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CHAPTER 4
IDENTITIES
An Identity is a statement which is true for all values of the unknowns.
The symbol is used to denote an algebraic identity.

The important identities are as follows:-

1. (a+b)2 a2+2ab+b2

2. (ab)2 a22ab+b2

3. (a+b)(ab) a2b2

4. (x+a)(x+b) x2+(a+b)x+ab

5. (x+a)(x+b)(x+c) x3+(a+b+c)x2+(ab+bc+ca)x+abc

6. (a+b+c)2 a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca

7. (a+b)3 a3+b3+3ab(a+b)

8. (ab)3a3b33ab(ab)

9. (a3+b3) (a+b)(a2ab+b2)

10. (a3b3) (ab)(a2+ab+b2)

11. (a+b)2+(ab)22(a2+b2)

12. (a+b)2(ab)2 4ab

13. a3+b3+c33abc(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2abbcca)

14. (a+b)2=(ab)2+4ab

15. (ab)2=(a+b)24ab

Example1

Expansion of identities of the form (a+b)2 and (ab)2

a) (x+6)2
Solution:- (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
Substituting a=x, b=6
(x+6)2 =x2+2(x) (6) +62
(x+6)2=x2+12x+36
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b) (4x+5y)2
Solution:- (a+b)2= a2+2ab+b2
Substituting a= 4x, b=5y
(4x+5y)2=(4x)2+2(4x)(5y)+(5y)2
(4x+5y)2=16x2+40xy+25y2

c)(x6)2
Solution:- (ab)2 = a22ab+b2
Substituting a=x, b=6
(x6)2=x22(x)(6)+62
(x6)2=x212x+36

d) (5a4b)2
Solution:- (ab)2 = a22ab+b2
Substituting a=5a, b=4b
(5a4b)2=(5a)22(5a)(4b)+(4b)2
(5a4b)2=25a240ab+16b2

Example 2
Factorise using the Identity a2b2 = (a+b)(ab)
a)x29
Solution:- a2b2 =(a+b)(ab)
x29 =x232=(x+3)(x3)

b) 4x225y2
Solution:- a2b2 =(a+b)(ab)
4x225y2 = (2x)2(5y)2=(2x+5y)(2x5y)


c) 



Solution:- a2b2 =(a+b)(ab)

 



=     
  =   +   




d) 3x227y2
Solution:- a2b2 =(a+b)(ab)
3[x29y2]
3[x2(3y)2]=3[(x+3y)(x3y)]
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Example 3
Find the product of the following using the identity (x+a)(x+b)= x2+(a+b)x+ab
a)(y+3)(y+5)
(x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab
Here x=y, a=3, b=5
(y+3)(y+5)=y2+(3+5)x+(3)(5) [Substituting]
=y2+8x+15

b)(x7)(x5)
(x+a)(x+b)= x2+(a+b)x+ab
Here x=x, a=7, b=5
(x7)(x5)=x2+(75)x+(7)(5) [Substituting]
=x212x+35

Example 4
Find the product of the following using the identity
(x+a)(x+b)(x+c)= x3+(a+b+c)x2+(ab+bc+ca)x+abc

a)(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)
Solution:- (x+a)(x+b)(x+c)= x3+(a+b+c)x2+(ab+bc+ca)x+abc
Here x=x, a=1, b=2, c=3
= x3+(1+2+3)x2+(1.2+2.3+3.1)x+(1)(2)(3) [Substituting]
=x3+6x2+(2+6+3)x+6
=x3+6x2+11x+6

b)(3m2)(3m+1)(3m4)
Solution:- (x+a)(x+b)(x+c)= x3+(a+b+c)x2+(ab+bc+ca)x+abc
Here x=3m, a=2, b=1, c=4
(3m2)(3m+1)(3m4) [Substituting]
=(3m)3+(2+14)(3m)2+{(2) (1) +(1)(4)+(4)(2)} 3m+(2)(1)(4)
=27m3+(5)9m2+(24+8)3m+8
=27m345m2+6m+8

