Gardening Indoors With Cuttings PDF

Gardening Indoors
with Cuttings
by George F. Van Patten
Alyssa F. Bust
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher, except by a
reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustra-
tions in a review with appropriate credits; nor may any part of
this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or trans-
mitted in any form or by any electronic means, mechanical, pho-
tocopying, recording or other, without written permission from
George F. Van Patten.
Published by Van Patten Publishing

Cover Design: Tin Man Design
Artwork: Hartjames
Book Design: G. F. Van Patten
Cover Photo: Courtesy Gene Klump (Mr. Vegetable)- Taken
in the Garden Shop & Nursety, Reno, Nevada.
Back Cover Photos Courtesy Green Air Products
Copyright 1997, George F. Van Patten
ISBN 1-878823-20-5
First Printing
987654321
This book is written for the purpose of supplying gardening infor-

mation to the public. It is sold with the agreement that it does not
offer any guarantee of plant growth or well-being. Readers of this
book are responsible for all plants cultivated. You are encouraged
to read any and all information available about indoor gardening
and gardening in general to develop a complete background on the
subjects so you can tailor this information to your individual needs.
Tbis book should be used as a general guide to gardening indoors
and not the ultimate source.
Tlie authors and Van Patten Publishing have tried to the best of
their abilities to describe all of the most current methods used to
garden successfully indoors. However, there may be some mistakes
in the text that the authors and publisher were unable to detect.
Tbis book contains current information up to the date of publica-
tion.
Neither the publisher nor the authors endorse any products or
brand names that are mentioned or pictured in the text Products
are pictured or mentioned for illustration only.
This book is dedicated to the editors that made
Gardening Indoors with Cuttings the best book
possible!
Thank you editors!!
Australia -Vivien Ireland, Robin Moseby, Graeme

Plummer, Barry Silver
Canada - Joen Belanger, Andre Courte, Guy Dionne,

Tom Duncan, Scott Hammond, Sharon Harper, Keith
Harper, R. Markiewicz, Frank Pastor, Russ Rea, Shelly
Rea, Bob Rogers, Don Stewart, William Sutherland,
Francois Wolf, Jr., Wayne Hayes, Ron Hayes
New Zealand- Rob Smith
UK- Giles Gunstone
USA- Tom Alexander, Carl Anderson, Russ Antkowiak,

Sarah Bares, C ."Gar" Bares, Allan Bednar, Brandy Bolt,
Teg Bradley, Larry Brooke, Sunny Bueck, Brian Bueck,
Michael Christian, Mosen Daha, Peter DePaola, Vince
Dinapoli, Bob Edberg, Jeff Edwards, Bill Fetner Jr., Ed
German,Jeff Gibson, Chris Guthrie, Kim Hanna, Wayne
Hayes, Martin Heydt, jim Howell, Christine Hubbard,
David Ittel, Darryl johnston, Patrickjoyce, Ron
Kleinman, Rick Martin, Tiffany Martin, Richard
Middlebrook, Richard Miller, Dorothy Morgan, Tim
Olivia, Tracy Peltzer,John Pierce, Nancy Pierce,
Waymon Price, Brandy Price, Rajaim Purcifel, Harmon
Davidson, Bill Ross, Chris Rothe, Chris Schneider, Tom
Shelsky, Steve Stragnola, Brooke Taggert, Roger Thayer,
Evan Townsley, Richey Truce,Jerry Van Volkenburg,
Patrick Vivian, Peter Wardenberg
Table of Contents
Introduction ... 7
Chapter One - The Environment ... l3
Lighting ... l3
Humidity ... 18
Temperature ... 27
Chapter Two - Nutrient Solutions ... 31
Chapter Three - Rooting Mediums ... 35
Rockwool ... 36
Oasis Cubes ... 38
Peat Pots ... 39
Soilless Mix: Perlite and Vermiculite ... 40
Coconut Fiber 42
Soil Mixtures ... 42
Chapter Four - Rooting Hormones ... 45
Chapter Five -Taking Cuttings ... 57
Equipment ... 57
Choosing a Mother Plant ... 59
Taking Stem Cuttings: Step-by-Step ... 63
Semi-hardwood and Hardwood Cuttings ... 78
Leaf Cuttings ... 79
Root Cuttings ... 81
Division ... 82
Layering ... 83
Air Layering ... 86
Offsets ... 89
Cuttings in Water ... 90
Grafting ... 91
Index ... 94
Introduction
Successful plant propagation depends on environ-

mental conditions. Gardeners must supply proper light-
ing, humidity, air and root-zone heat, growing medium
and rooting hormones. In addition, gardeners must be
wise when selecting a mother plant and choosing a
method of taking cuttings. In this book, we examine
these issues in order to give the reader a full understand-
ing of the process of plant propagation. This book is a
helpful resource for hobbyists beginning or continuing to
learn about the myriad factors involved in propagating
plants asexually.
Plant propagation refers to the methods used to
increase plant stock Clearly plants propagate themselves
in their natural surroundings. As a child perhaps you
blew the seeds from a dandelion stem and increased the
yellow patches on your family's lawn. Or perhaps you
have pulled weeds in your garden only to find them reap-
pear several weeks later. These common examples illus-
8 Gardening Indoors with Cuttings
trate the two different means by which plants propagate

themselves: sexually and asexually.
A plant seed is the by-product of sexual reproduc-
tion and contains all the genetic characteristics of a plant.
A seed has both male and female genes from its parents.
Most plant seeds need only water, heat and air to germi-
nate. After a seedling is established, it enters the vegeta-
tive growth stage. During the vegetative stage plants pro-
duce green leafy growth. When a plant is producing an
optimum amount of chlorophyll, it will grow as much as
its environment will allow. For optimum growth, a gar-
dener must supply ideal levels of light, heat, water, carbon
dioxide, fresh air, and nutrients.
During a plant's vegetative growth, it can be asexu-
ally reproduced. Cuttings are the result of asexual or veg-
etative propagation. Taking a cutting is simply cutting a
growing piece of a plant and inducing it to establish its
own rooting system. For best results, cuttings are taken
from a mature mother plant in its vegetative stage. It is
possible to take a cutting from a flowering plant, but it is
likely to grow more slowly.
Although both sexual and asexual propagation are
easy and fun, this book focuses on the asexual methods.
Why are plants able to reproduce themselves asexually? It
seems almost mystical that leaf or stem cuttings can grow
root systems of their own. All cuttings, regardless of
where on the plant they come from, contain natural root-
ing hormones known as auxins. These natural hormones,
which are often supplemented by commercial rooting hor-
mones, are growth stimulants which activate the rooting
process.
One of the primary benefits of propagating from
cuttings is the relative predictability you enjoy. When you
grow from seeds, you are not entirely sure of the end-
result. However, when you take a plant cutting, the new
Introduction 9
Taking a cutting from a mother plant.
plant will be an exact genetic replica of the mother plant.

This has advantages and disadvantages. If your mother
plant is weak and sickly, your cutting will be as well.
However, if you take a cutting from a strong, succulent
plant, follow some simple procedures outlined in this
book, and provide a good growing environment, you will
enjoy another strong and succulent plant. This allows you
to maintain consistency and uniformity amongst your
plant stock.
Another benefit of asexual propagation is the flexi-
bility it provides for disease control. Because plants taken
from cuttings tend to be stronger and larger for their age
than their counterparts grown from seed, they are more
disease-resistant. If you take a cutting from a healthy, dis-

ease-resistant plant, you produce a disease-resistant cut-
ting. If an insect infestation affects your crop, it is often
easy to eliminate by throwing away any diseased cuttings,
removing the cuttings from the garden room (this is easy
because many propagation trays hold up to one-hundred
cuttings) and fumigating. With careful selection followed
by consistent aftercare, many gardeners boast a 100%
yield from cuttings.
Finally, cuttings are superior to seeds if you are
interested in performing experiments. Normally cuttings
taken from the same mother plant will be identical.
However, cuttings will differ if they are grown in different
environments. You can easily examine and record the
effects of fertilizers, light, water, and rooting hormones. If
you introduce various stimuli to a select group of cuttings
all taken from the same parent plant, you will have the
ability to make a true comparative analysis and determine
ideal growing conditions for your cuttings. Cuttings
grown in a poor environment will be weak and perhaps
stunted. Cuttings grown is an optimum environment will
be strong. It is worth your time to keep good records so
you can maintain and reproduce environments which
help to produce healthy cuttings.
Rule of Thumb: Cuttings should root in three

weeks or less.
j
Many parts of a plant can be used for propagation.
You can root leaves, stems, growing tips, or buds.
Although many parts of a plant will root, they are not all
equal in terms of time required, ease of rooting, attention
demanded, and equipment needed. For instance, leaves
will root, but generally take twice as long as growing tips.
Because different methods of rooting cuttings require vari-
Introduction ll
.,
''If,, ..
Rooted cutting in rochwool cube.
ous degrees of skill, time, and equipment (which often

equals money), in this book we will focus on a simple
means of propagation using stem cuttings. This method
requires the least amount of sophisticated equipment and
produces quick results. Often stem cuttings will produce
roots in 10 days or less. Even as a beginner, you are virtu-
ally guaranteed to have success with this method.
Once you have stem cuttings mastered, you might
want to experiment. Provided that you pay attention to
the basics-lighting, humidity, temperature, rooting medi-
um, and rooting hormones- you should be able to suc-
cessfully propagate plants using a variety of techniques.
This book discusses some alternatives that you may wish
l2 Gardening Indoors with Cuttings
to try: leaf or root cuttings, simple layering, air layering,

and grafting.
For the indoor gardener, the benefits of propagat-
ing your own plants are countless. It is an economical
way to increase your plant collection. Once you have the
basic equipment to provide an adequate environment,
propagation is virtually free and certainly less expensive
than buying your plants from a nursery. You can gather
cuttings from friends, neighbors, public gardens, and
local parks. Public gardens and parks often have unusual
varieties of plants which would make welcome additions
to most gardeners' collections. Be sure to ask an authori-
ty before taking a cutting. If you collect native plants on
hikes, to the best of your ability try to recreate the envi-
ronment where the native flora grew. The more similar
the environment you provide is to the natural one, the
more success you will have. For instance, a cutting from a
plant which is accustomed to growing in rock and gravel
on a steep slope of a mountain side is not likely to thrive
in very wet soil.
This chapter discusses lighting, humidity, and tem-
perature. In order to create a healthy growing environ-
ment for your clones, it is important to understand how
these three environmental components affect your cut-
tings. Remember, when you grow plants indoors you are
responsible for playing Mother Nature. Providing opti-
mum light, humidity, and heat for your cuttings is one
way to help ensure success.
Chapter One
The Environment
Lighting
Light is important to plant growth because it is one
of the primary ingredients in a plant's recipe for food. A
plant combines light energy with carbon dioxide, water,
and nutrients, to produce chlorophyll and carbohydrates.
Without light, a plant will turn yellow (and eventually
die) because it can not produce green chlorophyll.
When thinking about lighting for your cuttings,
you must consider two aspects: the amount and the type
of light you will use. Research suggests, and gardeners
confirm, that lighting greatly effects how quickly and suc-
cessfully cuttings root.
You can obtain specific information about the
amount of light various plants need from the Department
of Agriculture. The information will specifY how much
light is needed for different stages of a plant's life.
Remember, there is a difference between the amount of
light emitted from a source and the amount of light
received by the plant. Although many lights are rated in

watts-per-square-foot, the most accurate way to measure
the intensity of the light that plants receive is using foot-
candles. A foot-candle is the amount of light that falls
on a surface, equal to the one lumen per square foot.
Light meters measure foot-candles and are available at
most garden supply or camera stores. This inexpensive
investment will ensure that you get the most out of your
lights. In general, studies have shown that the optimum
light level for rooting leary cuttings falls between 200
and 1,000 foot-candles (between 20 and 100 watts-per-
square-meter). This translates into between SO and 95
percent shade on a sunny day.
Most gardeners provide 18 hours of light per day
for their cuttings. There are some gardeners who prefer
24 hours of light, saying the cuttings respond faster.
You might need to experiment to find out what works
best for you. In determining how long a light period to
maintain, remember that your cuttings have been condi-
tioned by the mother plant and are accustomed to her
environment. If the mother plant received 18 hours of
light a day, that is what the cutting will be precondi-
tioned to expect. Through auxins and hormones, the
mother plant has predetermined the success of the cut-
ting based on her environmental influences.
The only time it is beneficial to deviate from the
lighting schedule provided for the mother plant is if you
are interested in making your cutting a better phenotype
than the mother plant. Factors that are inherent to a
plant because of genes are referred to as the genotype.
The phenotype, on the other hand, is the outcome of
environmental factors. It determines the plant's ability
to survive. Often the potential supplied by the genotype
is not realized. If your mother plant is a good genotype,
but a poor phenotype, you might want to increase light-
Chapter One: The Environment 15
ing time to prod the cutting to be a better phenotype. In

