. Both sets of views may be valid, yet sufficiently
different as to cause a breakdown in SLA negotiations.
For example:
One party may view the SLA as a quick fix, while the other party views it as a
long-term relationship-building mechanism.
One party may want the SLA to reflect more stringent service levels than
those currently provided, while the other party may want to initiate the SLA
at current service levels and to seek improvements over time.
Each party may have expectations about benefits the SLA will deliver that are
outside the scope of an SLA.
Each party may have a different idea of what the SLA document should look
like and what should be included in it.
Each party may expect the other to carry more of the workload in developing
the agreement.
Therefore, before the SLA effort begins, it is advisable for high level representatives
of the two parties to meet, compare their views, and ensure they have a shared
understanding.
In the absence of this shared understanding, the SLA effort is unlikely to succeed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 4: DEVELOP A DRAFT SLA

In this step, the goal of the SLA Managers is to develop a draft SLA which they can
distribute to members of both organizations to obtain feedback and generate buy-in.
Developing the draft is an iterative process of discussing, negotiating, information-
gathering, and revising until the document represents the best interests of the two
organizations.
It is advisable for the two SLA Managers to set the stage for this development effort
with an open discussion about
SLA goals and objectives

Their background and experience with SLAs
The directives they have received from their management
The current relationship between the two parties
Potential impediments or obstacles in developing the SLA
Communication styles and preferences that could have a bearing on how
they work together in developing the SLA
In addition, the SLA Managers need to make decisions about:
How the work of establishing the agreement will be divided up

How often they will meet, and how they will stay in touch between meetings
What target dates they will set, and how they will track their progress
When and how they will seek management feedback on the draft
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRST DEVELOP THE BIG PICTURE

Regardless of whether the SLA Managers plan to involve other members of their
organizations in developing the draft, they maybe be able to expedite the devel-
opment process if they first complete the following tasks themselves:
Develop a proposed structure for the SLA document.
This structure may be based on existing SLAs, past experience, the SLAs in
this book, or a structure they jointly design. Although this structure may
change as the content is developed, it provides a prototype to work from.
List the services and service standards to be addressed in the SLA.
This list includes the types of service standards that seem pertinent, such as
response time and throughput for a Data Center SLA or problem acknowl-
edgment and resolution commitments for a Help Desk SLA. The resulting list
provides a good starting point for developing the draft.
Develop the general wording of the draft.
However, it may be wise to omit specific numbers from the service commit-
ments until all participants have had a chance to specify their service needs.
Select a meeting format for reviewing the service issues in the draft.
Identify the best method of involving other members of each organization so

that they have an opportunity to describe their needs and express their views.
The next page describes some typical formats.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SELECT A MEETING FORMAT

Approaches for meeting to negotiate the content of the SLA include:
Small group meetings. Hold separate negotiating sessions with groups from
the provider and the customer organization.
Chief advantage: This approach avoids controversy between provider and

customer groups, and helps the SLA Managers gain insight into the issues
and concerns of each group in a way that might not be forthcoming in a
larger group setting.
Chief disadvantage: This approach can be very time-consuming, since it

entails repeat visits to each group as the content of the SLA is revised to
incorporate the interests of each group.
The committee approach. Create a committee of participants from both parties,

and negotiate the SLA as a group.
Chief advantage: In small groups, this approach can be both effective and
enlightening, as participants become aware of their shared interests as well
as the need for a compromise on selected issues.
Chief disadvantage: In large or adversarial groups, this approach can lead

to endless bickering and difficulty in reaching closure.
Negotiation by the SLA Managers. Limit draft preparation to the SLA Man-
agers, with participation or input by others as deemed necessary.
Chief advantage: This approach is the most focused and expeditious.
Chief disadvantage: Other members of either group may feel left out or
ignored, and withhold support from the resulting SLA.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DEVELOPMENT TIPS

