Italian Verbs
Italian Verbs
Italian Verbs
6599
Italian
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT
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Grammar
Supplement
Page 1
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In the passage La fidanzata di Valentino the author talks about his childhood and especially
his brother Valentino. Many of the main verbs are in a tense called the imperfect
imperfect, which
you can easily spot as the endings all contain the letter v. Here are some examples taken
from this passage:
Abitavo con mio padre, mia madre e mio fratello in un piccolo appartamento....
I used to live with my father, my mother and my brother in a small flat....
The imperfect tense can be used in a number of different ways. Before we look at these
lets find out how the tense is made up.
Regular Verbs:
The majority of verbs follow one of the above regular patterns in the imperfect tense.
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Irregular verbs:
Meaning:
The imperfect tense is a past tense. It should not however be confused with the
perfect tense.
The perfect tense is used to express a single, completed action in the past, e.g.
Sabato sera sono andato al cinema. On Saturday night I went to the cinema.
Ieri ho visto la tua mamma in citt. Yesterday I saw your mum in town.
The imperfect tense is also used for description in the past, e.g.
Giovanni era di statura media; aveva i capelli corti e neri e portava una giacca grigia.
Giovanni was of medium height; he had short, black hair and was wearing a grey jacket.
Before you do the following exercises re-read La fidanzata di Valentino and try to work
out why the author has used the imperfect.
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Ex.1:
Ex.2:
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Ex. 1:
1. parlava 2. rispondevano 3. finivano 4. ero 5. usciva, entravo 6. andavi
7. facevate, eravate 8. bevevamo 9. partiva 10. ero, avevo 11. si chiamava
12. volevi 13. poneva 14. scendevate 15. mangiavamo 16. piaceva
17. mi sentivo 18. lavavano 19. giocava 20. spendevo 21. chiudeva 22. dicevi
23. sapevate 24. avevamo 25. potevo, lavoravo 26. voleva, faceva 27. era,
piaceva 28. facevo, avevo 29. dicevano, uscivano 30. ascoltava, giocavano
31. salivano, desideravano 32. potevi, faceva 33. chiedeva, rifiutavano
34. salivi 35. parlavamo, ascoltavate
Ex. 2:
1. volevo, ha deciso 2. stavano, era, andato 3. usciva, camminava
4. veniva, ha dato 5. Piaceva, era 6. potevi, volevo, sei uscito 7. voleva,
avete chiamato 8. dovevamo, preferivamo 9. lavoravano, hanno sentito
10. si sono divertiti, sono tornati 11. potevo, voleva 12. aveva, doveva, era
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UN MATRIMONIO SINGOLARE:
Here are some sentences. Translate them into English and show your teacher.
To talk about what you were about to do in the past, you use the imperfect of stare with
per
per. For example:
Put these sentences into English and show them to your teacher.
Il sole splendeva. Era una giornata meravigliosa. Stavo per uscire quando ho visto il mio
amico dalla finestra. Lho chiamato e mi ha aspettato. Stavamo per prendere lautobus
quando abbiamo deciso di andare a scuola a piedi.
Now try to put some sentences into Italian. Show your teacher.
1. He is about to leave.
2. I was about to get on the train.
3. Is she about to go out?
4. She was about to phone him.
5. We were about to buy the house when we saw the next door neighbour!
6. They were about to buy tickets when they saw the price.
See if you can find any examples of stare per in the passage.
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The sun was shining. It was a splendid day. I was about to go out when I saw my
friend from the window. I called over to him and he waited for me. We were about
to catch the bus when we decided to walk to school.
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a. It is a literary tense and is used for the most part in short stories and novels to
describe single actions in the past which are started and completed
completed. Where have
you heard this before? Answer: when you learnt the perfect tense.
b. Dont use this tense in conversation, although you will hear it being spoken in Tuscany.
c. As far as the Higher is concerned, the Past Definite is a recognition tense, i.e. you
are only required to understand what it means when you see it and not to write or
speak it. To do this, however, you will have to be familiar with the different forms of
the tense and especially the irregular forms.
d. Your teacher will give you further information about this tense if you need it.
