Signal Operations in The Corps and Army: Department Field Manual WAR

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WAR DEPARTMENT FIELD MANUAL
SIGNAL OPERATIONS
IN THE
CORPS AND ARMY
WAR DEPARTMENT JANUARY 1945

IV AR DEPARTME.NT FIELD MANUAL
FM 11-22
his ,anual. together ,7ith FIi 11-21 (whll published); slpersedes FJI
11.20, Organisations anld Opratliosll inl th Corps, Army, Theatcr of
Opcratlons, ald GCiQ, II oe,elber 1940, inlldillg Cl, 12 JuYIIne 1941.
SIGNAL OPERATIONS
IN THE
CORPS AND ARMY
DE I' ARTMl ENT

(a * JAV
NUARY 1 945
Fur Sale by tle Supcriltelndenlt of Dcu ets, \Vashillgton 25, D. C.
United rStatrs Governrlt Ib'illting Ofice

I Vashilltoll: 1945
WAR DEPARTMIENT
Washington 25, D. C., 15 January 1945
FM 11-22. Signal Operations ill thile Corps and

Army. is pulblished for the information and guidance
of all coilcerned.'
[AG; 300.7 (16 IJc 44)]
BIY ORIIR
ERF01 TIIE SECREIARY OF WAR:
OFFICIAL:
J. A. ULIO G. C. MARSHALL
,lajor Gcncral Chief of Staff
lTheAdjulant Gcncral
I) SrRIUTirON:
AAF(2); AGF(40); ASF(2); T'of Opns(10);

Arm & Sv Bld(l); Gen & Sp Sv Sch(10) ; USMA
(50) ; A.(25) ; CHQ(25) ; D(5); R(2).
Ti/O & E: 11-15(6); 11-25(6); 11-37(2); 11-
39(2): 11465(2): 11-77(2): 11-95(6): 11-
107(2); 11-127(2): 11-155T(2).
For explanation of symbols, see FIM 21-6.
ii
CONTENTS
P-4aOraPhlPa.e
SECTIC IN I. GENERAL .............. ................... ..
I-4
II. CORPS ORGANIZATION AND

EMPLOYMENT .................... S-6 3
III. SIGNAL SECTION, CORPS HEAD-
QUARTERS ...... ...... 7-10 5
IV. SIGNAL BATTALION ..................... 11-14 a
V. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE

CORPS .......... ................... 15-36 10
VI. ARMY ............ .................... 37-40 30
VII. SIGNAL SECTION, ARMY HEAD-

OUARTERS ..................... 41-50 33
VIII. SIGNAL CORPS ORGANIZATIONS

IN THE ARMY ............. 51-58 41
IX. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY 59-80 49
INDEX ............................................................................ 66
MI
This manual, together with FM. 11-21 (when published), super-
sedes FM 11-20, Organizations and Operations in the Corps,
Army, Theater of Operations, and GHQ, 11 November 1940,
including C1, 12 Juhc 1941.
SECTION I
GENERAL
I. Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to outline briefly the
organization of the corps and army, the organization
and operation of assigned signal corps units, and the
apl)lication of signal corps activities to tactical opera-
tions. This manual is based upon Field Service Regu-
lations, FM 100-5, 100-10, and 100-15, and assumes
an undlerstanding of the fundamental doctrines of
signal corps activities as set forth in FM 24-5, 24-18,
24-20, and 11-5.
2. Organization
The organizations of corps and army headquarters
have been covered in general terl'ls only, as have the
signal sections of these two headquarters. Organiza-
tion of the signal sections is such as to be adeq(uate
undelr most situations. However, for best results all
available personnel and equipment should be organ-
ized hito teams and subsections to meet the needs of
the situation. The composition of these various teams
has been outlined to provide a guide to such organiza-
tion for training and for operation.
3. Equipment, Supplies arid Transportation
T/E 21, Table of Clothing and Individual Equip-
menlt serves as a basis for determining the allowances
of- clothing and items of quartermaster individual
equipment for all personnel. The issue of training
equipment is governed by Tables of Allowances, War
Department Circulars, and Army Regulations. Organ-
izational equipment, supplies, and transportation, in
sufficient quantities to permit the effective functioning
of each unit, are prescribed by Tables of Organization
alnd Equipment, or by Tables of Equipment that are
tnumbered to agree with the unit's T/O. AR 310-60
contains a detailed explanation of the foregoing tables.
In certain situations, specialized equipment and bulky
materials may be carried in stock at higher echelon
depots in a theater of operations for issue to units as
required. Equipment and supplies peculiar to each
unit are mentioned to the extent necessary to explain
the operation of that unit, since the successful and ef-
fective operation of tactical units in the field depends
to a large extent upon efficient training in the use, care,
and maintenance of organizational equipment. Unit
commanders must keep up their full authorized allow-
ances of organizational equipment and supplies at all
times.
4. Command of Attached Organizations

Portions of any signal corps organization of a
higher unit may be attached to lower units. Such at-
tached signal organizations or detachments are under
the supervision of. the signal officer of the unit to
which attached, to the same extent as are the organic
signal troops, except when they are attached for ra-
tions and quarters only. In this case supervision is
retained by the senior unit.
2
SECTION II
CORPS ORGANIZATION AND
EMPLOYMENT
5. Organization
The organic elements of the corps consist essentially
of a headquarters and headquarters company; a signal
battalion; a headquarters and headquarters battery,
corps artillery; and a field artillery observation bat-
talion. Normally the corps will be composed of two
or more divisions, and may be reinforced by-
a. Field artillery units.
b. Antiaircraft artillery units.
c. Armored units.
d. Tank destroyer units.
e. Engineer units.
f. Air force units.
g. Chemical units.
h. Cavalry reconnaissance units.
i. Service organizations.
6. Employment
a. The corps is primarily a tactical unit of execution
and maneuver organized for flexibility. In operations
of long duration the divisions in the line may be re-
lieved by fresh divisions, but the corps usually remains
until a decision is reached or the strategical plan is
changed.
b. When it is part of an army, the corps performs
3
administrative and supply functions for corps troops
only, unless the army commander delegates such func-
tions to it for all of its components and subordinate
units. An exception to this exists in the case of am-
munition supply, wherein corps normally handles sub-
allocation of credits to divisions under its control.
c. When the corps is operating independently, it is
responsible for the administration and supply of corps
troops, divisions, and all other assigned or attached
units.
d. With suitable reinforcements, a corps may carry
on sustained independent operations, functioning essen-
tially as a task force. The composition of a reinforced
corps is not prescribed, since it depends on the as-
signed mission. The general principles of operation
and administration governing the operations of an
army (FM 100-5, 100-10 and 100-15) are applicable
also to a corps, particularly to a reinforced corps op-
erating independently.
e. For details of signal activities in the corps see
section V.
4
SECTION III
SIGNAL SECTION. CORPS
HEADQUARTERS
7. Organization
The signal section, corps headquarters, consists of
the corps signal officer, his executive officer, and a suf-
ficient number of commissioned assistants and enlisted
clerks and draftsmen to permit the section to function
properly. The signal section of the headquarters of a
reinforced corps is increased in strength so that it can
perform its prescribed duties for a greater number of
corps troops and subordinate units.
8. Duties
The principal duty of the signal section, corps head-
quarters, during operation, is to formulate a plan for
signal activities, and to insure the fulfillment of that
plan. This duty includes-
a. Advising the corps commander on all signal
activities.
b. Preparing signal operation instructions (SOI)
for approval.
c. Preparing standing signal instructions (SSI), if
necessary, to explain the use of any part of the SOI.
Id. Preparing signal plan, signal annex, paragraph 5
of the field order, and other signal orders.
e.- Preparing standing operating procedure (SOP)
for corps signal activities in coordination with inter-
S
ested-eneral and special staff sections, and in con-
formity with SOP for signal activities as issued by
higher headquarters concerned.
f. Checking the SOP for signal activities of the
various corps units and coordinating these with the
SOP of higher headquarters.
g. Supervision of signal supply and repair for corps
troops (and for divisions if the corps is operating
separately or if the army delegates supply functions to
the corps).
h. Maintenance of current status records of signal
communication facilities in use and available, both mili-
tary and civilian.
i. Submission of reports, as required, to the signal
section of higher headquarters concerning the operat-
ing condition and composition of the signal communica-
tion system in use by the corps.
j. Cooperation with the signal intelligence section of
army or the corresponding section of a higher head-
quarters, on all matters pertaining to radio intelligence,
cryptographic and signal security, and initiation of
necessary corrective action in case of violations.
I k. The procurement of codes and ciphers from the
superior headquarters or other source as directed, and
the accounting for and distribution of them to sub-
ordinate units and to corps troops.
I. Supervision and assignment of photographic mis-
sions to assigned or attached photographic units (FM
11-37).
m. Supervision and coordination of training for
corps signal troops, attached signal troops, and corps
communication personnel.
9. Signal Section, Headquarters, Reinforced Corps
The signal section of a reinforced corps resembles,
6
on a smaller scale, the signal section of an army
headquarters. It must perform the duties shown in
paragraph 8, and, in addition, may supervise supply,
repair, photographic, and intelligence functions. This
is due to the possibility of assigning personnel from
a signal radio intelligence company, a signal depot
company, a signal pigeon company, and additional
construction, operating, and messenger personnel to
the corps when reinforced. For organization and
duties of the army signal section see section VII.
10. Operations
a. The corps signal officer controls the technical
training and tactical employment of the signal battalion
and all other signal corps units assigned or attached
to the corps unless their control is retained by higher
headquarters as explained in paragraph 4. Routine
administration, disciplinary matters, and internal op-
erations are the responsibility of the unit commander
concerned. The corps signal officer maintains close
liaison with the other staff officers and staff sections
of his headquarters, with the signal officers of divi-
sions, assigned or attached to the corps, and with the
signal officer of army or other higher headquarters.
Transportation required for the signal section is pro-
vided by the corps headquarters company and the
corps transportation service.
b. Signal companies of component divisions are
organic to the divisions and as such are controlled
tactically, and trained technically, by the division signal
officers.
7
SECTION IV
SIGNAL BATTALION
II. Command
A signal battalion is an organic part of corps troops.
The battalion commander is responsible for the ad-
ministration, discipline, and internal operation of the
battalion, and for the execution of its training pro-
gram and tactical missions as directed by the corps
signal officer.
12. Duties
The signal battalion installs, operates, and maintains
the corps signal systems. It operates the corps signal
dump and performs third echelon maintenance on sig-
nal equipment for corps troops.
13. Organization
A signal battalion (T/O & E 11-15) is composed of a
headquarters and headquarters company, two signal
light construction companies, a signal field operation
company, and a medical detachment. Current Tables
of Organization show the detailed composition of the
various companies and of the medical detachment. The
medical detachment usually is attached to the head-
quarters and headquarters company for administra-
tion, supply, mess, and maintenance of its motor
vehicles.
8
14. General
The particular type of tactical organization used
will be governed by available equipment, groups or
teams of individuals, and transportation. The follow-
ing considerations should be taken into account: pro-
vision for continuous 24-hour operation, availability of
specialists where the likelihood of need is greatest,
availability of essential equipment where and when
needed, and transportation of all equipment and per-
sonnel with available vehicles. In order that each
relief of the various teams will include one of each
type specialist, the wire chief and his assistants must
be skilled in several specialties, and other enlisted
personnel must be trained in more than one specialty.
Training in multiple specialties increases team pro-
ficiency and provides for maximum operation and main-
tenance of all signal agencies. For additional infor-
mation see section V.
9
SECTION V
SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CORPS
I 5. Reference
For all matters regarding basic general policies and
procedures in signal activities, see FM 11-5, 24-5,
24-18, and 24-20. For technical details and operating
characteristics of signal equipment, see the various
technical manuals listed in FM 21-6.
16. Tactical Function
The corps executes the major tactical missions of
the army and maintains the continuity of battle. A
corps headquarters and its organic and attached troops
constitute the framework for operations in a tactical
zone of action in which as many divisions are em-
ployed as the conditions of each situation require
(par. 6). A corps determines the employment of its
divisions, maintains signal communication with them
by which it exercises control, directs and coordinates
their tactical operations, and supports them with fire
of the corps artillery and with such other means as
may be available. The width and depth of a corps
zone of action are influenced by many factors, such as
the composition and number of corps troops, the
number and types of divisions under corps control,
and the maneuver space required both for the divi-
sions and for the full employment of the fire power
of organic and attached artillery.
.10
17. Plans and Orders
a. The orders of the corps commander are prepared
in a manner similar-to that outlined in FM 101-5.
The content and preparation of signal operation in-
structions, paragraphs 4 and 5 of corps field orders,
parts of corps administrative orders, intelligence an-
nex, if issued, and orders for corps signal units con-
form in general to those pertaining to the division as
described in FM 24-5. The content and preparation
of the signal portions of corps administrative orders
and of corps field orders, if any such portions are
required, conform to those pertaining to higher units
(FM 101-5).
b. Under combat conditions the control of signal
units is simplified greatly by a well-established, com-
prehensive standing operating procedure which needs
only to be modified and supplemented by such oral
orders as the tactical situation demands.
18. Scope of Standing Operating Procedure

