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HSPA

By Jeanette Wannstrom
High Speed Packet data Access (HSPA) has been an upgrade to WCDMA networks (both FDD, and TDD)
used to increase packet data performance. The introduction was done in steps; High Speed Down Link
(DL) Packet data Access (HSDPA), was introduced in 3GPP Release 5, and Enhanced Up Link (UL), also
referred to as High Speed UL Packet data Access (HSUPA), came in Release 6.

The combination of HSDPA and Enhanced UL is referred to as HSPA. HSPA evolution (also known as
HSPA+ and evolved HSPA) came in Release 7 with further improvements in later releases.

HSDPA
Since UMTS was introduced in 3GPP Release 99 (R99) the need for improved support for Download
data services has increased. Higher bitrates and lower delays were strong driving forces for the
introduction of HSDPA in Release 5, at which point it was also decided that node changes should be
kept to a minimum, and both R99 as well as HSDPA mobiles should be served in the same network.

To be able to make fast decisions on radio channel allocation, adapt to varying channel quality, and to
reduce delays some functions had to be added closer to the radio interface, i.e. in NodeB:

Scheduling, select which UE(s) is/are to use the radio resources at each Transmission Time Interval
(TTI), where one TTI is 2 ms.
Link adaptation, setting of channel coding rate and modulation (QPSK or 16QAM), in order to utilize
the resources effectively
Decisions are based on Channel Quality Information (CQI) provided by the UE, UE category, as well as
the type of services. Exactly one Transport Block (TB) is delivered in each TTI, see figure 1.

Figure 1. HSDPA scheduling and link adaptation are performed in NodeB

In R99 the RNC is in charge of everything relating to handling of radio resources; scheduling as well as
selection of transport format and setting of target for power control (outer loop power control) in order
to provide the data rate required for the specific service for the connected UEs. The Transport format
indicates the number of TBs as well as size of TBs per TTI, which in R99 is 10ms. Note that in R99
resources are allocated for the duration of the service a connection is set up, even though channel
switching is possible, while in HSDPA resources are allocated per TTI.

HSDPA user data is carried on the new shared transport channel, High Speed-DL Shared Channel (HS-
DSCH), which in turn is carried by one or more High Speed-Physical DL Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH),
each using a channelization code with SF=16. The number of HS-PDSCH can range from 1 to a
maximum of 15. In R99 the physical channel carrying user data can be allocated a channelization code
with SF ranging from 4 to 512. R99 and HSDPA will use channelization codes from the same code tree,
see figure 2. Therefore all the DL channels within one cell are orthogonal at the point of transmission;
at point of reception there will however be some interference, mainly due to multi-path fading.

Figure 2. Channelization code tree, the code tree is shared between R99 and HSDPA services. All
the codes with SF=16, except one, may be used for HSDPA if no R99 services are in use. In this
picture the branch with CC4,0 is used for R99 and control signalling, hence in this example there
are 12 available HS-PDSCH each with SF=16.

A major feature in HSDPA is that the channelization codes can be shared not only through code
multiplexing, as in R99, but also using time multiplexing. In time multiplexing one UE is allocated all
the channelization codes available for HSDPA in one TTI and another UE may use all the resources in
the next TTI. Through time multiplexing the radio resources may be more efficiently utilized than with
code multiplexing since in each TTI the resources can be allocated to the UE experiencing the best
radio channel. Of course if the data to be delivered does not require all available codes, then code
multiplexing can be used.

The maximum channel rate for HSDPA is 14.4 Mbps, with a peak user data rate of 13.4 Mbps (on MAC
level), compared with a maximum user data rate of 384 kbps for R99.

In R99 it is possible to use retransmission, ARQ, on the RLC protocol layer, between UE and RNC, but in
HSDPA Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) is introduced enabling retransmission on the physical layer between UE and
NodeB. ARQ relies on error detection only, while HARQ uses both forward error detection and
correction. In HSDPA also soft combining is used, meaning that a received faulty TB will be stored in a
receiving buffer and recombined with the retransmitted TB, in order to enhance likelihood of correct
decoding. HARQ also works much faster than ARQ, since HARQ is used per TB and on the physical
layer, and ARQ is used per RLC PDU, including data for possibly many TBs and more protocol layers are
involved. HARQ is used for both non-real-time as well as real-time services. ARQ is still useful for non-
real-time services when HARQ fails. In order to avoid stalling due to data processing times and possible
retransmissions, up to 8 HARQ processes can work in parallel, see figure 3.

Figure 3. ARQ, between UE and RN, and HARQ between UE and NodeB. The number of possible
HARQ retransmissions can be configured. If the maximum number of HARQ retransmissions are
done without successful decoding of the contents, then the ARQ procedure will take over. In
order to avoid queuing a number of HARQ processes work in parallel, in this simplified picture
there are two HARQ processes. In TTI #1 HARQ process #0 successfully receives TB #0, and
sends an ACK, In TTI #2 HARQ process #1 fails in decoding TB #1, hence sends a NACK, thereby
asking for a retransmission. While HARQ process #1 waits for the retransmission, HARQ process
#0 successfully receives the next TB, #2, in TTI #3. Eventually, here in TTI #4 HARQ process #1
successfully receives TB #1.

