DPWH BSDS Bridge Seismic Design Specifications

THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH)
THE PROJECT FOR STUDY

ON
IMPROVEMENT OF BRIDGES
THROUGH
DISASTER MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR LARGE SCALE EARTHQUAKES
IN
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
FINAL REPORT
APPENDIX 1-A
PROPOSED DPWH BRIDGES SEISMIC
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
(DPWH-BSDS)
DECEMBER 2013
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD

CHODAI CO., LTD.
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
APPENDIX 1-A
PROPOSED DPWH BRIDGES SEISMIC

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
(DPWH-BSDS)
DPWH Guide Specifications
LRFD
Bridge Seismic
Design
Specifications
1st Edition, 2013
Department of Public Works and Highways

Republic of the Philippines
The DPWH Guide Specifications for Seismic Bridge Design is prepared under the
Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures for
Large Scale Earthquakes in the Republic of the Philippines
December2013
JapanInternationalCooperationAgency
Consultants:
FOREWORD
The Project Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures for Large-Scale
Earthquakes is undertaken in response to the request of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
to the Government of Japan to improve the durability and safety bridges under large-scale earthquake in the
Philippines. The Government of Japan thus decided to dispatch the Study Team, headed by Dr. Shingo
Gose of CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd., under the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
to collaborate with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and prepare the bridge
improvement plan that will be highly durable and safe against large-scale earthquakes.
Since the Philippines and Japan share a common geologic setting with volcanoes, inland faults and ocean
trenches, both countries are geographically prone to natural disasters, particularly large-scale earthquakes.
And with the recent large-scale earthquake events experienced by both the Philippines and Japan, causing
loss of lives and properties, it is important to safeguard the safety of important lifeline infrastructures such
as bridges that links both the economic and social life of the people. The challenge now lies in building
bridges more resilient to large-scale earthquakes.
One of the major tasks in this project is to improve the seismic design guidelines for bridges, which has
been outdated by the occurrence of large-scale earthquakes and the technological advancement in the field
of earthquake design and construction. Thus, the DPWH LRFD Bridge Seismic Design Specifications
(BSDS) is developed under the project, incorporating Japans experience in the design of bridges for
large-scale earthquakes. However, design guides and specifications evolve with experience and
technological advancement so that it is hoped that this BSDS will be the start of a more sustainable
development of seismic design specifications in the Philippines.
Further, we hope that the BSDS will serve as a useful guide for the DPWH and the engineering
professionals in the Philippines towards a safer and more durable design and construction of bridges.
Finally, we wish to express our sincere appreciation to the officials of the DPWH and the other agencies
and associations for their close cooperation and contribution to this Study.
KAZUNORI MIURA
Director General
Economic Infrastructure Department
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures i
for Large Scale Earthquakes in the Republic of the Philippines
GENERAL
PREFACE
The entire Philippine archipelago is prone to various natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods,
landslides and others, of such scale and magnitude that the devastating effects are seen in the past and
recent events bringing destruction to public and private infrastructures. Although mitigating these natural
calamities and disasters are equally important to the safety and reliability of our transport infrastructures,
the seismic performance of lifeline facilities such as bridges is considered a very important and urgent issue
in design and construction. The impacts of the recent 2012 Magnitude 6.9 earthquake in Negros Oriental
and the 2013 Magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Bohol to our roads and bridges justify the need to address and
mitigate the effects of large-scale earthquakes.
However, the current seismic design policy and practice of bridges in the Philippines is based on the
DPWH Department Order No. 75, which was issued on July 17, 1992, after recognizing the deficiencies in
seismic design practice as seen from the failures of bridges and road structures during the 1990 North
Luzon Earthquake with a Magnitude of 7.9. Since then, seismic design for bridges in the Philippines relies
heavily on the AASHTO Standard Specifications combining the two-zone PGA (peak ground acceleration)
map with the AASHTO response spectra. However, in view of the recent local and international earthquake
events and the issues of advancement in engineering technology, the DPWH recognized the need to update
its Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards to be at par with the modern technologies that will mitigate
earthquake forces demands based on the Philippine design conditions.
It is timely that the JICA Project on the Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating
Measures for Large-Scale Earthquakes is undertaken to enhance the performance of bridges under large-
scale earthquake in the Philippines, including its safety and reliability. Under this project, the development
of the DPWH LRFD Bridge Seismic Design Specifications to update the DPWH Guide Specifications is
done considering the possible sources of ground motion including faults and ocean trenches.
The DPWH Bridge Seismic Design Specifications include some provisions of the Japan Road Association
(JRA), incorporating Japans years of design and construction experience to mitigate large and destructive
earthquakes. Some of the major notable changes in these Specifications include the levels of bridge
seismic performance in relation to its function and operational class, the development of the localized
seismic spectral acceleration maps and the seismic design response spectra considering the effects of local
ground conditions and the inclusion of ground liquefaction and lateral spreading effects in design.
We hope that, with this Specifications, our lifeline structures bridges in particular, will be more resilient
to large-scale earthquakes considering structural reliability and public safety.
Lastly, the Department wishes to extend our sincerest appreciation to the Government of Japan and the
Japan International Cooperation Agency for all their support towards developing the DPWH LRFD Bridge
Seismic Design Specifications and their contributions to improving the technical skills of our engineers in
seismic design.
ROGELIO H. SINGSON
Secretary
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
Republic of the Philippines
ii The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
DPWH LRFD SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
PROJECT JOINT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Name Organization Position
1 Raul C. Asis Undersecretary, Chairperson

Technical Services, DPWH
2 Eugenio R. Pipo Assistant Secretary, Vice Chairperson
Technical Services, DPWH
3 Gilberto S. Reyes Director, Project Manager
Bureau of Design, DPWH
4 Walter R. Ocampo Director, Member
Bureau of Construction, DPWH
5 Melvin B. Navarro Director, Member
Planning Service, DPWH
6 Betty S. Sumait OIC, Director, Member
Bureau of Maintenance, DPWH
7 Judy F. Sese OIC, Director, Member
Bureau of Research and Standard,
DPWH
8 Reynaldo G. Tagudando Regional Director, Member
National Capital Region, DPWH
9 Renato U. Solidum Director, Member
Philippines Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology, PHIVOLCS
10 Miriam Tamayo President, Member
Vinci Nicolas R. Villaseor Association of Structural Engineers
(Past President) of the Philippines, ASEP
11 Takahiro SASAKI Resident Representative, Member
JICA Philippine Office
12 JICA Study Experts JICA Consultants Member
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures iii
GENERAL
TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

1 Adriano M. Doroy OIC, Assistant Director, Head
BOD, DPWH
2 Edwin C. Matanguihan OIC, Chief, Member
Bridges Division, BOD, DPWH
3 Aristarco M. Doroy Chief, Member
Project Assistance Division Area 1,
BOC, DPWH
4 Carolina S. Canuel Chief, Member
Development Planning Division, PS,
DPWH
5 Dominador P. Aquino Chief, Member
Planning and Programming Division,
BOM, DPWH
6 Reynaldo P. Faustino Chief, Member
Research and Development Division,
BRS, DPWH
7 Lydia F. Chua Chief, Member
Planning and Design Division, NCR,
DPWH
8 Guillerma Jayne Atienza Senior Geologist, Member
Survey and Investigation Division,
BOD, DPWH
iv The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

1 Adriano M. Doroy OIC, Assistant Director, Head
BOD, DPWH
2 Edwin C. Matanguihan OIC, Chief, Member
3 Rufino D. Valiente Senior Bridge Engineer, Member
4 Mariano S. Flores Senior Bridge Engineer, Member
5 Blessie Ramos Senior Bridge Engineer, Member
6. Dr. Jovito C. Santos Study Team Member Study Member

CTI Engineering International
7. Dr. William Tanzo Study Team Member Consultant

8. Dr. Shingo Gose Study Team Leader Study Member

The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures v
GENERAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... i
Preface ........................................................................................................................................ ii
Joint Coordinating Committee ..................................................................................................... iii
Technical Working Group Members ............................................................................................ iv
Guide Specifications Working Group Members ........................................................................... v
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi
GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1-1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Purpose of Specifications ............................................................................ 1-4
1.3 Scope of Specifications ............................................................................... 1-5
1.4 Seismic Design Philosophy ......................................................................... 1-6
1.5 Loads and Loads and Resistance Factors for Seismic Design .................... 1-11
1.6 Seismic Design Flowcharts ......................................................................... 1-13
Appendix 1A Earthquake Resisting Systems (ERS) ........................................ 1A-1
SECTION 2: DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS ............................................................... 2-1