Example 5
Expand the following using the Identity (a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
a) (a+2b+3c)2
(a+b+c)2=a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
Here a=a, b=2b, c=3c
(a+2b+3c)2=a2+(2b)2+(3c)2+2(a)(2b)+2(2b)(3c)+2(3c)a [Substituting]
=a2+4b2+9c2+4ab+12bc+6ca

b) (2x5y+9)2
(a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
Here a=2x, b=5y, c=9
(2x5y+9)2=(2x)2+(5y)2+(9)2+2(2x)(5y)+2(5y)(9)+2(9)(2x) [Substituting]
` =4x2+25y2+8120xy90y+36x
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Example 6
Find the cube of the following using suitable Identities.
a)(a+3b)
(a+3b)3
Solution:- (a+b)3= a3+b3+3ab(a+b)
Here a=a, b=3b
(a+3b)3=a3+(3b)3+3a(3b)(a+3b) [Substituting]
=a3+27b3+9ab(a+3b)
=a3+27b3+9a2b+27ab2
b)(2x5y)
(2x5y)3
Solution:- (ab)3=a3b33ab(ab)
Here a=2x, b=5y
(2x5y)3=(2x)3(5y)33(2x)(5y)(2x5y) [Substituting]
=8x3125y330xy (2x5y)
=8x3125y360x2y+150xy2

Example 7
Factorise using the suitable identities

a)x3+27
Solution: (a3+b3) =(a+b)(a2ab+b2)
Here a=x, b=3
x3+(3)3= (x+3)[x2(x)(3)+32] [Substituting]
x3+27=(x+3)(x23x+9)

b)p3+8q3
Solution: (a3+b3) =(a+b)(a2ab+b2)
Here a=p, b=2q
P3+(2q)3=(p+2q)(p2p(2q)+(2q)2) [Substituting]
P3+8q3=(p+2q)(p22pq+4q2)

c)a3125b3
Solution: (a3b3) =(ab)(a2+ab+b2)
Here a=a, b=5b
a3(5b)3=(a5b)[a2+(a)(5b)+(5b)2] [Substituting]
a3125b3=(a5b)(a2+5ab+25b2)

d)x38y3
Solution: (a3b3) =(ab)(a2+ab+b2)
Here a=x, b=2y
x3(2y)3=(x2y)[x2+(x)(2y)+(2y)2] [Substituting]
x38y3=(x2y)(x2+2xy+4y2)
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EXERCISE 4.1

I. Using suitable Identities expand the following :

1) (2x+y)2 2) (3a+2b)2 3) (2x+3y)2 4) (x2+2)2


5) (2 +x)2 6) (5a4b)2 7) (x )2

8) (2x2)2

9) (3a2)2 10) (8y5z)2

II.Find the product using suitable identity:

1) (x+2)(x+3)(x+4) 2)(p+1)(p+5)(p+3) 3) (a2)(a+3)(a4)

4)(m1)(m2)(m3) 5)(x2)(x5)(x+4) 6)(3m2)(3m+1)(3m4)

7)(4x+1)(4x+3)(4x5) 8)(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)

III. Factorise using the Identity a2b2=(a+b)(ab)

1)x29 2)4x225y2 3)x2y21 4)3x227y2

5)400p2169q2 6)(a+b)2c2 7)9a216x4 8)(3x+1)29

IV.Factorise the following using suitable Identities :

    
1) x3+27 2)  + 3)8x3+125y3 4)  +
 


5)x3 + 
6)x38 7)8a3b3 8)x3343y3

 
9)p6125q3 10) 


V.Expand the following using suitable Identity:

1) (2ab+3c)2 2) (x2+y2+z2)2 3) (2x3y+4z)2 4) (3x+2y+4x)2

5) (x2y5z)2

VI.Expand the following using suitable Identities:

1) (x+3)3 2) (4+a)3 3) (x+3y)3 4) (2x+5y)3 5) (6a+5b)3 6) (7y+4z)3


7) (x4)3 8) (2y)3 9) (3xy)3 10) (4x5y)3 11) (a7b)3 12) (x  )
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CONDITIONAL INDENTITIES
The identities which are true for all values of the variables involved, subject to the
condition mentioned are called Conditional Identities
Examples:-
1)If a+b+c=0 then a3+b3+c3=3abc
2)If a+b+c=2S then a2+b2c2+2ab=4s(sc)

Example 1
If a+b+c=0 then show that a3+b3+c3=3abc
Solution: - Given a+b+c=0
a+b=c
Cubing on both sides
(a+b)3 =(c)3
a3+b3+3ab(a+b)=c3
a3+b3+3ab(c)=c3 [ a+b=c]
a3+b33abc=c3
a3+b3+c3=3abc

Example 2
If a+b+c=2S then show that s(sa) +s(sb) +s(sc) = s2
Solution: - LHS. s(sa)+s(sb)+s(sc)
=s2sa+s2sb+s2sc
=3s2sasbsc
=3s2s(a+b+c)
=3s2s(2s) [a+b+c=2s]
=3s22s2
=s2 = R.H.S

Example 3
If a + b + c = 2s, prove that a2 + b2 c2 + 2ab = 4s (sc)
Solution:- L.H.S. = a2 + b2 c2+ 2ab.
=a2 + b2 + 2ab c2 by grouping
2
=(a+b) c 2

=(a+b+c)(a+bc) by factorisation
=(a+b+c)(a+b+c2c)
=2s(2s2c)=2s. 2(sc) =4s (sc) =R.H.S.