general, however, gardeners achieved the most success by
matching the photoperiod of the mother plant, often
through 18 hours of light.
When choosing a light source, you have several
options- natural light, fluorescent lights, and high inten-
sity discharge (HID) lamps. If you choose to grow your
cuttings outdoors, you can rely on natural lighting. Be
sure to provide some shade by draping a cover over your
growing area or by placing your cuttings by the base of a
tree where they will be sheltered and shaded by branches.
Without being filtered through clouds, dust, pollution, or
vegetation, full sunlight has the potential of being up to
twice the light saturation level for cuttings. Shading is
imperative!
For the purpose of this book, however, we are
focusing on growing cuttings indoors, in which case nat-
urallight is not really a viable option. If you live in a par-
ticularly sunny location, and can place your propagation
trays in an east or west facing window that is light, but
that does not receive full direct sunlight, you might have
some success. However, because cuttings thrive on 18 to
24 hours of light a day, it is unlikely that natural lighting
will be sufficient without supplemental lighting.
For more predictable results, most growers choose
fluorescent lights. Because fluorescents produce very lit-
de heat they can be placed within inches of propagation
trays. A 4-foot lighting fixture with two 40-watt fluores-
cent tubes will support two trays of up to one hundred
cuttings each. For more light in the blue spectrum (plants
use light primarily from the red to blue spectrums), look
for bulbs with a higher Kelvin temperature. You can easily
find bulbs with a Kelvin output of more than 5000 in
garden stores. For bulbs with a Kelvin output of more
than 6,000 you might have to rely on scientific supply
Fluorescent lights are the most commonly used source of light to

root cuttings. Fluorescents provide low levels of light cuttings
need during rooting
houses. When shopping for a fluorescent light, look for a

fixture which houses two tubes and a reflective hood.
Kelvin is the absolute temperature of an object. 0
Kelvin~ -273.6 Celsius. 0 Kelvin is absolute zero. It can
not get any colder. The visible spectrum of light is red
(low energy photon) at about 3,000 Kelvin to green
(5,500 Kelvin) to high-energy blue (5,500 to 6,000
Kelvin). The higher the Kelvin temperature, the shorter
the wavelength and the higher the frequency of the light
photon.
Many fluorescent bulbs work well to root cuttings
including: warm white/cool white (one each) PowerTwist,
Grow lux, 5000 KV (daylight) bulbs, etc. For a complete
rundown on the best bulbs, ballasts and reflectors to use
to get the most out of your fluorescent bulbs, refer to
Gardening Indoors with Fluorescent Lights, by George F. Van
Patten and Alyssa F. Bust.
Because HID lamps generate a lot of heat, they are
A single halide lamp can be hung at least 3 feet above several

flats of cuttings. It is easy to water the cuttings with a water
wand.
slightly trickier to use. You need a space where you can

suspend the lights three to four feet above the cuttings. If
you use HID lamps, you should reduce light intensity and
prevent additional stress on your cuttings by shading
them. Until cuttings have rooted, they rely on their leaves
for transpiration. Shade helps keep leaves from drying
out so that the cutting can continue to manufacture car-
bohydrates. Covering your propagation box with cheese-
cloth, white-washed glass, netting, or plastic or cloth
screening will provide adequate shade. Once roots are
established, some of the stress is alleviated and shade can
be decreased. At this point, many gardeners choose to
increase light levels to help stimulate root growth. Place
your lights as close to your plants as possible without
burning them. This could be as close as two to four inch-

es, but use caution. HID lamps are much hotter and must
be farther away, 18-36 inches. Once rooted, the more light
plants receive, the faster they will grow.
Make sure to use a grounded light system.
Remember water and electricity don't mix. A grounded
circuit could save your life!
Light is not the only ingredient in a plant's recipe
for making food. Carbon dioxide ( C02) is also a vital
component. Add C02 to boost the cuttings' growth. For
more information on exactly how C02 affects plant
growth refer to Gardening Indoors with COzby George F.
Van Patten, Alyssa F. Bust and Tom LaSpina. Remember,
light is a vital energy supplier for the metabolic processes
that enable rooting If your light levels fall below opti-
mum, it is possible that the quantity of carbohydrates pro-
duced by photosynthesis will be limited, subsequently
decreasing rooting.
Humidity
Providing an adequate water supply and humidity

level is perhaps the largest obstacle beginning (and expe-
rienced) gardeners face. If your lights are too intense or
too close to your cuttings before they have established
roots, or if your garden environment is not humid
enough, your cuttings are likely to dry out. If, on the
other hand, you provide too much water, you can promote
root rot. Nurseries across the country report that root rot
is one of the most common concerns their customers
express when they are learning about cuttings. You want
to keep your growing medium moist, but not soggy.
Overwatering can cause damage and potentially death, to
your vulnerable cuttings. In general you will need to
lightly water your cuttings every two to three days. One

way to ensure that all the cuttings are watered equally is
to water from one end of the tray while gently tipping it
upwards, forcing the water to the other end. Repeat from
the other side before laying the tray flat again. Another
way is to fill a five-gallon bucket with water. Put a pump
on a timer in the bucket. Set the timer to water the cut-
tings daily
While you want to keep your growing medium
only moist, you should keep the air surrounding the cut-
tings humid. Try to maintain ninety percent humidity in
your propagation area. Without roots, a plant must rely
on its leaves and stem to take in nutrients. This is why
cuttings taken with leaves are often easier to propagate
than those without. Cuttings with leaves can continue to
produce carbohydrates if they are provided with proper
growing conditions.
Rule of Thumb: Keep the propagation area at or

near 90 percent humidity.
l
Correct humidity is an important environmental

concern because it determines a plant's rate of transpira-
tion. Because the relative humidity inside a leaf is general-
ly 100 % while the surrounding air is less humid, the leaf
looses water to the air through diffusion and evaporation.
With increased transpiration, the cutting experiences
water stress and it uses stored food (carbohydrates) for
activities other than root production. When a cutting
experiences water stress, stomata close in an attempt to
reduce water loss. When the stomata close, carbon diox-
ide is unable to enter the plant's system and growth slows.
Carbon dioxide is one of the crucial ingredients of photo-
synthesis; without it plant growth slows to a halt. When
roots form, water stress is alleviated, stomata open, and
photosynthesis resumes.
This humidity tent is made from a few boards framed together.

Clear plastic is stretched over the top and a gap is left around the
bottom to allow for air circulation.
There are ways to reduce the stress before roots
form. By providing humid air, water stress is reduced and
photosynthesis is increased. The more humid the envi-
ronment, the less transpiration and water stress, and the
more root growth your plant will experience.
There are several easy ways to increase and main-
tain proper humidity levels. Cloning wax, one of many
antitranspirants, contains nutrients and hormones and
can be sprayed onto your cuttings. Antitranspirants work
by clogging a plant's stomata, thereby preventing water
loss through transpiration. There is a drawback to this
method. Closed stomata block water loss and carbon
dioxide exchange. Without adequate carbon dioxide,
photosynthesis is slowed. If you must use antitranspi-
rants, stop using them as soon as cuttings are rooted.
Chapter One: The Environment 2l
A plastic bag can make a perfect humidity tent for a Jew

plants.
Misting your cuttings with warm water or solution

is the least complicated way to create humidity. If your
cuttings are in a contained garden room, you can maintain
high humidity by wetting not only your cuttings, but also
the walls and the floor of your room. A syringe works
well to accomplish this. Most gardeners, however, choose
a method which is ultimately less labor intensive and
more fool-proof.
Caution! Be careful to keep water off low light
bulbs when misting. The water/temperature stress on the
bulb could cause it to break.
Creating an environment which is fully enclosed
can increase your humidity level and therefore your suc-
cess rate. The most common way to achieve this is to buy
or make a humidity dome. Garden suppliers sell inexpen-
sive plastic covers that fit propagation trays. You can fab-
ricate your own dome by using plastic and wire or sticks
which serve as "tent poles" to keep the plastic off the
plants. Simply put some sticks in your growing medium
and cover your propagation tray with plastic. If you are
propagating directly into pots, create a tent over each one.
This method is clearly time consuming, but it is the trade-
off for not having to replant your cuttings once they have
rooted.
Some gardeners have discovered that clear plastic
sweater boxes work well for propagation. They can be
purchased in a variety of sizes and come with a lid that
helps promote humidity. Remember, sterilization is key.
Sterilize the box before using it with a mild bleach solu-
tion. Fish tanks also work well. Sterilize the terrarium,
and cover it with plastic if it does not have its own glass
cover. A twenty gallon tank can comfortably hold 35 cut-
tings.
If you do not want to create an enclosure, you can
simply lay some damp cloth or paper directly on top of
the cuttings. This will keep the air immediately available
to the cuttings moist. Although this is an easy; inexpen-
sive, and effective method, there are two major drawbacks.
Direct-contact limits both air circulation (discussed
below) and light. If light is reduced too drastically, photo-
synthesis potential decreases and growth may be slowed.
Direct contact also promotes bacterial and fungal infec-
tions.
Humidity domes, however you choose to obtain
one, do not produce humidity They simply contain it.
You must mist your cuttings with warm, preferably dis-
tilled, water every two days to ensure that there is enough
moisture in the dome.
If you want a step up in sophistication from the
plastic-over-the-pot method, several home-made and sev-
This humidity tent was easy to make. The gardener used an

old shower curtain to drape over shelf holding cuttings. Note
the heater below.
era! more expensive and elaborate store-bought alterna-

tives are available. You can set up a misting box by vent-
ing a humidifier into an enclosed propagation area.
Simply construct a frame from a durable material. Plastic
pipes work well, as does wood which has been treated for
moisture-resistance. The frame should form a simple box
outline. The size depends on your needs. Cover the
frame with plastic. With clear plastic packaging tape, join
one end of the plastic covering to the mouth of the
humidifier. When the humidifier is on, you will have an
enclosed, high-humidity; growing area. You can suspend a
light above your set-up and attach both the light and the
humidifier to timers and even a humidistat if you want to
become automated. For best results, run the humidifier
for 30 minutes every two hours, or in 15 minute spurts

every hour.
It is also possible to set up an automatic misting
box which contains a pipe and a mist nozzle. Simply run
a pipe from a garden hose (you will need a connector to
fit the pipe and the garden hose together) into the center
of your misting box. You will use two pipes, one horizon-
tal and one vertical. The horizontal pipe supplies water
from a garden hose into the box. This will require either a
hole in the bottom of the box or an opening at the base of
one of the sides. To the horizontal pipe, attach a vertical
one with a mist nozzle at the top, ideally about 18 inches
high. Attach the garden hose to a faucet. Turn the faucet
on slightly and you will have an automatic mister which
will keep leaves and sterns moist while your cuttings are
forming their roots. The mister can be left on throughout
the day As a general rule, use it during the warmth of the
day. not at night. If you want to get high-tech, you can
even attach solenoids valves and an electric timer so you
can mist intermittently, like many large-scale production
propagators.
If you choose to generate humidity by providing an
enclosed environment or through direct contact, do not
forget that plants require air circulation. Once a day, take
the dome off your tray and shake off any condensation
which has developed. If you are faithfully doing this and
your plants still show signs of wilting, cut holes in your
humidity dome/ cover to allow for further air circulation.
Some gardeners recommend leaving 3 to 4 inches of a
humidity box uncovered to allow for air circulation.
Humidity is essential, but without air circulation your cut-
tings may be subject to damping off disease or mold.
For growers with larger operations, a spinning-
impeller disk and cool-mist humidifier can raise the
humidity level of your garden room to an optimum 90
This humidity tent is made from plexiglass. Holes were drilled

in the sides to allow air to circulate.
percent When purchasing a humidifier, be sure not to

buy an ultrasonic or conventional steam system. They
may add humidity to your room, but they may also add
oxides of heavy metals. Fill your humidifier with water
that is disinfected. A mixture of one teaspoon of house-
hold bleach per gallon of water will help prevent algae
and bacteria.
Large propagation facilities also make use of fog-
ging, a system which requires less water than misting and
therefore reduces chances of over-watering. Fogging sys-
tems distribute very small water droplets and maintain a
consistently high humidity level. This is achieved by fore-
. ing water at a very high pressure through a tiny nozzle
aperture. Because the water droplets are so small, they
remain air-borne until the air is saturated. One commer-
Vents can be opened or closed in this humidity tent to control air