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How is the Past Definite formed? Here are the rules for regular verbs:
portai
ai credei
ei finiiii
etti
credetti
portasti
asti credesti
esti finisti
isti
port
cred
fin
ette
credette
portammo
ammo credemmo
emmo finimmo
immo
portaste
aste credeste
este finiste
iste
portarono
arono crederono
erono finirono
irono
ettero
credettero
Now lets look at some irregular verbs. With the exceptions of DARE, ESSERE and STARE
(see below) verbs with irregular Past Definites all follow a pattern. Only the first person
singular, third person singular and third person plural come from the irregular Past Definite:
the other persons are taken from the infinitive of the verb itself, e.g.:
CORSI corremmo
corresti correste
CORSE CORSERO
This can be tricky to understand so check it out with your teacher. The following are the
most common irregular Past Definites (the first person singular of each is given after the
infinitive):
Verbs marked with an asterisk (*) in the above list are highly irregular and are conjugated
as follows (note that DARE has some alternative forms):
DARE (to give) ESSERE (to be) STARE (to stay/ be)
diede fu stette
dette
BERE (to drink) DIRE (to say) FARE (to do, to make)
bevvi dissi feci
bevesti dicesti facesti
bevve disse fece
bevemmo dicemmo facemmo
beveste diceste faceste
bevvero dissero fecero
Now for some practice. Read this fairy tale which is written in the Past Definite. To help
you the Past Definite verbs are in bold type.
UNA FAVOLA
Cera una volta una povera donna che and nel bosco a prendere legna per il fuoco.
Mentre tornava a casa, trov
trov, dietro una siepe, un gatto ammalato che gemeva e che
piangeva. La donna aveva buon cuore, e, piena di compassione, port il gatto a casa.
Che cosa hai nel grembiule? un gatto! Possiamo giocare con il gatto?
La donna non sapeva che cosa pensare: e quella sera lasci i ferri da calza sul tavolo e
and a dormire. La mattina dopo trov sul tavolo un bel paio di calze gi pronte. Molto
meravigliata la donna, la sera seguente, lasci di nuovo i ferri sul tavolo ed il giorno dopo
trov un altro paio di calze.
Allora cap che quei ferri magici erano il premio della compassione per il gatto. Con
laiuto di essi vest tutta la famiglia e poi cominci a vendere le calze e divent molto
ricca.
Now do these exercises and show them to your teacher for correction:
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Ex.1:
Ex.2:
In the following sentences, change the singular to the plural and vice-versa (you may also
have to do the same to some nouns and adjectives!):
Ex. 3:
Insert the correct form of the Past Definite:
Ex.4:
Substitute the correct tense of the verb (choose between the Perfect, Imperfect or Past
Definite):
Definite
FARE
Quella sera (FARE VOLERE
FARE) molto freddo, e Giovanni (VOLERE
VOLERE) passare la sera a casa. Per, alle
ARRIVARE
sette e mezzo (ARRIVARE DESIDERARE
ARRIVARE) Antonio che (DESIDERARE
DESIDERARE) andare al cinema. A quale cinema
DOMANDARE
vuoi andare? (DOMANDARE ESSERE
DOMANDARE) Giovanni. (ESSERE
ESSERE) al Rex mercoled sera con la fidanzata,
VEDERE
e (VEDERE
VEDERE) il film che danno allOdeon. Perch non vuoi stare qui a guardare la televisione?
AVERE
Ma lamico (AVERE
AVERE) gi un appuntamento per andare al cinema. Mentre (SPIEGARE SPIEGARE
SPIEGARE)
ENTRARE
questo a Giovanni, la mamma (ENTRARE COMINCIARE
ENTRARE) in cucina e (COMINCIARE
COMINCIARE) a preparare il caff.
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Ex.1:
Once upon a time there was a poor woman who went into the forest to gather
some firewood. While she was going back home, she found, behind a hedge, a sick
cat which was moaning and crying. The woman had a tender heart, and, full of pity,
brought the cat home.
What do you have in your apron? Its a cat! Can we play with the cat?
But the woman wanted to protect the sick animal and didnt leave it with the children.
When she arrived home, she prepared a bed for the cat on a pile of shabby clothes and
brought it some milk. The cat finished the milk and slept until the following morning.
Then it disappeared, and never again returned to the house. Some time after these events,
the woman went once again into the forest with the intention of gathering some firewood
and, while she was returning home, she found in the same place not the cat but a
beautiful and very elegant girl, who called her by her name. The beautiful girl threw five
knitting needles into the womans apron and then vanished.