a. SOP FOR THE CORPS. The corps signal SOP in-
cludes fundamental policies concerning signal activities
applicable to all components of the corps, and definite
plans for signal communication to be provided for the
various echelons of corps headquarters. Only essen-
tial requirements are included; details are omitted.
This portion of the corps SOP is prepared by the
corps signal officer and submitted to the assistant chief
of staff, G-3, for coordination with the SOP estab-
lished for motor movements, displacement of echelons,
supply and evacuation, and such other operations as
lend themselves to standardization. These standard-
ized procedures as a whole constitute the SOP for
the corps.
II
b. SOP FOR TIHE SIGNAL BATTALION. The SOP
for the signal battalion, based upon and conforming
to the corps SOP, elaborates upon those portions
which apply specifically to functions of the battalion.
The individual SOP for each company of the bat-
talion elaborates further, enumerating the composi-
tion of all teams, the vehicles regularly used, and all
detailed procedures which can be standardized and
prescribed advantageously.
19. Location of Command Posts

a. GENIRAL. The signal communication require-
ments affecting the selection of command posts are
explained in FM 11-5. The distances between com-
mand posts of higher and lower units depend upon
the tactical and logistical requirements of any specific
operation.
b. CORPS. When the corps is part of an army, the
army usually prescribes the location of the corps com-
mand post and its axis of signal communication. If
the corps is not a part of an army, or if the army,
of which it is a part, has not prescribed these locations,
they are decided upon and announced by the corps
commander. The corps command post should be near
enough to the front to facilitate signal communication
with, and control of, subordinate units for a consider-
able period of time during an advance; and yet not so
close to the front that possible local reverses would
necessitate its movement to the rear. The length of
time required to establish the corps signal communica-
tion system demands that the command post be moved
no oftener than is required for proper control of sub-
ordinate units. No hard and fast rules can be pre-
scribed- for the distance at which the corps command
post should be located in the rear of the front line.
12
The maximum distance in any case is influenced by
the terrain, the disposition of enemy forces, and the
distance over which satisfactory communication can
be maintained. For other basic factors governing the
selection of command post locations, see FM 100-5
and 11-5.
C. CORPS TROOPS. The units included in corps troops
may be required to operate anywhere in the corps zone
of action, and the locations of their command posts
depend primarily on the area of their employment.
Consideration must be given to maintaining signal com-
munication between corps headquarters and supported
units. The talking range of wire circuits must be con-
sidered carefully when establishing wire lines between
the echelons of corps headquarters and installations of
corps troops. In highly fluid situations it may be
necessary to employ long range field wire with repeat-
ers, and radio to establish satisfactory communication.
d. DIVISION. When the division is part of a corps,
the corps usually prescribes the general location of the
division command post and the axis of signal communi-
cation. The locations of division command posts in
some situations may be selected by the division com-
manders. Locations selected are reported promptly
to superior, subordinate, and adjacent units. The ref-
erences and basic considerations concerning the location
of corps command posts also apply to the selection of
division command post sites (FM 7-24).
20. Signal Supply

a. The corps signal officer is responsible for signal
supply and the recovery, evacuation, salvage, and re-
pair of signal equipment of corps troops. He will
reclaim serviceable items for reissue within the com-
mand. When the corps is operating alone, or when
13
supply functions have been delegated to it by higher
authority (par. 6), the corps signal officer has the
same duties with respect to the signal supply of divi-
sions as does the army signal officer when the corps
is operating as part of an army.
b. Units of corps troops usually secure their signal
supplies from an army signal depot, designated rail-
heads or supply points. Corps troops submit requisi-
tions to the corps signal officer who forwards them
to the army signal officer.
c. In exceptional cases, in order to facilitate the re-
pair function of corps troops, the practice of aug-
menting corps repair sections with small, mobile repair
detachments is followed. These repair detachments
come from the signal repair company of the army.
d. The policy of pooling specified items of supple-
menlary equipment has been established, and is con-
trolled by the army signal officer. This pool facilitates
the distribution of important equipment for specialized
tasks.
e. Details of signal supply, recovery, evacuation,
salvage, and repair procedures are set forth in TM
38-220, 38-403, 38-505, and 38-205. Supply channels
and depots are explained in FM 100-10. Additional
reference data are contained in FM 101-10.
2 1. Photography
Signal photographic units are not normally an or-
ganic part of corps troops, but may be assigned or
attached to the corps if circumstances warrant. Such
assigned photographic troops are employed tactically
under the command of the corps signal officer (par. 54).
Attached photographic personnel are employed simi-
larly unless they are attached for specific photographic
missions only.
14
22. Signal Intelligence
The corps assistant chief of staff, G-2, is responsible
for the signal intelligence activities within the corps.
a. Two radio intelligence platoons are included in
the corps signal battalion. These platoons perform
the signal intelligence functions for the corps. Nor-
mally these platoons are controlled directly by the
corps. However, occasion may arise where it is de-
sirable to attach a platoon to a division. In addition,
,the army usually will exercise general supervision
over all platoons within the army area. Signal corps
personnel in corps troops may be directed to assist in
signal intelligence activities in addition to their signal
communication duties. All signal-communication per-
sonnel should be trained to'recognize and report imme-
diately any information of value to the signal intelli-
gence effort. These reports are made to the unit signal
officer who forwards them to the nearest G-2. For
detailed discussion of signal intelligence, see FM 11-35.
b. Contained within -the corps signal battalion head-
quarters is the traffic analysis section, composed of
traffic analysis officers and necessary enlisted traffic
analysis assistants, who perform traffic analysis func-
tions for the corps. It is the function of this section
to work in conjunction with the corps G-2, the corps
signal officer, and the army intelligence service, in the
analysis of enemy communications. Information
gained from the radio intelligence platoons of the corps
signal battalion will be processed and evaluated by this
section and recommendations made to the corps G-2
and corps signal officer concerning signal intelligence
and counterintelligence measures to be taken by corps
troops. In general, this section will be concerned
chiefly with lower echelon communication systems of
IS5
the enemy. Close liaison must be maintained with the
army signal intelligence service to facilitate the hand-
ling and evaluation of enemy communications. The
traffic analysis section also performs intelligence work.
23. Message Centers