circulation.
cia! fogging system vibrates water on a ceramic plate at a

high frequency so the water vaporizes. Misting, however,
produces water droplets that range in size, but are consid-
erably larger than those produced by a fogging system.
Because they are large, these water droplets fall to the
plants quickly. Fogging systems are expensive and have
limited applications for most home hobbyists.
Whatever method you choose in order to maintain
humidity, remember that failure to maintain humidity dur-
ing the first two weeks of rooting is likely to cause your
cuttings to die. Be diligent about misting to ensure prop-
er huntidity. Once your cuttings have rooted, increase the
amount of time you leave the cover off your misting box,
until finally it is off all the time. Once roots are estab-
lished, water stress is not such a concern and it is impor-
tant to provide air circulation so your plants will have
access to fresh carbon dioxide-rich air.
This aeroponic cutting chamber has lots of holes drilled in the

top with a misting nozzle system set up in a big black box. The
cuttings hang down into the big black box and get misted. The
mist water sets in the bottom of the tub and is pumped up
every 1-5 minutes ..
One little trick to make slow-rooting plants root is

to break the one-inch rockwool cube apart to give it extra
air. The plant should root in 1-3 days.
Temperature
Indoor gardeners must think about regulating the

temperature of both the air and the rooting medium in
which their cuttings are planted. Temperature directly
affects photosynthesis, respiration, and therefore root
growth. Excessively low temperatures can disrupt a
plant's metabolic processes and slow plant growth.
Providing bottom heat for cuttings is one of the
easiest ways to increase your success rate. Simply use a

heating mat underneath your propagation tray to provide
warmth to the rooting medium and the roots themselves.
Propagation mats are available at many garden stores.
Many have built-in thermostats. Those that don't can be
used with an adjustable thermostat that you set yourself.
If you are only rooting a couple of cuttings, you
can cover an unshaded light bulb with an inverted pan
and place you propagation tray or pots on top of the pan.
The light bulb will provide a gentle heat to the pan. Be
sure to monitor this set-up carefully.
Rule of Thumb: Maintain the bottom heat temper-

ature between 78-80 degrees F. both day and night.
Rule of Thumb: Keep the air 5-10 degrees cooler

than the rooting medium, generally between 65-75
degrees F. both day and night.
In order to regulate heat, place a thermometer in

the rooting medium. If you are growing a lot of clones,
you might want to scatter thermometers around your gar-
den area to ensure even heat distribution. If you are using
a common heating pad, or if your propagation mat does
not have a built-in thermostat, you may have to experi-
ment with your heating device until you can determine
the proper setting. Heating pads, for instance, can not be
set to a specific temperature and a "low" setting on one
heating pad is likely to be different to the "low" setting on
another unit. Use a thermometer in the rooting medium
to determine the temperature. Ideally, you want to main-
tain your bottom heat temperature between 78 and 80
degrees. If the pad is too hot, you can place a spacer
between the pad and the cuttings to lower the tempera-
ture. After roots are established, lower root-zone tempera-
' .. - .
, .
. . ' :- ............ JJ:QJ
. . .;rr;
Heat cables or a heating pad provide bottom heat which stim-

ulates faster root growth.
tures slighdy. Check the thermometer often to ensure that

proper temperatures are maintained. Many gardeners
maintain that correct bottom heat temperature is the most
important factor for successful and fast rooting.
If you decide that propagating is a passion and you
want to invest in some good equipment, propagation
benches like those used by large greenhouses are available
for home gardeners. If you need to heat a propagation
area between 100 and 550 square feet, you can purchase a
warming bench which regulates bottom heat. Although
they add ease to the busy schedules of large-scale growers,
for the hobbyist, they are expensive and do not ensure
any better results than the home-made alternatives dis-
cussed above.
Air temperatures should be slighdy cooler than
root-zone temperatures. This will help slow transpiration.
Misting and humidity help maintain cooler air tempera-
An incandescent bulb controlled by a rheostat is an excellent

way to control bottom heat.
tures. Keep the air five to ten degrees cooler than the
rooting medium, generally between 65 and 75. You might
need to use a space heater to maintain the heat at night.
The climate inside the humidity box is easiest to control
when the temperature outside the box is between fifty and
eighty degrees. This rules out unheated garages for winter
propagation.
Chapter Two
Nutrient Solutions
Nutrient Solutions
Cuttings need all the help they can get to root into
healthy plants. ~emember, the quicker your cuttings
grow roots, the less stress they will endure. Vitamin B1
helps alleviate the shock cuttings experience. It is avail-
able in liquid form at garden stores. You can also help by
feeding your cuttings a nutrient solution to provide them
with as many micronutrients as possible. Cuttings use
these micronutrients to knit mineral salts into vegetative
root structures.
Although it is possible to mix your own solution,
your safest bet is to buy a pre-mixed one from a garden
center. Pre-mixed products are rich with the nutrients
plants crave. Dilute them in warm water and use in place
of water alone. liquid and powdered seaweed is widely
accepted as an organic fenilizer because it is full of trace
minerals, micronutrients, and enzymes which are easily
absorbed by plants. Some gardeners concoct their own

fertilizer tea using guano, manure, and seaweed. Bat
guano and worm castings can be added to soil or soil-
less mixes or soaked in water and fed as a liquid supple-
ment.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are also
important to a cutting's success. They should be fed in
a balanced proportion with nitrogen not exceeding 75
ppm. Once roots have formed, increase the amount of
nitrogen and phosphorus you feed your cuttings.
Rule of Thumb: Feed rooted cuttings with 1/2

strength complete fertilizer.
-
Note: Parts per million (ppm) is another way of

expressing a very small percentage. For example 0.001
percent = lO ppm
Regardless of what nutrient solution you choose,
it is important that you provide complete nutrition. For
best results, feed your cuttings every two days. Most
nutrient solutions will indicate how much to feed. In
general, feed eight ounces of nutrient solution for every
fifty cuttings. If you use a 100-cutting propagation tray,
you will need sixteen ounces of nutrient solution.
The first feeding should occur when you are
preparing your rooting medium. Pour the nutrient solu-
tion into the left side of the tray and gently move the
tray back and forth so that the solution reaches all the
medium. Slightly lift the left side of the tray so the solu-
tion travels downhill through the growing medium and
to the right. Switch, lifting the right side of the tray up
to move the solution to the left. Repeat the procedure
lifting from the front and back. For the initial feeding,
do not remove any excess solution. Wait fifteen minutes
after feeding before planting your cuttings. Continue
Chapter Two: Nutrient Solutions 33
feeding in this manner once your cuttings are planted.

Feeding this way may seem laborious, but it is an effective
way to evenly disperse the solution without wetting the
top of your soil or growing cubes. This is so important
that large propagation facilities use shaker tables to water
and feed their cuttings.
Mter the initial feeding, pour off any nutrient solu-
tion which remains standing in the tray. You want all the
solution to be absorbed by the rooting medium. If your
rooting medium absorbs all the solution, add more, con-
tinue the shaking procedure, and pour off any excess.
Never leave nutrient solution standing in the base of your
tray.
Once your cuttings have rooted and are ready to
put down adventitious roots, their feeding requirements
change. Now, instead of feeding your cuttings to encour-
age root growth, you want to feed nutrients which will
encourage plant growth. About four weeks after taking
your cuttings they should be ready to push out adventur-
ous roots. Slowly let the rooting medium dry until adven-
titious roots have appeared. If the medium has dried out
before these roots appear, apply a 150 ppm nitrogen solu-
tion with 75 ppm of phosphorous (l/2 strength solution).
Apply this solution sparingly until roots show.
Once adventitious roots have been established, the
cuttings are ready to be transplanted into larger pots and
again, their nutrient needs change. For their first feeding
in their new and expanded homes, apply a 300 ppm
phosphorus solution with 100-150 ppm nitrogen. Mter
that, change to a 300 ppm nitrogen solution for maxi-
mum vegetative growth. Bl will also help ease the stress
of the transplant and promote healthy growth.
Chapter Three
Rooting Mediums
Rooting Mediums
Rooting mediums serve several functions for

plants; they support root systems and serve as holding-
grounds for air, water, and nutrients. You can select
between several mediums. Both soil and soilless mediums
work well. In this chapter we will examine the advantages
and disadvantages of each. Whatever medium you
choose, be certain it possesses the following characteris-
tics: it should be sterile, able to drain well, and able to
retain air, water, and nutrients. These requirements rule
out several options. Peat moss and compost are not rec-
ommended for rooting cuttings. It does not pay to try
and skimp on rooting mediums. Even if you choose to
grow in a soil mixture, you will need to purchase it or mix
it yourself from sterile medium. Do not try to save a few
dollars and take soil from your outdoor garden. This sim-
ply invites bugs and diseases already established outside
to invade your indoor growing room.
Rockwool
Many gardeners prefer soilless rooting mediums to

soil mixtures. In 1985, rockwool was introduced to the
United States as an alternative to conventional soil and
other soilless mediums. Rockwool is made of thin fibers
of volcanic rock or a combination of volcanic rock, lime-
stone, and coke. These threads of molten rock are com-
pressed into layers and shaped for horticultural purposes
into easy-to-handle cubes, sheets, or blocks of any size.
Rockwool is also available in a granulated form.
Rockwool cubes can be purchased in many garden stores
(particularly those that sell hydroponic equipment) and
are excellent for propagation because their vertically ori-
ented fibers promote downward root growth. The cubes
come attached in a sheet which fits neatly into a propaga-
tion tray. You can purchase pre-punched rockwool with
holes for either seedling transplants or cuttings. Using
this dry material eliminates much of the mess of garden-
ing. There is no heavy soil to lug around or clean up. Be
sure to buy horticultural grade rockwool. Although, rock-
wool is also used as insulation, the insulation grade is not
recommended for gardening because the fibers run the
wrong way and the rockwool has been treated with phe-
nols to repel water and keep the insulation dry.
In addition to being easy to handle, rockwool is
easy to control. It is sterile and consistent; there is no
guessing game as there may be when you are preparing a
soil mixture. Rockwool retains twenty percent air even
when it is fully saturated. This helps provide a continu-
ous oxygen supply to the roots. In addition, rockwool
holds ten to fourteen times as much water as does an
equivalent quantity of soil. It is easy to tell when your cut-
tings have rooted; you can often see the roots pop out
the bottom of the cube. In addition, transplanting is
c!Wpter Three: Rooting Mediums 37
Cuttings growing in a flat of rockwool cubes.
effortless. Rockwool cubes are simply transplanted into

larger pots. You do not need to worry about separating
and potentially damaging the frail root system from its
growing medium.
There are some drawbacks to working with rock-
wool. You need to remember to provide direct constant
contact between the rockwool and the cutting. Pinch in
the hole at the top of the cube to ensure that contact is
made. When dry, rockwool can irritate your skin. Wear
glO\les and goggles if you must work with it dry or wet it
to avoid skin-irritations. Rockwool also has a high pH
level, approximately 7.8. Before using it, soak your rock-
Wool overnight in a half strength fertilizer. Some growers
who use Grodan rockwool report that they do not need
to Soak it overnight. Use an acidic fertilizer with a pH of
5.5 in order to maintain the pH of the rockwool at 6.5 or
~OWer. Because rockwool stays so moist, algae see it as an
InViting home. The algae does not consume a lot of nutri-
ents, but it might attract fungus gnats. To avoid this, sim-
ply cover your rockwool with plastic to exclude light. To

avoid stem rot, make sure that the plastic does not touch
the stem. Or water cuttings from the bottom so that the
top of the rockwool cube remains dry. The algae growth
will not be as much of a problem for your cuttings before
they root as it might be after. Before rooting, your cut-
tings will be partially shaded anyway.
Although rockwool is initially more expensive than
soil (it can be up to ten times as expensive to root an
equal amount of cuttings), it can be reused, making it
quite economical. In between uses, remove any old root
systems and sterilize the medium. Try to remove at least
ninety to ninety-five percent of the roots to avoid potential
clogs which prohibit effective draining. Sterilize the rock-
wool in a bleach solution after you have drained any
standing nutrient solution. Mix one cup of bleach in five
gallons of water and flood the rockwool for at least an
hour. Then spend at least an hour flushing the sterilizing
solution out of the medium (and any equipment you ster-
ilized) with clean water.
Oasis Cubes
Like rockwool, Oasis cubes are easy-to-handle,

pre-formed cubes which allow sufficient water, oxygen,
and nutrients to meet the roots. Remember to pinch in
the top of the cube around the cutting. Oasis cubes con-
tain a small amount of 1-1-1 nutrient. This nutrient helps
the cutting grow but the Oasis cubes still lend themselves
to easy. complete control of the root environment. With
Oasis cubes, it is easy to determine if your medium is
moist enough. Simply place the bottom of the cube on
the back of your hand. If it leaves a wet spot it is suffi-
ciently moist. If not,_ it is time to water. Oasis cubes are
Chapter Three: Rooting Mediums 39
Trim the plastic netting from peat pellets before transplanting
small so a hobby gardener tight on space can fit a lot of