The woman did not know what to think, and that evening she left the knitting needles
on the table and went to bed. The next morning she found on the table a lovely pair of
stockings ready to be worn. Amazed by this, the woman left the knitting needles once
again on the table the following evening and the next day found another pair of stockings.
She then realised that the magic needles were a reward for the pity she had shown
towards the cat. With their help she clothed her entire family , then began to sell the
stockings and became very rich.
Ex.2:
1. Portaste i gatti a casa. 2. Andai a dormire. 3. Entrarono in quei negozi. 4. Dove trov la
calza? 5. Le donne diventarono molto ricche. 6. Le ragazze lasciarono le valigie. 7. Mentre
tornavamo a casa, trovammo dei gatti. 8. Accompagnammo le amiche di Giovanni al
cinema. 9. Portaste le valigie alla stazione. 10. I gatti finirono il latte. 11. I ragazzi non
venderono / vendettero le loro biciclette. 12. Non potemmo arrivare al teatro in tempo.
Ex.3:
1. arrivai 2. cred / credette, raccont 3. sentirono 4. cominciammo 5. capiste
6. dormisti 7. port 8. domandarono 9. lasciasti 10. andai
Ex.4:
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faceva, voleva, arriv, desiderava, domand, ero, ho / abbiamo visto, aveva, spiegava,
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lultimo autobus
Il fine settimana ... un po diverso
Sabato sempre un po caotico
La domenica molto tranquilla
la mia migliore amica
abito vicino a un lago... pieno di turisti
ottima cuoca
mia madre unottima
musica di vario genere
However you have to be careful as Italian adjectives have to agree in number and
gender with the nouns they describe. Look at the following table and note how the
last letter of the adjective can sometimes change:
Type A Type B
One other thing: there are a few adjectives which end in other letters apart from
o and e, e.g. blu, gratis. These adjectives do not need to agree.
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non vero
non ascolta pi, non risponde pi
luomo non ricorre pi nemmeno
What do they all have in common? Answer: they all contain negative expressions.
You probably know the simplest negative expression already; it is non. Look at these
sentences:
Non is easy to use; you just place it before the verb to make a sentence negative. There
are other negative expressions, however, which are usually in two parts; the first part is
non and goes in front of the verb with the second part going after the verb. Look at these
examples:
b. affatto, ancora, mai, neanche, nemmeno, neppure and pi can either follow the
past participle or go between the auxiliary verb and the past participle, e.g.
Non sono andato ancora in Italia OR Non sono ancora andato in Italia.
Non sono andato mai in Italia OR Non sono mai andato in Italia.
Non sono andato pi in Italia OR Non sono pi andato in Italia.
c. You can sometimes use the second part of negatives on their own, e.g.
Chi ha bussato alla porta? Nessuno. Who knocked at the door? No-one.
Cosa ti ha comprato? Niente. What did he buy you? Nothing.
Quando vieni a casa mia? Mai. When are you coming to my house?
Never.
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Now for some practice.
Ex.2:
Here are the same sentences with all the verbs now in the perfect tense
tense. Rewrite them
using the negative expression in brackets:
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Ex. 1:
1. Marta non fa mai i compiti ditaliano.
2. I ragazzi non comprano nulla.
3. Non metto che tremila lire nel portafoglio.
4. Non vediamo n Rita n Sandra.
5. Non ascolti pi il programma.
6. Non mangio affatto.
7. Non incontrano nessuno alla stazione.
8. Non beve neppure un bicchiere di vino.
Ex. 2:
1. Marta non ha mai fatto i compiti ditaliano OR Marta non ha fatto mai i compiti
ditaliano.