Message centers are established at the command post
and the rear echelon as a matter of routine, and ad-
vance message centers are employed as required. De-
tailed prdcedures and instructions for the routine opera-
tion of message centers, and information as to the
authority of commanders to depart from prescribed
procedures, are given in FM 24-5 (or FM 24-17,
when published). See paragraph 67 for a discussion of
signal centers.
24. Messengers
Within the limitations of personnel and transporta-
tion available, messenger communication is employed in
the corps as follows:
a. Local messengers at the command post, rear
echelon, and advance message center(s). (Message
originating in one office for delivery to another office
in the same echelon are handled by the staff section in-
volved and not by local messengers). Where a message
is to be delivered to more than one unit the message
center should be furnished one copy for each such office
or person plus one file copy. The message center
personnel should never be expected to prepare copies
of a message.
b. Special messengers operate from each message
center when required.
c. Scheduled messengers between the command posts
of the corps, divisions, major units of corps troops, and
16
corps rear echelon. The corps railhead and miscellane-
ous units of corps troops may be included if located
conveniently, or if the volume of message traffic re-
quires this service.
d. Airplane messenger service will come from a
headquarters higher than corps and may be used be-
tween the corps command post, rear echelon and ad-
vanced message center. Drop and pick-up message
service may be furnished forward units.
25. Pigeons
a. For general information concerning the capabili-
ties, distribution, and use of pigeons, see FM 11-5,
11-80, and 24-5. See also discussion.on army signal
pigeon company in paragraph 55.
b. Pigeon communication is employed in the corps as
follows:
(1) Lofts and personnel attached to the corps by
higher headquarters usually are retained under corps
control. They may be attached to subordinate units
if the situation permits and time is available to estab-
lish lofts and settle pigeons.
(2) If the corps is operating independently, lofts
and pigeon personnel assigned to corps by higher head-
quarters may be retained under corps control or allotted
to subordinate units, depending upon the situation and
the time available to establish lofts and settle pigeons.
(3) When, in lieu of the attachment of lofts and
personnel, higher headquarters distributes pigeons to
the corps headquarters, further distribution to subordi-
nate units is made by the corps. Only in exceptional
circumstances are any retained for release by corps
headquarters.
17
26. Radio
a. GENERAL. Radio is the primary means of signal
communication with and within corps reconnaissance
elements, aviation units attached to the corps, and also
with and within moving motorized, mechanized, and
armored units. As soon as wire communication is
established between units, radio communication between
such units generally is restricted. Some of the radio
operators are employed to guard the assigned frequen-
cies while others are used for security monitoring.
Radio stations are kept in readiness to resume instant
operation when needed. It should be remembered con-
stantly that the enemy can prevent the employment of
radio communication by jamming. The importance of
corps radio nets.makes them a logical target for enemy
jamming. The plan of operation of radio nets should
include the necessary measures to get radio messages
through enemy interference by operating through jam-
ming, by using alternate frequencies or frequencies
retained by the corps signal officer for emergency use,
or by the use of another means of signal communica-
tion. The most important factor in obtaining reliable
radio communication is in maintaining strict radio
discipline and correct radio procedure. When several
radio sets are operated together at a distance from a
command post it may be desirable to establish a radio
control center (par. 36).
b. RADIO NETS OF HIGHER HEADQUARTERS. The-
corps establishes and operates a station at its command
post as a subordinate station in the army or other higher
headquarters command net. (See par. 70 for informa-
tion on army radio nets.)
C. CORPS RADIO NETS. (1) General. Certain radio
nets which may be established by a corps are shown
18
in TM 11-462. The radio nets illustrated are not to
be considered as the only nets which may be organized
or as including all the stations which may be placed
in the net shown. Whenever the situation demands,
provided suitable radio sets and frequencies are avail-
able, the corps commander reorganizes his existing nets,
or organizes additional nets to meet his special require-
ments for radio communication. The principal radio
nets employed by a corps are explained below.
(2) Corps command net. The corps command net
includes the forward echelon of corps headquarters and
the command posts of all assigned and attached divi-
sions, of corps artillery and corps antiaircraft artillery,
and of assigned or attached tank and tank destroyer
units. Other units, such as the corps reserves, also may
be included. The corps command net may be utilized
as the corps primary warning net to alert the command
to enemy air, mechanized, gas, airborne, or ground
attack. In case of heavy traffic, two command nets
may be established.
(3) Corps reconnaissancenet. A reconnaissance net
is established to provide communication between recon-
naissance elements and the corps command post, and to
provide for expeditious handling of enemy information
of vital interest to the assistant chief of staff, G-2.
(4) Corps administrative net.' An administrative net
with stations at the corps command post, and the corps
rear echelon may be established for emergency use or
use in the absence of adequate wire facilities. Rail-
heads, traffic control stations, prisoner of war in-
closures, administration and supply, and other installa-
tions may be included in this net in the absence of
wire communication or in other special circumstances.
(5) Corps artillery net. The corps artillery net is
19
employed to control and coordinate the organic and
attached field artillery. The net is auxiliary to the
artillery wire system.
(6) Corps antiaircraft artillery net. This net in-
cludes the command echelons of all corps antiaircraft
artillery, and is employed for command purposes.
(7) Tank destroyer net. This net may be established
for control and coordination of a tank destroyer group
or other tank destroyer units assigned or attached to
the corps. Headquarters of such tank destroyer units
would be included also in the corps command net and
might be included in a corps reconnaissance net.
(8) Tank unit net. This net is established for the
control and coordination of tank units assigned or at-
tached to the corps. The headquarters of such units
would be included in the corps command net.
(9) Special mission nets. These include nets organ-
ized to maintain signal communication with units on
special reconnaissance missions; command nets for
units on special tactical missions, such as a raid or a
reconnaissance in force; special warning nets for se-
curity against attacks on key positions; antiaircraft
artillery intelligence service net (AAAIS); and nets
for other similar tactical purposes.
27. Sound
Usually sound communication is employed in the
corps system only to give the alarm in event of gas,
air, airborne, or mechanized attack.
28. Visual
Panels and smoke, including colored smoke, are used
at the corps command post and also at the command
posts of corps artillery and other corps units for com-
20
munication with airplanes in flight. Pyrotechnic signals
may be used occasionally in conjunction with local
security measures to organize the defense of corps
installations. Signal lamps normally are not used for
corps signal communication.
29. Wire
Wire is the primary means of signal communication
for most units in the corps. The wire system includes
open wire, field wire, cable, switchboards, telephones.
manual telegraph, teletypewriter equipment and fac-
simile. For further details on employment of this
equipment see appropriate Field Manuals listed in FM
21-6. Full use should always be made of existing
commercial wire facilities in establishing the corps wire
system, especially for the longer trunk circuits, since
this conserves material and normally permits wire
communication to be established more quickly. How-
ever, it is not to be assumed that existing commercial
facilities will always be available without a great deal
of rehabilitation.
30. Construction Center

A construction center is an installation located near
or in a command post where wire lines converge for
entrance to the telephone central. For a detailed dis-
cussion on construction centers refer to FM 24-20.
3 . Wire Traffic
Knowledge of the total traffic handled by the tele-
phone, teletypewriter, telegraph, and facsimile facili-
ties in the corps is essential in order to plan the efficient
utilization of available wire facilities and equipment and
to distribute the traffic load properly. This information
21
is obtained by keeping records of telephone traffic and
of the telegraphic messages transmitted between units
in the system. In the absence of these records, esti-
mates are made of the probable traffic loads and the
times-and duration of peak loads. Bases for these esti-
mates are the traffic loads in simulated tactical opera-
tions and actual maneuvers, and records of traffic lbads
of similar headquarters in past operations of our forces
or those of other nations.
32. Wire System
a. EXTENT AND COMPOSITION. The number of tele-
phones, local circuits,.trunk circuits, and telephone and
telegraph channels installed and operated in the corps
system depends upon the time available, the require-
ments of the situation, the existing wire facilities, the
orders of the commander, available equipment and sup-
plies, and the capabilities of the signal personnel. The
fundamental principle to be observed in determining
the extent and complexity of the wire system is to in-
stall no more than is absolutely necessary for adequate
control. Certain things must be considered in deter-
mining minimum requirements, the more important of
which include the type of action (fluid or stabilized),
the number and type of troops controlled, and the
traffic handling capacity of signal communication agen-
cies and means. A stabilized position usually warrants
a more elaborate installation than those occupied suc-
cessively during an advance, and an organized defensive
position justifies a more elaborate wire system than one
occupied for a relatively short time, such as during a
delaying action. Successive installations must not be so
extensive that signal troops are taxed to the point of
exhaustion.
b. LOCAL TELEPHONE REQUIREMENTS. In a complete
22
iffstallation for a stabilized location, wire communica-
tion may be provided as shown in the list following.
This is intended to serve as a guide only. Several of
the staff sections require more than one local circuit,
depending on the volume of traffic. During rapidly
moving tactical situations, the number of local circuits
installed would be reduced greatly and two or more
sections or'individuals would use the same telephone,
while some locals listed would not be installed.
LOCAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS FOR A CORPS

Command post Rear echelon
Corps commander Message center
Aides Adjutant general's section
Message center Inspector general's section
Chief of staff Chemical section*
G-1 section Corps quartermaster
service
G-2 section Judge advocate general's
section
G-3 section Finance section
G-4 section* Ordnance section*
Public telephone Public telephone
Artillery section Chaplain's section
Corps antiaircraft artillery Medical section*
Engineer section G-4 section*
Chemical section* Radio stations
Signal section Special services officer
Representative of support- Signal battalion detach-
ing aviation ment
Ordnance section* Headquarters company de-
tachment
Medical section* Motor park
* May require local telephone service at both echelons.

23
Headquarters comman- Wire chief
dant
Radio stations Chief telephone operator
Liaison officers Chief teletypewriter
operator
Provost marshal Postal officer
Signal battalion Pigeon loft
Military police company
Motor park
Wire chief
Chief telephone operator
Chief teletypewriter
operator
c. PRIORITY OF INSTALLATIONS. No universally ap-
plicable sequence of installation of telephones can be
prescrtibed. Priority of installation of certain tele-
phones can be established in a general way with the
understanding that the actual sequence of installation
will depend on the current situation and other factors.
Telephones for the message center, the corps com-
mander or his chief of staff, and a public telephone for
general use should be installed first. Telephones should
be provided next for the general staff sections. The
special staff section telephones then should be installed,
followed by the other telephones required. If the
installation of telephones can be completed before the
command post opens, the sequence of installation is of
relatively little consequence, except that invariably the
telephone for the message center is installed first.
d. TELEPHONE TRUNK AND LONG LOCAL CHANNELS.
(1) The following table lists the telephone trunk and
long local channels of a corps wire system that are de-
sirable in a stabilized situation. This list is to be used
as a guide only as it does not list all of the trunk or
24
long local circuits that may be required. It does not
include channels provided by higher headquarters.
Unit to which connected Trunk or long

local channels
From command post

Divisions ........................................... 2 to each division.
Corps artillery headquarters ........... 2.
Corps antiaircraft artillery ............. 2.
Tank destroyer group or other unit 1 (or more).
(assigned or attached)..............
Mechanized cavalry groups ........... 1 each.
Engineer groups or separate bat-
talions ................................. 1
Corps reserve ................................... 1.
Adjacent corps on the right*-......... 2.
Rear echelon .................................... 4 (or more).
Signal battalion ............................... 2.
From rear echelon
Railheads (corps and division) ..... 2.
Medical units ................................... 2.
Ordnance ........................................ 1.
*Or as directed by common superior.
(2) Appropriate personnel of the signal corps units

assigned or attached to the corps are responsible for
the installation and maintenance of the wire system
required to provide these channels. Circuits previously
installed by divisions often may be utilized partially to
fulfill the requirements. Increased use of carrier equip-
ment will reduce the number of physical circuits needed
to provide the desired channels.
e. TELEPHONE SWITCHING CENTRALS. (1) Installa-
tion. Telephone switching centrals utilizing available
25
switchboards, telephone central office sets, and associ-
ated equipment are installed at the command post, the
rear echelon, advance message center(s), and at other
locations and installations as required by the operations
involved. Switching facilities at the headquarters of
units of corps troops other than signal corps are in-
stalled by communication organizations organic to such
units. Switching centrals may be installed at the junc-
tion of several wire lines and at other critical locations
to provide greater flexibility and more efficient use of
the available wire lines. (See FM 24-20 for additional
information on switching centrals.)
(2) Types. The type of switchboard used for any
installations will depend on the available equipment and
on specific requirements. Existing military and com-
mercial facilities are utilized to the greatest practicable
extent. For list of reference manuals giving details of
military telephone switching equipment, see FM 21-6.
33. Teletypewriter and Manual Telegraph