cuttings in minimal space without overcrowding. Like
rockwool, the roots are easy to see. When roots have
developed, simply place the cube in a larger pot.
Peat Pots
Peat pots work much like rockwool and Oasis

cubes. They are small containers formed from com-
pressed peat moss with expandable outside walls. You
can purchase peat pots individually or in strips which are
a series of small pots molded together for ease of han-
dling. Jiffy-7's are made of compressed peat surrounded
by a thin plastic net. When you purchase them, they will
be flat pellets. When watered, however, they swell into lit-
tie pots about two inches high and one and three quarters
inches in diameter. ]iffy-Ts are easy to store and are an
excellent option if you want to start only a few cuttings.
Jiffy-9's are similar in design to ]iffy-Ts in that they are
small pieces of compressed peat which expand when wet.
However, Jiffy-9's are not covered with the plastic netting.
Some gardeners find that because of this, they crumble
easily when handled.
Before planting your cutting, make sure the peat
pot is evenly moist. It is important to maintain constant
contact between the cutting and the rooting medium. For
both root cubes and peat pots, be sure to pinch the top in
around the stem so that they are touching. If the top edge
of the peat pot is left uncovered, it will compete with the
cutting for water, wicking it away from the soil and evapo-
rating it into the air. Peat pots, like rockwool, cubes, con-
tain no nutrients of their own. This eases your job of con-
trolling nutrient solutions. Finally, peat pots allow for
effortless transplanting. When roots have formed, simply
plant the peat pot in a larger pot. The peat pot will dry
out and contract, exposing the roots, but causing very lit-
tle transplant stress. To ensure an easy adjustment, slit
the walls of the peat pot before repotting. This way if the
roots can not force their way through the peat walls on
their own, you will have provided an outlet. This is not
necessary if you usejiffy-7's whose open walls facilitate
easy root penetration.
Soilless Mix: Perlite and Vermiculite
A mixture of perlite and vermiculite provides a

great rooting medium. Perlite is a sterile white material of
volcanic origin which has been expanded by heat, while
vermiculite is mica which has been processed, expanded
and popped like popcorn. Perlite is superior to vermi-

culite for aeration, but both retain water and nutrients
.welL Some gardeners soak the medium overnight in
nutrient solution and then flush with fresh water to con-
dition the mix. Perlite drains fast and does not promote
salt build-up, an important quality for your delicate cut-
tings. When buying perlite look for medium or coarse,
not fine grade. Vermiculite gives body to fast-draining
.soils and holds more water than perlite. For rooting, look
for the fine grade vermiculite. If it is not available, crush
the coarse or medium grades.
. A mixture of two parts perlite to one part of vermi-
culite is an inexpensive and effective rooting medium. Be
sure to wear gloves when making the mixture. Although
'you want to avoid breathing in the mixture, it is not rec-
ommended that you wet it. Mix outside, wear a respirator
and lightly mist the dusty ingredients. Once prepared,
distribute the mix into your propagation trays, making
,sure that each container is filled with at least one cubic
'inch. Many gardeners have had great success using this
:mixture. It retains water well, (although it can not com-
lpete with rockwool), is well aerated, is usually neutral on
1lhe pH scale, and is inexpensive. In addition, because ver-
\ttticulite and perlite contain virtually no nutrients of their
fawn you can easily control the root environment with
jl:l.utrient and root hormones.
A perlite and vermiculite mixture has several disad-
\'antages. Mixing it is time and labor intensive. In addi-
~tion, because the mix is so lightweight, larger plants tend
~to fall over due to a lack of support. These plants must be
~taked or artificially supported.
! An alternative to this rooting medium is a mixture
\of equal parts coarse sharp sand and vermiculite. The
~ins of sharp sand are rough to the touch, as opposed to
iaoft sand which does not drain well and is too fine for our
i
purposes. Sand you find on an ocean beach is not an

acceptable growing medium because of its salt content.
A sand/vermiculite mixture possess similar qualities to
the vermiculite/perlite compound. Fine grade vermi-
culite can also be used on its own but many commercial
seeding growers use a half sterilized peat moss half ver-
miculite mix. When reused, vermiculite breaks down in
to a fine gooey clay, making it unacceptable for a medi-
um.
Ferticubes apply the principle of peat pots to a
perlite/vermiculite mixture. Ferticubes are made of
sphagnum moss, perlite, vermiculite, and added nutri-
ents which have been compressed into one inch square
blocks.
Coconut Fiber
Coconut fiber is derived by immersing coconut

husks in water for several weeks and then extracting the
fiber mechanically. This product is catching on rapidly
as a rooting medium for cuttings. It has a high moisture
and air retention capacity and is packed with beneficial
microbes. This product is available in briquettes and
bales. The pH averages about 5, so the medium should
be conditioned with a fertilizer solution before using as
a growing medium. Coconut fiber can be mixed with
perlite or vermiculite for added drainage or water hold-
ing capability.
Soil Mixtures
The most important thing to remember about

rooting in soil mixtures is sterilization. Before a cutting
has rooted, it has little ability to co-exist with any disease-

causing organisms. Organic material provides an ideal
home for the growth of living organisms which can hinder
the rooting process for cloning. Avoid soil, unsterilized
peat moss or compost. If you insist on using soil, be cer-
tain to use sterile, high quality potting soil. You can also
sterilize soil in an oven or with steam, but this process can
be time consuming, messy and can have an unpleasant
odor.
There are numerous other mediums that also work
to root cuttings. Expanded clay, Dutch corn and foam are
just a few examples. Each medium has its strengths and
weaknesses. The ideal medium is the one that works best
for you!
Chapter Four
Rooting Hormones
Rooting Hormones
At the turn of the century, gardeners would split

the cut end of their cuttings to place wheat seeds inside
the cut. As the wheat seed absorbed water and germi-
nated, it produced and released growth promoting sub-
istances. Cuttings rooted more easily and with more
(vigor. This practice became obsolete by 1940 due to the
pntroduction and wide-spread acceptance of synthetic
irooting aids known as rooting hormones or auxins.
, Rooting hormones have become such a crucial
!-element in propagation today that cuttings are catego-
rized by how well their root formation responds to aux-
'ins. If auxins are unnecessary for rooting, cuttings are
[Said to be easy to root. Difficult to root plants require a
)'pigh concentration of rooting hormone. If a cutting fails
[to root, even after a rooting hormone has been applied,
pt is categorized as recalcitrant.
it
Although some gardeners forego rooting hor-

mones, most choose the added security auxins provide
even with easy to root softwood cuttings. Commercial
rooting hormones are used to supplement a plant's nat-
ural hormones. When you think about the process of
asexual propagation, it is fascinating to consider the
process a cutting must undergo to root and become a
healthy plant. Remember, in propagating plants we are
asking a portion of a plant, be it a stem, root, leaf, or tip,
to develop a root system strong enough to support new
plant growth. In order for this to happen, a cutting must
alter its production mode. Instead of producing stem
cells, a cutting must begin to produce undifferentiated
cells and then root cells. Rooting hormones promote
undifferentiated growth and therefore stimulate and
assist the rooting process. Auxins not only speed up the
rooting process, but they also foster strong plant growth.
Remember, fast rooting cuttings produce healthy, strong
plants.
Although there are several which stray from the
norm, most rooting hormones available on the market
today are made from one of, or a combination of, three
chemicals which are known to stimulate undifferentiated
growth. 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) is probably the most
widely used because it is relatively safe (the dust is haz-
ardous if inhaled) and effective for promoting root
growth in many plants. Some commercially available
products use only IBA while others use it in conjunction
with either Alph-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or
napthaleneacetamide (NAd) which are closely related
chemicals. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is
also used in low concentrations as a root stimulant.
More commonly it is used as an herbicide. Some manu-
factures add fungicides to their products to further pro-
mote rooting and to ward off damping-off disease.
Chapter Five: Taking Cuttings 47
Captan, benlate, thiram, and maneb are fungicides com-

monly added to rooting hormones.
Rooting hormones come in powder, liquid, or gel
form. Each has its advantages and disadvantages,
although many hobby gardeners and most production
propagators choose liquid or gel over powder. Liquid
and gel products allow you to apply the hormone in an
even coat over the cutting, while the powder versions
often adhere unevenly. This uneven distribution of hor-
mones can negatively affect root growth. Gel and liquid
rooting hormones also have the distinct advantage of
helping to prevent embolisms.
If air becomes trapped in the stem an embolism
can form and eventually cause your cutting to die. Gels
work particularly well to seal cuttings immediately after
they have been cut. This reduces not only embolisms,
but also shock and infection. Because there is a risk of
embolisms even when you use liquid or gel, be certain to
' dip your cutting quickly after making the cut to prevent
;lir from getting trapped in the plant tissue. To com-
:pletely eliminate the threat of an embolism, take the cut-
: ting, put it in a bowl of water and make the actual cut
funder water. If an embolism occurs, it may be difficult
! to detect. The plant may look healthy from the rooting
[medium up up for a month or two. All of a sudden the
;plant will fall over because the stem rotted at the base of
'the cube. Upon breaking the cube apart you are likely to
\find that the stem is rotten.
f Most liquid hormones must be diluted by the
~gardener in a mixture of water and/ or alcohol. You will
~find instructions on the packaging of your purchase. In
~
' eneral, to make a 1000 ppm concentration, add l gram
.035 ounce) of rooting compound in a one liter mixture
. f half water and half alcohol. For a 5,000 ppm solu-
ltion, dissolve 5 grams (.175 ounce) of compound in 1
liter of water and alcohol mixture. The manufacturer will

indicate different concentrations for different plants.
Generally softwoods are easier to root than hardwoods
and therefore require a lower concentration of hormone.
Although gels and liquids are less hazardous to your
health because they eliminate the possibility of inhaling
toxic dust particles, some propagators are not comfortable
mixing these chemicals at home. If you do not want to
handle the chemicals, many pharmacists will mix them for
you. When using liquid or gel compounds, pour an
appropriate amount into a separate container so not to
contaminate the bulk of your solution. Dip in this con-
tainer and discard any remaining solution or gel.
There are two methods of applying liquid rooting
products. Some gardeners soak their cuttings in a diluted
solution for twenty-four hours. Generally these solutions
contain between 20 and 200 ppm IBA or NAA Results
using this method vary because of differing environmental
factors. During the twenty-four hour soaking period,
environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and
humidity affect the ability of a cutting to absorb the root
promoter. More concentrated solutions of IBA and NAA,
500 to 20,000 ppm, can be used for the quick dip
method. Because of the high concentrations of synthetic
hormones, cuttings which are dipped for only five sec-
onds can uniformly absorb the compound. To determine
the rooting hormone concentration in ppm, multiply the
percentage listed by the manufacturer by 10,000. For
example, a product with .9% IBA contains 9,000 ppm IBA
Synthetic rooting hormones sold in powder form
are a mixture of talc and IBA and/ or NAA Powder root-
ing hormones tend to be less expensive than their liquid
and gel counterparts. In addition, because they do not
have to be mixed, they are less labor intensive. Simply
roll the moistened end of your cutting in the powder. Do
Chapter Four: Rooting Hormones 49
your best to apply a thick, even coat. Like liquid rooting

hormones, powders can become contaminated. Do not
dip directly into the original packaging. Pour a small
amount into a separate container and throw away any
excess. If you do choose powder hormones, you can
increase your success rate and consistency by doing two
things. Tap or scrape excess powder off the cutting
because it can hinder rooting and growth. Secondly, make
sure that you have created a large hole in your rooting
medium. If the hole is too small you are likely to scrape
off some of the powder as you insert the cutting.
Rooting hormones (liquid, powder, and gel) are
marketed under many brand names. Although they range
in price and exact formulation, for the most part they all
rely on IBA, NAA, or a combination of both. If you need
advice on selecting one appropriate for your needs, ask at
your local garden supply center or write to the manufac-
tures for more information.
Algimin is a liquid seaweed product manufactured

by Maxicrop, USA (P.O. Box 964 Arlington Heights,
lllinois 60006). Unlike most of its competitors, it does
not use either IBA or NAA Although it is not specified
solely for propagation, many organic gardeners rely on it
because they have found it to be an excellent natural root
stimulator. This product is made from Norwegian kelp (a
seaweed product) which provides a host of trace minerals
and growth stimulants easily absorbed by plants. The
manufacturer recommends soaking your cuttings
overnight in a solution of 2 ounces Algimin to l gallon of
water. After planting, continue watering with this solu-
tion.
Clonex (distributed through Superiors Growers
Supply 4870 Dawn Avenue East Lansing, Michigan
.48823) was the first cloning gel introduced to the market
in the United States. In the gel base is a blend of 7 vita-