2.1 Definitions .................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Notations ..................................................................................................... 2-6
SECTION 3: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Applicability of Specifications ................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Bridge Operational Classification ............................................................ 3-2
3.3 Seismic Performance Requirements ......................................................... 3-4
3.3.1 General ........................................................................................... 3-4
3.3.2 Requirements for Seismic Performance Level 1 (SPL-1) .............. 3-8
3.4 Seismic Hazard ......................................................................................... 3-16
3.4.1 General Procedure .......................................................................... 3-16
3.4.2 Site Specific Procedure .................................................................. 3-24
vi The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
3.5 Site Effects ............................................................................................... 3-26

3.5.1 Ground Types Definitions (Site Class Definition) ......................... 3-28
3.5.2 Ground Surface in Seismic Design ................................................ 3-30
3.5.3 Site Factors ..................................................................................... 3-32
3.6 Seismic Hazard Characterization ............................................................. 3-36
3.6.1 Design Response Spectrum ............................................................ 3-36
3.6.2 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient ............................................ 3-37
3.7 Seismic Performance Zones ..................................................................... 3-38
3.8 Response Modification Factors ................................................................ 3-39
3.8.1 General ........................................................................................... 3-39
3.8.2 Application ..................................................................................... 3-41
3.9 Requirements for Temporary Bridge and Stage Construction ................. 3-41
Appendix 3A Spectral Acceleration Maps for Level 1 Earthquake
Ground Motion (100-year return period) ................................... 3A-1
Appendix 3B Spectral Acceleration Maps for Level 2 Earthquake

Ground Motion (1,000-year return period) ................................ 3B-1
SECTION 4: ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................... 4-1

4.1 General ..................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Single-Span Bridges ................................................................................. 4-2
4.3 Multi-Span Bridges .................................................................................. 4-2
4.3.1 Selection of Method ....................................................................... 4-2
4.3.2 Single-Mode Methods of Analysis ................................................. 4-3
4.3.3 Multi-Mode Spectral Method ......................................................... 4-6
4.3.4 Time History Method ..................................................................... 4-7
4.4 Mathematical Model ................................................................................. 4-10
4.4.1 General ........................................................................................... 4-10
4.4.2 Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction and Foundation Spring
Constants for Design Use ................................................................ 4-11
4.4.3 Coefficients of Dynamic Subgrade Reaction and Foundation Spring
Constants to Determine the Natural Period of the Structure
(Dynamic Spring Constants Applied to the Structural
Analysis Model) ............................................................................. 4-16
4.5 Dynamic Analysis Requirements ............................................................. 4-24
4.5.1 Basic Requirements ........................................................................ 4-24
4.5.2 Distribution of Masses ................................................................... 4-25
4.5.3 Stiffness .......................................................................................... 4-25
4.5.4 Damping ......................................................................................... 4-25
4.5.5 Natural Frequencies ....................................................................... 4-26
4.5.6 Inelastic Dynamic Responses ......................................................... 4-26
4.6 Minimum Seat Length Requirements ....................................................... 4-26
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures vii
GENERAL
4.7 P- Requirements ..................................................................................... 4-27
Appendix 4A Overstrength Resistance ............................................................ 4A-1
SECTION 5: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1 General ..................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Combination of Seismic Force Effects ..................................................... 5-1
5.3 Calculation of Design Forces ................................................................... 5-2
5.3.1 General ........................................................................................... 5-2
5.3.2 Seismic Performance Zone 1 ......................................................... 5-2
5.3.3 Seismic Performance Zone 2 ......................................................... 5-3
5.3.4 Seismic Performance Zones 3 and 4 .............................................. 5-4
5.4 Foundation requirements .......................................................................... 5-10
5.4.1 General ........................................................................................... 5-10
5.4.2 Spread Foundation ......................................................................... 5-13
5.4.3 Pile Foundation .............................................................................. 5-13
5.5 Longitudinal Restrainers .......................................................................... 5-43
5.6 Hold-Down Devices ................................................................................. 5-43
5.7 Bearing Support System ........................................................................... 5-44
5.7.1 General ........................................................................................... 5-44
5.7.2 Design Seismic Force for Bearing Support System ....................... 5-47
5.7.3 Design of Bearing Support System ................................................ 5-52
5.7.4 Structural Details of Bearing Support System ............................... 5-54
5.8 Gap Between Adjacent Girders and Substructures ................................... 5-55
SECTION 6: EFFECTS OF SEISMICALLY UNSTABLE GROUND .............................. 6-1

6.1 General ........................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2 Geotechnical Parameters of Extremely Soft Layer and Sandy Layer
Prone to Liquefaction .................................................................................. 6-2
6.2.1 General .............................................................................................. 6-2
6.2.2 Assessment of Extremely Soft Soil Layer in Seismic Design .......... 6-2
6.2.3 Assessment of Soil Liquefaction ...................................................... 6-2
6.2.4 Reduction of Geotechnical Parameters ............................................. 6-7
6.3 Verification of Seismic Performance of Foundations for
Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading .................................................... 6-9
6.3.1 General .............................................................................................. 6-9
6.3.2 Calculation of Lateral Force by Liquefaction-Induced Lateral
Spreading .......................................................................................... 6-12
SECTION 7: REQUIREMENTS FOR UNSEATING PREVENTION SYSTEM ............ 7-1

7.1 General ..................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Seat Length ............................................................................................... 7-5
7.3 Unseating Prevention Device ................................................................... 7-14
7.4 Structure or Device to Prevent the Superstructure from Settling ............. 7-17
viii The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
7.5 Structure or Device to Limit Excessive Displacement ............................. 7-18
SECTION 8: REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BRIDGES ............ 8-1