a. CIRCUITS. The most efficient utilization of wire
line facilities is achieved by superimposing telegraph
and teletypewriter channels on circuits which provide
the telephone channels.
b. MANUAL TELEGRAPH SETS. Manual telegraph
sets may be used to provide an auxiliary communica-
tion means for the corps on certain long local lines, and
to such installations as ammunition distributing points,
railheads, and advance message centers, depending on
the availability of equipment, channels, and operators.-
They also may be held in reserve for use if teletype-
writer equipment fails, or for use on channels unsuited
for teletypewriter operation. Phantom circuits or car-
rier channels are used for telegraph operation whenever
26
adequate equipment is obtainable. If ground-return
circuits must be used, existing telephone circuits should
be utilized by simplexing.
c. TELETYPEWRITERS. The teletypewriter is the prin-
cipal telegraphic communication facility for the corps
because of its high traffic capacity, ease of operation,
accuracy of transmission, and convenience. Where sev-
eral teletypewriters are located in the same general
vicinity, teletypewriter switching centrals are used to
permit a limited number of trunk channels to serve
all local teletypewriter stations. The flexibility provided
by switching equipment makes all trunk channels ac-
cessible to any local station and permits maximum
utilization of the trunk channels provided.
d. TELETYPEWRITER STATIONS. Teletypewriter sta-
tions may be installed at any or all of the following
locations, and at such other places as the tactical situa-
tion and the composition of the corps mray require. The
number of stations-will be limited by the equipment
and operating personnel available.
TELETYPEWRITER STATIONS
Message center Message center
G-2 section G-4 section
G-3 section Corps quartermaster
service
G-4 section Corps railhead
e. TELETYPEWRITER TRUNK CHANNELS.. The trunk
channels listed in the following table are desirable for
the corps when the wire system is adequate to provide
them. Normally wire lines in excess of those needed
to fulfill the telephone channel requirements will not be
built to provide additional teletypewriter trunk chan-
nels. A teletypewriter switching central normally
27
should be installed at the command post and at the rear
echelon for flexible interconnection of local stations to
available trunk channels.
Teletypewriter
Unit to which connected tnk
trunk channels
channels
From command post
Divisions ........................................... 2 to each division
(one channel is
to G-2 - G-3
team).
Rear echelon................................. 2 (or more).
Army (may be reached through
rear echelon teletypewriter switch-
ing central) ..................................... 1 (or more).
Supporting aviation (reached
through army teletypewriter
switching central or by direct
circuit).
Adjacent corps. ........... ........ 2.
From rear echelon
Army or other higher headquar-
ters (provided by higher unit).... 2 (or more).
f. MILITARY TELETYPEWRITER EQUIPMENT. For a
detailed description of military teletypewriter equip-
ment and information on its operation and maintenance,
see pertinent manuals listed in FM 21-6.
34. Carrier Systems

Carrier systems provide multiple telephone and tele-
graph channels over the same physical circuit. Their
use permits a reduction in the number of physical cir-
cuits needed to provide a given number of telephone
and telegraph channels with a consequent saving in
28
time, manpower, and construction material, but requires
a greater amount of terminal equipment. The saving
in construction material, labor, and time, on long wire
lines more than offsets the additional terminal equip-
ment required, especially when wire line construction
is difficult. Carrier systems are included in the plans of
the corps signal officer when distances and terrain make
their use desirable. For reference manuals giving the
characteristics of carrier systems and equipment see
FM 21-6.
35. Circuit Diagram of Corps Wire System
A circuit diagram of a corps wire system is shown
in TM 11-462. The illustration should be used as a
guide only. The circuit diagram presents a suitable and
convenient method of representing a wire system sche-
matically. Approved symbols for use with circuit dia-
grams are included in TM 11-462, FM 21-30 and
24-20, and are to be used on all such diagrams to in-
sure uniform interpretation.
36. Signal Equipment Power Supply
Usually provision is made in the design of military
signal equipment for individual power supply units of
the type and size required by the equipment. The
larger power units may have capacities considerably in
excess of the actual power requirements of the equip-
ment with which they are issued. These power units
should be used whenever possible as a central source
of power for several items of signal equipment grouped
together, and the smaller units should be held in re-
serve. Suitable power from existing commercial or
military plants, if available, is preferable to that from
field power sources and should be used whenever avail-
able in order to conserve power units.
29
SECTION VI
ARMY
37. Organization
An army consists of an army headquarters, two or
more corps, and certain army troops as required (FM
101-10). Other troops temporarily attached td an
army may be retained as army troops, or reallotted to its
corps in accordance with their needs. One or more of
the several types of divisions may be allotted to an
army. Service troops are allotted to an army as needed
and additional combat units may be similarly allotted
as warranted by the mission of the army. A type army
containing three corps and having a strength of about
185,000 is used for the purposes of this manual. For a
detailed discussion of armies see FM 100-15:
38. Signal Activities

All signal activities for the army, except those per-
formed by and within the subordinate units, are handled
by the signal section of army headquarters or by the
units composing the army signal service. Normally
the army signal service includes a signal operation bat-
talion, two signal construction battalions, a signal
photographic company, a signal pigeon company, a sig-
nal radio intelligence company (or battalion), a signal
depot: company, and a signal repair company. The
duties and organization of these units are discussed in
-30
subsequent chapters. Additional signal corps units of
any type may be assigned, or temporarily allotted, to
an army to meet its requirements.
39. Signal Supply (FM 100-10)

a. The army signal depot maintains stockages of sig-
nal equipment, parts, and supplies at levels prescribed
by the army commander. They are stored at the depot
or at advance supply points.
b. The army normally directs issue of signal sup-
plies from army signal depots, or infrequently ar-
ranges, through the regulating officer, for shipment
from the communications zone direct to railheads, truck-
heads, or other advance supply points.
c. The army establishes supply points within reach
of the using units: The division commander informs
his units of signal supplies available and of their loca-
tion. Thereafter regimental and separate battalion com-
manders are responsible for drawing and distributing
these supplies to their battalions and companies. For
information concerning requisitions, see FM 100-10.
d. Signal construction battalions may establish ma-
teriel yards for pole-line construction equipment. These
serve as temporary battalion supply points.
40. Evacuation
a. Battlefield recovery of signal equipment is a
function of divisions or other combat units in the for-
ward areas. These troops will be responsible for get-
ting the equipment to designated collecting points on
the axes of evacuation (or supply). Division or corps
signal officers will reclaim serviceable items for reissue
within their commands. Unserviceable items are trans-
ported from collecting points to railheads or signal
31
depots by units designated by the army. Evacuation
from railheads is normally by returning daily trains.
Signal depot companies will process assembled damaged
equipment and determine whether it should be repaired
and released or salvaged for parts.
b. Captured enemy signal equipment, if usable and
of known type, is repaired and placed in stock for issue.
If not of known type, it is returned through signal
supply channels to the theater signal officer for study,
identification, and forwarding to the zone of the in-
terior, or other designated locality.
32
SECTION VII
SIGNAL SECTION, ARMY
HEADQUARTERS
41. General
The signal section of army headquarters is the office
of the army signal officer. The army signal officer
controls the technical training and tactical employment
of all signal corps units assigned or attached to the
army. Subject to such other instructions as may be
issued by him, the operation of the several subsections
composing the signal section are as indicated in para-
graphs 44 to 50 inclusive. A general coverage of
training, supply, photography, signal intelligence, and
signal communication functions of the signal corps ap-
pears in FM 11-5. For further details see pertinent
manuals listed in FM 21-6. In addition to those con-
tacts maintained by officers in charge of the various
subsections, each officer maintains close contact with
commanders of appropriate signal units of the army,
with corps signal officers, with communication officers
of army troops, with communication officers of sup-
porting aviation, and with corresponding subdivisions
of the next higher signal service.
42. Transportation
Transportation required by the army signal section
is obtained from the army headquarters transportation
pool.
33
43. Organization
The signal section of army headquarters is not
divided into subsections in the Tables of Organization
(T/O & E 200-1). The duties of the various officers
and enlisted personnel are, however, indicated therein.
For a better understanding of the operation of the sig-
nal section the functional breakdown- into subsections
is used in the succeeding paragraphs (See fig. 1.)
lNAL SEOTCION
AYI
PAIT 0o 1/0 200 I
aw Lr conoag ImAlo 4an

Figure . tio br-down of the sgn section,
Figure 1. Functional hbrea-down o the signal section,

army headquarters.
44. Headquarters Subsection

The headquarters subsection consists of the army
signal officer, deputy army signal officer, an- executive
officer, and certain enlisted clerical assistants. The
army signal officer, with the assistance of the headquar-
34
ters subsection, controls and directs the operation of
the signal section. The scope of such control and the
necessary contacts with the various sections of the
army commander's staff are discussed in FM 11-5.
Among other matters, this subsection directs and co-
ordinates the preparation of all items of SOI, prepared
by other signal subsections for issue by army headquar-
ters.
45. Administrative and Personnel Subsection-

The administrative and personnel subsection consists
of the officer in charge, a warrant officer assistant, and
enlisted clerical assistants. It is charged'with the gen-
eral administration of the entire signal section of army
headquarters, and with the handling of all matters.
within the province of the army signal officer pertaining
to the procurement, classification, and assignment of
signal and communication personnel and replacements
within the entire army. It maintains close contact
with assistant chief of staff, G-l, the adjutant general
of the army, and with commanders of replacement cen-
ters and replacement depots charged with furnishing
replacements to the army.
46. Training Subsection

a. GENERAL. The training subsection, composed of
the officer in charge, one or more officer assistants, and
enlisted clerical assistants, is charged with the handling
of all matters within the province of the army signal
officer regarding the training of signal and communica-
tion units of the entire army, and the coordination of
that training.
b. PRIMARY DUTIES. The training subsection-
(1) Supervises the training of all signal and com-
35
munication units in the army.
(2) Recommends the establishment and discontinu-
ance of signal and communication troop schools of the
army.
(3) Recommends the nature and extent of inspec-
tions of training.
(4) Maintains close contact with the G-3 section
of army headquarters.
(5) Prepares and recommends the issuance of any
SOP or SOI considered necessary for training pur-
poses (in coordination with the communication, sup-
ply, and signal intelligence subsections).
- (6) Keeps abreast of the latest developments in sig-
nal and communication equipment.
(7) Obtains and recommends the circulation of
training films (unless such circulation is controlled by
a service command within the continental United
States only).
47. Supply Subsection

