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    Mobile Communication - An Overview: Lesson 02 Propagation of Signals and Requirement of Modulating The Signals

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    T.a. Seetharaman
    The document discusses wireless signal propagation and the need for modulating signals. It covers how signals attenuate, scatter, diffract and reflect based on the size of obstacles. Modulation is needed to make wireless transmission practical and increase compatibility with the transmission medium.

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    Mobile Communication - An Overview: Lesson 02 Propagation of Signals and Requirement of Modulating The Signals

    Uploaded by

    T.a. Seetharaman
    33 views22 pages
    The document discusses wireless signal propagation and the need for modulating signals. It covers how signals attenuate, scatter, diffract and reflect based on the size of obstacles. Modulation is needed to make wireless transmission practical and increase compatibility with the transmission medium.

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    Propagation of signals

    Original Title

    MobileCompChap01L02SignalPropag

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    The document discusses wireless signal propagation and the need for modulating signals. It covers how signals attenuate, scatter, diffract and reflect based on the size of obstacles. Modulation is needed to make wireless transmission practical and increase compatibility with the transmission medium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views22 pages

    Mobile Communication - An Overview: Lesson 02 Propagation of Signals and Requirement of Modulating The Signals

    Uploaded by

    T.a. Seetharaman
    The document discusses wireless signal propagation and the need for modulating signals. It covers how signals attenuate, scatter, diffract and reflect based on the size of obstacles. Modulation is needed to make wireless transmission practical and increase compatibility with the transmission medium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Mobile Communication An overview

    Lesson 02
    Propagation of Signals and Requirement
    of Modulating the Signals

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 1


    Wireless propagation of signals

    Faces many complications


    Mobility renders reliable wireless
    transmission much more difficult
    Antenna height and size at mobile
    terminals generally quite small

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 2


    Propagation properties

    Obstacles in the vicinity of the antenna a


    significant influence on the propagated
    signal
    Vary with place and, for a mobile
    terminal, with time

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 3


    Line-of-sight propagation

    Between the transmitter and the receiver


    Transmission of signals without
    refraction, diffraction, or scattering

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 4


    Spherical radiation pattern and Line of
    sight Signal strength
    Decreases as the square of the distance
    from the transmitter in free space
    Larger distances the radiated power is
    distributed over a larger spherical
    surface area

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 5


    Signal strength

    1. Decrease due to attenuation


    2. When obstacles in the path of the signal
    greater in size than the wavelength

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 6


    Signal strength Attenuation

    1. FM band signal transmitter 90 MHz ( =


    3.3 m) faces attenuation of in objects of
    size 10 m and above
    2. GSM 900 MHz ( > = 33 cm) signal
    then it will face attenuation in objects of
    size > 1 m (>> ~ 33 cm)

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 7


    Scattering of signal

    From an obstacle of size equal to or less


    than the wavelength
    GSM signal, about 33 cm in wavelength,
    scattered by an object of 30 cm or less
    Decreases signal strength greatly

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 8


    Scattering of signals

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 9


    Diffraction of signals

    Signal bends as a result of diffraction


    from the edges of an obstacle of size
    equal to or less than the wavelength.
    GSM signal of wavelength 33 cm will
    diffract from an object of 33 cm or less.

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 10


    Diffraction of signals

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 11


    Reflection of signals

    Signal reflected from the surface of an


    obstacle, the earths surface, or a water
    body of size greater than the wavelength
    of the signal.
    GSM 900 MHz ( = 33 cm) signal the
    transmitter signal reflects from an object
    of size 10 m and above (much greater
    than )

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 12


    Reflection of signals

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 13


    Delayed Reach of Reflected signals

    Delay more pronounced in case of multi-


    hop paths.
    Distorts waveforms
    Causes misrepresentation of information
    encoded in the signal

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 14


    Elimination of signal distortions due to
    delays
    By Digital signal processing techniques
    the distortions due to delays from direct
    and multiple paths
    Recovers original signal

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 15


    Modulation of Wireless Signals

    Sizes of antennae required for wireless


    transmission inversely proportional to the
    frequencies
    Voice signals frequencies between 0.1
    kHz to 8 kHz and Music-signal
    frequencies lie between 0.1 kHz to 16
    kHz.
    Ranges unsuitable for wireless
    transmission
    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 16
    Modulation of Low frequency range
    wireless signals
    Requirement of abnormally large sized
    antennae
    Moreover, properties medium (air or
    vacuum) such that ultra low frequency
    signals cant be transmitted across long
    distances without significant loss of
    signal strength

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 17


    Modulation

    Makes wireless transmission practical


    Increases the compatibility of transmitted
    signal and transmission medium

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 18


    Summary

    Propagation of signals
    Line of sight
    Attenuation in obstacles in the path of
    the signal greater in size than the
    wavelength
    Scattering from an obstacle of size equal
    to or less than the wavelength

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 19
    Summary

    Diffraction from the edges of an obstacle


    of size equal to or less than the
    wavelength
    Reflection from the surface of an
    obstacle, the earths surface, or a water
    body of size greater than the wavelength
    of the signal

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 20


    Summary

    Need for Modulation Signals with a


    carrier
    Properties medium (air or vacuum)
    such that ultra low frequency signals
    cant be transmitted across long
    distances without significant loss of
    signal strength

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 21


    End of Lesson 02
    Propagation of Signals and Requirement
    of Modulating the signals

    Oxford University Press 2007. All rights reserved. 22

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