CHAPTER 7

Solved Problems
P.7.7 On investigation it was found that variable cost in XYZ Ltd is 80 per cent of the selling price. If the fixed
expenses are Rs 10,000, calculate the break-even sales of the company.
Another firm, IMN Company Ltd, having the same amount of fixed expenses, has its break-even point at
a lower figure than that of XYZ Ltd. Comment on the causes.
Solution
BEP (amount) = Rs 10,000/ P/V ratio (100 per cent-Variable cost to volume ratio = 0.80)
= Rs 10,000/0.20 = Rs 50,000 (XYZ Ltd)
The lower break-even point of IMN Ltd vis--vis XYZ Ltd is due to its lower variable expenses to volume
ratio, which in turn may be either due to its lower VC per unit or higher SP per unit, eventually yielding higher
contribution margin and, hence, higher P/V ratio and lower BEP.
P.7.8 Calculate from the following data (i) the value of output at which the business breaks even; and (ii) the
percentage of capacity at which it breaks even:
Particulars Budget based on Shut down
100 per cent capacity expenditure
Direct wages Rs 2,09,964
Direct materials 2,44,552
Works expenses 88,292 Rs 93,528
Selling and distribution expenses 21,000 40,188
Administrative expenses 9,492 20,508
Net sales 8,40,000

Solution Determination of P/V ratio

(i) Net sales Rs 8,40,000
Less: Variable costs:
Direct wages Rs 2,09,964
Direct materials 2,44,552
Works expenses 88,292
Selling and distribution expenses 21,000
Administrative expenses 9,492 5,73,300
Contribution (C) 2,66,700
P/V ratio (C Sales) (per cent) 31.75

BEP (amount) = Fixed costs (shut down expenditure)/P/V ratio = Rs 1,54,224/0.3175 = Rs 4,85,744.88
(ii) Break-even sales/Sales at 100 per cent capacity = Rs 4,85,744.88/Rs 8,40,000 = 57.83 per cent
P.7.9 Calculate the break-even sales from the following data for a company producing three products:
Product Sales Variable costs
A Rs 10,000 Rs 6,000
B 5,000 2,500
C 5,000 2,000
20,000 10,500

Total fixed costs amount to Rs 5,700.

Solution Determination of weighted P/V ratio
Product Sales Variable costs Contribution
A Rs 10,000 Rs 6,000 4,000
B 5,000 2,500 2,500
C 5,000 2,000 3,000
20,000 10,500 9,500

Weighted P/V ratio = (Total contribution/Total sales) 100 = (Rs 9,500/ Rs 20,000) 100 = 47.5 per cent
BEP = FC/Weighted P/V ratio = Rs 5,700/0.475 = Rs 12,000
P.7.10 Market Well Ltd manufactures filing cabinets. For the current year, the company expects to sell 4,000
cabinets involving a loss of Rs 2,00,000. Only 40 per cent of the plants normal capacity is being utilised
during the current year. The fixed costs for the year are Rs 10,00,000 and fully variable costs are 60 per
cent of sales value.
You are required to
1. Calculate the break-even point;
2. Calculate the profit if the company operates at 70 per cent of its normal capacity;
3. Calculate the sales required to achieve a profit of Rs 60,00,000;
4. Calculate the revised break-even point if the existing selling prices are decreased by 10 per cent, the
total fixed and variable expenses remaining the same.
Solution
1. BEP (amount) = FC/ PV ratio = Rs 10,00,000/0.40 = Rs 25,00,000
2. Determination of the existing sales volume and sales price per cabinet
Sales revenue X
Less: Variable cost (0.60) 0.6 X
Contribution (X 0.6X)
Less: Fixed costs Rs 10,00,000
Loss (given) 2,00,000
0.4 X Rs 10,00,000 = ( Rs 2,00,000)
0.4 X = Rs 8,00,000
X = 20,00,000 (sales revenue)
Sales price per cabinet = Rs 20,00,000/4,000 cabinets = Rs 500
Number of cabinets sold at 70 per cent capacity = 7,000 = (4,000 70/40)