2. I ragazzi non hanno comprato nulla.
3. Non ho messo che tremila lire nel portafoglio.
4. Non abbiamo visto n Rita n Sandra.
5. Non hai pi ascoltato il programma OR Non hai ascoltato pi il programma.
6. Non ho mangiato affatto.
7. Non hanno incontrato nessuno alla stazione.
8. Non ha bevuto neppure un bicchiere di vino.
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LA GIORNATA DI EDOARDO:
Read the passage La giornata di Edoardo. As you know, this passage describes Edoardos
daily routine and that of his family. To do this, a special type of verb called a reflexive verb
is often used. Here is a list of phrases from the passage which use reflexive verbs. Read
over them and write next to each one what you think it means in English:
From the English translations you will see that reflexive verbs usually (but not always) use
the words myself, yourself, himself, etc. These are a vital part of every reflexive verb and
are called reflexive pronouns
pronouns. In Italian these are:
mi ti si ci vi si
You will have noticed that when reflexive verbs are in their infinitive form the reflexive
pronoun si is tagged onto the end of the infinitive. This makes no difference to how the
verb is formed, e.g. to make up the present tense of sposarsi just think of it as a normal -
are verb (i.e. remove the -are and add your endings) but remember to add the reflexive
pronouns, as follows:
The thing to remember here is that all reflexive verbs are conjugated with essere in the
perfect tense, and so you sometimes have to make the past participle agree. Talk this
over with your teacher if you dont understand it!
One final thing; watch out for verbs in the above list which are asterisked.
This means that they have either an irregular present tense and/or past participle
so check them out in your verb tables before you use them.
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Now for some practice. Get your teacher to correct these exercises once you
Ex.1:
Put the reflexive verb in brackets into the correct part of the present tense:
Ex.2:
Now do Ex.1 again, but his time put the reflexive verb in brackets into the correct part of
the perfect tense, not forgetting to make the past participle agree if necessary.
Ex.3:
Using some of the verbs in the above list, write out a short account in the present tense of
your daily routine. Start your account with the words Ogni mattina...
Ex.4:
Now rewrite your daily routine in the perfect tense starting with the words Ieri mattina...
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LA GIORNATA DI EDOARDO:
Ex.1:
1. mi alzo 2. si sveglia 3. si truccano 4. si pettina 5. si sposano 6. ci laviamo 7. mi corico
8. vi vestite 9. ti fidanzi 10. si fa, si rade
Ex.2:
1. mi sono alzato/a 2. si svegliata 3. si sono truccate 4. si pettinata 5. si sono sposati
6. ci siamo lavati/e 7. mi sono coricato/a 8. vi siete vestit/i/e 9. ti sei fidanzato
10. si fatto, si raso
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To understand this construction you have to think about the difference between these
two sentences:
The first sentence uses the present tense,and can be translated in two ways:
The second sentence uses the present tense of the verb stare (sto, stai, sta, stiamo, state,
stanno) and the gerund of the verb mangiare (well explain what a gerund is in a moment).
Italians use this construction if they want to emphasise that someone is busy or in the
middle of doing something, so we could translate the second sentence as follows:
You can also use stare in the imperfect tense (stavo, stavi, stava, stavamo, stavate, stavano).
Here is the same sentence rewritten with the imperfect of stare:
Robert was busy eating an apple OR Robert was in the middle of eating an apple.
Remember that when you use stare + gerund you can only use stare in
either the present or imperfect tenses.
Now more about gerunds. You can spot these in English as they end in -ing, e.g.
eating, singing, travelling, etc. In Italian they either end in -ando or -endo. This
is how you make them up:
-are verbs: take infinitive, remove -are and add -ando, e.g. parlare, parlando
-ere verbs: take infinitive, remove -ere and add -endo, e.g. vendere, vendendo
-ire verbs: take infinitive, remove -ire and add -endo, e.g. finire, finendo
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The only common exceptions you have to watch are as follows:
Now for some practice. Show these exercises to your teacher once you complete them.
Ex.1:
Form gerunds from these infinitives:
Ex.2:
Replace the underlined verb with the present tense of stare + gerund:
Ex. 3
Fill in the blank with the imperfect tense of stare plus the gerund of the infinitive in brackets:
1. leggere
Quando sono arrivato mio fratello _____ una rivista. (leggere
leggere)
2. uscire
Io e Giulia _____ dal negozio quando ci siamo accorsi di non aver pagato. (uscire
uscire)
3. fare
Ho visto Gino due minuti fa, _____ i piatti in cucina. (fare
fare)
4. lavorare
Io _____ quando suonato lallarme. (lavorare
lavorare)
5. urlare
Ti ho sentito ieri; _____ a tuo cugino. (urlare
urlare)
6. dire
Non vi ho capito; cosa _____ ? (dire
dire)
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7. suonare
I due ragazzi _____ invece di ascoltare il professore. (suonare
suonare)
8. perdere
Lei _____ la partita perch non era in forma. (perdere
perdere)
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Ex. 1:
aprendo, desiderando, smettendo, decidendo, amando, pulendo, copiando, rendendo,
guarendo, chiacchierando, dicendo, bevendo.