mins, ll minerals, 2 anti-microbial agents, and 3,000
ppm rooting hormone. The combinations of these ele-
ments achieves several things. The cutting is fed and pro-
tected by vitamins and minerals; hormones stimulate root
formation; and anti-microbials ward off fungal diseases.
Because it is a gel, it seals the tissues of your cutting upon
contact, thereby reducing the chance of infection or
embolisms. Use Clonex Purple for softwood and Clonex
Red for hardwood cuttings.
Dip N' Grow (Astoria-Pacific, Inc. P.O. Box 830
Clackamas, OR 97015) contains IBA, NAA, and an anti-
bacterial and anti-fungal agent. The manufacturer of this
liquid rooting concentrate says that it has increased cut-
ting survival rate by up to 60% for propagators nation-
wide. Since you can mix any concentration by varying
the dilution of Dip N' Grow and water, it is effective for
both softwoods and hardwoods. Dip N' Grow tends to be
less expensive than its competitors, averaging a penny per
100 cuttings.
Earth juice Catalyst (OGM, POB 3442, Chico, CA
95927) is an organic product derived from oat bran, kelp,
molasses, vitamin B complexes, amino acids, hormones
and low levels of nutrients.
Frank's Root grow (FMC! Hydroponics, 480
Guelph Line, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, L7R-3Ml) con-
tains Indole butyric acid, Naphthalene acetamide and
naphthalene acetic acid as active ingredients. These ingre-
dients are vibrated into lanolin so they do not wash off
the plant.
Hormex (Brooker Chemical Corp. P.O. Box 9335
North Hollywood, CA 91605) is an IBA based powder
which is available in six different strengths ranging from
1000 ppm to 45,000 ppm. The latter is intended for
extremely difficult to propagate plants and will severely
Pour the (diluted) liquid rooting hormone into another con-

tainer before using it to guard against contaminating the stock
solution.
burn most cuttings. Read the directions on the labels and

choose carefully. Hormex also produces a product which
blends IBA, NAA, and Vitamin Bl It can be diluted and
used for watering.
Hormodin (Merck &: Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000
Rahway, NJ 07065) is a powder which comes in three
strengths, 1000, 3000, and 8000 ppm. Its main active
ingredient is IBA
Nitrozyrne (Pure Food Hydroponics, 3385 El
Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95051) is an extract from
a seaweed-like plant (Ascophylum Nodosum) and contains
numerous hormones including cytokinins, auxins,
enzymes, giberellins and ethylenes. The manufacturer
recommends spraying the product on mother plants two
weeks before taking cuttings.
NutriRoot (Western Water Farms, 103 - 20120 -

64th Avenue, Langley, BC, CANADA V2Y-1M8) This high
quality rooting gel can be used for micropropagation, tis-
sue culture, stem and leaf cuttings for hardwood and soft-
wood stock. Consists of a balanced blend of trace ele-
ments, sugars, vitimins, minerals and growth regulating
hormones.
Olivia's Cloning Solution (Olivia's Solutions, Inc.
P.O. Box 887 Calistoga, CA 94515) makes a very popular
cloning solution available in liquid and gel form.
Gardeners report a 90-100% success rate using Olivia's
cloning product (theystimulate root growth and feed the
cutting simultaneously). The product works well for soft-
wood, semi-hardwood, and some hardwood plants. The
manufacturer recommends watering with the liquid solu-
tion once cuttings are planted.
Powerthrive (B & B Hydroponics, 375 MacArthur
Avenue, Ottowa, Ontario, Canada KlL-6N5) is a natural
root stimulating product containing kelp, Vitamin Bl,
cytokinin, and many other growth stimulants, hormones
and nutrients.
Rhizopon AA (distributed by Hortus USA, 245
West 24th Street, New York, NY 100ll) is imported from a
Holland-based manufacturer, Rhizopon B.V, the world's
largest company devoted to researching and manufactur-
ing plant rooting products. This product uses IBA as a
root stimulator and is available in three different strengths
in both powder and water soluble tablets. The tablets can
be mixed in water and/ or alcohol to form concentrations
ranging from 500 to 20,000 ppm.
Rapid Root Liquid (Higher Yield, 29211 NE Wylie
Rd., Camas, WA 98607) has a very high concentration of
IBA and NAA - It is the strongest liquid concentration
available!
Several popular rooting hormones.
Rootex-L (Irelands Hydroponics, 31 Main St.,

Kinglake, 3763, Australia) This general purpose liquid
rooting hormone has been widely used in nurseries for
years. The manufacturers sight convenience, versatility
and a high strike rate as the main features to this lEA-
based product.
Rootone (The Chas Lilly Co. Portland, Oregon
97283) is a mild powder formulation which uses 2000
ppm NAd (a close relative to NAA) as its main root pro-
moter. Thiram is added to the product to protect against
fungal disease.
StimRoot - (Tom Thumb Hydroponics, 4055
Harvester Road, Unit 15, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
l&l-SZ7) is a root inducing liquid hormone containing
both IBA and NAA
Superthrive (Vitamin Institute P.O. Box 230 North

Hollywood, CA 910603) is not designed specifically for
cuttings, although many gardeners have found it to be a
good root stimulator and presoak prior to taking cuttings.
Although its exact formulation has not been revealed to
the public, it is known to contain NAA and a substance
similar to Bl, as well as 50 other vitamins and hormones.
The combination of ingredients helps induce roots, mini-
mize transplant shock, and encourage healthy and strong
plant growth. To use, simply mix a few drops per gallon
of water. You can use it as a rooting hormone and for sub-
sequent watering. The same company produces a similar
product especially for cuttings called "Cutstart".
Wilder's Rooting Glue (Wilder Agriculture 4188
Bethel Wilmington Road New Wilmington, PA 16142) is a
semi-solid solution, similar in consistency to a gel.
Because of its sticky consistency, Wilder's Rooting Glue
sticks well to the end of your cuttings, thereby making
hormones immediately available to plants and curtailing
damping-off disease. This rooting compound combines
IBA and NAA in a base of several anti-fungals, including
sulphur and streptamyacine. Wilder's can be used on
either soft or woody cuttings. In addition to their rooting
compound, Wilder manufactures a plant food known as
CRC (Clone Rooting Concentrate). The plant food con-
tains the same ingredients as the Glue, but in diluted con-
centrations. Wilder's recommends using CRC for the first
two to three weeks of a plant's life to ensure vigorous root-
ing. If used in combination, Wilder's predicts a 95-99%
rooting success rate with their products.
Wilson's Roots (Tom Thumb Hydroponics, 4055
Harvester Road, Unit 15, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
l&:l-5Z7)is a rooting hormone containing IBA, NNA, 5-
ethoxy-3-trichlormethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole and a fungicide.
It is available in both powder and gel form. The supplier
recommends the gel.

Wood's Ready to Use Rooting Compound is a
liquid rooting solution manufactured by American
Agriculture (9220 SE Stark Portland, OR 97216).
Wood's relies on both !BA and NAA to stimulate root
growth. After 30 years of testing, Wood's has developed
a product which works particularly well with difficult-to-
root cuttings such as trees, rhododendrons, lilacs, and
other woody plants. Because Wood's solution is easy to
synthesize, it is immediately available to plants. Follow
the directions on the label to mix and use Wood's root-
ing compound. Wood's also markets an anti-wilting
spray which can be used in conjunction with their root-
ing compound. The anti-rooting compound should be
sprayed on leaves to prevent plant dehydration.
Chapter Five
Taking Cuttings
Equipment
Although cuttings can be grown outdoors in

shady areas, our focus is on growing cuttings indoors.
To get started, you will need some very basic and thank-
fully inexpensive equipment, much of which you can
make yourself. A propagation tray, purchased from any
garden supply store for a couple of dollars, works well
for cuttings. Some gardeners start their cuttings directly
in pots to avoid transplanting them later. If you choose
this approach, plastic pots are preferable to clay pots as
they do not absorb moisture and compete with the
plants. You will need a cutting implement. A knife, X-
acto knife, single edged razor blade or sharp scissors all
work well. There are two important specifications for
your cutting implement; it should be sterilized before
use and in between cuttings, and the sharper the better.
A dull knife can tear the tissue on the plant. Remember,
58 Gardening lndoors with Cuttings
taking cuttings is the most traumatic experience a plant

will undergo in its life. You need to do all you can to
alleviate plant stress.
Successful gardeners dip their cuttings in a root-
ing hormone before planting them. Refer to the previ-
ous chapter for an in-depth discussion about rooting
hormones. Once your cuttings are planted securely in
their rooting medium, you need to ensure ideal growing
conditions. Cuttings thrive in moist (not soggy), warm
environments. Depending on the environment where
you intend to grow, you might need to buy some equip-
ment to help maintain proper heat and humidity levels.
You can choose from both home-made or store-bought
alternatives to create a warm and moist propagation
area. In addition, and again depending on the pre-exist-
ing environment, you might want to consider purchasing
a lighting unit. In total, with some creative thinking, it is
possible to establish a propagation area for under (US)
$100. In chapter one you will find a complete discus-
sion about creating and maintaining an optimum grow-
ing environment.
If you have a garden room in your house, that is
ideal. If you do not, it is easy to establish a space to root
your cuttings. Choose a spot which is light, but which
does not receive direct sun, as direct sun can dry out
your cuttings. The area should be clean, and out of the
way of heavy traffic. The greater your ability to control
your cutting's environment, the more successful you are
likely to be.
The final pieces of equipment you will need are
perhaps the most essential - a notebook and writing
utensil. It is important to keep data on the cuttings you
take. Record when you took them, from which mother
plant, what rooting hormone, if any, you used and the
growing conditions you provided for the plant. If you
Lay out all of your supplies before starting to take cuttings.
keep accurate notes you will be able to identify with which

plant varieties you are successful, and which varieties
require more attention. You will also be able to record the
different factors that effect the cuttings' success -light-
ing, humidity, temperature, nutrient solutions, rooting
medium and rooting hormones--ii!.nd adjust your growing
environment accordingly.
Choosing a Mother Plant:

The mother plant, also referred to as the stock
plant, is simply the plant that produces the cuttings.
Cuttings replicate the mother plant in every way: size,
color, taste, smell, strength. Environmental factors will
affect the cuttings. You may experience some individual
60 Gardening lndoors with Cuttings
The ideal mother plant.
characteristic variation. Some cuttings may root twice as

quickly as others taken from the same plant. This is
almost always the result of environmental factors. Are the
cuttings overcrowded? Are some receiving more light than
others? Did you inadvertently forget rooting hormone for
one, or apply less to another? Is the humidity level con-
sistent for all your cuttings and are you watering equally?
All of these seemingly minor details can affect the rate at
which your cuttings grow. For the most part, however, a
cutting will follow the same path as its parent plant and
will develop into an identical cutting. It is therefore impera-

tive that you choose a good mother plant.
Choose a mother plant that is genetically mature.
For most plants this means it must be at least two months
old. Your mother plant should ideally possess all of the
following qualities:
l. It should have short, compact, bushy growth.

Taller plants tend to block out too much light, shading the
ones beneath. Limited light and overcrowding only add
stress to this already traumatic time in a plant's growth.
2. The mother plant should be disease-resistant. A

diseased plant will produce diseased cuttings. It is easy to
be tempted by the last healthy growth on an otherwise
unhealthy plant, especially if it is one of your favorites.
Taking a cutting from such a plant will only bring you dis-
appointment. The cutting will be sickly and you will now
own two failing versions of your favorite plant.
3. Your mother plant should have a history of

heavy flower and fruit production. Taking a cutting while
it is flowering or bearing fruit will slow the plant's growth.
The cutting would have to reverse the flowering cycle and
revert to vegetative growth. Look for a mother plant which
flowers heavily, make a mental or written note, and take
your cutting from this plant during its vegetative stage. If
you do take a cutting from a flowering plant, it will root
quickly but can then take up to a month to revert back to
vegetative growth. This delay can cause additional stress
to the cutting.
When taking a cutting from a mother plant always
think of the mother's future growth first and foremost,
unless you intend to dispose of the mother after the cut-
tings have been taken.
When you are preparing to take a cutting you must

pre-treat the mother plant. Because a low nitrogen con-
tent in the stem speeds rooting, you should put your
mother plant on a low to medium nitrogen diet. Many
gardeners leach the soil where their mother plant grows
with large quantities of water for several days prior to tak-
ing a cutting. Although leaching the soil with large quan-
tities of water is an effective way to wash away nitrogen,
you run the risk of creating very soggy soil. To avoid this
risk, some gardeners leach the leaves as opposed to the
soil. To do this you implement a practice referred to as
reverse foliar feeding. Foliar feeding is a method by which
you feed your plants via their leaves as opposed to their
roots. Reverse foliar feeding is exactly the opposite. As
opposed to feeding the plant via its leaves, you are cleans-
ing it. Simply mist plants thoroughly every morning for a
week with warm water. This process quickly washes the
soluble nitrogen out of the foliage.
There is a trade off for having a low nitrogen con-
tent in you mother plant. For softwood cuttings, carbohy-
drates help to give stiffness to the stem, a desirable
attribute which guards against stems bending when you
are planting your cuttings. For this reason, some garden-
ers recommend maintaining a minimum of 150 parts per
million (ppm) of nitrogen for the mother plant to help
promote positive growth. Others argue that because the
mother plant's growth is slowed as the nitrogen is used,
carbohydrates accumulate. A high carbohydrate content
enhances stiffness in branches and hastens root forma-
tion. Perhaps the best solution is to maintain a low nitro-
gen diet until a week before you intend to take your cut-
tings. At that time, begin leaching so that carbohydrates
will accumulate and add rigidity to your branches.
To check the carbohydrate content of a cutting,
dip it in iodine. The stronger the color absorbed by the
cutting, the higher the starch (carbohydrate) content.