(. GENERAL. The supply subsection, consisting of
the officer in charge, one or more officer assistants, and
enlisted clerical assistants, is charged with the handling
of all matters within the province of the army signal
officer regarding the supply of signal corps equipment
and supplies to all units of the army.
b. DUTIES. Among other duties, the supply sub-
section-
(1) Recommends and supervises the tactical em-
ployment of the signal depot company and the signal
repair company.
(2) Recommends and supervises the establishment
and discontinuance of army signal depots, and of sig-
nal sections of general depots if any are established;
36
supervises their operation; and makes provision for
adequate stocks of equipment and supplies therein.
(3) Performs, for the signal officer, all routine
operations regarding signal supply for troops of the
army.
(4) Recommends and supervises the establishment
of army repair installations and of procedures pertain-
ing to repair and preventive maintenance, recovery and
evacuation, and salvage and reclamation of signal
equipment.
(5) Maintains close contact with the assistant chief
of staff, G-4, of the army headquarters and with the
commanders of the army general depots if any are
established.
(6) See also paragraph 46b(5).
48. Communication Subsection

a. GENERAL. The communication subsection, com-
prising the officer in charge, several officer assistants,
and enlisted wire and radio plant chiefs, installer-
repairmen, draftsman and clerical assistants, is charged
with the handling of all matters within the province
of the army signal officer regarding signal communica-
tion in the entire army.
b. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIoN. This subsection is
further subdivided on a functional basis, into wire,
radio, and miscellaneous subgroups. Except for the
personnel retained by the subsection chief as his im-
mediate assistants 'in directing the operation of the
entire subsection, such officers and enlisted men as are
necessary are assigned by him to these three subgroups.
Matters pertaining to more than one subgroup are
handled or coordinated by the chief, or his immediate
assistants; those pertaining solely to wire communica-
37
tion are charged to the wire subgroup, those pertaining
to radio communication to the radio subgroup, and
those pertaining to all other means of signal communi-
cation to the miscellaneous subgroup.
c. DUTIES. Among other duties, the communication
subsection-
(1) Recommends and supervises the tactical em-
ployment of the signal operation battalion, the signal
construction battalions and the signal pigeon company
of the army signal service.
(2) Obtains information concerning the signal sys-
tems of corps and lower units, and commercial and
other signal facilities in the army area.
(3) Plans and makes provision for extensions of the
anny signal system to relieve corps and divisions of
operating and maintaining rear installations to permit
those units to push their systems forward.
(4) Makes studies of traffic handling in all units
of the army, and, on this basis, recommends changes
in construction, operation, and maintenance procedures
and equipment to expedite or improve such handling.
(5) Coordinates action with the training subsection
for changes in established SOP and for the training
of personnel, and with the supply subsection for the
procurement of suitable equipment.
(6) Prepares the item of SOI concerning allocation
of frequencies.
(7) Maintains close contact with assistant chiefs of
staff, G-3 and G-4, the adjutant general, and the heads'
of the principal supply services of the army.
(8) Keeps abreast of new developments in equip-
ment.
49. Signal Intelligence Subsection
a. - GENERAL. The signal intelligence subsection, to-
38
gether with the signal radio intelligence company (or
battalion) assigned to the army signal service, com-
prises the signal intelligence service of the army. These
operate under control of the army signal officer. This
subsection is strictly an operating agency and is charged
with supervision and conduct of all signal intelligence
activities within the army. It is not organized to carry
on research or production activities, such as the War
Department signal intelligence service performs, but
functions in close cooperation with the latter in order
to insure maximum coordination of all signal intelli-
gence agencies of the field forces.
b. ORGANIZATION. The following functional break-
down is normal, but not prescribed:
(1) Administrative.
(2) Radio intelligence.
(3) Security.
(4) Solution.
C. DUTIES. The officer in charge of this subsection is
the army cryptographic security officer, and the other
officers normally are designated as assistants for the
performance of this duty. Among other duties, the sub-
section recommends, to the army signal officer, the
tactical employment of the signal radio intelligence com-
pany (or battalion) of the army. The subsection like-
wise supervises its operation. To obtain optimum em-
ployment of all radio intelligence means in the army,
the subsection also recommends necessary supervisory
actions pertaining to the radio intelligence platoons of
corps signal battalions. It prepares those items of SOI
pertaining directly to signal security and intelligence
(par. 46b(5)), such as cipher keys and instructions for
the use of codes and cipher systems. Items involving
both signal communication and signal security, such as
39
code supplements and authentication codes, are pre-
pared in collaboration with the communication sub-
section. The solution subgroup does not perform
original cryptanalysis, but concentrates on the de-
cryptographing of intercepted messages involving those
codes and cipher systems for which the solutions have
been compiled and furnished by the War Department
signal intelligence service. For a detailed discussion of
other duties of the subsection and for more complete
information concerning signalintelligence activities, see
FM 11-35.
50. Signal Photographic Subsection

This subsection, under control of the photographic
officer, is charged with the planning, coordinating and
supervising of all photographic activities in the army.
Careful planning is necessary in order to obtain combat
coverage required by the War Department and by the
army commander. Coordination is important espe-
cially when more than one photographic agency is op-
erating in the army area. The subsection has been
provided with two officers to allow one to be available
for continuous field supervision while the other handles
the numerous administrative duties connected with
photographic activities (TM 11-409 and FM 11-37,
when published).
40
SECTION VIII
SIGNAL CORPS ORGANIZATIONS
IN THE ARMY
51. General
a. COMMIIAND. Unit commanders are responsible for
the internal administration and discipline of their units,
for the execution of training directives initiated by the
army commander, and for the development and use of
proper operating procedures and techniques to accom-
plish the missions assigned to their units.
b. DUTIES. The duties of each of these organizations
are stated in general terms in the following paragraphs.
Signal corps activities in the army are discussed in
section IX.
C. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. Units in the
army are organized and equipped on the basis of perti-
nent T/O & E's to perform all duties for which they
are responsible. Applicable T/O & E's are indicated
in the following paragraphs.
52. Signal Operation Battalion

a. DUTIES. The principal duties of the signal opera-
tion battalion are the installation, operation and main-
tenance of the telephone, manual telegraph, teletype-
writer, radio, and associated signal communication
facilities at all echelons of army headquarters, and at
other installations or establishments as. required. It
41
installs local circuits at the various establishments of
army headquarters, but is not organized to construct
trunk circuits.
b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signal op-
eration battalion (T/O & E 11-95) consists of a head-
quarters and headquarters detachment (T/O & E 11-
95); two signal operation companies (T/O & E 11-97);
and a medical detachment.
53. Signal Light Construction Battalion

a. DUTIES. The signal light construction battalions
are responsible for the rehabilitation and maintenance
of all wire lines, both military and commercial, taken
over for use by army headquarters, and for the con-
struction and maintenance of all additional trunk cir-
cuits required for the wire system. One or both of
the light construction companies (or construction
platoons thereof) may be used to assist other signal
corps units in wire line construction.
b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signal light
construction battalion (T/O & E 11-25) consists of a
headquarters and headquarters detachment (T/O & E
11-26); two signal light construction companies (T/O
& E 11-27); and a medical detachment. In some cases
armies have signal heavy construction battalions instead
of the light battalions. In these cases see T/O & E
11-65 and T/O & E 11-67.
54. Signal Photographic Company

a. DUTIES. The duties of the company include-
(1) Taking still and motion pictures (including
sound motion 'pictures) pertaining to the conduct of
military operations within the army area to which it
is assigned.
42
(2) Developing and printing still pictures, as re-
quired within the force, exclusive of those charged to
the Army Air Forces and the Corps of Engineers.
(3) Producing identification pictures.
(4) Transmitting negatives and prints of still pic-
tures and unprocessed motion pictures by the most ex-
peditious means to the Chief Signal Officer, Attention:
Army Pictorial Service, Washington, D. C., or other
designated agency.
(5) Maintaining a record of all still and motion pic-
tures taken by the company showing their final disposi-
tion.
(-6) Recommending measures to be taken to accom-
plish the assigned photographic missions with maxi-
mum efficiency. Such recommendations are made to
the photographic officer, army headquarters, and to the
signal officer of subordinate units.
(7) Producing training pictures for the assistant
chief of staff, G-3.
b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. 'The signal
photographic company (T/O & E 11-37) is composed
of a headquarters platoon, an assignment platoon, and
a laboratory platoon.
C. PRIMARY MISSION. The primary mission of the
company is combat intelligence. Assignments for in-
telligence coverage take priority over all other assign-
ments. Although intelligence missions are few in num-
ber in comparison to other missions, their importance
must not be minimized.
d. OPERATIONS. Assignment and identification units
of the signal photographic company often are attached
to subordinate headquarters for administration, though
supervision is retained by the army photographic officer.
If assignment units are given general or specific mis-
43
sions based on requests from the subordinate head-
quarters supervision may be delegated temporarily to
the signal officers of such headquarters. In any case,
the signal officers of these headquarters assist the as-
signment units in the execution of their missions (FM
11-37).
55. Signal Pigeon Company

a: DUTIES. The duties of the pigeon.company in-
clude--
(1) Continuous breeding and training of pigeons to
replace losses which result from combat operations and
natural causes.
(2) Distribution of pigeons, protective equipment,
feed, and message material from combat lofts to the
nearest message center, and collection of empty con-
tainers and other equipment used for such distribution
when returned to the message center.
(3) Cooperation with, and assistance to, all combat
units by training personnel to receive, care for, handle,
and release pigeons properly. The pigeon's capabilities
are thoroughly explained to unit commanders and all
other personnel concerned.
(4) Prompt delivery to the'addressee or the nearest
message center, as directed by competent authority, of
all messages received by pigeon at the combat lofts.
b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signal
pigeon company (T/O & E 11-39) is composed of a
headquarters platoon, three combat platoons, and at-
tached veterinary personnel.
C. OPERATIONS. During operations, one or more
of the combat platoons of the signal pigeon company
and most of its combat sections are allotted to sub-
ordinate tactical units. Tactical control of such platoons
44
and sections may be delegated to the signal officers of
these units. Combat platoons may be assigned to task
forces or corps operating independently, and are then,
for purposes of training and tactical employment, un-
der the direct control of the signal officer of the unit
or headquarters to which assigned (FMI 11-80).
56. Signal Radio Intelligence Company

a. DUTIES. The duties of the radio intelligence com-
pany are:
(1) The installation, operation, and maintenance of
special radiostations employing company equipment
for the purposes listed in (2) and (3) below. These
two missions, listed in order of relative importance,
cannot be performed simultaneously, because of limited
personnel and equipment.
(2) Obtaining intelligence by intercepting enemy
radio transmissions, and determining probable locations
of enemy radio stations by means of radio position
finding. These operations are conducted against sta-
tions of relatively high power located at the headquar-
ters of divisions and larger units.
(3) Obtaining information about unauthorized radio
stations located in an occupied area by intercepting
radio transmissions and determining probable positions
of such stations.
radio intelligence company (T/O & E 11-77) is com-
posed of a headquarters platoon, a wire platoon, an
intercept platoon, and a position finding platoon.
C. OPERATIONS. The nature of the operations of in-
tercept and direction finding sections of the company is
such that they are widely dispersed throughout the army
area. The various sections may be attached to sub-
45
ordinate units for rations. It may be necessary to
augment the wire communication lines of the company
in instances of extreme dispersion.
57. Signal Depot Company