Ex. 2:
1. sta arrivando 2. stai mettendo 3. sta finendo 4. Stiamo raccontando 5. state scrivendo
6. Stanno facendo 7. Sto bevendo 8. Stai pulendo 9. sta dicendo 10. Stiamo cantando
Ex. 3:
1. stava leggendo 2. stavamo uscendo 3. stava facendo 4. stavo lavorando 5. stavi urlando
6. stavate dicendo 7. stavano suonando 8. stava perdendo
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To start off re-read the passage LUniversit italiana di Perugia, make a list of all the
phrases you see which use volere and potere, and then translate each one. When you are
finished show your work to your teacher.
Here are some of the phrases you may have noted down:
When you use this tense of volere the meaning is quite emphatic: I want, you want,
he/she wants etc.
e.g. Io voglio comprare quella macchina ma mia moglie non vuole chio la compri.
I want to buy that car but my wife doesnt want me to buy it.
The meaning is now less emphatic: I would like, you would like, he/she would like,
etc. The conditional of volere is therefore used a lot in polite requests and also to
indicate someones wishes (i.e. the things they would like to do), e. g.
Noi vorremmo una casa al mare. We would like a house at the seaside.
Noi vorremmo comprare una We would like to buy a house
casa al mare. at the seaside.
The meaning here is quite simple: I am able to (I can), you are able to (you can), he/
she is able to (he/she can), etc. Look at these examples:
Watch the meaning of the conditional of potere; as well as meaning I would be able
to, etc. it can also mean I could, etc. Look at these examples:
(c) perfect tense: ho potuto, hai potuto, ha potuto, abbiamo potuto, avete potuto,
hanno potuto
As you would expect, this means I have been able to (I was able to), etc. Unlike
volere (which can be followed by either a noun or an infinitive) potere can only be
followed by an infinitive, and does not need a or di as a link. Look again at all the
examples of potere given above to check this out.
There is only one thing to watch when you use the perfect tense of potere; if the
infinitive which follows is an essere verb then you must also use essere as the auxiliary
of potere, making any necessary agreements. This sounds complicated, but should
become clear if you read over the following example:
Maria was able to open the door, but couldnt go into the house.
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In the first half of the sentence potere is used with avere because it is followed by aprire
If you dont understand this talk it over with your teacher. Now for some practice. Read
the following passage carefully a couple of times (see your teacher about any vocabulary
you dont know), then fill in the blanks with the correct parts of volere and potere given
below (you can use each part once only):
- Senti, Carlo, lo sai bene che sono tanti anni che ______ andare in America ma non
______ andarci per il fatto del lavoro; non ______ organizzare qualcosa? So tu mi ______
bene allora ______ dimenticare i tuoi pregiudizi e andare subito in agenzia.
- No, Teresa, io non ______ mai andare in America. ______ andare in qualche altro
posto, forse in Spagna o in Grecia. Ma c una soluzione facile; tu ______ andare da
sola in America, o forse i ragazzi ti ______ accompagnare.... s, sarebbe meglio cos,
______ divertirvi senza di me.
Show this work to your teacher once you have finished it.
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volevo, voleva, pu, ho voluto, sono potuta, potremmo, vuoi, potresti, possiamo, voglio,
vorrei, potresti, vorranno, potrete
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In this sentence, were is subjunctive. It is used because the person speaking is not rich
therefore there is no certainty here - the person feels that this is what they would
probably do.
You will not need to know a great deal about the subjunctive at this stage, but there are
certain verbs which are very often used in this mood.
Essere: Avere:
sia siamo abbia abbiamo
sia siate abbia abbiate
sia siano abbia abbiano
You will most often see the third person singular and plural used. Look at these
sentences, translate them into English and show your teacher.
The past subjunctive of these two verbs is very often used alongside the conditional tense.
For example:
Se io avessi tanti soldi, comprerei dei vestiti firmati. If I had a lot of money, I
would buy designer
clothes.
Essere: Avere:
fossi fossimo avessi avessimo
fossi foste avessi aveste
fosse fossero avesse avessero
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Put these sentences into English and show your teacher.