This helps determine which area of the mother is best to
cut.
You might also want to supplement your mother
plant with phosphorus and potassium. A phosphorous
diet of 75 to 150 ppm will restrict root growth in propor-
tion to vertical height. This will help produce a full,
bushy plant. If your mother plant is young and has not
yet reached an ideal size, you can increase root growth by
maintaining a 3 to 1 ratio between phosphorous and
nitrogen. Add 300 ppm phosphorous and 100 ppm nitro-
gen.
Potassium helps to sustain growth and should be
applied in equal parts per million as nitrogen.
A strong mother plant can withstand a lot. You
can take many cuttings from the same mother plant at
one time. Be certain not to remove more than sixty per-
cent of the mother plant's vegetation. The plant, if prop-
erly cared for, will rebound with more vigor and bushi-
ness within four to six weeks. For best results, retire the
mother plant after four cutting sessions with four to six
weeks between each cutting session. After this, the plant
can become stressed and will therefore produce stressed
cuttings. With each round of cuttings you take, select
new mother plants. This way, you will always have healthy
mother plants on hand. Your cuttings will be ready to
give cuttings in two months, or as soon as they reach full
vegetative stage.
Taking Stem Cuttings: Step-by-Step

Most hobby gardeners concentrate their propaga-
tion efforts on softwood cuttings. Softwoods tend to root
more easily, therefore require less equipment, money, and
time. Softwood refers to the soft, green, stem tissue in
Reverse foliar feeding
plants. Most houseplant annuals are softwoods, as are

the first season's growth of favorite outdoor perennials
such as geraniums and chrysanthemums. Once the stems
of such perennials mature into woody tissue they are
referred to as hardwoods.
Having covered the basic issues of propagating
(equipment, lighting, humidity, temperature, rooting
mediums, and rooting hormones), we will now turn to the
step-by-step details which will guide you through the
process.
Preparing to take cuttings by leaching the mother plant
Stem Cuttings
l. Preparation - Some preparation is necessary

before you can actually take cuttings. The following
things should be done. Choose a mother plant which is
at least two months old and 24 inches tall. (Some hydro-
ponic gardeners take cuttings from month-old plants).
Begin leaching seven days prior to taking cuttings. Make
sure you have established a good growing environment.
Check your equipment to make sure that everything is in
working order. Your cuttings will need access to good
light, heat, and water. Prepare your rooting hormone and
rooting medium. Some rooting cubes must be rinsed in
hot water before use to rid them of excess salt. Drain
excess water from your cubes and fill your sterile propaga-
tion tray with rooting medium. If your medium is not
pre-punched, create a hole in each block using a pencil or
/!
Sterilize the clippers by dipping them in a jar of rubbing alcohol

or bleach.
chopstick. The hole should be big enough so it won't

scrape off hormone when you are inserting your cutting.
The depth of the hole is dependent on the medium. To
allow for healthy root growth, leave undisturbed at least
half an inch of rooting medium at the bottom of the con-
tainer. Once you take your cutting, timing is imperative.
If you are using powder rooting hormones, you might
want to have a container of water on hand. Storing your
cuttings in water, or wrapping them with a moist paper
towel will help prevent embolisms.
2. Sterilization- Sterilize all your equipment

including your cutting implement, propagation tray, and
humidity box with a mild bleach solution ( 1/2 cup bleach
per gallon of water), making sure that you clean all the
ridges and crevices of your propagation tray. Rinse every-
Cut the stem of the cutting on a 45 degree angle.
thing thoroughly, allowing clean water to flush your

equipment for several minutes until no more chlorine
smell is present. Air-dry the equipment. You can also use
a lighter to heat and sterilize the edge of your cutting
implement. Nursery-people around the country report
that lack of sterilization is one of the most common caus-
es for low success rates when propagating. Remember,
your cuttings are stressed and in need of tender care.
Germs and disease carried on your equipment can cause
the cuttings to die. Do not smoke while taking cuttings.
Wash your hands and equipment. Re-sterilize your cutting
implement between every 10-15 cuttings.
3. Timing- Although cuttings can be taken any

time of year, some gardeners report better results when
they take their cuttings in the early spring (mid-March)
Remove leaves on the plant to get the stem ready for the rooting
medium.
when plants are responding to increased daylight and

actively growing. Some gardeners only take cuttings dur-
ing a full moon. If you are growing under HID lights, you
can take the cuttings any time of year. Take cuttings from
the current year's growth. It is possible to take a cutting
from a flowering plant, but for best results, choose a plant
in its vegetative growth stage. If you want to cut from a
flowering plant, remove all of the flowers from the branch
that is being used for cutting stock. If possible, take your
cutting in the early morning.
4. Cutting- You can use sharp pruning shears,

scissors, an X-acto knife, or a grafting knife. Make sure
your cutting implement is sharp enough so it will not damage
the end of the cutting or the mother plant. Take your cutting
from young growth which will be better able to develop
This drawing shows a cutting that has had the leaves removed,
one stuck in rockwool and a final rooted clone.
roots than their older counterparts. Your cutting should

bend without snapping. Cut your stem four to six inches
long and between an eighth and a quarter inch in diame-
ter. It is important that your cutting be the proper width.
Excessively thin cuttings take a long time to root and
stress the plant in the process. Cut at a 45 degree angle
(some people recommend 60 to increase surface area),
half way between leaf joints, referred to as nodes, making
sure that your cutting has three to four sets of well-devel-
oped leaves and a sprout at top. Cutting between nodes,
You can scrape the outer layer of tissue off the stem with a razor
blade to speed root growth.
as opposed to directly above one as some gardeners rec-

ommend, assures that you will not damage the nodes.
Cuttings taken from the top growing shoots of a plant will
root well, provided they are thick enough. To decrease
transpiration, you can also cut off l/2 of each leaf.
Continue taking cuttings from the outer growths of the
mother plant. Although cuttings from the inner part of
the plant may not have sprouts, they will root.
Remember, do not remove more than sixty percent of the
parent plant in one cutting session.
5. Trimming- Without gouging the stem, trim off

the two sets of leaves at the bottom of the stem. This
leaves the nodes, which contain the highest concentration
of potential rooting cells, exposed. These exposed nodes
will be planted so that they are covered by your rooting
Dipping cutting in rooting hormone.
medium. Although two sets work best, you can rely on a

single node (not recommended) if you have to. If the cut-
ting has more than one large sun leaf, cut off all but one
because if is difficult for the cutting to keep large leaves
alive. Although most gardeners do this step after having
cut the cutting from the mother plant, some recommend
trimming before cutting. This allows you to transfer the
cutting to the rooting hormone more quickly. Remember,
timing is critical. You do not want air bubbles to enter
your cutting. Place the trimmed stems in a bucket of
clean, warm water or wrap them in damp paper towel so
they do not dry out before you proceed to the next step.
Some gardeners recommend leaving the cuttings in water
overnight in low or no light. Cuttings should remain ver-
tical because this allows for root-production chemicals
within the plant to translocate to the base of the cutting.
Planting cuttings in rockwool cubes.
6. Wounding- Some gardeners have adopted the

practice of wounding (usually used for grafting) for stem
cuttings. Although there are no definitive answers, there
is much speculation about the benefits of wounding. The
one thing we do know is that wounding takes time and is
not practical when taking lots of cuttings. However
wounding is believed to hasten root formation by expos-
ing tissues with root-forming potential. In addition,
wounded areas show a higher concentration of both nat-
ural rooting hormones and carbohydrates, both of which
aid in the quality and quantity of roots produced.
Wounded cuttings might also be able to absorb more
water and rooting hormone from the rooting medium. To
wound a cutting, simply make a knife cut at an upwards
diagonal angle on the bottom surface of the cutting. The
cut should penetrate half way through the stem thickness.
Rooted cutting in rockwool cube. Note the root growth pene-

trating the rockwool cube.
If necessary, use a match stick to hold the cut open. For

thick-stemmed succulent plants such as geraniums, allow
a callous to form before continuing. Place the cutting on
newspaper and let it sit indoors for several days. Once a
callous has formed, skip step 7 and proceed. Some peo-
ple also split the stem vertically for an inch or so to give
more surface area increase water and nutrient uptake.
7. Scraping- Using a razor blade, gently scrape a

layer of skin off the portion of the stem that will be cov-
ered by the rooting medium. Scraping the stem disrupts
the cells on its surface and hastens their change to rooting
cells. This step is optional and not always necessary.
8. Rooting Hormones- Depending on the type of

rooting hormone you are using, the process will vary
slightly at this point. Roll the end of the stem in rooting
Transplanting a rockwool cube into a larger rockwool cube.
powder; dip in the liquid or gel varieties. Transfer the cut-

ting quickly from the cloning solution to the rooting
medium to avoid embolisms. If you are using gel, transfer
time is less important because the gel seals the stems
upon contact. If you are soaking your cutting overnight in
liquid hormone, do so and continue from step nine
tomorrow.
9. Planting- Be gentle when you are inserting your

stem so as not to disrupt the rooting hormone. Place the
stem securely in the rooting medium. If you are using
cubes, do not allow the stem to poke through the bottom.
Gently pack the rooting medium around the stem. Water
your cuttings with a diluted nutrient solution, or a mild
Bl solution until the medium is evenly moist, but not
soggy.
\\\
OucH!
Tugging on plants breaks roots!
10. Mtercare- Follow the guidelines for environ-

ment control discussed in Chapter One. Remember,
proper lighting, humidity, and temperature are essential
for healthy cuttings. Remove rotten leaves from your cut-
tings. In addition throw away any cuttings which look
diseased. Some cuttings may wilt for a few days. If cut-
tings are still wilted after a week, they are unlikely to live
to be strong plants and should be discarded.
ll. Transplanting- It will take several weeks (one

to four) for a cutting to develop a strong root system. If
you are using peat pots or cubes, you will be able to see
the roots developing. If you can not see the roots, pull
gently on the base of the stem after two weeks. If there is
resistance, there are roots. The tips of leaves may also
turn yellow once roots start growing. Once a cutting has

a strong root system, it must be transplanted. Next to
taking a cutting, transplanting is the most stressful experi-
ence a plant lives through. Because the young roots of
your cutting are delicate, you need to apply the same care
you did while taking and raising the cutting.
Water the cutting to be transplanted with half-
strength vitamin Bl one or two days before transplanting.
Transplant late in the day to provide the plant recovery
time during the night. If you are using cubes or peat pots,
simply transplant the cutting into a larger container and
fill in around the pot or cube with soil. If you rooted in a
perlite/vermiculite mixture, prepare the medium in a larg-
er container, creating a hole into which the root ball will
fit. To avoid unnecessary stress and adjustment, trans-
plant into the same type of soil you used as a rooting
medium. If you have rooted cuttings in soil and pots, sat-
urate with water then roll the pots between your hands to
break the sand away from the pot sides. Place your hand
over the top of the pot, with the stem between your fin-
gers. Turn the pots upside down and allow the root ball
to slide into your hand. You may have to tap the pot light-
ly to free up lower roots. Place the cutting in the hole in
the larger container, making sure that all mots are grow-
ing down, and pack the soil firmly around the root ball.
Roots need to be in direct contact with the soil in order to
absorb nutrients and water.
To ease plant stress, water with half-strength vita-
min Bl until the soil is saturated, but not soggy. Water
helps transplants by packing in the soil so it remains in
contact with the roots. Transplants should be fed low lev-
els of nitrogen and potassium and large amounts of phos-
phorus. Many gardeners use a "bloom" fertilizer mix. If
you use rich potting soil, it will provide enough nutrients
for a month. Clones in soilless mixtures require fertiliza-
tion within a day or two of transplanting. Transplants