Projected income statement at 70 per cent capacity

Sales revenue (7,000 Rs 500) Rs 35,00,000
Less: Variable cost (0.60) 21,00,000
Contribution 14,00,000
Less: Fixed costs 10,00,000
Profit 4,00,000

Alternatively, (Expected sales revenue-Break-even sales revenue) P/V ratio or (Margin of safety)
P/V ratio = (Rs 35,00,000 Rs 25,00,000) 0.40 = Rs 4,00,000
3. Desired sales volume to earn a profit of Rs 60,00,000 = (FC + Rs 60,00,000)/0.40 = (Rs 10,00,000 +
Rs 60,00,000)/0.40 = Rs 1,75,00,000
4. Break-even point (revised) at reduced selling price by 10 per cent
Sales price Rs 450
Less: Variable cost (0.60 Rs 500) 300
CM 150
P/V ratio (Rs 150/Rs 450) (%) 33.33
BEP Rs (10,00,000/0.3333) 30,00,000

P.7.11 Hansa Ltd manufacturing a single product is facing severe competition in selling it at Rs 50 per unit.
The company is operating at 60 per cent level of activity at which level sales are Rs 12,00,000; variable
costs are Rs 30 per unit; semi-variable costs may be considerd fixed at Rs 90,000 when output is nil and the
variable element is Rs 250 for each additional 1 per cent level of activity; fixed costs are Rs 1,50,000 at the
present level of activity, but if a level of activity of 80 per cent or above is reached, these costs are expected
to increase by Rs 50,000.
To cope with the competition, the management of the company is considering a proposal to reduce the
selling price by 5 per cent. You are required to prepare a statement showing the operating profit at levels of
activity of 60 per cent, 70 per cent and 82 per cent, assuming that:
1. The selling price remains at Rs 50; and
2. The selling price is reduced by 5 per cent.
Show also the number of units, which will be required to be sold to maintain the present profits if the
company decides to reduce the selling price of the product 5 by per cent.
Solution
Statement showing operating profit (flexible budgets)
 Particulars Percentage of capacity
60 70 82
Old selling New selling Old selling New selling Old selling New selling
price price price price price price
Units 24,000 24,000 28,000 28,000 32,800 32,800
Sales price Rs 50 Rs 47.50 Rs 50 Rs 47.50 Rs 50 Rs 47.50
Sales revenue 12,00,000 11,40,000 14,00,000 13,30,000 16,40,000 15,58,000
Less: Costs:
Variable costs 7,20,000 7,20,000 8,40,000 8,40,000 9,84,000 9,84,000
Semi-variable costs 1,05,000 1,05,000 1,07,500 1,07,500 1,10,500 1,10,500
Fixed costs 1,50,000 1,50,000 1,50,000 1,50,000 2,00,000 2,00,000
Total costs 9,75,000 9,75,000 10,97,500 10,97,500 12,94,500 12,94,500
Operating profit 2,25,000 1,65,000 3,02,500 2,32,500 3,45,500 2,63,500

Sales volume required to maintain present level of profit: (Fixed costs + Profit)/CM per unit = (Rs 1,50,000 +
90,000 + 2,25,000)/Rs 16.875 = 27,556 units
Working note
Selling price Rs 47.50
Less: Variable cost Rs 30.00
Semi variable cost (variable element) 0.625 30.625
CM per unit 16.875
P.7.12 After a study of cost-volume relationships, the Kaling Tubes Company Ltd concluded that its costs for
any given volume of sales could be expressed as Rs 1,00,000 for fixed costs plus variable costs equal to 60
per cent of sales. The companys range of volume was from zero to Rs 8,00,000 of sales.
Prepare a graph, which will illustrate this cost-volume relationship. Also draw a proper sales line to the
graph to form a break-even chart. Determine the break-even point.
A competitor operating a plant of the same size as Kaling also has fixed cost of approximately Rs
1,00,000 per year, but his break-even point is Rs 3,00,000 of sales. What may be the probable causes of the
difference between the break- even points of the Kaling Company Ltd and its competitor?
Solution Since selling price per unit is not given, it is necessary to draw the cost-volume graph on the
same scale so that a 45 line can be the proxy of the sales line.
Determination of two points for drawing the total cost line:
Sales revenue FC VC TC
Rs 1,00,000 Rs 1,00,000 Rs 60,000 Rs 1,60,000
8,00,000 1,00,000 4,80,000 5,80,000