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Look at these examples. You will see that bisogna is followed by the infinitive. Try to
translate them into English and show your teacher.
It can also be used in the imperfect tense when it means you/we had to or it was
necessary to. Try these examples:
Other impersonal verbs are used with indirect object pronouns. Here are some examples:
A CAVALLO:
You will notice that, in Italian, the pronoun comes before the verb .
mi - me ci - us
ti - you vi - you (pl)
lo/l - him/it (masc. sing.) li - them (masc. pl)
la/l - her/it (fem sing.) le - them (fem. pl)
Put these sentences into English and then show them to your teacher.
Now try some yourself. Fill in the missing pronouns, translate them into English
and show them to your teacher.
Try to translate these sentences into Italian and show your teacher.
Now lets have a look at indirect object pronouns. These are often, but not always,
translated as to in English. For example:
You will soon learn which verbs take the indirect object pronouns. Here are some of the
most common:
1. mi - (to) me
2. ti - (to) you
3. le - (to) her
4. gli - (to) him or (to) them
5. ci - (to) us
6. vi - (to) you
7. loro - (to) them
These pronouns come before the verb, apart from loro which comes after.
It is also possible to add these pronouns on to the infinitive, you simply remove the
final e first, e.g.
Now pick another reading passage and see if you can find any direct and indirect
pronouns. When you find them, write them down, translate them into English and
show your teacher.
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A CAVALLO:
You will see that there is a definite pattern. The perfect tense always has two parts.
What do we mean by the correct bit? This simply means the bit of avere which matches
up with the person or persons doing the action, e.g.
I ho we abbiamo
you hai you(pl) avete
he/she/it ha they hanno
So, lets say we wanted to write I bought or I have bought. We know the first part,
the auxiliary is going to be ho because thats the bit of avere which matches up with I.
Now for the second part. This is called the past participle
participle. We get this from the infinitive
of the verb we want to use. We want to say I bought so the infinitive we need is comprare
which means to buy.
To make this into a past participle we change the -are ending to -ato. So comprare becomes
comprato. Now we put both parts together and we get ho comprato which means I
bought or I have bought. Easy!
If you wanted to change this to say you bought all you need to do is change the ho for
the bit of avere which matches up with you. So, to say you bought you say hai comprato.
It is important that you make sure you understand this bit before we move on. Try this
mini-exercise and then ask your teacher to correct it:
1. I bought
2. Anna bought
3. We bought
4. They bought
5. Did you(pl) buy?
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So far so good. Now you may be wondering what you do with infinitives which dont end
so................
Now try these examples and ask your teacher to correct them:
1. Paolo finished
2. We sold
3. They finished
4. The boys bought
5. Have you (sing.) finished?
You may have noticed that we have said that most of the endings for the past
participle follow the pattern above. Unfortunately this means that some of them
do not. The ones which follow the pattern are called regular and the ones which
do not are called irregular.
Here is a short list of infinitives which have regular past participles. Try to change
them into past participles and then show them to your teacher. Make sure you
find out what the verbs mean, and find out why vedere has an asterix!
O.K. Now try to make up a few phrases using these verbs in the perfect tense.
(Dont forget you need 2 parts - the auxiliary and the past participle.)
What about irregular past participles? Well, you just have to learn them. Here is a short
list of some of the more common ones. Your teacher will help you to add to the list.
Now try to make up a few phrases in the perfect tense using these irregular past
participles. Show them to your teacher before you go on.
(Dont forget you need 2 parts - the auxiliary and the past participle.)
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Here are some sentences for you to practise with. Put the verb in brackets into the
comprare
comprare) = Io ho comprato la macchina.
e.g. Io ____ la macchina. (comprare
I bought the car.
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1. Ho comprato
2. Anna ha comprato
3. Abbiamo comprato
4. Hanno comprato
5. Avete comprato?
1. Paolo ha finito
2. Abbiamo venduto
3. Hanno finito
4. I ragazzi hanno comprato
5. Hai finito?
cambiato, cantato, parlato, sognato, pensato, potuto, veduto OR visto, spremuto, battuto,
voluto, servito, mentito, agito, cucito
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Once again you can see that we need two parts. This time the first part, the auxiliary is
the correct bit of essere. The correct bit simply means the bit of essere which matches
up with the person or persons doing the action , e.g.