8.1 General ..................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Performance Verification of Seismically-Isolated Bridges ...................... 8-5
8.3 Analytical Model of Isolation Bearings ................................................... 8-7
8.3.1 General ........................................................................................ 8-7
8.3.2 Inelastic Hysteretic Model of Isolation Bearings ........................ 8-8
8.3.3 Equivalent Linear Model of Isolation Bearings ........................... 8-9
8.4 Performance Requirement for Isolation Bearing ...................................... 8-12
8.5 Other Structures for Reducing Earthquake Effects .................................. 8-14
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures ix
GENERAL
Intentionally Blank
x The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
(1) The current design standards and procedures for all public infrastructure projects undertaken by the
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is contained in a four-volume, 12-parts
Design Guideline, Criteria and Standards for Public Works and Highways (DPWH Guidelines)
published in 1982. The DPWH Guidelines incorporate the information, standards and methods for
the design of highways, bridges, hydraulic structures (water supply, flood control and drainage),
ports and harbors, and buildings (architectural, structural, sanitary, mechanical and electrical). The
standards and guidelines are formulated to guide and set the minimum and acceptable limits in
solving design problems and provide a more uniform design approach leading to a more efficient
and economical design of various public infrastructure projects of the DPWH.
Part 4 Bridge Design of the DPWH Guidelines contains the specifications and provisions for
bridge design, including the minimum requirement for earthquake loading. However, since the
guidelines are prepared in the early 1980s, the seismic design requirements and procedures are
deficient and do not reflect the local conditions, realistic seismic forces and structural response
under large-scale earthquakes. The devastating effects of the 1990 North Luzon Earthquake
noted such deficiencies in the seismic design of bridges in the Philippines which prompted the
DPWH to issue the Department Order No. 75 (D.O. 75) requiring the seismic design of bridges to
conform to the latest AASHTO Standard Specifications. In 2004, the DPWH attempted to
incorporate the AASHTO seismic design procedures and guidelines for bridge retrofit with the
DPWH Guidelines and issued a Draft Revision of Part 4 Bridge Design of the DPWH
Guidelines. However, this revision was not issued officially and remains a draft.
The current design practice of bridges under the DPWH (engineers and consultants) is to refer to
the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (17th Edition, 2002), utilizing the load
factor method, as the design specifications with minor revisions to suit local conditions. Design
for earthquake forces is based on Division I-A (Seismic Design) of this Specification utilizing the
AASHTO design seismic response spectra for Types I-IV AASHTO soil classification to model
the seismic design forces. However, the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is based on the seismic
zone map of the Philippines as specified in the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)
Vol. II (Bridges), 1997 with reprint in 2006. The design PGA coefficients are 0.2 for Palawan and
Sulu and 0.4 for the rest of the country.
(2) Due to the urgent need to improve the seismic design guidelines in the wake of recent large
earthquakes in the Philippines (including the 1990 North Luzon Earthquake, the 2012 Negros
Oriental Earthquake and the 2013 Bohol Earthquake), the Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) undertook the project Study on Improvement of Bridges Through Disaster Mitigating
Measures for Large Scale Earthquakes in the Republic of the Philippines which is aimed at
enhancing bridge performance under large earthquakes, including its safety and durability. The
development of the seismic design specifications for bridges to update the DPWH Guidelines for
earthquake design is one of the main components of the project.
(3) The key features of the Bridge Seismic Design Specifications cover:
- establishment of the bridge seismic performance requirements and the bridge operational
classification which is not previously defined in the DPWH Guidelines,
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures 1-1
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
- localization of the Philippine design seismic response acceleration spectra through the
development of design seismic peak ground acceleration and the response spectral
acceleration coefficient maps, which is done for the first time in the Philippines,
- adoption of three (3) ground types for site classification and site effects to simplify ground
conditions in seismic design,
- adoption of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012 edition) as the base of
these Specifications to update design procedures from load factor design to load and
resistance factor design,
- adoption of applicable provisions of the Japan Road Association (JRA) Specifications for
Highway Bridges, Part V Seismic Design in soil liquefaction, foundation design, unseating
prevention system and bridge seismic isolation, and
- reference to the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2011) as an
alternative Specification.
(4) The current efforts of the DPWH to address the issues of advancement in engineering technology
include the project Enhancement of Management and Technical Processes for Engineering Design
in the DPWH. Notable key component of the project is the updating and revision of the existing
DPWH Guidelines and the standard drawings for Surveys and Site Investigation (Vol. 1), Flood
Control and Drainage Design (Vol. 3), Highways Design and Bridge Design (Vol. 4). The
development of Volume 4 Bridge Design covers bridge architecture, steel and concrete bridges,
long span bridges, tunnels, bridge hydraulics, retrofitting of existing bridges and performance-based
design, geo-hazard management, environmental safeguard, etc. However, although Volume 4 will
cover most aspects of bridge design, the Bridge Seismic Design Specifications (BSDS) developed
under this JICA project will be used as the section for seismic design provisions.
(5) This Guide Specifications is thus prepared to cover the seismic design of new bridges and will
guide the civil engineering professionals in the Philippines for the minimum requirements of
seismic design of new bridges. Although some provisions of these Specifications may be applied to
the retrofit of existing bridges, the policies and design requirements for seismic retrofit shall be
dealt with separately as mandated by the DPWH.
Commentary C1.1
(1) The evolution of seismic design of bridges in the Philippines can be summarized as:
The DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards for Public Works and Highways, 1982
edition is a four-volume design guideline consisting of Part I Survey and Investigation, Part II
Hydraulic, Part III Highway Design and Part IV Bridge Design. The DPWH Guidelines (with
reference to 1977 AASHTO) was prepared by BOD when the DPWH was still a Ministry to
establish an acceptable level of standards in the design, preparation of plans, specifications and
related documents required of public infrastructure.
Prior to the publication of the DPWH Guidelines, the DPWH refers to the earlier editions of the
AASHO/AASHTO and the Ministry orders and memorandums to design highway bridges. As such,
the seismic design of bridges in the Philippines is similar to the AASHTO design methodology
with bridges constructed prior to 1960s having minimal or no seismic design considerations.
In 1982, when the DPWH Guidelines was published, the seismic design provisions specifies that
reference shall be made to the J.P. Hollings reports entitled Earthquake Engineering for the
Iligan-Butuan-Cagayan de Oro Road in the Island of Mindanao and the Earthquake Engineering
1-2 The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
for the Manila North Expressway North Luzon Earthquake (M7.9), July 16, 1990
Structures in Luzon, Philippines to
guide in determining the seismic forces
and serves as a guide for earthquake
design criteria. However, the calculated
seismic design forces based on these
Problem Areas:
reports shall not be less than the force Soil liquefaction
causes foundation
failure and bridge
produced by 10% (DL + LL) where collapse
Lack of unseating
DL is the dead load and LL is the live prevention device
Pier leaning/residual
load. deformation
Insufficient seat width
Source: Phil. Earthquake
Reconnaissance Report,
In 1987, considering the development of J.E.E.R.I, Oct. 1991
seismic design codes in the USA in view Figure C1.1-1 North Luzon Earthquake, 1990
(Philippines)
of the damages to bridges caused by
recent earthquake events, Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) published
the 1st Edition of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) Vol. 2 Bridges using
the seismic design provisions of the 1983 AASHTO Standard Specifications.
In 1990, the North Luzon Earthquake (Magnitude 7.9) caused major damages to public
infrastructure in the Philippines including collapsed of several important highway bridges due to
soil liquefaction effects and lateral spreading, lack of unseating prevention device and insufficient
seat width, lack of column shear confinement and of capacity and foundation failure. Most bridges
damaged by the earthquakes are those designed with minimal or no considerations for earthquake
forces. Similar failure modes of bridges have been observed in the recent 2012 Negros Oriental
Earthquake (Magnitude 6.9) and the 2013 Bohol Earthquake (Magnitude 7.2).
Due the urgency of the need to establish proper seismic design considerations for bridges, the
DPWH issued Department Order No. 75 in 1992 requiring the design of bridges to conform with
the latest AASHTO seismic design provisions (1991 or later). This becomes the basis of the
DPWH seismic design guidelines for new
bridges until the present.
In 1997, ASEP published the 2nd Edition

of NSCP Vol. 2 Bridges, utilizing the
1992 AASHTO Division I-A Seismic
Design specifications as the seismic
design section of the code. However, since
there is no established data on ground
accelerations in the Philippines, ASEP
recommended a two-zone map for the
entire Philippines to define the expected
peak ground acceleration that will be used
to determine the elastic seismic design
forces. In the seismic zone map (Figure
C1.1-2), the Philippines is under Zone 4
with acceleration coefficient (A) of 0.40,
except for Palawan with A = 0.20.
In 2004, DPWH internally issued the Draft

Design Guidelines, Criteria and
Standards for Public Works and
Highways- Part IV Bridge Design, owing
Figure C1.1-2 Philippine Seismic Zone to the need to update the seismic design
Map
specifications for DPWH bridge projects. This Guideline, however, refer to the ASEP seismic zone
map of the Philippines for the ground acceleration coefficient A. Moreover, a section on
Guidelines for Seismic Retrofitting was also added to guide the DPWH seismic retrofit projects.
However, this Guideline was not officially issued and remains a draft.
At present, the DPWH still refer to the ASEP seismic zone map for the ground response
acceleration coefficient. Moreover, to determine the elastic design forces, DPWH uses the
AASHTO normalized acceleration response spectra based on soil conditions in the USA. This
becomes the drawback in the seismic design of bridges in the Philippines, indicating the need to
generate a more realistic seismic zone map of ground acceleration and localized acceleration
response spectra based on the actual soil conditions and site effects in the Philippines.
(2) Since the existing DPWH Guidelines published in 1982 have not been updated to address the
advances in engineering technology, the design standards and techniques contained in the guidelines
are outdated and in some cases do not represent the generally accepted design practices. With the
objective of enhancing the engineering design process and upgrading the engineering design standards
the DPWH is undertaking the project to update and improve the Design Guidelines, Criteria and
Standards. The efforts of the DPWH to improve the seismic design guideline led to the development
of the DPWH Bridge Seismic Design Specifications under the assistance from JICA.
(3) The commentary is intended to provide additional information to clarify and explain the technical
basis for these Specifications and is not intended to be part of these Specifications. The following
terms shall be interpreted as:
The term "shall" denotes a requirement for compliance with these Specifications.
The term "should" indicates a strong preference for a given criterion.
The term "may" indicates a criterion that is usable, but other local and suitably documented,
verified, and approved criterion may also be used in a manner consistent with the LRFD approach
to bridge design.
The term "recommended is used to give guidance based on past experiences. Seismic design is a
developing field of engineering that has not been uniformly applied to all bridge types; thus, the
experiences gained to date on only a particular type are included as recommendations.
(4) These Specifications are intended for the design of new bridges. Although some of the provisions of
these Specifications, including seismic hazard maps and design forces, may be used for bridge retrofit
the guidelines and procedures shall be dealt with separately, as required by the DPWH.
1.2 PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATIONS
These Specifications are intended to:

1) Establish the design provisions for new bridges that will minimize susceptibility to damage from
earthquakes and guarantee the required seismic performance level requirements of bridges,
2) Establish the minimum design earthquake forces to ensure safety and reliability of bridges,
considering the local conditions inherent in the Philippines, and
3) Provide guidance to the DPWH engineers and the engineering professionals in the seismic design
of new bridges that will set the minimum requirements for seismic design integrity and safety
under a large earthquake.
Commentary C1.2
The need to localize some of the provisions for seismic design of the AASHTO Specifications is indicated
due to the difference in seismicity and the geologic formation between the USA (based on AASHTO) and
that of the Philippines. Specifically, this relates to the sources of seismic ground excitation (such as active
faults and ocean trenches), soil formation and profiles, and earthquake recurrence and return periods
inherent in the Philippines.
These Specifications are intended to guide the DPWH engineers and the design professionals for the
minimum requirements in the design of new bridges under large earthquake as an extreme event. However,
it does not limit the design engineers to employ new and advanced technologies in the design and
construction of new bridges. Such technologies, which are not covered in these Specifications, shall be
subject to the approval of the DPWH.
1.3 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATIONS
(1) The scope of these Specifications covers mainly seismic design of bridges under the Extreme
Event Limit State for Earthquake Loading (Extreme Event 1) following the force-based R-factor
(response modification factor) design concept and philosophy of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications (2012 or later).
Prior to the completion of the update and revision of the DPWH Guide Specifications, the design
requirements for other limit states shall be that of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications.
(2) In these Specifications, the extreme event limit state shall be taken to ensure the structural survival
of a bridge during a Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion (commonly referred to as a large-scale or
major earthquake).
(3) The analysis and design provisions employed by the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) methodology shall be adopted unless stated explicitly in these Specifications. Bridges shall
be designed for the specified limit states to achieve the objectives of constructability, safety and
serviceability with due regard to issues of inspectability, economy, and aesthetics.
(4) The applicability of these Specifications for other provisions to the types of new bridges with
regards to conventional structural form and construction method shall be as specified in the
AASHTO LRFD Specifications. For non-conventional bridges and other types of construction (e.g.
suspension bridges, cable stayed bridges, arch type bridges, and movable bridges), appropriate
provisions of these Specifications may be adopted subject to prior approval by the DPWH.
(5) The provisions of these Specifications shall be taken as the minimum requirements for structural
stability that is necessary to provide for public safety. When necessary, additional provisions may
be specified by the DPWH to achieve higher performance criteria for repairable damage that may
be attributed to critical or essential bridges. Where such additional requirements are specified, they
shall be site or project specific and are tailored to a particular structure type. The DPWH may
require, if necessary, the sophistication of design or the quality of materials and construction to be
higher than the minimum requirements.
(6) The potential effects of unstable ground conditions (e.g. liquefaction, lateral spreading, landslides
and slope movements, and fault displacements) on the on the structural stability and function of the
bridge shall be considered.
(7) The design considerations to ensure that unseating or falling down of superstructures can be
prevented even if local failures of components or large displacement may occur due to unexpected
structural behavior during an earthquake shall be as provided in these Specifications.
(8) Other provisions not contained in these Specifications shall be referred to the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications. Further, reference is also made to the Japan Road Association (JRA)
Specifications for Highway Bridges Part V Seismic Design and Part IV Substructures and the
AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design.
Commentary C1.3
(1) The AASHTO LRFD Specifications require bridges to satisfy the corresponding limit states of
serviceability, fatigue and fracture, strength and extreme events. However, in these Specifications,
the coverage shall be the extreme event limit state during an earthquake. Extreme event limit states
are considered to be unique occurrences whose return period may be significantly greater than the
life of the bridge. Since the DPWH is in the process of updating and revising the existing DPWH
Guidelines and Specifications, the design for other limit states shall comply with the requirements of
AASHTO LRFD Specifications until the updated DPWH Guidelines have been developed.
The development of these Specifications are based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 2012 (current version) utilizing the force-based approach to seismic design. The use
of force-based approach (or commonly referred to as the R-factor method) has been widely used in
the seismic design of bridges in the Philippines after the 1990 North Luzon Earthquake. Although
AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design recently recommends the
displacement-based approach as an alternate to seismic design of bridges, these Specifications will
adhere to the force-based approach to account for column strength and ductility to which DPWH has
more familiarity. The displacement-based alternative approach to seismic design is expected to be
applied to DPWH bridges in the future.
The AASHTO Specifications recognize that since it is uneconomical to design a bridge to resist large
earthquakes elastically, columns are assumed to deform inelastically where seismic forces exceed
their design level. This is taken by dividing the elastically computed force effects by an appropriate
response modification factor or commonly known as the force-reduction factor (R-factor). In this
case, the structure, particularly columns, should have enough ductility to be able to deform
inelastically to the deformations caused by large earthquakes without loss of post-yield strength. The
force-reduction factors (R-factors) are then specified to determine the inelastic deformation demands
on the bridge members when the design earthquake occurs.
The R-factors in these Specifications accounts for the strength and ductility requirements
corresponding to the Seismic Performance Levels necessary for the performance of corresponding
bridges classified under Critical, Essential and Others operational classifications (equivalent
to the importance classification of the previous AASHTO Specification). The R-factors are then
specified to determine the inelastic deformation demands on the bridge members when the design
earthquake occurs.
(2) For the purposes of these provisions (in a similar manner with the AASHTO), conventional bridges
have slab, beam, box girder, and truss for superstructures; have pier-type or pile-bent for
substructures; and are founded on shallow-or piled footings or shafts. Substructures for conventional
bridges are listed in Table 3.8.1-1. Non-conventional bridges include bridges with cable-assisted
superstructures (cable-stayed or cable-suspended), bridges with truss towers or hollow piers for
substructures, and arch bridges.
1.4 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
(1) Bridges shall be designed to ensure the Seismic Performance required by the Operational Class and
the Level of the design Earthquake Ground Motion in accordance with the provisions of Article 3.2
and Article 3.3.
(2) The design of bridges shall comply with the minimum concepts specified in the DPWH
Department Order No. 75 DPWH Advisory for Seismic Design of Bridges, dated July 17, 1992
as follows:
1) Continuous bridges with monolithic multi-column bents have a high degree of redundancy
and are the preferred type of bridge structure to resist shaking. Deck discontinuities such as
expansion joints and hinges should be kept to an absolute minimum. Suspended spans,
brackets, rockers, etc. are not recommended.
2) Where multi-span simple span bridges are justified, decks should be continuous.
3) Restrainers or unseating prevention device (horizontal linkage device between adjacent

spans) are required at all joints and generous seat lengths at piers and abutments should be
provided to prevent loss-of-span type failures.
4) Transverse reinforcements in the zones of yielding are essential to the successful

performance of reinforced concrete columns during earthquakes. Transverse reinforcement
serves to confine the main longitudinal reinforcement and the concrete within the core of the
column, thus preventing buckling of the main reinforcement.
5) Plastic hinging should be forced to occur in ductile column regions of the pier rather than in
the foundation unit. A scheme to protect the abutment piles from failure is often
accomplished by designing the backwall to shear off when subjected to the design seismic
lateral force that would otherwise fail the abutment piles. Plastic hinging occurring
elsewhere shall be approved by the DPWH.
6) The stiffness of the bridge as a whole should be considered in the analysis. In irregular
structures, as defined previously, it is particularly important to include the soil-structure
interaction.
(3) Each component and connection shall satisfy Equation 1.4-1 for the extreme event limit state under
earthquake effects.
i i Qi R = Rr .................................................................................... (1.4-1)
In which:
for loads for which a maximum value of i is appropriate:
i DRI .................................................................................... (1.4-2)

for loads for which a minimum value of i is appropriate:
1
i 1.0 .................................................................................... (1.4-3)
D R I
.
where:
i : load factor; a statistically based multiplier applied to force effects
: resistance factor; a statistically based multiplier applied to nominal resistance