In meeting, discussing, and completing a draft document, SLA developers should

strive to maintain a win-win attitude. Keep these points in mind:
Be sure you know what your organization wants from the SLA. Take the time
to develop an understanding of the pertinent points before discussions begin.
Clarify terminology to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. It is

extremely common for two parties to use the same words to mean different
things and extremely easy to be unaware of these differences until problems
arise.
Listen carefully to the other partys perspective. Try to put yourself in their
place and consider their points accordingly.
Ask questions to better understand the other partys needs. Take advantage of
the opportunity to broaden your perspective of the other organizations service
issues, priorities and concerns.
Dont be rigid about sticking to the subject. Often, while discussing issues per-
tinent to the SLA, other topics emerge that help each party better understand
the others context. Such discussion is not a time-waster; such growth in under-
stand builds trust and improves the odds of a successful SLA.
Devise options that reflect the needs of both parties. Seek opportunities for
compromise. Avoid taking all-or-nothing positions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 5: SOLICIT FEEDBACK FROM REVIEWERS

A draft SLA does not become a final SLA until individuals representing both
parties have had an opportunity to review the draft, raise questions, and offer
suggestions.
This step is important in gaining the support, cooperation and buy-in of these
individuals. If properly carried out, this review process generates extensive use-
ful feedback, which improves the quality of the final document.
Each SLA Manager is responsible for overseeing the review process within his
or her own organization.
Be sure that the draft is clearly labeled as draft or proposal for review or
some other designation that indicates that it is not the final agreement; it is
simply a starting point for soliciting feedback.
The next two pages provide detailed guidelines for carrying out this feedback
process.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES FOR SOLICITING REVIEWER FEEDBACK

The following steps, which are carried out by the SLA Managers, describe how to
conduct an effective feedback process:
Identify the reviewers. Ideally, everyone who has responsibility for the suc-
cess of the SLA is given the opportunity to review the draft. As a practical
matter, the review is typically conducted by managers or other high-level
professionals, who may involve their subordinates if they so choose. It is also
helpful to have the SLA reviewed by a few individuals who have no SLA-
related responsibilities, but whose very objectivity and distance from the
issue often lead to valuable observations and suggestions.
If possible, hold a meeting of all the reviewers in the organization. It is easier

to carry out the following steps with all reviewers present as a group than with
each one individually. It is advisable for each organization to hold this meeting
separately, so that reviewers can raise questions and concerns that they may
withhold in the presence of members of the other organization.
Describe the purpose of the review. Explain the importance of reviewer

feedback in ensuring the SLA reflects their concerns, has no critical gaps or
omissions, is error-free, and is clear and understandable.
Provide background on the SLA. Describe what an SLA is and is not, and
review the development process.
Give each reviewer a copy of the draft. It may be best not to distribute this
draft until youve provided the background information, so that reviewers
are not tempted to start scanning it while other important information is
being presented.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES FOR SOLICITING REVIEWER FEEDBACK

(continued)

9 Review the structure of the SLA. This information helps to connect the
background information previously provided with the actual draft SLA and
facilitates their subsequent review.
9 Explain selected portions of the draft SLA. In particular, focus on any con-
troversial items. Although the SLA Managers may have held extensive dis-
cussions on these items before reaching agreement, this is the reviewers first
look at these items, so help them understand the thought process that led to
the issue being resolved as it was.
9 Provide evaluation criteria. Use the criteria on page 6.3 or other pertinent
criteria to explain to reviewers what you would like them to focus on. Pro-
vide a small number of specific questions to guide their review process. The
more specific the questions you ask them to consider, the better their feed-
back will be.
9 Provide a time limit for the review process. It is important to give reviewers
neither too much time nor too little. Too little and they simply wont bother.
Too much and theyll put it off till the last minute. Some- where between one
and three weeks usually works best in creating a sense of urgency without
imposing excessive pressure.
9 Explain the form the feedback should take. Possibilities include written
comments on the draft, feedback by email, a group discussion, one-on-one
meetings, and meetings with functional groups. It is not necessary for the two
SLA Managers to use the same approach; each can use whatever approach
will work best in that environment.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 6: IMPLEMENT AND MANAGE THE AGREEMENT