The point of intersection of the TC line and sales line is BEP (Rs 2,50,000).
Verification: FC/P/V ratio = Rs 1,00,000/0.40 = Rs 2,50,000
Possible causes for the differences in BEP:
1. The competitors are having a higher variable cost to volume ratio than the Kaling Tubes Ltd. It is 66.67
per cent for the competitors, assuming the selling price per unit for both the firms is same.
BEP = FC/ P/V ratio = Rs 3,00,000 = Rs 1,00,000 P/V ratio
P/V ratio = Rs 1,00,000/ Rs 3,00,000 = 33.33 per cent
2. The competitors are having lower sales price per unit. Their prices per units are 6.67 per cent lower
than those of the Kaling Tubes Ltd as shown below:
BEP = Rs 1,00,000/(0.9333-0.60) = Rs 1,00,000/0.3333 = Rs 3,00,000
3. Partly due to higher variable cost to volume ratio or partly due to lower selling price, the sum of the
difference is 6.67 per cent.
P.7.13 During the current year, AB Ltd showed a profit of Rs 1,80,000 on a sale of Rs 30,00,000. The
variable expenses were Rs 21,00,000.
You are required to work out:
1. The break-even sales at present
2. The break-even sale if variable cost increase by 5 per cent
3. The break-even sale to maintain the profit as at present, if the selling price is reduced by 5 per cent.
Solution
Rs 30,00,000, Sales = Rs 21,00,000, VC + FC + Rs 1,80,000, profit or FC = Rs 7,20,000
 1. BEP = Rs 7,20,000/ PV ratio = Rs 7,20,000/0.30 = Rs 24,00,000
P/V ratio = Rs 9,00,000/30,00,000 = 0.30
2. BEP ( revised) = Rs 7,20,000/0.265 = Rs 27,16,981
P/V ratio = Rs 7,95,000/ Rs 30,00,000 = 0.265
Rs 7,95,000 Contribution = (Rs 30,00,000 Rs 22,05,000, VC)
3. Revised P/V ratio with reduction in price
Sales revenue Rs 28,50,000
Variable costs 21,00,000
Contribution 7,50,000

P/V ratio (Rs 7,50,000 Rs 28,50,000) = 26.316 per cent

Desired sales volume = Rs 9,00,000 (FC + DP)/0.26316 = Rs 34,19,973
P.7.14 There are two similar plants under the same management. The management desires to merge these
two plants. The following particulars are available:
Factory I Factory II
Capacity (%) 100 60
Sales (Rs lakh) 300 120
Variable costs 220 90
Fixed costs 40 20

You are required to calculate: (a) What the break- even capacity of the merged plant would be, and (b)
What the profitability on working at 75 per cent of the merged capacity would be?
Solution
(a) Break-even capacity
Factory I Factory II Combined
(at 100% capacity) (at 100% capacity) (at 100% capacity)
Sales (Rs lakh) 300 200 500
Less: Variable costs 220 150 370
Contribution 80 50 130

Break-even (amount) = Fixed costs/Combined P/V ratio = Rs 60 lakhs/0.26 = Rs 230.769 lakh

0.26 = (Rs 130 lakh/Rs 500 lakh) 100
Break-even point (per cent capacity) = (Break-even sales/Total capacity) 100
= (Rs 230.8 lakh/ Rs 500 lakh) 100 = 46.15 per cent. The break-even capacity of the merged plant would
be approximately 46.15 per cent.
(b) Income statement at 75 per cent merged capacity
Sales (Rs lakh) 375.00
Less: Variable costs (0.74 V/V ratio) 277.50
Contribution 97.50
Less: Fixed costs 60.00
Net profit 37.50