specified in these Specifications and Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 of the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
i : load multiplier; a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational
classification
D : factor relating to ductility; D = 1.0 for extreme event limit state
R : factor relating to redundancy; R = 1.0 for extreme event limit state
I : factor relating to operational classification; I = 1.0 for all bridge class
Qi : force effect
Rn : nominal resistance
Rr : factored resistance; Rn
The resistance factors, shall be taken as 1.0 except when stated in these Specifications or in the
provisions of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications corresponding to each seismic
performance zones.
(4) The following shall be taken into account in the design of bridges:
1) topographic, geological, geotechnical/soil conditions, and other site conditions affecting

seismic performance of the bridge,
2) selection of appropriate structural system with high seismic performance (see Commentary
C1.4 (2)), and
3) assurance of seismic performance in the design of individual structural members of the

bridge and the entire bridge system.
(5) The following two levels of Earthquake Ground Motions (EGM) shall be considered in these
Specifications:
1) Level 1 earthquake ground motion, considering seismic hazard from small to moderate
earthquakes with high probability of occurrence during the bridge service life (100-year
return), for seismic serviceability design objective to ensure normal bridge functions.
2) Level 2 earthquake ground motion, considering a seismic hazard corresponding to an

earthquake with return period event of 1,000 years (seven percent probability of exceedance
in 75 years), for life safety performance objective under large earthquake.
Bridges shall resist Level 1 earthquake ground motion within the elastic range of the structural
components without damage or with minor damage that can be repaired easily.
Life safety for the design event under Level 2 earthquake ground motion shall be taken to imply
that the bridge has low probability of collapse but may suffer significant damage and that
significant disruption to service is possible. Partial or complete replacement may be required. The
DPWH may establish and authorize higher levels of performance, based on the operational
objective.
(6) Earthquake loads shall be taken to be the horizontal force effects determined in accordance with
the provisions of Article 4.1 to 4.3 and 5.2 to 5.3 of these Specifications on the basis of the elastic
response coefficient, Csm, specified in Article 3.6, and the equivalent weight of the superstructure,
and adjusted by the response modification factor, R, specified in Article 3.8.
Commentary C1.4
(1) Bridges play a very important role as evacuation routes and emergency routes, allowing movement
of facilities for first aid, medical services, firefighting and transport of urgent goods during a major
disaster such as an earthquake. In this regard, it is essential to ensure the safety of the bridge in
seismic design minimizing as much as possible the loss of bridge functions that might affect the lives
of the community in general. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the seismic performance required
depending on the levels of earthquake ground motion and the bridge operational classification during
seismic design.
The seismic design philosophy stipulates that the design earthquake forces and motions specified in
these provisions are based on a low probability of their being exceeded during the normal life
expectancy of a bridge. Bridges that are designed and detailed in accordance with these provisions
may suffer damage, but should have low probability of collapse due to seismically induced ground
shaking. For special bridges, the DPWH may choose to mandate higher levels of bridge performance.
(2) The selection of an appropriate bridge structural type and an earthquake resisting system (ERS) (as
given in Appendix 1A) capable of meeting the requirements of seismic performance objectives is
important in seismic design, considering the topographic, geologic and ground conditions, and other
site conditions. Bridges shall then be designed with a structural system capable of fully resisting the
earthquake forces utilizing the strength and ductility of the structural members. The following shall
be considered in seismic design of bridges:
1) The following design concepts shall be adopted in addition to that required by the D.O. 75:
a) Bearings that elastically distribute horizontal forces to the piers shall be preferred over
fixed bearings to avoid excessive load on the pier that supports fixed bearings.
b) For tall piers on mountainous areas, it is generally better to resist the seismic
horizontal forces by the abutments rather than the piers if the ground conditions at the
abutments are sufficiently sound.
c) Accordingly, it is better to consider seismic performance of the entire bridge and to

select proper bearing supports in view of bridge structural conditions and ground
bearing properties. Horizontal seismic forces should be distributed, as much as
possible, to all the piers in the entire bridge.
2) On reclaimed land or alluvial ground where ground deformation such as sliding of soft
cohesive clayey layer, liquefaction of sandy layer and liquefaction-induced ground flow or
lateral spreading may occur, a foundation with high horizontal stiffness should be designed.
Further, a structural system such as multi-fixed-point type and rigid frame type, which has
many contact points between superstructure and substructure should be selected.
3) For a multi-span, short period continuous bridge on stiff ground conditions, a seismically-
isolated bridge is recommended to be adopted.
4) For a structure whose partial collapse may cause collapse of the entire system, the damage
shall be limited to local failure.
5) For a strong earthquake motion, a proper structural system shall be designed by clarifying
structural members with nonlinear behavior and those basically remaining in the elastic
states. Additionally, a structure greatly affected by geometric nonlinearity or a structure
having extensive eccentricity of dead loads, which tends to become unstable during a strong
earthquake motion, shall not be adopted.
6) When ground conditions or structural conditions on a pier change remarkably, it is necessary

to examine carefully which is more advantageous, either the case of two girder ends on the
piers or that of a continuous girder.
(3) Equation 1.4-1 is the basis of LRFD methodology, with limit states specified to provide a buildable,
serviceable bridge, capable of safely carrying the design loads for the design lifetime.
The resistance of components and connections is determined, in many cases, on the basis of inelastic
behavior, although force effects are determined by using elastic analysis. This inconsistency is
common to most current bridge specifications as a result of incomplete knowledge of inelastic
structural action.
Ductility, redundancy and operational classification are considered in the load multiplier. Whereas
the first two directly relate to physical strength, the last (operational class) concerns the
consequences of the bridge being out of service.
(5) The principles used for the development of the Specifications (adopting the AASHTO principles)
are:
Small to moderate earthquakes should be resisted within the elastic range of the structural
components without significant damage;
Realistic seismic ground motion intensities and forces considering local site conditions should
be used in the design procedures; and
Exposure to shaking from large earthquakes should not cause collapse of all or part of the
bridge. Where possible, damage that does occur should be readily detectable and accessible for
inspection and repair.
(6) Earthquake loads are given by the product of the elastic seismic response coefficient Csm and the
equivalent weight of the superstructure. The equivalent weight is a function of the actual weight and
bridge configuration and is automatically included in both the single-mode and multimode methods
of analysis specified in Article 4.1 to 4.3. Design and detailing provisions for bridges to minimize
their susceptibility to damage from earthquakes are contained in Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 11 of
the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2012 (or later versions). However, the design and
detailing of members and components shall also comply with the requirements of the updated
DPWH Guidelines, once completed. A flow chart summarizing these provisions is presented in
Article 1.6.
These Specifications are considered to be force-based wherein a bridge is designed to have adequate
strength (capacity) to resist earthquake forces (demands). In recent years, there has been a trend to
shift away from force-based procedures to those that are displacement-based, wherein a bridge is
designed to have adequate displacement capacity to accommodate earthquake demands.
Displacement-based procedures are believed to more reliably identify the limit states that cause
damage leading to collapse, and in some cases produce more efficient designs against collapse. It is
recommended that the displacement capacity of bridges designed in accordance with these
Specifications, be checked using a displacement-based procedure, particularly those bridges in high
seismic zones. The AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Design (2011) offers the
procedure for displacement-based approach.
1.5 LOADS AND LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
(1) The combination of factored extreme force effects for Extreme Event I load combination, as
provided in Article 3.4 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012), shall be
adopted for seismic design in lieu of the on-going update and revision of the DPWH Guidelines
(LRFD). Once completed, the load combination shall comply with the requirements of the DPWH
Guidelines.
(2) The following loads, where applicable, shall be taken into account in the seismic design:
1) Permanent Loads
a. Dead load of structural components and nonstructural attachments (DC)
b. Dead load of wearing surface and utilities (DW)
c. Downdrag force (DD)
d. Miscellaneous locked-in force effects resulting from the construction process, including
jacking apart of cantilevers in segmental construction (EL)
e. Secondary forces from post-tensioning (PS)
f. Horizontal earth pressure load (EH)
g. Earth surcharge load (ES)
h. Vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill (EV)
i. Force effects due to creep (CR)
j. Force effect due to shrinkage (SH)
2) Transient Loads
a. Earthquake load (EQ)
b. Vehicular live load (LL)
c. Water load and stream pressure (WA)
d. Friction load (FR)
(3) The load combination for Extreme Event I limit state under earthquake loading shall be:
Extreme Event I = p (DC+DW+DD+EL+PS+EH+EV+ES+CR+SH) +