This final step is divided into these activities:
Finalize the SLA based on reviewer feedback
Complete pre-implementation activities
Conduct a pilot (an optional activity)
Sign the Agreement
Manage the implemented Agreement
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FINALIZE THE AGREEMENT

Upon completion of the reviewer feedback process, each SLA Manager must review
the feedback and seek additional clarification, if needed. The two SLA Managers
then review the feedback, negotiate additional changes based on this feedback, and
gain any pertinent management or other approvals.
A caveat for SLA Managers: Despite the effort SLA Managers may have put into
developing the draft (or perhaps because of it), they are often unable to see its flaws.
As a result, they may be surprised by the extensive amount feedback they receive,
which typically ranges minor concerns (typos and formatting inconsistencies) to
conditions that were not taken into account to high level concerns about respon-
sibilities and commitments.
This feedback greatly improves the quality of the SLA for two reasons:
The draft SLA has now been reviewed my numerous individuals, each of
whom offers feedback based on his/her particular perspective.
The opportunity to have some input into the SLA tends to increase these
individuals sense of ownership of the final document and the services it
describes. As a result of being invited to participate in the development
process, many are likely to feel a greater stake in the success of the SLA.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
COMPLETE PRE-IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES

Identify all activities which must be completed before implementation, and take steps
to carry them out. Ideally, such activities can be identified during the SLA develop-
ment process, so that (where possible) work can begin before the SLA is finalized.
Pre-implementations activities may include these:
9 Develop tracking mechanisms.
9 Establish reporting processes.
9 Develop any procedures needed to help carry out stated responsibilities.
9 Prepare any pertinent documentation.
9 Communicate with those responsible for meeting service standards and

carrying out provisions of the Agreement.
9 Ensure that all appropriate parties are aware of the Agreement and
understand its impact on them.
9 Establish plans for periodic reviews.
9 Establish and communicate an implementation date.
9 Conduct a pilot, if desired.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONDUCT A PILOT

Some organizations prefer to test the terms and conditions of the SLA in pilot mode
prior to full-scale implementation. If this is your preference:
Be clear about the reasons for running a pilot.
The pilot is an opportunity to learn. Its purpose is
to gain experience in meeting the service standards described in the SLA
to gain feedback about any problems that may exist either in the delivery of
services or in the Agreement itself
to make adjustments, as needed, either to services or to the Agreement.
Establish a pilot period.
The pilot period may vary from 1 to 3 months for a relatively simple SLA and
3 to 6 months for a more complex SLA.
Select a pilot format.
In a customer-focused pilot, you pilot the full SLA with one or two specific
customer groups.
In a service-focused pilot, you select one or two particular services to pilot with
the entire customer community.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING A PILOT

What to Do How to Do It
1. Select participants for the pilot. Look for those who are willing to tolerate possible
flaws in return for the opportunity to be early
participants.
2. Design the pilot to mirror the Carry out activities as though the SLA is fully in
planned operation of the SLA effect, so that the remaining services or customers
after implementation. can later be phased in with minimal impact.
3. Establish acceptance criteria that Criteria might include such things as the ability to
can be used to assess the success meet stated service levels, the adequacy of the
of the pilot. tracking system, and the willingness of both par-
ties to abide by the Agreement.
4. Establish methods of gaining Methods include surveys, discussions, and feed-

written or verbal feedback. back forms. Collect feedback both from those
running the pilot and those participating in it.
5. Assess the success of the pilot in Determine if the SLA is ready for implementation.
meeting the agreed upon criteria. If not, make adjustments and continue the pilot,
perhaps with additional customers or services.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SIGN THE AGREEMENT