Alternatively, (Actual sales BE sales) P/V ratio = (Rs 375 lakh Rs 230.769 lakh) 0.26 = Rs 37.50 lakh
P.7.15 The question as to which products to stress in order to obtain the most profitable sales-mix has
always been of prime importance to businessmen. The amount of profit contribution, or the difference
between the selling price and the variable costs, tells how much each product is contributing to fixed costs
and profit in the present sales-mix. This information assists management in forming an opinion as to which
products will add to profits if sales of these units can be increased.
Direct cost data can be utilised in this type of analysis when management seeks an answer to the
question: Which product shall we push?
Data Product A Product B
Selling price Rs 12.60 Rs 5.50
Variable cost 9.62 4.18
Fixed costs 2.07 0.65
Units per hour 45 0.70

1. What is the amount of net profit for each product?

2. What is the percentage of profit to selling price for each product?
 3. What is the amount of profit contribution towards fixed cost and the profit for each product?
4. What is the profit contribution ratio?
5. What is the profit contribution per hour for each product?
6. If one allocates: (a) 200 hours to Product A and 100 hours to Product B or (b) 100 hours to Product A
and 200 hours to Product B, which of the two courses is more profitable?
Solution
1. Net profit for products A and B
Particulars A B
Selling price Rs 12.60 Rs 5.50
Less: Costs:
Variable 9.62 4.18
Fixed 2.07 0.65
Net profit 0.91 0.67

2. Percentage of profit to selling price = (Net profit 100) Selling price 7.22 12.18
3. Profit contribution (Selling price-Variable costs) 2.98 1.32
4. P/V ratio (%) 23.65 24
5. (Profit contribution per unit Units produced per hour)
Product A : Rs 2.98 45 134.10
B : Rs 1.32 70 92.40
6. Statement of Profit
Particulars Alternative (a) Alternative (b)
Product A (Profit contribution per hour Rs 134.10 Rs 134.10
Hours) 200 100
(a) 26,820 (a) 13,410
Product B (Profit contribution per hour 92.40 92.40
Hours) 100 200
(b) 9,240 (b) 18,480
Total profit [(a) + (b)] 36,060 31,890

Alternative (a) of allocating 200 hours to Product A and 100 hours to Product B is the more profitable
course as it yields higher profits.
P.7.16 A.T. Ltd operating at 80 per cent level of activity furnishes the following information:
Particulars Products
A B C
Selling price/units Rs 10 Rs 12 Rs 20
Profit as percentage on selling price 25 33.33 20
Units produced and sold 10,000 15,000 5,000
Fixed costs 40,000 45,000 25,000

During the year, the variable costs are expected to increase by 10 per cent. There will, however, be no
change in fixed costs, the selling prices and the units to be produced and sold. The sales potential for each
of the products is unlimited.
(i) You are required to prepare a statement showing the P/V ratio, break-even point and margin of safety
for each product and for the company as a whole.
(ii) The company intends to increase the production of only one of the three products to reach the full
capacity level by utilising the spare capacity available. Assuming that all the three products take the
same machine time, advise with reasons, which of the three products should be produced so that the
overall profitability is the maximum.
Solution
(i) Statement showing BEP, margin of safety and P/V ratio of A.T. Ltd for Year 1 and 2
Particulars Year 1 Year 2
A B C All combined A B C All combined
Units produced and sold 10,000 15,000 5,000 30,000 10,000 15,000 5,000 30,000
Selling price per unit Rs 10 Rs 12 Rs 20 Rs 12.666 Rs 10 Rs 12 Rs 20 Rs 12.666
Sales revenue 1,00,000 1,80,000 1,00,000 3,80,000 1,00,000 1,80,000 1,00,000 3,80,000
 Less: Variable costs
(see working notes) 35,000 75,000 55,000 1,65,000 38,500 82,500 60,500 1,81,500
Contribution 65,000 1,05,000 45,000 2,15,000 61,500 97,500 39,500 1,98,500
Less: Fixed costs 40,000 45,000 25,000 1,10,000 40,000 45,000 25,000 1,10,000
Operating profit 25,000 60,000 20,000 1,05,000 21,500 52,500 14,500 88,500
P/V ratio (%) 65 58.33 45 56.58 61.5 54.17 39.5 52.24
BEP 1,94,419 2,10,580
Margin of safety 1,85,581 1,69,420