a. DUTIES. (1) Signal depots. The signal depot
company establishes, operates, and maintains one or
more signal depots performing the following principal
functions:
(a) The requisitioning, receipt, classification, stor-
age, and issue of signal supplies and equipment, and the
establishment and operation of facilities required
therefor (FM 100-10).
(b) Local procurement of such supplies and equip-
ment as may be directed or authorized.
(c) Submission of recommendations to the supply
subsection of the army signal-section concerning actions
to be taken and procedure to be followed by using units
to conserve signal equipment and supplies.
(2) Repair. The signal depot company establishes
and operates a fixed repair shop for the maintenance
and reclamation of signal equipment including radar,
and for the reclamation of supplies including the in-
spection of salvage and captured materiel as evacuated
from forward combat units, and the segregation, re-
ceipt, and reclamation of portions of such materiel as
pertains to the Signal Corps. This repair shop per-
forms fourth echelon maintenance. It is established
usually in the vicinity of, and operates in conjunction
with, one of the signal depots established and operated
by the company.
depot company (T/O & E 11-107) is composed of a
46
headquarters platoon, a repair platoon, and three stor-
age and issue sections.
C. OPERATIONS. Radio and wire repair sections may
be detached to establish and operate small depots when
required to facilitate supply activities. These portions
of the company, when located at some distance from
the company bivouac, may be attached to convenient
units for rations. Their tactical control remains with
the army signal officer. Repair sections may be located
with such depots as required.
58. Signal Repair Company

a. DUTIES. The principal duties of the signal repair
company include-
(1) Third echelon maintenance of all signal equip-
ment within the army area. Its maintenance func-
tions are accomplished by repairing faulty equipment
or by replacing faulty parts or components thereof.
(2) The reclamation of signal equipment and sup-
plies when sections of the company operate at a small
depot.
(3) Recommending to higher headquarters actions
or procedures to be taken or followed by using units to
conserve signal equipment and supplies.
repair company (T/O & E 11-127) is composed of a
headquarters platoon, ten radio repair sections, and five
wire repair sections.
C. OPERATIONS. Radio anid wire repair sections op-
erate throughout the army area as needed to perform
third echelon maintenance. The sections are located
with corps, signal depots or subdepots, army troops,
and, in some situations, with divisions, to expedite the
47
performance of their duties. They do not assume the
repair- responsibilities of units with which they are
located. The army signal officer retains tactical control
though the sections may be rationed with units in whose
area they are located.
48
SECTION IX
SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY
59. References
For basic doctrine of signal activities and procedures,
see FM 11-5, 24-5, 24-18 and 24-20. For technical
details and operating characteristics of signal equip-
ment employed in army signal systems, see appropriate
technical manuals listed in FM 216.
60. Tactical Function

The army is the fundamental unit of strategic maneu-
ver. It has tactical and administrative functions. The
commander of an army group or of a theater of opera-
tioris uses the army as' a basis for planning and
executing strategic and tactical operations. The army
commander and his staff plan and execute the opera-
tions necessary to accomplish most effectively and de-
cisively the mission assigned to the army. Hence, the
command echelon is provided with the signal communi-
cation system necessary for obtaining continuous and
reliable information concerning the strength, disposi-
tion, composition, and movements of enemy forces; for
controlling the disposition and coordinating the employ-
ment and operations of all components of the army;
and for effecting promptly the performance of all
administrative and supply functions. For detailed in-
49
formation concerning the tactical function and opera-
tion of an army, see FM 100-15.
61. Plans and Orders

For an outline of the steps required in the formula-
tion of plans for signal communication, see FM fl-S.
For the sequence to be followed in making an estimate
of the situation in order to assure proper consideration
of all elements or factors influencing the plan for signal
communication, see FM 101-5. -Army signal operation
instructions (SOI), paragraphs 4 and 5 of army field
orders, signal annexes, intelligence annexes, and orders
for units of the army signal service, are comparable in
general content to corresponding orders for the division
as described in FM 24-5, and conform in style and
sequence to the provisions of FM 101-5. The content
and preparation of signal portions of army administra-
tive orders also are governed by the provisions of FM
4101-5.
62. Standing Operating Procedure

a, GENERAL. Written orders for the control of most
signal corps activities carried on within an army are
the exception rather than the rule. Repetitive portions
of all normal operations are performed as a matter
of routine in accordance with established standing op-
erating procedure (SOP), supplemented when neces-
sary by verbal and written orders.
b. COMPOSITION. The army includes instructions to
cover all SOP signal activities in the army and influ-
ences the various items included in the SOP of each
unit under army. Pertinent features of the army SOP
should be incorporated so.far as practicable in the di-
rectives issued by the training subsection of the army
50
signal section (par. 46), so that all training activities of
signal corps troops may be conducted efficiently and
coordinated effectively to ensure the successful per-
formance of all signal activities during combat opera-
tions.
63. Location of Command Posts

a. GENERAL. The signal communication and other
considerations entering into the locations of all com-
mand posts are covered in FM 11-5, except for dis-
tances between command posts of higher and lower
units. Because of the extent of the signal system re-
quired by an army, particular emphasis must be placed
on existing commercial facilities and those established
by lower echelons in the selection of the site for an
army command post.
b. ARMY. Usually, when the army is part of an army
group, or directly under the control of a theater head-
quarters (THQ), the group or theater commander pre-
scribes the location of the army command post. If
the army is acting independently, or if the command
post site has not been'prescribed for it by superior au-
thority, it will be decided upon and announced by the
army commander. The discussion concerning the
location of the corps command post (par. 19b) is ap-
plicable to the army command post.
64. Activities
a. All signal activities are performed to some extent
by the various signal units.
b. Information pertaining to appropriate signal corps
units performing such activities is included in various
sections of this manual, and in FM 11-5, 24-5, 24-18
and 24-20. For information concerning signal supply
51
channels and procedures, see FM 100-10, TM 38-220,
38-403, and 38-205 and pertinent circulars issued pe-
riodically by the War Department or by the Office of
the Chief Signal Officer. For detailed information of
signal intelligence activities, see FM 11-35. Attention
is invited also to TM 11-450 on training of Signal
Corps personnel. For a complete list of available pub-
lications see FM 21-6.
65. Means of Signal Communication

All signal communication performed by or within
the army is accomplished by using one or more of the
means of signal communication as listed in FM 24-5.
66. Message Centers

Message centers are established at the army command
post and rear echelon as a matter of routine. How-
ever, there will be throughout the army area numerous
and widely dispersed administrative establishments for
supply, evacuation, sanitation, traffic control and mili-
tary government, some of which may be grouped in
particular localities. In the interest of efficiency it
may be desirable to set up other message centers in
such localities, especially if several such establishments
are located near each other. The locations of these
message centers are dependent on their proximity to
commercial or previously established military telephone,
telegraph, or messenger systems from which they may
be served with a minimum of construction or effort.
Established commercial telephone centrals or telegraph
offices provide ideal locations. These message centers
consist of message center personnel, messengers for the
routine collection and delivery of messages, and operat-
ing personnel for the other signal means employed
52
by it, For details of message center responsibilities,
procedures, and operations, see FM 24-5 or FM 24-17,
when published.
67. Signal Centers

A signal center is a unified collection of several agen-
cies of signal communication, including a message cen-
ter, equipped to transmit and receive messages by
electrical means and by other means if required (see
FM 24-5 or FM 24-17, when published).
68. Messengers
Within the limits of available personnel and trans-
portation, the following types of messengers are used
normally in an army to provide messenger communica-
tion:
a. Local and special messengers (par. 24a and b).
b. Scheduled messengers, operating between the
command posts of the army, corps, major units of army
troops, and the army rear echelon as required. Army
railheads, various depots, prisoner of war enclosures,
miscellaneous units of army troops, major regulating
stations, and similar important military establishments
within the army area may be served by scheduled
messenger service if conveniently located, or if the vol-
ume of message traffic warrants this service.
c. Airplane service, to be used in an emergency, or
if the time factor demands its use, for service to any
point required.
69. Pigeons
For tactical considerations governing the use of
pigeons see FM 11-5. Pigeons are used to provide
communication for various elements of subordinate
53
units of the army,.but they are seldom used in the army
signal communication system. See paragraph 55 for an
explanation of the operations of a signal pigeon com-
pany to provide pigeon communication for lower units.
(See also FM 11-80..)
70. Radio
a. GENERAL. (1) The use of radio in the army, with
the exception of the following, is essentially an auxil-
iary means of signal communication:
(a) With supporting aviation,
(b) With attached cavalry,
(c) With attached armored units.
(2) Since it is the only means usually available with
and between the excepted forces, it is their primary
means. In all other units, radio communication is used
pending the establishment of other means, to supple-
ment other means, or to supplant-them in case of fail-
ure. As soon as wire communication can be estab-
lished between units, radio communication, if not re-
quired to supplement it, is restricted. When radio is
restricted the assigned frequencies are still guarded
and the radio sets are kept in readiness to resume
operation when necessary.
b. SPECIAL SERVICES RADIO STATIONS. The army
may decide, or may be required, to operate one or
more special services radio stations for the transmis-
sion of time signals, press reports, propaganda, counter-
propaganda, and may be directed to control or take over
the operation of commercial and private radio stations
in its area. For information concerning the operation
of such stations, see FM 11-5.
c. NE+s. A diagram showing the nets which may be
established in an army system is included in TM 11-462.
54
The diagram is not to be regarded as limiting the nets
which may be organized, or as prescribing the radio
stations.which may be included in any net. Whenever
the situation demands, and when suitable sets and fre-
quencies are available, the army commander reorganizes
his existing nets or organizes new nets to meet his re-
quirements for tactical radio communication. Radio
sets and operating personnel not required for regularly
established nets may be organized into special mission
nets for various purposes within their capabilities, or
may be employed in monitoring and intercept work to
aid the signal security and signal intelligence efforts,
respectively. The radio nets within units of the army
troops are normal and do not differ from those of
similar units employed elsewhere.
71. Sound
Sound communication is normally used in an army
signal system only to give the alarm of gas, mechan-
ized, air, or airborne attack. Prearranged sound sig-
nals may be used also to alert the defenses of vital army
establishments within limited areas, particularly against
air and airborne attack.
72. Visual
Panels, smoke, including colored smoke, and other
pyrotechnics, are the visual means 'normally used in
an army signal system. These visual signals are em-
ployed at the army command post, at the command
posts of army artillery units, and by various other
army troops for ground-air communication. Pyrotech-
nic signals may be used in conjunction with prearranged
security measures to alert and organize the local de-
fenses of critical army installations.
55
73. Wire
Wire is the primary means of signal communication
in an army signal system. In addition to the normal
wire system for command and administrative pur-
poses, the army may install and operate wire systems
for its own warning purposes, and it may be required to
install or to assist in the installation of an extensive wire
system for the antiaircraft artillery intelligence service.
It also may be required to serve, with its wire system,
various other special organizations which operate in the
army area, or which may be attached to the army by
theater headquarters, or by an army group commander.
74. Construction Centers

Construction centers used in an army wire system
are similar to those employed in a corps wire system.
(See par. 30 and FM 24-20.) Because of the impor-
tance.of an army wire system and the nature of the
terminal equipment, an army construction center should
be located in a building, dugout, van, trailer, truck, or
other suitable shelter to provide protection for the
equipment and reasonably comfortable working condi-
tions for personnel.
75. Wire Traffic