For most organizations, obtaining signatures on the SLA is a routine, no-big-deal

final step in the development process. Some organizations, however, like to make it
an occasion for celebration. Celebrating the completion and signing of the SLA
document has several benefits:
It communicates the importance of the undertaking, and recognizes the

accomplishment of those who contributed to it.
It emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the two parties.
If the relationship between the two parties has been strained, it demonstrates
that it is now moving forward in a positive, optimistic, collaborative frame of
mind.
Some organizations have an official signing with all signers present, as well as other
members of both organizations, and in some cases, a reporter and photographer
from the in-house newspaper who help to publicize the event.
For a formal signing, plan ahead so that all signers are available to attend. To ensure
their availability, it may be necessary to schedule the event well in advance. Some
organizations have found that scheduling the signing helped to expedite the pre-
implementation process: no one wanted to have to reschedule because of the diffi-
culty of finding another date convenient to all involved.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MANAGE THE AGREEMENT

An SLA that is not managed dies upon implementation. If it is to truly be a living

document, it must be managed. Doing so is the responsibility of each partys SLA
Manager.
In some organizations, one person serves as SLA Manager for the development
process, and another one manages the SLA after implementation. When this is the
case, both should ideally possess the attributes listed in page 7.6.
Responsibilities for managing the SLA are listed on the next page. Do not underes-
timate the scope of this responsibility:
For SLA Managers who oversee SLAs with many different customers, the role
may be a full-time job, particularly if customers are geographically dispersed.
Often, service delivery under the SLA sheds light on numerous service issues
that require attention, adding to the workloads of both the SLA managers and
the staff responsible for carrying out the associated service improvements
The periodic review process alone can be very laborious if it entails travel to
each customer site. The time involved in travel, combined with the review
process itself, documentation of the review, and overseeing or monitoring the
resulting adjustments to service, add up quickly.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RESPONSIBILITIES IN MANAGING AN SLA

The responsibilities of the SLA Manager may include, but are not limited to:
Serving as a point of contact for problems related to the agreement
Maintaining ongoing contact with the SLA Manager of the other party
Planning and conducting service reviews
Coordinating and implementing modifications to service delivery and to the

SLA itself
Conducting customer satisfaction surveys
Assessing and reporting on how the two parties can further enhance their
working relationship
Keeping management informed of any concerns regarding conformance to the

provisions of the SLA
Planning classes designed to foster an improved service attitude, create an en-

hanced awareness of the elements of high-quality customer service, and pro-
vide skills in service delivery
Overseeing ongoing relationship-building efforts designed to help members of

the two parties meet each other, discuss their concerns, and work together in a
supportive and cooperative manner
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SLAs

There are both advantages and disadvantages of posting your SLAs online, such as on
your internal website:
Ease of access. The ease of accessing an online SLA is both a plus and a minus.
On the plus side, those not involved in creating or managing the SLA are more
likely to take a look at it. On the minus side, in the absence of an understanding
of the process by which any given SLA was created, people may misinterpret
key provisions or fail to appreciate the compromises that went into achieving a
meeting of the minds.
Ease of making modifications. An online SLA avoids the need to print and
distribute successive revisions. But it is highly advisable for online SLAs to
have a change log that summarizes changes that have been made.
References to related items. A web-based SLA can easily reference other

documents through links to those documents. In addition, terms defined in a
glossary can be highlighted as links, thereby alerting readers to the presence of
definitions and providing one-click access to these definitions. This approach
makes it much more likely that readers will view the definitions than when the
glossary is elsewhere in a lengthy printed document.
Responsibility. As with a printed SLA, a web-based SLA requires that some-

one has responsibility for maintaining it, making changes to it, providing or
modifying any required access restrictions, and so on.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 9: Services and Resources by Naomi Karten 9.1
CHAPTER 9:
SERVICES AND RESOURCES
BY NAOMI KARTEN
Chapter Overview:
This chapter describes my services and resources and how to obtain additional
information about any that are of interest.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SLA Services and Resources