In HSDPA the resources shared between DL R99 transport channels and HSDPA transport channels are
power and channelization codes. When HSDPA services are active, DL power from the NodeB the
sender - is normally kept constant and shared between R99 channels and the new HSDPA specific
channels, power not used for R99 can be used for HSDPA, see figure 4. If there is no HSDPA traffic, then
the power will fluctuate, depending on the R99 usage.

Figure 4. Power sharing between R99 and HSDPA

A new MAC protocol, MAC-hs, is introduced in NodeB to handle scheduling and link adaptation, see
figure 5.

Figure 5. New MAC-hs protocol sublayer.

Soft handover is not used for the HS-PDSCH, but is still used for both DL and UL R99 channels.

Enhanced UL
In order to fulfil the need for improvement also for UL packet data, Enhanced UL also called HSUPA
was introduced in 3GPP Release 6.

A major difference between DL and UL is that for DL there is ONE transmitter per cell, NodeB, whilst for
the UL there might be MANY transmitters, each UE with an active UL, each moving and sending
independently. Hence, the DL physical channels will all be orthogonal- at least at the point of
transmission, having channelization codes from the same code tree, and they will be sharing the
available power in the NodeB. In the UL it is not possible to get perfect orthogonality since the senders,
UEs, are moving independently. Every UE has its own channelization code tree and its own battery. As
in R99 long scrambling codes, with low correlation, are used to separate between channels from
different transmitters, i.e. NodeBs DL and UEs UL.
In HSDPA the data to different UEs is carried on a shared channel, while in Enhanced UL the data from
different users will be carried on a dedicated channel; transport channel Enhanced Dedicated Channel
(E-DCH) mapped onto the physical channel E-DCH-Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH) for
high data rates more than one E-DPDCH will be used. The E-DPDCH can use a channelization code with
a minimum value of SF = 2. In Release 6 the maximum channel rate for Enhanced UL is 5.8 Mbps, with
a peak data rate of 5.4 Mbps, this value is valid for the MAC layer. For Enhanced UL there are two
options for TTI, 2 ms or 10 ms.

For Enhanced UL scheduling is still carried out by the NodeB, now the receiving node, while transport
format selection is done by the scheduled UEs, see figure 6. The NodeB will measure the interference
level on the UL and receive information about buffer status in the UEs, and make a decision about
which UEs that are to be scheduled. Information about scheduling decision is delivered in scheduling
grants, which also provides information about how much power the UE(s) may use when transmitting.
The higher the power the higher the bitrate, and the interference! In the DL the shared resources are
channelization codes and power, in the UL the shared resource is contribution to the intra-cell
interference.

Figure 6 Scheduling, transport format selection and HARQ for Enhanced UL

For Enhanced UL channels soft handover will be used in basically the same way as for R99.

To handle these functions new MAC protocol sublayers are added, MAC-e in NodeB is responsible for
scheduling and HARQ, and MAC-es in RNC to handle reordering of received data from multiple NodeBs
in case of soft handover, see figure 7.
 Figure 7 New MAC protocols for Enhanced UL

HSPA+
To further increase bitrates in the evolution of HSPA, referred to as HSPA+, new functions are added;
for example higher order modulation 64QAM (DL) and 16QAM (UL) as well as Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO), used only in the DL.

Maximum channel rate DL, using 64QAM and 15 codes, is 21 Mbps and UL using 16QAM is 11 Mbps.

MIMO, e.g. Spatial Multiplexing, is used to increase the overall bitrate through transmission of two (or
more) different data streams on two (or more) different antennas - using the same channelization
codes at the same time, separated through use of different data precoding and different pilot channels
transmitted from each Tx-antenna - to be received by two or more Rx-antennas, see figure 8. In 3GPP
Release 7 for HSPA there will be 2 Tx and Rx-antennas (2x2 MIMO).

Figure 8. Simplified illustration of 2x2 MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing). Two TBs are precoded onto
two data streams, then transmitted on two TX antennas and received by two RX antennas.

In 3GPP Release 7 MIMO can not be used in combination with 64 QAM, but it will be possible in Release
8. New maximum channel data rates when MIMO is used are 28 Mbps in combination with 16QAM (R7)
and 42 Mbps when used with 64QAM (R8).

Other functions have been added to HSPA+ in later releases for example in Release 8 Dual Cell-HSDPA
(also referred to as Dual Carrier-HSDPA, DC-HSDPA), where carrier aggregation of two adjacent 5 MHz
bands, covering the same area, is used to increase the performance see figure 9.