1.0 (WA) + 1.0 (FR) + EQ (LL) + 1.0(EQ) ......................... (1.5-1)
where
p : load factor for permanent loading
EQ : load factor for live load applied simultaneously with seismic loads
All other applicable load notations are as stated in Item (2) above.
(4) The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provisions shall apply to both load and
resistance factors, unless otherwise provided in these Specifications.
(5) The load factors for permanent loads, p shall be that given in Table 3.4.1-2 and 3.4.1-3 of the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012 or later).
The load factor for live load effects, EQ shall be 0.50.
Commentary C1.5
(1) These Specifications refers to Article 3.4 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
(version 2012) that enumerates the loads and load combinations and load resistance factors for
Extreme Event I relating to earthquake force effects. Since the DPWH is currently updating and
revising its design guidelines for bridges and other structures, the AASHTO LRFD loads and load
and resistance factors are used in these Specifications. However, when the DPWH Guidelines are
completed, the load combinations and load and resistance factors specified in the DPWH Guidelines
shall be used.
(2) Although the past editions of the AASHTO Standard Specifications does not consider live load in
combination with earthquake forces, the previous DPWH Guidelines require 10% of live load be
considered in addition to the equivalent static earthquake force. However, in the latest editions of the
AASHTO LRFD Specifications, the possibility of partial live load, i.e., EQ = <1.0, with earthquakes
is considered. Application of Turkstras rule for combining uncorrelated loads indicates that EQ =
0.50 is reasonable for a wide range of values of average daily truck traffic (AADT).
The use of EQ = 0.50 is consistent with both the DPWH and AASHTO requirements.
1.6 SEISMIC DESIGN FLOWCHARTS
The flowcharts summarizing the seismic design provisions, are illustrated in Figures 1.6.1 and 1.6.2
below:
APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS
Article 3.1
PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND DESIGN
DETERMINE - Seismic Performance Requirements

- Seismic Hazard
- Site Effects and Site Factors
- Ground Acceleration Coefficients and
Design Response Spectrum
- Seismic Performance Zone
Articles 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7
YES
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
ZONE 1?
NO
DETERMINE BRIDGE OPERATIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Article 3.2
DETERMINE RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS

Article 3.8
POTENTIAL FOR YES

LIQUEFACTION?
Article 6.2
NO
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE

ZONE 1 (SPZ-1) ZONE 2, 3, 4 (SPZ-2, 3, 4) ZONE 2, 3, 4 (SPZ-2, 3, 4)
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
(Reduce Parameters for Analysis)
Article 6.2
PERFORM BRIDGE ANALYSIS PERFORM BRIDGE ANALYSIS

Article 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 Article 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
DETERMINE DESIGN FORCES DETERMINE DESIGN FORCES DETERMINE DESIGN FORCES

Article 5.3.2 Zone 2 - Article 5.3.3 Zone 2 - Article 5.3.3
Zone 3 & 4 - Article 5.3.4 Zone 3 & 4 - Article 5.3.4
Single Span - Article 5.3.1 Single Span - Article 5.3.1
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED LATERAL
SPREADING DESIGN
Article 6.3
DETERMINE DESIGN DETERMINE DESIGN DETERMINE DESIGN

DISPLACEMENTS/SEAT LENGTH DISPLACEMENTS/SEAT LENGTH DISPLACEMENTS/SEAT LENGTH
Article 4.6 and 7.2 Article 4.6 and 7.2 Article 4.6 and 7.2
DESIGN BRIDGE
COMPONENTS
NO IS BRIDGE YES
RESIZE COMPONENTS
ADEQUATE?
BRIDGE DESIGN
COMPLETE
Figure 1.6-1 Seismic Design Procedure Flow Chart
Superstructure Components and Substructure Columns
AASHTO Section 5: Concrete AASHTO Section 6: Steel

Seismic Provisions Seismic Provisions
5.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State 6.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State
General: SPZ 3 & 4: Bracing Members: Bolt in Bearing:

5.10.11.1 5.10.11.4 6.7.5 & 6.14.2.7 6.13.2.1.2 &
6.13.2.9
SPZ 1: SPZ 2: Tension Compression

5.7.4.2 & 5.10.11.3 Members: Members:
5.10.11.2 6.8 6.9
AASHTO Section 7: DPWH BSDS Section 7:

Aluminum Structures Unseating Prevention System
Bracing Members: Bolt in Bearing: Seat Length: Unseating

7.8.5, 7.15.2 & 7.14.2.7 7.2 Prevention Device:
7.15.4.2 7.3
Tension Compression Superstructure Limiting Excessive

Members: Members: Settlement Prevention: Displacement:
7.9 7.10 7.4 7.5
AASHTO Section 14: DPWH BSDS Section 8:

Joints and Bearings Seismic Isolation Bearing
Bridge Joints: Bridge Bearing:

14.5 14.6, 14.7, 14.8
Foundation, Abutments, Pier & Wall
AASHTO Section 11:

Foundation Design Abutments, Piers and Walls
Abutments and
Extreme Event Limit:
Conventional Retaining
11.5.4, 11.5.8
Walls: 11.6.5
Design Subgrade Foundation Design Foundation Design:
Reaction: Requirements: AASHTO Section 10
DPWH BSDS 4.4.2 DPWH BSDS 5.4
Nongravity Walls: 11.8.6
Piers:
Anchored Walls: 11.9.6 11.7
MSE Walls: 11.10.7
LEGEND Mononobe Okabe

DPWH BSDS : DPWH LRFD Bridge Seismic Design Specifications Pseudo Static Approach
AASHTO : AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012) Appendix A11
SPZ : Seismic Performance Zone
NOTE
Compliance with the updated/revised DPWH Guidelines shall be observed
once the guidelines are completed.
Figure 1.6-2 Seismic Detailing and Foundation Design Flow Chart
APPENDIX 1A:
EARTHQUAKE RESISTING SYSTEMS (ERS)
Appendix 1A is taken from the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2011)
and is made as a reference guide for earthquake resisting systems (ERS) and earthquake resisting elements
(ERE) in this Specification. Although the Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design is based on
the displacement-based design approach methodology, the ERS and ERE recommended in the AASHTO
Specifications can also be applied to the force-based design approach as recommended in this Specifications.
In the Global Seismic Design Strategies (GSDS) given in Item (3) below, Type 1 (Ductile Substructure with
Essentially Elastic Superstructure) is widely used in the design of bridges in the Philippines under the DPWH.
However, as practiced in the current design, the foundations are designed as elastic members capable of
resisting the plastic forces generated in the piers or the elastic demand forces from the multimode analysis.
Type 2 (Essentially Elastic Substructure with a Ductile Superstructure) is not commonly used for seismic
design in the Philippines whose application may be limited in these Specifications. However, the structural
system behavior under seismic action shall be carefully considered when this type is being contemplated..
Type 3 (Elastic Superstructure and Substructure with a Fusing Mechanism between the Two) may be applied
to the design of bridges where the use of this strategy will be advantageous to the structure.
Type 2 and Type 3 GSDS will need DPWH prior approval before application to bridge design.
(1) AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2011) requires that for Seismic
Design Categories (SDC) C or D (which is equivalent to the Seismic Performance Zone (SPZ) 3
and 4 in these Specifications), all bridges and their foundations shall have a clearly identifiable
earthquake-resisting system (ERS) selected to achieve the life safety criteria. For SDC B (or SPZ
2 here), identification of an ERS should also be considered.
(2) The ERS shall provide a reliable and uninterrupted load path for transmitting seismically induced
forces into the surrounding soil and sufficient means of energy dissipation and/or restraint to
reliably control seismically induced displacements. All structural and foundation elements of the
bridge shall be capable of achieving anticipated displacements consistent with the requirements
of the chosen design strategy of seismic resistance and other structural requirements.
(3) Design should be based on the following three Global Seismic Design Strategies used in the Guide
Specifications based on the expected behavior characteristics of the bridge system:
Type 1 Ductile Substructure with Essentially Elastic Superstructure: This category

includes conventional plastic hinging in columns and walls and abutments that limits inertial
forces by full mobilization of passive soil resistance. Also included are foundation that may
limit inertial forces by in-ground hinging, such as pile bents and integral abutments on piles.
Type 2 - Essentially Elastic Substructure with a Ductile Superstructure: This category