Working Notes
A Rs 1,00,000 = 40,000 FC + Rs 25,000 profit (0.25 Rs 1,00,000) + VC, that is, Rs 35,000.
B Rs 1,80,000 = 45,000 FC + Rs 60,000 profit (0.3333 Rs 1,80,000) + VC, that is, Rs 75,000.
C Rs 1,00,000 = 25,000 FC + Rs 20,000 profit (0.20 Rs 1,00,000) + VC, that is, Rs 55,000.
(ii) Product C should be produced to utilise the SP are capacity of 20 per cent as its marginal contribution
per unit is maximum as shown below:
Particulars A B C
Sales price Rs 10 Rs 12 Rs 20
Less: Variable cost per unit 3.5 5.0 11
CM 6.5 7.0 9.0

Review Questions
7.16 1. From the following information, calculate the break-even point and turnover required to earn a
profit of Rs 30,000:
Fixed overheads Rs 21,000
Variable costs (per unit) 2
Selling price 5

If the company is earning a profit of Rs 30,000, express the margin of safety available to it.
2. At a break-even point of 1,000 units sold, variable costs were Rs 15,000 and fixed costs were
Rs 10,000. What will the 1,001st unit sold contribute to profit before income-tax?
3. ABC Ltd plans to sell 5,000 units of product @ Rs 3 per unit. Management expects to break-
even at this level of sales. If the P/V ratio is 40 per cent, what are the fixed costs and variable
costs?
7.17 From the following data draw a simple break-even chart:
Selling price per unit Rs 10
Trade discount (%) 5
Direct material cost per unit 3
Direct labour cost per unit 2
Fixed overheads 10,000
Variable overheads on as percentage direct labour cost 100

If sales are 10 per cent and 15 per cent above the break-even volume, determine the net profits.
7.18 1. From the following data of a manufacturing unit, find out (a) the sales to break-even and (b) the
sales to earn a profit of Rs 8,000;
Sales (8,000 units @ Rs 10) Rs 80,000
Variable expenses 64,000
Contribution 16,000
Fixed expenses 24,000
Loss (8,000)

2. The following information is available for companies A Ltd and B Ltd

Particulars A Ltd B Ltd
Units produced and sold 40,000 40,000
Revenues Rs 80,000 Rs 80,000
Variable costs Rs 20,000 Rs 60,000
Fixed costs 50,000 70,000 10,000 70,000
 Net operating income 10,000 10,000

(a) What is the break-even point for each company?

(b) How would you explain the difference that you observe between these companies break-even
points?
7.19 The Taylor Company Ltd produces two products, A and B. Expected data for the first year of
operations are:
Particulars A B
Expected sales (units) 8,000 12,000
Selling price Rs 45 Rs 55
Variable costs 30 35

Total fixed cost are expected to be Rs 3,60,000 for the year. You are required to answer the following:
1. If sales, prices and costs are as expected, what will be the operating income and the break-even
volume in sales revenue.
2. Assume that prices and costs were as expected but Taylor Ltd sold 12,000 units of A and 8,000
units of B. Recalculate the operating income and the break-even volume in sales revenue.
7.20 The sales of Forma Ltd in the first half of the year amounted to Rs 2,70,000 and profit earned was
Rs 7,200. The sales in the second half year registered an increase and amounted to Rs 3,42,000. The
profit earned was Rs 20,700 in that half year. Assuming no change in fixed cost, calculate: (i) P/V
ratio; (ii) The amount of sales required to earn a profit of Rs 36,000.
7.21 SV Ltd multi-product company furnishes you the following data relating to the current year:
Particulars First half of the year Second half of the year
Sales Rs 45,000 Rs 50,000
Total cost 40,000 43,000