Exercise 4.2
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I. If a+b+c=0 then prove the following Identities.

1) a (a2bc)+b(b2ca)+c(c2ab)=0

!" #" $"

2) + + =3
#$ $! !#

3) (b+c)(bc)+a(a+2b)=0

4) a(b2+c2)+b(c2+a2)+c(a2+b2)=3abc

5) (ab+bc+ca)2 = a2b2 +b2c2 +c2a2

6) (a2bc )= (ab+bc+ca)

%&' '&( (& %

7) + + = 3
( % '

% ' ( '&( (&% %&'

8) )'&( + (&% + %&'* ) %
+ '
+ (
* =9

%" &'" &("    

9) %" &'"&(" + + )! + # + $ * = 0

10) (a+b)(b+c)(c+a) +abc =0

11) (b+c)(bc)+a(a+2b) =0

12) (a+b+c)(b+ca)(c+ab) = 8abc

13) (a4 + b4+c4) = 2 (a2b2+b2c2+c2a2)

14)a2 +b2 +c2 = 2 (ab +bc +ca)

II. If a+2b+3c=0 then prove that a3+8b3+27c3=18abc

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III. If a+b+c=2s then prove the following:-

1) s2+(sa)2+(sb)2+(sc)2=a2+b2+c2

2) b2+c2a2+2bc=s(sa)

3) a2b2c2+2bc=4(sb)(sc)

!" &#" $ " &!# (-()

4) =
!" #" &$ " &!$ (-')

%" '" &'((" /-'0/-(0

5) '" &'(&("%" =
-/-%0

6)(sa)3+(sb)3+3(sa) (sb) c = c3

!" &#" $ " &!# -

7) =
!" #" $ " &#$ /-'0

8) (sa)2+(sb)(sc)+sa = a2+bc

ANSWERS
Exercise 4.1

I. 1)4x2+4xy+y2 2)9a2+12ab+4b2

3)4x2+12xy+9y2 4) x4+4x2+4

5)2+21 +x2 6)25a240ab+16b2

2
7)x22+ 8)44x2+x4
1

9)9a212a+4 10)64y280yz+25z2

II. 1)x3+9x2+26x+24 2)p3+9p2+23p+15

3)a33a210a+24 4)m36m2+11m6

5)x33x218x+40 6)27m345m2+6m+8

7)64x316x268x15 8)x3+6x2+11x+6

III. 1)(x+3)(x3) 2)(2x+5y)(2x5y)

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3)(xy+4)(xy4) 4)3(x+3y)(x3y)

5)(20p+13q)(20p13q) 6)(a+b+c)(a+bc)

7)(3a2+4x2)(3a24x2) 8)(3x+4)(3x2)

1 4
5 14 4
IV. 1) (x+3)(x23x+9) 2)  3 +   6
2
+ 


   78 8
3) (2x+5y) (4x210xy+25y2) 4)  +   + 

 9 2

2 2
5) (x+5 ) (x21+5 ) 6) (x2) (x2+2x+4)

7) (2ab)(4a2+2ab+b2) 8) (x7)(x3+7xy+49y2)

5 4 1 14 4
9) (p25q)(p4+5p2q+25q2) 10)  3 
+
+ 6


V. 1) 4a2+b2+ac24ab6bc+12ac 2) x4+y4+z4+2x2y2+2y2z2+2z2x2

3) 4x2+9y2+16z212xy24yz+16xz 4) 9x2+4y2+16z2+12xy+16yz+24xz

5) x2+4y2+25z24xy+20yz10xz

VI. 1) x3+27+9x2+27x 2) 64+a3+48a+12a2

3) x3+27y3+9x2y+27xy2 4) 8x3+125y3+60x2y+150xy2

5) 216a3+125b3+540a2b+450ab2 6) 343y3+64z3+588y2z+336yz2

7) x36412x2+48x 8) 8y312y+6y2

9) 27x3y327x2y+9xy2 10) 64x3125y3240x2y+300xy2

2 2
11) a3343b321a2b+147ab2 12) x3 3 1 1
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