1. I sono
2. you sei
3. he/she/it
4. we siamo
5. you(pl) siete
6. they sono
Before we go any further, we have to know which verbs take essere in the perfect tense.
Well, we just have to learn them! Its not as difficult as it sounds because mostly these are
verbs of movement. The rules for the formation of the past participle with verbs which
take essere are almost the same as for verbs taking avere - with one big difference - but
more of that later! Here is a list of the most commonly used verbs which take essere
along with their past participles. You will see that some of these are regular and some
irregular. Find out what these verbs mean.
So, if we wanted to say I went or I have gone all we need to do is...... choose the bit of
essere which goes with I which is sono and match it up with the past participle which is
andato. So, sono andato means I went.
This is correct but the person saying or writing this about himself would have to be male.
Why? Because past participles with essere have to be treated like adjectives. In other
words they have to agree with the person or persons doing the action. Stop here and
make sure you understand this bit. Ask your teacher if you are not sure.
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Lets practise. Try to put these sentences into English and then show them to your teacher.
Here are some more sentences for you to practise with. Put the verb in brackets into the
perfect tense. Be careful! Remember to make the past participles agree. When you have
done this translate the sentences into English. Show your teacher.
Now you know as much as you need to know about the perfect tense. In passages which
you read and in essays that you write you will find a mixture of verbs which take avere
and verbs which take essere. You will soon become familiar with them - practice makes
perfect!
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1. sono uscito/a
2. sei cresciuto/a
3. siamo partiti/e
4. loro sono nati/e
5. stata
6. arrivato
7. siete andati/e
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What do you notice about many of the verbs in the above paragraph? Answer: they have
the word would. Why? Because they all describe things people would do if some particular
event took place (in this case the National Lottery). This tense is called the conditional for
one simple reason; you can only do the thing described in a conditional tense verb if
something else happens to make it possible.
Here are some examples in Italian taken from the passage Cosa fare in futuro:
In the first phrase, the writer would like to continue studying, but is not sure if this will be
possible. In the second phrase, there is the distinct possibility of a job being available if
jobs happen to be advertised. In the third phrase, the writer would have great
responsibilities only if she happened to be very ambitious.
Vorrei un succo di frutta, per favore. I would like a fruit juice, please.
How do you make up the conditional tense in Italian? Basically, you have to know how to
use the future tense and especially how to make up a future stem. If you are unsure about
how to do this then re-read the grammar notes for Cosa farei come lavoro, paying special
attention to the list of irregular future stems. All you do to form the conditional in Italian
is to take the future stem of the verb you wish to use and add on these endings:
ei
e.g. comprare = comprer (future stem): comprerei sti
ei, compreresti ebbe
sti, comprerebbe
ebbe,
emmo
compreremmo este
emmo, comprereste ebbero
este, comprerebbero
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ei
mettere = metter (future stem): metterei esti
ei, metteresti ebbe
esti, metterebbe emmo
ebbe, metteremmo
emmo,
ei
partire = partir (future stem): partirei esti
ei, partiresti ebbe
esti, partirebbe emmo
ebbe, partiremmo
emmo,
este
partireste ebbero
este, partirebbero
ei
bere = berr (irregular future stem): berrei esti
ei, berresti ebbe
esti, berrebbe emmo
ebbe, berremmo
emmo,
berreste ebbero
este, berrebbero
este
Now for some practice. In this exercise fill in the blank with the correct part
of the conditional tense of the verb given in brackets and then show the
completed exercise to your teacher:
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As you can see, all these examples use the first person singular. The meaning should be
quite clear; the future tense is obviously used when we want to talk about things which
will happen some time from now. Now for some information on how the future tense is
made up:
Regular Verbs:
-ARE verbs, e.g. parlare: drop final e and change final a to an e = parler
-ERE verbs, e.g. vendere: drop final e = vender
-IRE verbs, e.g. capire: drop final e = capir
c. Completed verbs:
parler, parlerai, parler, parleremo, parlerete, parleranno
vender, venderai, vender, venderemo, venderete, venderanno
capir, capirai, capir, capiremo, capirete, capiranno
-ciare, e.g. cominciare; drop the i when making the stem = comincer
-giare, e.g. mangiare; drop the i when making the stem = manger
-care, e.g. cercare; add an h when making the stem = cercher
-gare, e.g. pagare; add an h when making the stem = pagher
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Now for some good and bad news: the good news is that every verb in Italian
Irregular futures:
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Now do this exercise and show the work to your teacher once you finish it. You have to
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In order to use this tense successfully, you will have to remind yourself about the perfect
tense. Both tenses have two parts. The auxiliary is either avere or essere and it is followed
by the past participle
participle.