Books, Handbooks and Guides
Handbook: How to Establish Service Level Agreements: This eBook provides detailed
information on the elements of an SLA and their functions, the process of creating an
SLA, and recommendations for avoiding the flaws and failures that many organizations
experience. Includes numerous examples and two SLAs for evaluation purposes.
www.nkarten.com/book2.html
Guide: Why SLAs Fail and How to Make Yours Succeed: An eBook that describes key
reasons SLAs fail, and what to do to avoid these situations and improve the odds of
success. www.nkarten.com/book2.html
Guide: An SLA Template and How to Use It: An eBook that presents an SLA template
and offers guidelines, recommendations and examples for how to turn the template into
a completed SLA. www.nkarten.com/book2.html
Guide: How to Critique and Strengthen Your SLAs: An eBook that describes and
explains evaluation criteria to use in assessing and enhancing your SLA documents.
www.nkarten.com/book2.html
Book: Communication Gaps and How to Close Them: A book featuring a chapter
entitled Service Level Agreements: A Powerful Communication Tool
www.nkarten.com/book2.html.
Articles
Articles on SLAs and related topics: www.nkarten.com/indepth.html
An SLA FAQ page: www.nkarten.com/slafaq.html
Articles on SLAs from my newsletter, PERCEPTIONS & REALITIES, at:
www.nkarten.com/SLAarticles.pdf. Numerous issues of this newsletter are posted at:
www.nkarten.com/newslet.html.
SLA Training and Consulting Services

An overview of my SLA services: www.nkarten.com/slaservices.html and a print
version: www.nkarten.com/SLAservices.pdf
A review of your draft or operational SLA with detailed feedback and recommendations
by email. For details, contact me at [email protected].
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TRAINING IN HOW TO ESTABLISH SLAs
Would a Workshop Help You Expedite Your SLA Effort?

This workshop focuses on the SLA as both a process and a product, and is customized to
address your specific issues and concerns.
This information-packed workshop includes lecture, discussion, case studies and practice
sessions to help you to quickly develop SLA expertise and to understand:
What an SLA realistically can and cannot accomplish

What makes an SLA work well or not so well
The key elements of an SLA and their functions
How to plan, develop, and manage an SLA
The wording to use in an SLA
How to avoid the pitfalls that cause so many SLAs to fail
What to look for in critiquing an SLA
What you must do to be successful in establishing your own SLA
And also . . .
Would you like feedback on your draft or existing SLAs? I perform SLA evaluations
and provide detailed feedback and recommendations by email.
Contact me if youd like additional information. Id enjoy being of assistance.
Naomi Karten
781-986-8148
[email protected]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NAOMI KARTEN
Speaker, Consultant, Author
NAOMI KARTEN
781-986-8148, [email protected], www.nkarten.com
I work with organizations that want to improve customer satisfac-
tion and with groups that want to work together more amicably.
My services include seminars, presentations, consulting, and
coaching. I have given seminars and presentations to more than
100,000 people in the US, Canada, and Europe, as well as Japan
and Hong Kong. Ive published several books, handbooks and
guides, and more than 300 articles. Readers have described my
newsletter, PERCEPTIONS & REALITIES, as lively, informative and a
breath of fresh air. Prior to forming my business in 1984, I earned
a B.A. and an M.A. in psychology and gained extensive corporate Naomi Karten
All rights reserved.
experience in technical and management positions.
SEMINAR TOPICS SAMPLE CLIENTS