applies only to steel superstructures, and ductility is achieved by ductile elements in the pier
cross-frames.
Type 3 Elastic Superstructure and Substructure with a Fusing Mechanism between the
Two: This category includes seismically isolated structures and structures in which
supplemental energy-dissipation devices, such as dampers, are used to control inertia forces
transferred between the superstructure and substructure.
The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures 1A-1
APPENDIX 1A: EARTHQUAKE RESISTING SYSTEMS (ERS)
(4) For the purposes of encouraging the use of appropriate systems and of ensuring due considerations
of performance for the Owner, the ERS and earthquake-resisting elements (EREs) shall be
categorized as follows:
Permissible
Permissible with Owners approval, and
Not recommended for new bridges
(5) These terms shall be taken to apply to both system and elements. For a system to be in permissible
category, its primary EREs shall be in the permissible category. If any ERE is not permissible,
then the entire system shall be considered not permissible.
(6) Permissible systems and elements depicted in Figures 1A-1a and 1A-1b shall have the following
characteristics:
All significant inelastic action shall be ductile and occur in locations with adequate access
for inspection and repair. Piles subjected to lateral movement from lateral flow resulting
from liquefaction are permitted to hinge below the ground line provided the Owner is
informed and does not require any higher performance criteria for a specific objective. If all
structural elements of a bridge are designed elastically, then no elastic deformation is
anticipated and elastic elements are permissible, but minimum detailing is required according
to the bridge seismic design category.
Inelastic action of a structural member does not jeopardize the gravity load support capability
of the structure (e.g. cap beam and superstructure hinging).
(7) Permissible elements depicted in Figure 1A-2 that do not meet either criterion above may be used
only with approval by the Owner.
(8) Examples of elements that do not fall in either of the two permissible categories depicted in Figure
1A-3 shall be considered not recommended. However, if adequate consideration is given to all
potential modes of behavior and potential undesirable failure mechanisms are suppressed, then
such systems may be used with the Owners approval.
Commentary C1A
(1) Common examples from each of the three ERS and ERE categories are shown in Figures 1A-1a and
1A-1b, respectively. Selection of an appropriate ERS is fundamental to achieving adequate seismic
performance. To this end, the identification of the lateral-force-resisting concept and the selection of
the necessary elements to fulfill the concept should be accomplished in the conceptual design phase, or
the type, size and location phase, or the design alternative phase of a project.
For SDC B (SPZ B), it is suggested that the ERS be identified. The displacement checks for SDC B
(SPZ B) are predicated on the existence of a complete lateral load resisting system; thus, the Designer
should ensure that an ERS is present and that no unintentional weak links exist. Additionally,
identifying the ERS helps the Designer ensure that the model used to determine displacement demands
is compatible with the drift limit calculation. For example, pile-bent connections that transmit moments
significantly less than the piles can develop should not be considered as fixed connections.
(2) Seismic performance is typically better in systems with regular configurations and evenly distributed
stiffness and strength. Typical geometric configuration constraints, such as skew, unequal pier heights,
and sharp curves, may conflict with seismic design goals. For this reason, it is advisable to resolve
potential conflicts between configuration and seismic performance early in the design effort. For
1A-2 The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges through Disaster Mitigating Measures
example, resolution may lead to decreased skew angles at the expense of longer end spans. The resulting
trade-off between performance and cost should be evaluated in the type, size and location phase, or
design alternative phase, of a project, when design alternatives are viable from a practical viewpoint.
(3) There are a number of design approaches that can be used to achieve the performance objectives. These
are discussed briefly below.
Type 1 Ductile Substructure with Essentially Elastic Superstructure
Caltrans first introduced this design approach in 1973 following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. It
was further refined and applied nationally in the 1983 AASHTO Guide Specification for Seismic Design
of Highway Bridges, which was adopted directly from the (ATC, 1981). These provisions were adopted
by AASHTO in 1991 as their standard seismic provisions.
This approach is based on the expectation of significant inelastic deformation (damage) associated with
ductility 4.
The other key premise of the provisions is that displacements resulting from the inelastic response of a
bridge are approximately equal to the displacements obtained from an analysis using the linear elastic
response spectrum. As diagrammatically shown in Figure 1A-1c, this assumes that LC (displacement
capacity taken along the local principal axis corresponding to LD of the ductile member) is
approximately equal to LD (displacement demand taken along the local principal axis of the ductile
member). Work by Miranda and Bertero (1994) and by Chang and Mander (1994a and 1994b) indicates
that this is a reasonable assumption, except for short-period structures for which it is nonconservative.
A correction factor to be applied to elastic displacements to address this issue is given in Article 4.3.3
AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design.
Type 2 Essentially Elastic Substructure with a Ductile Superstructure
This category applies only to steel superstructures. The ductility is achieved by constructing ductile
elements as part of the cross-frames of a steel slab-on-girder bridge superstructure. The deformation
capacity of the cross-frames located at each pier permits lateral displacement of the deck relative to the
substructure below. This is an emerging technology and has not been widely used as a design strategy
for new construction.
Type 3 Elastic Superstructure and Substructure with a Fusing Mechanism between the Two
This category comprises seismically isolated structures and structures in which energy-dissipation
devices are used across articulation joints to provide a mechanism to limit energy buildup and associated
displacements during a large earthquake. The two subcategories are discussed further below.
Seismic Isolation. This design approach reduces the seismic forces a bridge needs to resist by
introducing an isolation bearing with an energy-dissipation element at the bearing location. The
isolation intentionally lengthens the period of a relatively stiff bridge, and this results in lower design
forces, provided the design is in the decreasing portion of the acceleration response spectrum. This
design alternative was first applied in the United States in 1984 and has been extensively reported on at
technical conferences and seminars and in the technical literature. AASHTO adopted Guide
Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design of Highway Bridges in 1991, and these have subsequently
been revised. The current revisions are now referred to in Section 7 of these Guide Specifications.
Elastic response of the substructure elements is possible with seismic isolation because the elastic forces
resulting from seismic isolation are generally less than the reduced design forces required by
conventional ductile design.
Energy Dissipation. This design approach adds energy-dissipation elements between the superstructure
and the substructure and between the superstructure and abutment, with the intent of dissipating energy
in these elements. This eliminates the need for energy dissipation in the plastic hinge zones of columns.
This design approach differs from seismic isolation in that additionally flexibility is generally not part
of the system and thus the fundamental period of vibration is not changed. If the equivalent viscous
damping of the bridge is increased above five percent, then the displacement of the superstructure will
be reduced. In general, the energy-dissipation design concept does not result in reduced design forces,
but it will reduce the ductility demand on columns due to the reduction in superstructure displacement
(ATC, 1993). This is an emerging technology and has not been widely used as a design strategy for
new construction.
Abutments as an Additional Energy-Dissipation Mechanism
In the early phases of the development of these Guide Specifications, there was serious debate as to
whether or not the abutments would be included and relied on in the ERS. Some states may require the
design of a bridge in which the substructures are capable of resisting the entire lateral load without any
contribution from the abutments. In this design approach, the abutments are included in a mechanism
to provide an unquantifiable higher level of safety. Rather than mandate this design philosophy here, it
was decided to permit two design alternatives. The first is where the ERS does not include the abutments
and the substructures are capable of resisting all the lateral loads. In the second alternative, the
abutments are an important part of the ERS and, in this case, a higher level of analysis is required.
If the abutment is included as part of the ERS, this design option requires a continuous superstructure
to deliver longitudinal forces to the abutment. If these conditions are satisfied, the abutments can be
designed as part of the ERS and become an additional source for dissipating the bridges earthquake
energy. In the longitudinal direction, the abutment may be designed to resist the forces elastically using
the passive pressure of the backfill. In some cases, the longitudinal displacement of the deck will cause
larger soil movements in the abutment backfill, exceeding the passive pressures there. This requires a
more refined analysis to determine the amount of expected movement. In the transverse direction, the
abutment is generally designed to resist the loads elastically. The design objective when abutments are
relied on to resist either longitudinal or transverse loads is either to minimize column sizes or reduce the
ductility demand on the columns, accepting that damage may occur in the abutment.
When the abutment is part of the ERS, the performance expectation is that inelastic deformation will
occur in the columns as well as the abutments. If large ductility demands occur in the columns, then the
columns may need to be replaced. If large movements of the superstructure occur, the abutment
backwall may be damaged and there may be some settlement of the abutment backfill. Large
movements of the superstructure can be reduced with use of energy dissipators and isolation bearing at
the abutments and at the tops of the columns.
In general, the soil behind an abutment is capable of resisting substantial seismic forces that may be
delivered through a continuous superstructure to the abutment. Furthermore, such soil may also
substantially limit the overall movements that a bridge may experience. This is particular so in the
longitudinal direction of a straight bridge with little or no skew and with a continuous deck. The
controversy with this design concept is the scenario of what may happen if there is significant abutment
damage early in the earthquake ground motion duration and if the columns rely on the abutment to resist
some of the load. This would be a problem in a long-duration, high-magnitude (greater than magnitude
7) earthquake. Another consideration is if a gap develops between the abutment and the soil after the
first cycle of loading, due to the inelastic behavior of the soil when passive pressures are developed.
Unless shock transmission units (STUs) are used, a bridge composed of multiple simply supported spans
cannot effectively mobilize the abutments for resistance to longitudinal force. It is recommended that
simply supported spans not rely on abutments for any seismic resistance.
Because structural redundancy is desirable (Buckle et al., 1987), good design practice dictates the use
of the design alternative in which the intermediate substructures, between the abutments, are designed
to resist all seismic loads, if possible. This ensures that in the event abutment resistance becomes
ineffective, the bridge will still be able to resist the earthquake forces and displacements. In such a
situation, the abutments provide an increased margin against collapse.
(4) The classification of ERS and EREs into permissible and not recommended categories is meant to
trigger consideration of seismic performance that leads to the most desirable outcome, that is, seismic
performance that ensures, whenever possible, post-earthquake serviceability. To achieve such objective,
special care in detailing the primary energy-dissipating elements is necessary. Conventional reinforced
concrete construction with ductile plastic hinge zones can continue to be used, but designers should be
aware that such detailing, although providing desirable seismic performance, will leave the structure in
a damaged state following a large earthquake. It may be difficult or impractical to repair such damage.
Under certain conditions, the use of EREs that require the Owners approval will be necessary. In
previous AASHTO seismic specifications, some of the EREs in the Owners approval category were
simply not permitted for use (e.g., in-ground hinging of piles and shafts and foundation rocking). These
elements are now permitted in the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design,
provided their deformation performance is assessed.
This approach of allowing their use with additional analytical effort was believed to the preferable to an
outright ban on their use. Thus, it is not the objective of these Guide Specifications to discourage the
use of systems that require Owner approval. Instead, such systems may be used, but additional design
effort and consensus between the designer and Owner are required to implement such systems.
Additionally, these Guide Specifications do not provide detailed guidance for designing all such systems,
for example Case 2 in Figure 1A-2. If such systems are used, then case-specific criteria and design
methodologies will need to be developed and agreed upon by the Designer and the Owner.
Bridges are seismically designed so that inelastic deformation (damage) intentionally occurs in columns
so that the damage can be readily inspected and repaired after an earthquake. Capacity design
procedures are used to prevent damage from occurring in foundations and beams of bents and in the
connections of columns to foundations and columns to the superstructure. There are two exceptions to
this design philosophy. For the pile bents and drilled shafts, some limited inelastic deformation is
permitted below the ground level. The amount of permissible deformation is restricted to ensure that
no long-term serviceability problems occur from the amount of cracking that is permitted in the piles.
It is costly and difficult problem to achieve a higher performance level from piles.