Knowledge of the volume of wire traffic handled by
an army wire system is even more important than
knowledge of similar traffic in a corps (par. 31).
76. Wire System

a., GENERAL. The army wire system comprises all
wire lines and telephone, telegraph, and teletypewriter
56
operating equipment maintained and operated by the
army signal service. It also includes carrier system
equipment and apparatus for facsimile transmission.
Factors governing the extent and composition of an
army wire system are identical with those for a corps
(par. 32). All usable wire lines, both military and
commercial, should be incorporated into the army wire
system to conserve material and minimize new con-
struction. Repairable wire lines should be restored to
service as soon as possible if their rehabilitation is
practicable. For detailed information concerning the
characteristics of equipment emrployed in an army signal
system, see FM 11-5 and 24-20, and other publications
listed in FM 21-6.
b. -TELEPHONE SYSTEM. The telephone system, al-
though more extensive than the telegraph (teletype-
writer) system, must be coordinated with the latter, so
that full use may be made of all previously existing or
army-installed trunk circuits. The number of tele-
phones to be installed and the number of local trunk
circuits to be established depend upon the communica-
tion requirements of the tactical situation, the condition
of existing wire facilities, orders of the commander,
the time, equipment, and supplies available, and capa-
bilities of the personnel in the army signal service.
The requirements tabulated in subparagraphs c and-e.
following are to be used as a guide only.
c. LOCAL TELEPHONE REQUIREMENTS. In a com-
plete army installation, telephones should be provided
as shown in the following table. Various staff sections
and activities require more than one local circuit, de-
pending on the volume of traffic, and some circuits re-
quire extensions (more than one telephone on the same
circuit).
57
LOCAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS FOR
AN ARMY

Army commander Message center
Aides Adjutant general's section
Message center Chaplain section
Chief of staff Chemical section*
G-1 section Engineer headquarters
detachment
G-2 section Finance section
G-3 section Inspector general's section
G-4 section Judge advocate general's
section
Headquarters army anti- Medical section*
aircraft artillery
Artillery section Ordnance section*.
Representative of support- Public telephones
ing aviation
Chemical section* Quartermaster section
Headquarters company, Radio stations
army
Pigeon lofts Special services section
Engineer headquarters, Transportation pool
army
Headquarters command- Wire chief
ant
Liaison officers Chief telephone operator
Medical section* Chief teletypewriter
Military police battalion operator
Ordnance section*
Provost marshal
*May require local telephone service at both echelons.
58
Public telephones**
Radio stations
Signal section, army
Transportation pool
Wire chief
Chief telephone operator
Chief teletypewriter
operator
**For military use, not commercial public pay stations for
personal use.
d. PRIORITY OF INSTALLATIONS. The considerations
governing the priority of installation of local tele-
phones for a corps (par. 32c) are applicable also for
an army.
e. TELEPHONE TRUNK CHANNELS. The following
table lists the more important telephone trunk channels,
which normally will be required (in varyingnumbers)
to provide communication for an army in the field.
The channels shown for any particular unit are not
prescribed but are intended as, a guide only. The
actual number of channels established depends on the
army SOP for signal communication, the channels
required for adequate tactical control, the capacity and
condition of existing facilities, and the amount of new
construction recommended by the signal officer. This
construction depends upon the time, material, and
personnel available and upon the physical condition and
morale of the signal troops involved. Some units and
activities may actually be connected to the echelon
opposite the one shown, as their tactical employment
and accessibility to the wire system indicate. Also,
trunk channels may be required for some units from
both the command post and the rear echelon. In-
creased use of carrier systems for military purposes
59
will reduce the number of physical circuits needed to
provide the desired channels.
Unit to which connected Trunk or long

local channels
Front command post
Army group, THQ............................ 6.
Corps ........................................ .4 to each corps.
Army reserve. . .............................. 2 to each div.
Adjacent armies (3 channels to each
flank) ........................................ 3.
Theater reserve troops...................... Variable.
Supporting air force units (pro-
vided by supporting unit)............ 2.
Antiaircraft artillery brigade........ 3.
Chemical decontamination compa- 3.
nies (1 to each of 3 companies)
Chemical impregnating company... 1.
Chemical field laboratory .................. 1.
General service engineer regiments
(2 to each of 3 regiments) 6.
Engineer group....... ....................... 2.
Rear echelon . ................................ 4.
Signal construction battalion ......... 2.
Signal operation battalion .... 2.
Signal pigeon company .................... 1.
Signal radio intelligence company. 1.
Commercial telephone systems........ Variable.
Landing fields ................................... Variable.
Miscellaneous (see note following) As required.
Commercial system .......................... 4.
Tank destroyer groups .................... 1 to each group.
60
I Truhk or long
Unit to which connected local channels
From rear echelon
Army group, THQ ...............- - ..- 6.
Medical group .................... 2.
Regulating station..... ...... 2.
Replacement depot ...... 1.
Ammunition battalions (1 to each
of 2 battalions) .......... 2.
Ordnance maintenance and suppl
battalion .......................... 1.
Gasoline depots .. ........................ 1 to each.
Ordnance heavy maintenance bat-
talion ............................ 1.
Signal repair and photographic
companies (1 to each)............. 2.
Communications zone ...... 6.
Medical supply depot.................... 2.
Ammunition supply points 1 each.
Depots and depot companies:
Chemical depot.................. 1.
Ordnance depot..................------ :. 2.
Quartermaster depot........ 2.
Signal depot . . 1.
Hospitals (4 surgical, 10 evacua-
tion, 1 convalescent) .. 1 each.
Chemical maintenance company.... 1.
Railheads ................... 1 each.
Prisoner of war inclosures..... Variable.
Railroads, stations, yards, offices... 1 each.
Commercial telephone systems. 4.
Landing fields ......... Variable.
Miscellaneous (see note following) As required.
Veterinary company ...................... 1.
M edical laboratory............................ 1.
61
Note: Trunk channels or long local circuits also must be
provided for each engineer, quartermaster, or medical battalion
not included in a group, and for various small units of army
troops (such as chemical maintenance company, ordnance
medium maintenance and heavy maintenance companies, en-
gineer dump truck and shop companies, quartermaster car
company, etc.) from either the command post or the rear
echelon, depending on their accessibility to the wire system and
their locations and tactical employment in the army area.
Such additional units as are from time to time attached or
assigned to an army to enable it to perform its mission also
are served by the wire system whenever practicable,
f. TELEPHONE SWITCHING CENTRALS. The general

factors governing the types of switching equipment and
the location of switching centrals and associated equip-
ment used for corps installations (par. 32e) are also
applicable for an army wire system. Switching centrals
at the headquarters of army troops (other than units
of army signal service) are installed by their organic
communication troops, unless otherwise specifically di-
rected by the army signal officer. Manuals giving de-
tails of military telephone switching equipment are
listed in FM 216. -Authorized switchboards and
telephone central office sets are shown in tables of
equipment for the various units of army signal service.
77. Teletypewriter and Manual Telegraph Requirements

a. GENERAL. The fundamental considerations con-
cerning channels used and the employment of tele-
graph and teletypewriter equipment for a corps (par.
33) are also applicable for an army.
b. MANUAL TELEGRAPH SETS. In an army, manual
telegraph sets are reserved normally for use as an
auxiliary telegraph facility. However, if sets are avail-
able they become a primary means on circuits too long
62
for satisfactory teletypewriter operation, for communi-
cation with units having no teletypewriter equipment,
and.in the event of teletypewriter failure.
c. TELETYPEWRITERS. The teletypewriter is the basic
telegraphic facility for an army. All information re-
garding the use of teletypewriter equipment on a corps
wire system (par. 33c) applies also to the use of such
equipment for an army system. For the technical de-
tails and operating characteristics of military teletype-
writer equipment see pertinent manuals listed in FM
21-6. Teletypewriter equipment authorized for the
various units of army signal service is shown in tables
of equipment for such units.
d. TELETYPEWRITER STATIONS. Teletypewriters may
be installed at any or all of the following locations, and
at such other places as the tactical situation and com-
position of the army require.
TELETYPEWRITER STATIONS FOR AN ARMY
Message center Message center
G-1 section* Regulating stations
G-2 section Prisoners of war enclos-
G-3 section ures
G-4 section Railheads
Quartermaster section*
Miscellaneous depots
(signal, engineer, chem-
ical, general, etc.)*
Ordnance section*
Adjutant general's sec-
tion*
* Installation of these stations will depend primarily on vol-
ume of traffic.
e. TELETYPEWRITER TRUNK CHANNELS. The fol-
63
lowing table is to be considered only as a guide to the
number of trunk channels which may be required by
an army.
Teletypewriter
Unit to which connected trunk channels
trunk channels
From command post
Army group, THQ .......................... 3.
Corps ............................................... 2 or more to each.
Army reserve.................................... 1.
Rear echelon...., 2 or more.
.............................
Supporting air force units (pro-
vided by supporting unit). 2.
Adjacent armies ................................ 2 or more to each
flank.
Cavalry ........................................ 2.
Commercial system............................ 2.
Radio intelligence company..........:. 1.
From rear echelon
Army group, THQ......................... 3.
Communications zone ...................... 3.
Commercial system........................... 2.
f. TELETYPEWRITER SWITCHING CENTRAL. Equip-

ment is provided for switching teletypewriter stations
and trunk circuits. (FM 11-5 and pertinent Technical
Manuals listed in FM 21-6). Since each switchboard
normally has a total capacity of 10 lines (to teletype-
writers or trunks), three switchboards will be required
at the command post and two at the rear echelon to
accommodate the trunk channels and teletypewriter
stations just mentioned. A maximum of three switch-
boards may be paralleled to operate as a single switch-
ing central.
64
78. Facsimile
Facsimile communication may be utilized for com-
munication to rear echelon, corps and adjacent armies.
79. Carrier Systems

The basic factors influencing the use of carrier
systems on a corps wire system (par. 34) also apply for
the army. The use of carrier systems for both tele-
phone and teletypewriter channels is distinctly advan-
tageous if the required equipment is available. The
use of carrier channels on all large wire systems per-
mits significant savings in time and construction ma-
terials required to provide the necessary channels.
80. Circuit Diagram