prefer low filtered light. Fluorescents are preferred to
HID lights. If you use HID lights, be sure to provide par-
tial shade for the transplants or raise the HID lamp to 3 -
5 feet above cuttings.
Our focus thus far has been on softwood stem cut-
tings. In this section, you will discover many methods of
asexual propagation. Although many gardeners agree that
softwood stem cuttings are the easiest to propagate, none
of the methods discussed in this chapter are difficult. The
beginning of this chapter provided you with a detailed
outline you will need to refer to as you experiment with
the alternative rooting methods described below.
Semi-hardwood and Hardwood Stem Cuttings
Semi-hardwood and hardwood stem cuttings are

taken using virtually the same process outlined above.
You must pay attention to several variations in procedure
because hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are older
than softwood cuttings.
Semi-hardwood cuttings can be taken from fuch-
sias, camellias, and gardenias. Like softwood cuttings,
semi-hardwood cuttings should be taken from the current
season's growth. The main difference between softwood
and semi-hardwood stem cuttings is timing. Take semi-
hardwood cuttings in the fall. Leave a sliver of bark or
stem known as a "heel" on semi-hardwood cuttings.
Follow the instructions for propagating softwood stems.
Hardwood stems are easy to identify because they
are last season's growth which has hardened into wood.
This method is used primarily for outdoor flowering trees
and shrubs, although gardeners in the South who contend
with stem and root rot will find that it is a helpful alterna-
tive to propagating houseplants. Citrus fruits and poin-
settias root particularly well using this method.
Stems can be longer for hardwood cuttings than
for softwoods. Choose a section that is 5-10 inches long
and cut it at an angle slightly below a node. Cut the top
of the stem off one half inch above the top node. Make
this cut straight so you can easily identify the top from the
bottom. Use a rooting hormone at a strength recom-
mended for hardwood cuttings. Plant the stem with at
least 2 inches buried in the rooting medium. Bottom heat
will speed the rooting process. Follow aftercare and
transplanting instructions for softwood cuttings.
Leaf Cuttings
Leaf cuttings work particularly well for African vio-
lets, rex Begonia varieties and Peperomias, but you can
experiment with leaf cuttings from most succulent, fleshy-
leafed plants and cactus. Different plant varieties require
slightly different methods.
l. Preparation- Prepare the growing environment

as you would for a softwood stem cutting. Give the moth-
er plant a large drink of water several hours before you
intend to remove the leaf.
2. Cutting- Choose a large, healthy, mature leaf.

Use a sharp knife, razor, or scissors and cut the leaf off at
the base of the stalk leaving an inch of stem. For African
violet leaves, be sure to leave at least two inches of stem
attached to the leaf. African violet leaves should be kept
whole. For other varieties, cut the leaf into wedges taking
care to leave a vein in the center of each leaf cutting. Each
cutting should also have a piece of the sinus (where the
leaf and stalk meet) at its tip. Leaves can be divided into
several plan table sections. For instance, a rex begonia leaf
will yield up to five v-shaped segments.
3. Rooting Hormone- Dip the sinus tip into your

rooting hormone.
4. Planting- Plant the leaf or leaf segment from a

30 angle to vertical so that one-third of it is covered by
your rooting medium. Make sure that the sinus-dipped
end is down and gently firm the rooting medium around
the leaf. The process will not work if you plant the leaf
upside down. If you do not use rooting hormones, cut
the bottom at an angle so you can identifY it. Leaves
Leaf cutting
should be planted at least an inch apart to allow for

growth. Segments can also be placed flat on the grow-
ing medium as long as they are weighted down. Put the
sinus end under the growing medium and gently cover.
Water the leaves lightly.
5. Aftercare- Aftercare for leaf cuttings is similar

to that for stem cuttings, it just lasts longer. Provide a
warm, moist environment. Make sure not to dislodge
the fragile leaves or leaf segments when watering. Roots
will develop from the leaf wedge in several weeks, but it
may take months for new leaves to appear.
6. Transplant- When the new leaves are about

the size of your thumbnail, move the plantlets from trays
to small, two and one-half inch pots. Transplant as you
normally would, making sure to divide any clumps
which contain several plantlets. Each platelet you trans-
plant should have a healthy set of roots. Remove the
original leaf or fragment if it has not already rotted.
When re-planting, be careful not to cover the crown and
growing tip of the tiny plant. Keep the plant in shaded

light for several days. When the roots are too large for
their containers, transplant again into larger containers.
Alternatively, a leaf cutting can be taken by cutting
the veins at the junctions of the main vein and laying the
whole leaf flat in rooting medium. The bottom of the leaf
must be down and in contact with the rooting medium.
Use stones or bobby pins to hold the leaf down and plant
the cut stem firmly in the medium. Follow aftercare
instructions described above. In several weeks, plantlets
will form on top of the leaf at the cut veins.
Root Cuttings
Plants with thick, fleshy roots or ones that pro-

duce suckering shoots are good candidates for root cut-
tings.
l. Preparation- Prepare a growing area which will

provide bottom heat, humidity, and light. You can use
either trays or individual pots for root cuttings.
2. Cutting- Simply cut a portion of the root from

the parent plant. Cut this portion into smaller sections,
ideally l-4 inches long. Root cuttings work best if they
are l/4-l/2 inch in diameter. Cuttings taken in the fall or
early winter will benefit from the stored food in their
roots.
3. Planting- You can either lay the roots flat in a
tray, or plant them vertically in pots or a tray. Many gar-
deners prefer to plant the roots vertically and report better
plant formation from this method. If you plant them flat,
cover them lightly with your growing medium. The top
covering should be 1/2 to 1 inch thick. Clearly cubes will
not work for this method. If you want to use rockwool,
look for the granules.
4. Aftercare and Transplanting- Follow aftercare

and transplant instructions for softwood stem cuttings.
Division
Propagating plants through division is an easy way

to increase your plant stock. Many houseplants including
ferns, African violets, clivias, and lily-of the-Nile have
more than one crown and can therefore be divided.
Divide foliage plants in the early spring before new
growth begins. Flowering plants should be divided dur-
ing their dormant period.
To divide your plant, roll the plant pot between
your hands to loosen the soil. Turn the pot upside-down,
placing a hand over the top of the pot with the plant
stems between your fingers. Tap the pot to free the plant
and soil if it is root-bound. Shake off excess soil.
Separate the root ball and parent plant into as many sec-
tions as there are stems or crowns. This can usually be
done with your hands, but pot bound plants which are
difficult to separate might require the help of a knife.
With difficult to separate plants, rinse the root ball in
water to remove the soil from the roots. Try to keep as
many roots as possible attached to their original stems.
Plant each division in a separate container. Planting
should be quick so not to dry out the roots. Water gener-
ously and frequently. Keep the plants in diffused light
until they show new growth.
Although propagating by division is easy and
requires little equipment, it is not an ideal method if you
are looking for large yields. Most plants can only be
divided into two to five separate crowns. This is not many
copies of the plant when compared to stem cuttings where
many parent plants will produce 20 - 25 cuttings per cut-
ting session.
To divide roots, simply pull roots apart.
Layering
Simple layering is an easy way to propagate small

numbers of plants. Because it is labor and space inten-
sive, this method is probably not a good choice if you
want to produce many cuttings. If you want to increase
only a few plants and are having difficulty rooting them
from cuttings, layering is a good alternative. Layering
involves rooting a shoot which is still attached to the
mother plant. Plants that have low and flexible shoots are
preferable although many plants can be propagated using
this method. Philodendrons, pothos, and syngoniums
work well. For best results, layer woody growth from the
previous season in early spring and the current season's
growth in late summer.
1. Preparation- Prepare a growing space large

enough to accommodate both the parent plant and the
cutting. If you are layering outdoors, prepare the soil
around the mother plant by adding sand, peat moss, or an
alternative material to lighten the sand. The rooting medi-
um should be able to retain moisture and air, yet also be
able to drain well. If you are layering indoors, you have
several options. To avoid transplanting, simply place your
mother plant next to a pot of a similar height and lighten
the soil of the mother plant with peat or similar medium.
Alternatively, you can use a tray or pot which houses both
the mother plant and the cutting. Although this set-up
may be less cumbersome, it also adds potential stress due
to several transplants.
2. Selecting- Choose a shoot which is low on the

mother plant and fairly flexible. It needs to be able to
bend without snapping.
3. Wounding and Girdling- Wound the stem by

making a diagonal cut on the lower surface of the branch.
The cut should not puncture more than half the branch
and should be between nodes. You can hold the cut open
with match sticks. Alternatively, girdle the branch by
removing rings of bark about one inch wide. The wound
or the girdle should be made on the portion of the stem
which will get covered, about 5 to lO inches from the tip
of the stem.
4. Rooting Hormones- Rooting hormones can be

applied to the wounded or girdled area to augment root
formation.
5. Layering- Bend the branch down to the pre-

pared rooting medium. Cover the wounded or girdled
Layering
portion with rooting medium so that the top 5 to 10 inch-

es of the tip is uncovered. You will probably need to
anchor the layer with a stone or u-shaped wire pegs.
Bobby pins work well. Roots will form on the covered,
wounded area, so be sure that the soil or medium is
packed well and in contact with the shoot.
6. Separating- Different species of plants root at

different rates. For some difficult to root species, you will
not be able to separate the cutting for up to two or three
growing seasons. For other easy to root plants, you can
separate the cutting in the same season. Gently pull on
the layer to determine if it has developed a root system. If
it has, cut the cutting away from its parent plant, making
sure not to cut any of the new root system. If you have
used two pots, you will not need to transplant immediate-
ly. When the root system is too large for the pot, trans-
plant the cutting following normal transplanting proce-
dures.
Air layering
Air Layering
Air layering works on the same principle as layer-

ing with one exception: you do not plant the wound in a
growing medium. Instead, the wound is bandaged and
roots form on the bandage, in the air. Air layering works
because the wound traps carbohydrates that would have
otherwise flowed down to the roots. Food is therefore
provided to the area and water flows as usual because the
cut is not deep enough to disrupt the flow of fluid
through the xylem tissue which carries water. This
method is excellent for plants which have become leggy.
Not only are you producing a new plant, you are reshap-
ing the old one. Be sure to choose an actively growing
plant. Rubber plants are great candidates for propagation
by air layering.
Air Layering
l. Wounding or Girdling- You want to wound or

girdle the plant lO to l2 inches from it's top. To girdle,
use a sharp, sterile knife to remove a 1-l l/2 inch band of
bark encircling the branch. The girdle should be deep
enough so that the underlying wood is exposed. Scrape
the exposed wood to remove the cambium tissue (the thin
actively growing layer directly under the bark). You can
also wound the branch by making an upwards diagonal
cut about l l/2 inches long. Insert a match stick in the
wound to keep it from healing. This method may weaken
the stem and eventually cause a break, so many propaga-
tors prefer girdling.
2. Rooting Hormone- Cover the wounded area

with rooting hormone.
3. Wrapping- Soak peat or sphagnum moss for at

least an hour in water. Wring out excess water before

wrapping the cut area with the moist peat or sphagnum
moss. The moss should extend above and below the
wound on the stem. You may have to remove several
leaves to wrap the area sufficiently. Generally a six inch
area is cleaned of leaves although the bandage will not be
that large. Wrap the moss with plastic and secure the top
and bottom. It is important that the bandage is secured
firmly because it works to retain moisture and heat and
aid in root formation. The plastic must extend slightly
beyond the moss to achieve this. (If you are air layering
outdoors use white plastic or aluminum foil so you do not
trap too much heat.)
4. Separation- It will take several months for a

strong root system to be visible. There is no guesswork
with air layering. White roots will be clearly visible
through the plastic when the plant is ready to be separat-
ed. Remove the plastic, leaving the moss, and cut the par-
ent plant just below the new roots. Repot the new plant.
The parent plant will begin to produce new leaves and
will hopefully develop into a more bushy, well-propor-
tioned plant.
5. Aftercare- The new plant will need to be

watered generously, misted, and set in diffused light for
several days.
Offsets
Some plants such as Spider plants, piggy-back

plants and strawberry begonias produce tiny plantlets at
their tips. If these tips are rooted, they will develop into
new plants. There are several simple ways to achieve this.
Offsets
You can use the basic principles of layering and pin the
offsets into small pots surrounding the parent plant. Use
bobby pins of paper clips to pin the offsets down, making
sure that the tips are well anchored and covered in rooting
medium_ Once the tip has developed strong roots, it can
be severed from the mother plant.
You can also allow the parent plant to develop aeri-
al roots on the shoots. These can simply be potted as
small plantlets. Leave a small piece of stem from the par-
ent plant on the shoot and make sure that it is well buried
in the rooting medium. Create a warm, humid environ-
ment similar to that used for stem cuttings. A plastic tent
works well if you do not have a humidity box handy.
Keep the soil moist.
Cuttings in Water
Growing cuttings in water is perhaps the easiest