Managing Customer Expectations Wyeth
Establishing Service Level Agreements Teradyne
Introducing, Managing and Coping with Change Hewlett-Packard
Introverts and Extroverts in the Workplace Farmers Insurance
Consulting and Communication Skills Pioneer Hi-Bred International
and more. Details: www.nkarten.com/sem2.html Middlebury College
Zurich Insurance
PRESENTATION TOPICS Merrill Lynch
Tales of Whoa and The Psychology of Customer Satisfaction FAA
Black Holes and the Art of Managing Customer Expectations Forest Service
Why SLAs Fail and How to Make Yours Succeed ING
40 Frequent Feedback-Gathering Flaws and How to Fix Them SSM Healthcare
Changing How You Communicate During Change Convergys
and more. Details: www.nkarten.com/pres2.html Motorola
Guardian Life of the Caribbean
BOOKS & OTHER WRITTEN RESOURCES A LITTLE LIGHT READING
PERCEPTIONS & REALITIES newsletter: For a set of articles that will tickle
For your enjoyment: www.nkarten.com/newslet.html your fancy, see:
Managing Expectations: Working with People Who Want www.nkarten.com/fancytickling.pdf
More, Better, Faster, Sooner, NOW!
Communication Gaps and How to Close Them PLEASE . . .
How to Establish Service Level Agreements get in touch to discuss how I can
40 Frequent Feedback-Gathering Flaws and How to Fix Them help you, or just to say hi. Id
How to Survive, Excel and Advance as an Introvert enjoy hearing from you.
and more. Details: www.nkarten.com/book2.html
Naomi Karten
Naomi Karten * Karten Asssociates * 40 Woodland Pkwy * Randolph MA 02368 USA

781-986-8148 * fax: 781-394-0530 * [email protected] * www.nkarten.com

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How to

2003 Naomi Karten. All rights reserved.

WELCOME TO THIS HANDBOOK

This handbook represents more than a decade of experience providing

Please note that this handbook is copyrighted. You have my permission

For information on my SLA presentations, seminars, and consulting

Be sure to check out my articles on SLAs and numerous related topics

I wish you all the best in your SLA efforts.

1. Service Level Agreements: Role and Key Features

2. The SLA Document and Process at a Glance

CONTENTS IN DETAIL (cont.)

3. Exercise 1: Evaluate a Sample Agreement

4. The Service Elements of an SLA

5. The Management Elements of an SLA

CONTENTS IN DETAIL (cont.)

5. The Management Elements of an SLA (continued)

6. Exercise 2: Evaluate a Sample Agreement

7. Critical Initial Steps

CONTENTS IN DETAIL (cont.)

8. Development Checklist (continued)

9. My Services and Resources

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

My training, consulting, presentations, and writings have helped organizations and

My newsletter, PERCEPTIONS & REALITIES, offers ideas and advice on how to

OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK

A service level agreement (SLA) is an excellent mechanism for creating a common

However, establishing a successful service level agreement can be a complex under-

Discussing what an SLA is and what it is not

Explaining how a service level agreement can help to improve communications,

Outlining the key elements of an SLA and their functions

Providing detailed guidelines for planning, developing and managing an SLA

Enabling you to critique an existing SLA or one that is under development

FRAMEWORK OF THIS BOOK

3 Exercise 1: Evaluation An exercise that develops skill in evaluating an SLA,

4 The Service Elements Descriptions and examples of three Service Elements

6 Exercise 2: Evaluation An SLA that offers an opportunity to gain experience

7 Critical Initial Steps Guidelines for establishing an SLA, presented in the

This handbook focuses on the service level agreement as a communication tool

If your service level agreement must be capable of protecting your companys

negotiation of your Agreement on behalf of your organization is carried out

your Agreement is reviewed, modified as needed, and approved by attorneys

PERMISSION TO USE SAMPLES AND EXAMPLES

ROLES AND KEY FEATURES

1. Presenting one organizations approach to establishing an SLA, and offering

2. Describing what an SLA is and what it can realistically accomplish.

CASE STUDY TO SET THE STAGE

A customer support director described his plan:

Our customers are complaining too much, so we are going to establish a

1. What is your reaction to this directors plan?

2. What is positive and negative about this plan?

RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE CASE STUDY

1. Taking action. The director decided to do something. He recognized and

RECOMMENDATION: When customers complain, dont ignore their com-

RECOMMENDATION: Create an SLA to build a sound relationship be-

RECOMMENDATION: The term agreement is too often used to describe