A circuit diagram of an army wire system is similar
to that of a corps wire-system, an example of which
is shown in TM 11-462. Approved symbols for use
on the circuit diagrams are shown in FM 21-30, 24-20
and TM 11-462, and are to be used on such diagrams
to assure uniform interpretation.
65
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Activities, signal:
Army:
Communication ........................... 48, 65 37, 52
Intelligence ................................. 49, 64 38, 51
Photographic ................................ 50, 52 40, 41
Supply ........................................ 39, 47, 64 31, 36, 51
Training ........................................ 44,62 34, 50
Corps:
Intelligence .................................... 22 15
Photographic ...................... 21 14
Supply ........................................ 20 13
Activities, signal, corps................................ 15-36 10
Administrative and personnel subsec-
tion, army signal section........................ 45 35
Airplane messengers .................................... 24,68 16, 53
Antiaircraft artillery intelligence service 26 18
Army:
Organization .......................................... 37 30
Signal section, army headquarters.. 41,43-50 33, 34
Assignment units ........................................ 54 42
Attached organizations ............................ 4 2
Capabilities, signal radio intelligence
company .............................. .......... 56 45
Carrier systems:
Army ............................ : ........... 79 65
Corps .. ...................................... 34 28
Centrals, telephone. See Telephone.
Circuit diagrams of wire systems:
Army ...... .................................. 80 65
Corps ............................ : ........... 35 29
Command:
Of attached units, general................ 4 2
Signal battalion .................................... 11 8
Signal depot company ........................ 57 46
Signal light construction battalion.... 53 42
66
Pa.rarao h P.pe
Signal operation battalion ................ 52 41
Signal photographic company ........ 54 42
Signal pigeon company ............ 55 44
Signal radio intelligence company.... 56 45
Signal repair company ........................ 58 47
Command posts, location of:
Arm y ........................... ................. 63 51
Corps ...................... ......... 19 12
Corps troops ..................................... 19 12
Division ....................................... 19 12
General ................... ................ 19, 63 12, 51
Communication. See Signal communli-
cation.
Communication subsection, army signal
section ...........--............................. 48 37
Construction:
Battalion, signal light .................. 53 412
Center ........................................ 30, 74 21, 56
Company, signal light 13
.................... 8
Corps:
Employment ........................................ 6 3
Organization .............................. 5 3
Duties ......... ....... ........ 8 5
Radio nets ..................... 26 18
Reinforced corps ................. ... 6 3
Signal section, corps headquarters,
organization .................................. 7 5
Tactical function ................ 16 10
Troops ......................... ........ 11 8
Wire system ............................. 32 22
Cryptanalysis .......... .......... . 49 38
Direction-finding stations, signal radio
intelligence company ............................. 56 45
Duties:
Administrative and personnel sub-
section, army signal section ........ 45 35
Communication subsection, army
signal section .................................... 48 37
Headquarters subsection, army sig-
nal section ........................................ 44 34
67
P.ra.rap. Page
Signal battalion ............................ 12 8
Signal light construction battalion.. 53 42
Signal depot company .........- ............. 57 46
Signal intelligence subsection, army
signal section .................................... 49 38
Signal pigeon company .................... 55 44
Signal radio intelligence company.. 56 45
Signal repair company ...-.................. 58 47
Signal section, corps headquarters.. 8 5
Supply subsection, army signal sec-
tion ............................................. 47 36
Training subsection, army signal
section ........................................ 46 35
Employment, corps .................................... 6 3
Equipment and supplies, general ........ 3 2
Evacuation ........................................ 40 31
Facsimile ..: .................................... 78 65
Headquarters and Headquarters com-
pany:
Signal battalion .................................... 13 8
Signal light construction battalion.. 53 42
Headquarters platoon:
Signal depot company ...................... 57 46
Signal pigeon company ................. 55 44
Signal radio intelligence company.. 56 45
Signal repair company ...................... 58 47
Headquarters subsection, army signal
section ........................................ 44 34
Identification units .................................. 54 42
Intercept platoon, signal radio intelli-
gence company ........................................ 56 45
Laboratory unit, signal photographic
company ....................................... 54 42
Local messenger ........................................ 24, 68 16, 53
68
Paraoraph Page
Local telephone installations:
Army ........................................ 76 56
Corps ........................................ 32 22
Location:
Command posts. See Command posts.
Construction center ............................ 30 21
Means, signal communication:
Army:
Messengers ......... ............ 68 53
Pigeons ..................................... 69 53
Radio ...................................... 70 54
Sound ...................................... 71 55
Visual ........................................ 72 55
Wire ...................................... 73 56
Corps:
Messengers ............... . ........ 24 16
Pigeons .......................... .............
: 25 17
Radio .................................... 26 18
Sound .......... ........................ 27 20
Visual -............. ......... 28 20
W ire .......................... ................... 29 21
Message centers:
Army ....................... ....... 66 52
Corps ............................... ......... 23 16
Mlessengers, communication by use of:
Army .......................-......- .... .. 68 53
Corps ................... ..................... 24 16
Nets. See Radio nets.
Operations, signal section, corps head-
quarters .... .................................... 10 6
Organization ....................................... 2 1
Army ................................. ....... 37 30
Army signal service .......................... 46 35
-------
Corps ..............................------------------------- ---......
--.. 5 3
Signal battalion ................................ 13 8
Signal light construction battalion. 53 42
Signal depot company ........................ 57 46,
Signal operation battalion ...-....... .... 52 41
69
Paragraph Page
Signal pigeon company ...................... 55 44
Signal radio intelligence company. 56 45
Signal repair company ................... 58
3... 47
Signal section, army headquarters.. 43 34
Signal section, corps headquarters.. 7 5
Signal service, army .......................... 38 30
Photographic activities ......................... 21,64 14, 51
Pigeons, communication by use of:
Army ........- ............. . 69 . .........
69--........ 33
Corps ................................................... 25 17
Plans and .rders:
Army ..................................................... 61 50
Corps ...................................................... 17 11I
Power supply, signal equipment ............ 36 29
Priority of installation, local telephones
Army ..................................... 76 56
Corps ...................................................... 32 22
Procedure, standing operating. - e
Standing operating procedure.
Radio, communication by use of:
Army ........................ ................ 70 54
Corps ............................................... 26 18
Radio nets:
Army ...................................................... 26, 70 18, 54
Corps .................................................... 26 18
Special mission .................................... 26 18
Radio stations, speciail services .............. 70 54
Reinforced corps ........................................ 6 3
Scheduled messengers ................................ 24,68 16, 53
Signal activities. See Activities.
Signal battalion:
Duties ................................................. 12 8
Organization ..................................... 13 8
Signal centers ............................................ 67 53
Signal depot company ...............................:47.57 36, 40
Signal intelligence company .................... 49, 56 38, 45
Signal light construction battalion ........ 48, 53 37, 42
Signal intelligence ................... 22,49.
2.................
56 15, 38, 45
Signal operation battalion ........................ 52 41
70
'ar.aatlh I'*ae
Signal operation company ..................... 52 41
Signal operation instructions, prepara-
tion:
Army .................. ...................... 46, 48,62 35, 37, 50
Corps ........................... 8 5
Signal photographic company ......... 50, 54 40, 42
Signal pigeon company .......................... 48, 5 37, 44
Signal radio intelligence company ..... 49,56 38, 45
Signal repair company .................:.............. 47, 58 36, 47
Signal section:
Army ........................................ 41,43 33, 34-
Corps .. ............................ 7 5
Headquarters, reinforced corps 9.... 6
Signal security .................................... 22, 49 15, 38
Signal supply:
Army ........................................ 39 31
Corps .......... .................. 20 13
Sound, communication by use of:
Army ......................-........ 71 55
Corps ...... ........................ 28 20
Special messengers ..................................... 24,68 16, 53
Special services radio stations ....... 70 54
Standing operating procedure:
Army .-- ........................... 46,48, 62 35, 37, 50
Corps .......... ................. ........ 8 5
Signal battalion ............................... 18 11
Storage and issue section, signal depot
company ........................................ 57 46
Supplies .............. ............... 3 2
Supply subsection, army signal section 47 36
Tables-
Of allowances ...... 3 22...................
Of basic allowances .................. 3' 2
Of clothing andl individual equip-
ment .................... ...... 3 2
Of equipment ........ -.... ... 3 2
Of organization ............................. 3 2
Tactical function:
Army .. ...... ........ 60 49
Corps ..........----- ----------------- 16 10
71
Paragraph P.a
Telegraph printer. Sece Teletypewtvritcr.
Telegraph requirements:
Army ..................................... 77 6
Corps ..... .................... ...... 33 2
Telephone:
Army .................................. 76 5
Corps - ............ ................. 32 22
Teletypewriter:
Army .............................. 77 6.
Corps ........................................ 33 2(
Traffic, wire. See Wire traffic.
Training subsection, army signal section 46 35
Transportation:
General ....................................... 3
Signal section, army headquarters. 42 33
Signal section, corps headqularters. 10 6
Visual, communication by use of.
Army ................. ...... ...... 72 55
Corps ..............................L ..... 27 20
Wire, communication by use of:
Army ........................................ 73 56
Corps ..................... ........ 2 21
Wire system:
Army ----------- ................ 76T7),79,0 56, 65
Corps ............................ 32, 34, 35 22, 28, 29
Wire traffic:
Army ......... ............. 75 56
Corps ........................................ 31 21
U. S.
S. Governen Printing Office: 1945-625171
72

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MHI

WAR DEPARTMENT JANUARY 1945

DE I' ARTMl ENT

Fur Sale by tle Supcriltelndenlt of Dcu ets, \Vashillgton 25, D. C.

United rStatrs Governrlt Ib'illting Ofice

FM 11-22. Signal Operations ill thile Corps and

AAF(2); AGF(40); ASF(2); T'of Opns(10);

II. CORPS ORGANIZATION AND

III. SIGNAL SECTION, CORPS HEAD-

QUARTERS ...... ...... 7-10 5

IV. SIGNAL BATTALION ..................... 11-14 a

V. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE

VI. ARMY ............ .................... 37-40 30

VII. SIGNAL SECTION, ARMY HEAD-

VIII. SIGNAL CORPS ORGANIZATIONS

IX. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY 59-80 49

4. Command of Attached Organizations

SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CORPS

18. Scope of Standing Operating Procedure

19. Location of Command Posts

20. Signal Supply

23. Message Centers

30. Construction Center

LOCAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS FOR A CORPS

* May require local telephone service at both echelons.

Unit to which connected Trunk or long

From command post

(2) Appropriate personnel of the signal corps units

33. Teletypewriter and Manual Telegraph

34. Carrier Systems

38. Signal Activities

39. Signal Supply (FM 100-10)

aw Lr conoag ImAlo 4an

Figure 1. Functional hbrea-down o the signal section,

44. Headquarters Subsection

45. Administrative and Personnel Subsection-

46. Training Subsection

47. Supply Subsection

48. Communication Subsection

50. Signal Photographic Subsection

52. Signal Operation Battalion

53. Signal Light Construction Battalion

54. Signal Photographic Company

55. Signal Pigeon Company

56. Signal Radio Intelligence Company

57. Signal Depot Company

58. Signal Repair Company

SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY

60. Tactical Function

61. Plans and Orders

62. Standing Operating Procedure

63. Location of Command Posts

65. Means of Signal Communication

66. Message Centers

67. Signal Centers

74. Construction Centers

75. Wire Traffic

76. Wire System