means of propagation. It is a great project for children
interested in gardening because it requires no equipment
beyond that which is available in the average household.
If you have fluorescent or HID grow lights, you can grow
these cuttings under them, but it is not necessary. A
sunny window sill will do. Ivies, Impatiens, Creeping
charlies, Begonias, Spider plants, Geraniums, sweet pota-
toes, Coleus and many other varieties can all be propagat-
ed simply in a glass of water. To do this simply cut an off-
set or stem from a healthy parent plant and place it in
clean, tepid water. Change the water every few days to
provide a fresh oxygen supply and to avoid root and stem
rot. If you forget to change the water, the roots will cluster
near the top of the container in search of oxygen. This
will stunt the plant's growth and promote algae formation.
A hydroponic method for rooting cuttings in water
uses a small aquarium air pump, tubing, airstones or bub-
ble wands. The stones or wands are placed in the bottom
of the container and provide oxygen to the roots. This
method works well with many varieties of plants; It is
called the "sub-aeration" method.
Although it is fun to see the roots develop, this
method works best if the tips are rooted in an opaque
container to subdue or eliminate light. Sterilize an old
mug in a mild bleach solution and use it. Once strong
roots have developed, add a small amount of sand, soil, or
rockwool granules to the water every few days. This will
encourage the roots to grow new root hairs which provide
the plant with food and water. It will also help you avoid
having to untangle a mass of roots when it is time to
transplant. When the root system is strong and imbedded
in the medium, transplant the cutting to a larger pot.
Cuttings in water
Grafting
Grafting is a method of propagation whereby you

cut two woody plants and encourage them to heal togeth-
er as one. Grafting is done to strengthen a plant which
has difficulty growing in its original form, but whose char-
acteristics you like. Roses, for instance, are normally a
grafted species, as are apple trees and numerous other
plants. Nurseries combine varieties that have desirable
flowers with varieties that are strong, disease-resistant,
and easy to grow. Grafting is useful to the hobby garden-
er who has difficulty raising a particular variety of plant.
There are many different ways to graft plants. Because
grafting is most successful for shrubs and not very applic-
able to house plants, we will share the simplest way with
you here. If you are interested in other methods, there are
many good books which address grafting specifically.
1. Selection- Select two plants that are compatible

and share a similar diameter. The more closely related the
plants, the more likely that your graft will take. Choose a
variety that is tough, disease-resistant, and healthy for the
rootstock (the bottom part of the new grafted plant). The
rootstock, also known as understock, should generally be
one or two years old and l/8 to l/4 inches in diameter.
The scion is the part that is grafted to the top of the root-
stock. It should be a branch or stem with buds from
which the desirable fruit or flower will grow. Choose a
scion that is one years old and 4-6 inches long. It should
be as close in diameter to the rootstock as possible. If the
diameters differ, the scion should be smaller.
2. Cutting- Using an sharp knife (pocket, X-acto,

kitchen, or grafting) cut the rootstock and the scion at the
same angle, one upwards, and one downwards, so that
they fit together neatly. Do not touch the cut part. The
cut part must not be covered by rooting medium so that
when the scion roots, it has not rooted into the medium.
3. Binding- If the two pieces are slightly different
in diameter, line up an outside edge. Do not center the
smaller piece, which is likely to be the scion, because the
cambium layers need to connect in order for the graft to
work. The cambium layer is between the bark and wood.
It is a thin layer of actively growing tissue directly under
the bark. If the cambium layers are not touching, your
graft will not take. The cambium layers will not unite,
even if they are touching, if they have dried out. Work
quickly or store the scion and rootstock in moist sphag-
num moss until you are ready to wrap. Tightly wrap the
wound with thin wire, rubber bands which have been cut
open, or tape. The wrap should hold the pieces firmly in
place. Cover the wound with plastic in order to maintain
optimum heat and humidity.
4. Mtercare- Keep the plant's growing medium

moist, but not soggy. The surrounding environment
should be warm and humid.
5. Separating- Within a few weeks, you will know

if your graft succeeded. A callous will form at the wound-
ed spot, and the branch will show growth. Leave the
wrapping in place until the callous is pushing against it.
When this happens, cut away the wrapping, being careful
not to disturb the callous. Once the plant has healed, the
grafted area will be its strongest.
Index
Air layenng 12, 86-88 Embolism 47, 50, 66, 21-22, 24, 89
Algae 25, 37-38,90 74 Hydroponic 36, 65,
Aluminum foil 88 Ethylene 51 90
Annual plants 64 Faucet 24 lBA (3-indolebutyric
Antitranspirant 20 FemaleS acid) 46, 48-54
Auxin 8, 14, 45-46, Fertlcube 4 2 Iodine 63
51 Fertilizer 10, 31-32, lmpatien 90
Bacteria 22, 25, 50 37,42, 76 Insects 10
Begonia79, 88, 90 Fish tank (aquarium) Kelp 49-50, 52
Bleach 22, 25, 38, 66, 22 Kelvin 15-16
90 Fluorescent lamp 15- Knife 57-58, 68. 72,
Cactus 79 17,77,90 79,82,87,92
Callous 73, 93 Foliar feeding 62 Layering 12, 83-85
Carbohydrates 13, 17- Foot-candle 14, 21 Leaching 62, 65
19, 62-63, 72,86 Fruit 61, 78, 92 Leggy 86
Carbon dioxide 8, 13, Fungicide 46-4 7 Light 7-8, 10-18, 21-
18-20, 26 Fungus 22, 50, 52, 54 23, 28-29, 32, 38,
Chlorine 67 Garden room 10, 21, 41, 48, 58-61, 64-
Chlorophyll 8, 13 25,35, 58 65, 67-68, 71, 74-
Chrysanthemum 64 Genotype 14 76,81-82, 88
Coconut fiber 42-43 Geranium 64, 73, 90 Light meter 14
Coleus 90 Germination 8, 45 Limestone 36
Compost 35. 4 3 Gnats: See Fungus MaleS
Containers 39, 41, gnats Manure 32
48-49, 66, 76, 81- Grafting 12, 72, 91-93 Micronutriems 31
82,90 Gravel 12 Misting 21-26. 29, 4 L
Creeping charlie 90 Greenhouse 29 62,88
Crowding 39, 60-61 Guano 32 Mother Nature 12
Cutting 12, 14-15, 17, Hardwood 48, SO. 52, Mother plant 7-10.
19,21-22,26-28, 64. 78 12, 14-15,51,58-
31-33, 36, 42, 47, Harvest 53-54 63, 65, 68, 70-71'
59-61, 63, 71, 75- HeatS, 15-16, 27-30, 79, 83-84, 89
76, 82-85, 90: see 40, 58, 65, 67, 88. NNA (Aiph-naph-
also specific types 93; bottom 7, 28- thaleneacetic acid)
of cuttings 29,78,81 54
Dampmg-off 24, 46, HID lamp 15-18,68, NAd ( napthaleneac-
54 77,90 etamide) 46, 52
Disease 9-10, 24, 35, Humidifier 23-25 Nitrogen 32-33, 62-
43, 46, 50, 52, 54, Humidistat 23 63, 76; nitrogen
61, 67, 75, 91-92; Humidity 7, 11-12. content 62-63
resistant 10, 61, 18-27, 30, 48, 58 Node 69-71, 78,84
91-92 60, 64, 66, 75, 81, Nutrient solution 31-
Drainage 42 89,93 33, 38, 40-4 2, 4 7,
Electricity 18 Humidity tent/dome 59, 74
Index 95
Nutrient: see specific Sand 41-43,76,84, 76

nutrient: Nitrogen, 90 Water 8, 10, 13, 18-
Potassiiurn, etc. Seaweed 31-32,49, 19, 22, 24-26, 31-
Oasis cubes 38-39 51 33, 36, 38-42, 45-
Offsets 88-89 Seed 7-10, 45 54, 60, 62, 65-67,
Organic fenlizer 31, Seedling 8, 36 70, H, 76, 79-80,
49-50; amend- Semi-hardwood 52, 82, 86, 88, 90;
ments 43 78 stress 19-21, 26
Oxygen 36, 38, 90 Sex; see: female, male Wats~per-square-foot
Peat moss 35, 39, 42- Shade/shading 14-15, 14
43,84 17, 28,38, 77,81 Wax, cloning 20
Peat pellet Uiffy pel- Shock, transplant 31, Wick/wtcking 40
let) 39-40 53 Worm castings 32
Perennial 64 Smoking 67 Yield 10, 79, 82
Perlite 40-42, 76 Softwood 46, 48, 50,
Phenotype 14-15 52, 62-64, 77-79,
Philodendron 83 82
Photoperiod 14-15 Soill2, 32-33, 35-36,
Photosynthesis 18-20, 38, 40, 42-43, 62,
22,27 76, 82, 84-85, 89,
Planting 34, 40, 49, 90
58, 62, 74, 79-82 Soilless mix 32, 35-
Potassium 32, 63, 76 36, 40-42, 76
Pothos 83 Sphagnum moss 4 2-
Propagation, sexual 8- 43, 88,92
9, 46, 77, asexual Sptder plant 88, 90
7-9, 46, 77 Sterilization 22, 35-
Propagation/heat mat 36, 38, 40,42-43,
28 57, 65-67, 87, 90
Razor blade 57, 73, Stomata 19-20
79 Sweet potato 90
Rockwool 27, 36-41, Thermometer 28-29
81,90 Thermostat 28
Root7-8, 10, 12-13, Timer 19. 23-24
16, 19, 20, 27, 31, Trace elements; see
33, 35-38,43,45- Micronutrients
50, 52-54, 58,62- Transpiration 17, 19-
63,66-67, 70-72, 20,29, 70
74-76, 78, 84-85, Transplanting 33, 36-
88,90 37,40,53,57, 75-
Rooting hormones 78, 80-82, 84-85
See also: IBA, Vegetative growth 8,
NNA, NAd 15, 31, 33, 61, 63,
Rose 91 68
Salt (toxic) 41-42,65, Vermiculite 40-42, 76
mineral31 Vitamin Bl 31, 50-52,
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Gardening Indoors

Published by Van Patten Publishing

This book is written for the purpose of supplying gardening infor-

Australia -Vivien Ireland, Robin Moseby, Graeme

Canada - Joen Belanger, Andre Courte, Guy Dionne,

New Zealand- Rob Smith

UK- Giles Gunstone

USA- Tom Alexander, Carl Anderson, Russ Antkowiak,

Successful plant propagation depends on environ-

trate the two different means by which plants propagate

Taking a cutting from a mother plant.

plant will be an exact genetic replica of the mother plant.

disease-resistant. If you take a cutting from a healthy, dis-

Rule of Thumb: Cuttings should root in three

Rooted cutting in rochwool cube.

ous degrees of skill, time, and equipment (which often

to try: leaf or root cuttings, simple layering, air layering,

received by the plant. Although many lights are rated in

ing time to prod the cutting to be a better phenotype. In

Fluorescent lights are the most commonly used source of light to

houses. When shopping for a fluorescent light, look for a

A single halide lamp can be hung at least 3 feet above several

slightly trickier to use. You need a space where you can

burning them. This could be as close as two to four inch-

Providing an adequate water supply and humidity

lightly water your cuttings every two to three days. One

Rule of Thumb: Keep the propagation area at or

Correct humidity is an important environmental

This humidity tent is made from a few boards framed together.

A plastic bag can make a perfect humidity tent for a Jew

Misting your cuttings with warm water or solution

This humidity tent was easy to make. The gardener used an

era! more expensive and elaborate store-bought alterna-

for 30 minutes every two hours, or in 15 minute spurts

This humidity tent is made from plexiglass. Holes were drilled

percent When purchasing a humidifier, be sure not to

Vents can be opened or closed in this humidity tent to control air

cia! fogging system vibrates water on a ceramic plate at a

This aeroponic cutting chamber has lots of holes drilled in the

One little trick to make slow-rooting plants root is

Indoor gardeners must think about regulating the

easiest ways to increase your success rate. Simply use a

Rule of Thumb: Maintain the bottom heat temper-

Rule of Thumb: Keep the air 5-10 degrees cooler

In order to regulate heat, place a thermometer in

Heat cables or a heating pad provide bottom heat which stim-

tures slighdy. Check the thermometer often to ensure that

An incandescent bulb controlled by a rheostat is an excellent

absorbed by plants. Some gardeners concoct their own

Rule of Thumb: Feed rooted cuttings with 1/2

Note: Parts per million (ppm) is another way of

feeding in this manner once your cuttings are planted.

Rooting mediums serve several functions for

Many gardeners prefer soilless rooting mediums to

Cuttings growing in a flat of rockwool cubes.

effortless. Rockwool cubes are simply transplanted into

ply cover your rockwool with plastic to exclude light. To

Like rockwool, Oasis cubes are easy-to-handle,

Trim the plastic netting from peat pellets before transplanting