Assuming that there is no change in prices and variable costs and that the fixed expenses are
incurred equally in the two half-year periods, calculate for the year:
(1) The P/V ratio, (2) Fixed expenses, (3) Break-even sales, (4) Percentage of margin of safety.
7.22 The revenue account of Goodwill Ltd has been summarised as shown below:
Sales Rs 60,00,000
Direct materials Rs 18,00,000
Direct wages 12,00,000
Variable overheads 4,80,000
Fixed overheads 17,20,000 52,00,000
Profit 8,00,000

The licensed capacity of the company is Rs 80,00,000 but the key factor is sales demand.
It is proposed by the management that in order to utilise the existing capacity, the selling price of the
product should be reduced by 5 per cent.
You are required to prepare a forecast showing the effect of the proposed reduction in selling price
after taking into account the following changes in cost:
Sales forecasts are Rs 76,00,000 (at reduced prices). Direct wage rates and variable overheads are
expected to increase by 5 per cent. Direct material prices are expected to increase by 2 per cent.
Fixed overheads will increase by Rs 80,000.
7.23 A company is producing an identical product in two factories. The following are the details in respect of
both the factories:
Particulars Factory X Factory Y
Selling price per unit Rs 50 Rs 50
Variable cost per unit 40 35
Fixed cost 2,00,000 3,00,000
Depreciation included in above 40,000 30,000
Sales (units) 30,000 20,000
Production capacity (units) 40,000 30,000

You are required to determine:

1. The break-even point (BEP) for each factory, individually.
2. Which factory is more profitable?
3. The cash BEP for each factory individually.
 4. The BEP for company as whole, assuming the present product-mix.
5. The effect on profits and the BEP if the product-mix is changed to 2:3 and total demand remains
constant.
7.24 The following particulars relate to a manufacturing company:
Turnover at present (40,000 units) Rs 4,00,000
Variable cost (40,000 units) Rs 2,40,000
Fixed cost 80,000 3,20,000
Net profit 80,000

Due to severe competition, the company proposes to reduce the selling price. In the ensuring year,
variable cost per unit (cost of material and labour) is expected to go up by 20 per cent and the fixed
cost will rise by 10 per cent. If the present level of profit is to be maintained, you are required to
calculate the number of units to be sold if the proposed reduction in selling price is (i) 5 per cent, (ii) 10
per cent, and (iii) 15 per cent.

Answers
7.16 (a) BEP 7,000 units; Desired sales volume 17,000 units to earn profits of Rs 30,000; Margin of safety
Rs 50,000.
(b) Rs 10.
(c) Rs 9,000 variable costs, Rs 6,000 fixed costs.
7.17 Rs 38,000; BEP, net profit, Rs 1,000 if sales are above 10 per cent and Rs 1,500 when sales are 15
per cent above BEP.
7.18 (a) BEP, Rs 1,20,000
(b) Rs 1,60,000
7.19 (i) BEP Rs 10,20,000, income zero.
(ii) Rs 10,37,647, loss Rs 20,000.
7.20 (I) 18.75 per cent;
(ii) Loss Rs 2,925 (if sales are in 6 month), loss; Rs 46,350 (if sales are in 12 months);
(iii) Rs 6,55,200.
7.21 (i) 40 per cent;
(ii) Rs 26,000;
(iii) Rs 65,000;
(iv) 31.6 per cent;
7.22 Profit Rs 10,00,000.
7.23 (a) Rs 10,00,000 (factory X), Rs 10,00,000 (factory Y);
(b) Rs 10,00,000 (factory X), zero (factory Y);
(c) Rs 8,00,000 (factory X), Rs 9,00,000 (factory Y);
(d) Rs 20,83,333 (e) Rs 19,23,077.
7.24 (i) 76,522 unit (5 per cent),
(ii) 97,778 (10 per cent),
(iii) 1,35,385 (15 per cent).