However, in the pluperfect tense, the auxiliary has to be in the imperfect tense. You will
probably need to revise this too.
avevo ero
avevi eri
aveva era
avevamo eravamo
avevate eravate
avevano erano
Which one do you use? The rule here is the same as for the perfect tense. If a verb takes
avere in the perfect tense, then it takes avere in the pluperfect as well. If it takes essere in
the perfect tense, then it is the same for the pluperfect.
Here are some examples. Try to translate them into English and show your teacher.
You will see that past participles of verbs taking essere are once again treated like
adjectives:
You wont use the pluperfect very often but you must be able to recognise it and
its good to be able to use it in essays alongside the perfect and imperfect.
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1. I had prepared 2. he/she had said 3. we had spoken/talked 4. they had understood
5. I had gone 6. Anna had left 7. we had entered/gone in 8. they had grown (up)
1. avevo capito 2. aveva dimenticato 3. erano arrivati 4. erano partite 5. avevi preparato
6. aveva visto/veduto 7. avevamo deciso 8. eravate andati/e
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Stanford, San Francisco, Palm Springs, La California, ... degli Stati Uniti , ... della Sierra
Nevada, lo Stato dellOregon, ... col Messico, lEuropa, ... dallAsia, europeo, spagnole,
britanniche, americano.
Lets look a little more closely at these. Read over the following notes and make sure you
understand them.
TOWNS:
(a) The vast majority of towns and cities all over the world retain their original spelling
in Italian, e.g. Glasgow, Belfast, San Francisco, Melbourne, Cairo. There is, however,
a significant number which have Italianised spellings; the following list is not a
complete one but includes the most important:
You should be able to recognise most of these (see your teacher about any you
dont know). Watch Monaco; this can mean both the Principality of Monaco in the
South of France as well as Munich in Germany. To tell the two apart Italians
sometimes refer to Munich as Monaco di Baviera (Baviera means Bavaria, the region
in Germany where Munich is situated).
(b) The prepositions to, at and in are translated by a with the names of towns and
cities, e.g.
(b) The prepositions to and in are translated by in with the names of feminine countries,
regions and continents and by nel (or nell with vowels) with the names of masculine
countries, regions and continents. (Watch the United States: negli Stati Uniti.) Read
this example:
Nel corso della mia vita ho vissuto in Spagna, in Germania, nel Giappone, negli
Stati Uniti.
NATIONALITIES:
Nationalities act like normal adjectives, agreeing in number and gender (you may want
to revise this with your teacher). The only other thing you have to remember is that
nationalities begin with small letters. Read these examples:
Make sure that you dont get confused between nationalities and the names of the
inhabitants of a country. Look at this example:
Gli abitanti dellItalia sono gli Italiani; quelli della Francia sono i Francesi; e quelli del
Canada sono i Canadesi.
You will have noticed that when you refer to the inhabitant of a country you have to use
the correct part of the definite article and a capital letter. Otherwise the same words are
used to describe both nationalities and the inhabitants of a country.
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Now for some practice.
Svizzera, Francia, Cairo, Londra, Mosca, Portogallo, Copenhagen, Lione, Roma, Vienna,
Oslo, Edimburgo, Berlino, Stoccolma, Australia, Stati Uniti, Germania, Toronto.
Ex. 2:
Fill in the gaps in the following sentences:
Ex. 1:
1. Londra 2. Edimburgo 3. Roma 4. Berlino 5. Mosca 6. Stoccolma
7. Svizzera 8. Australia 9. Portogallo 10. Stati Uniti 11. Francia
12. Germania 13. Copenhagen 14. Toronto 15. Cairo 16. Oslo 17. Lione
18. Vienna
Ex. 2:
1. a, in 2. in, scozzese 3. della, Finlandesi 4. degli 5. La, italiana
6. tedesca 7. europei 8. della 9. in 10. americane
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