LongitudinalResponse
LongitudinalResponse
1 2

Plastichingesininspectablelocationsorelastic Isolationbearingsaccommodatefull
designofcolumns displacement
AbutmentresistancenotrequiredaspartofERS AbutmentnotrequiredaspartofERS
Knockoffbackwallspermissible

TransverseResponse TransverseorLongitudinalResponse

4
3

Plastichingesininspectablelocations
Plastichingesininspectablelocations Isolationbearingwithorwithoutenergy
AbutmentnotrequiredinERS,breakawayshear dissipaterstolimitoveralldisplacements
keyspermissible

TransverseorLongitudinalResponses LongitudinalResponses

5 6

Abutmentrequiredtoresistthedesign Multiplesimplesupportedspanswith
earthquakeelastically adequatesupportlengths
Longitudinalpassivesoilpressureshallbeless Plastichingesininspectablelocations
than0.70ofthevalueobtainedusingthe
proceduregiveninArticle5.2.3(AASHTO
SeismicBridgeDesign)

Figure 1A-1a Permissible Earthquake-Resisting Systems (ERS)
Aboveground/near
1 2 groundplastichinges
Plastichingesbelow
capbeamsIncluding
pilebents

Seismicisolationbearings Tensileyieldingand
3 orbearingsdesignedto inelasticcompression
4 bucklingofductile
accommodateexpected
seismicdisplacementwith concentricallybraced
nodamage frames
Columnswithmoment
5 Pileswithpinnedhead 6 reducingorpinnedhinge
conditions details
Capacityprotectedpilecaps, Plastichingesatbase of
7 includingcapswithbatteredpiles, 8 wallpierinweak
whichbehaveelastically direction
Spreadfootingsthat
9 Pierwallswithor
10 satisfytheoverturning
withoutpiles criteriaofArticle6.3.4
(AASHTOSeismic
BridgeDesign)

Passiveabutment
Seatabutmentswhose
11

resistancerequired 12 backwallisdesignedto
aspartERS
fuse
Use70%ofpassivesoilstrengthdesignedin
Article5.2.3(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign)

Columnswitharchitectural
13 flareswithorwithoutan 14 Seatabutmentswhosebackwall
isolationgap
isdesignedtoresistthe
Isolationgap SeeArticle8.14 (AASHTO expectedimpactforceinan
(optional) SeismicBridgeDesign)
essentiallyelasticmanner

Figure 1A-1b Permissible Earthquake-Resisting Elements (EREs)
Feq

Load

actual
response

Fp

Idealized
response
y yi LD LC
Displacement
Figure 1A-1c Design Using Strategy Type 1
Slidingofspreadfooting,
Passiveabutment
2 abutmentallowedtolimit
1 resistance
forcetransferred
RequiredaspartofERS
PassiveStrength

Use 100% of strength designated in Article 5.2.3 Limitmovementtoadjacentbentdisplacementcapacity
(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign)
Ductileend
diaphragmsin
3 4 Foundation
superstructure
permittedtorock
(Article7.4.63,
AASHTOSeismic
BridgeDesign)
UserockingcriteriaaccordingtoAppendixAoftheGuide
SpecificationsforLRFDSeismicBridgeDesign(2011).
Morethantheouter
5 lineofpilesingroup
systemsallowedto
plungeorupliftunder
seismicloadings
Plumbpilesthatarenot
Wallpiersonpilefoundations
capacityprotected(e.g.,
thatarenotstrongenoughto
6 forceplastichingingintothe
7 integralabutmentpiles
orpilesupportedseat
wall,andarenotdesignedfor
abutmentthatarenot
theearthquakeelasticforces
fusedtransversely)

Ensurelimitedductilityresponseinpilesaccording Ensurelimitedductilityresponseinpilesaccording
toArticle4.7.1(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign) toArticle4.7.1(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign)
Batterpilesystemsinwhich
9 thegeotechnicalcapacities
8 Ingroundhinginginshafts
and/oringroundhinging
orpiles
definetheplasticmechanisms

Ensurelimitedductilityresponseinpilesaccording Ensurelimitedductilityresponseinpilesaccording
toArticle4.7.1(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign) toArticle4.7.1(AASHTOSeismicBridgeDesign)
Figure 1A-2 Permissible Earthquake-Resisting that Require Owners Approval
Capbeamplastichinging
(particularlyhingingthatleads
toverticalgirdermovement)
alsoincludeseccentricbraced
Plastichingesin frameswithgirderssupported
superstructure bycapbeam
Batteredpilesystemsthat
arenotdesignedtofuse
geotechnicallyor
structurallybyelements
withadequateductility
capacity
Bearingsystemsthatdonotprovide
fortheexpecteddisplacement
and/orforces(e.g.rockerbearings)
Figure 1A-3 Earthquake-Resisting Elements that Are Not Recommended for New Bridges
SECTION 2:
DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS
2.1 DEFINITIONS
The definitions given below and those in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications apply to these
Guide Specifications:
Active Earth Pressure Lateral pressure resulting from the retention of earth by a structure or component
that is tending to move away from the soil mass.
Capacity Design A method of component design that allows the designer to prevent damage in certain
components by making them strong enough to resist loads that are generated when adjacent components
reach their overstrength capacity.
Compatibility The geometrical equality of movement at the interface of joined components.
Component A structural unit requiring separate design consideration; synonymous with member.
Critical Bridges Bridges that must remain open to all traffic after the Level 2 design earthquake, i.e. 1,000
year return period event. Other bridges required by DPWH to be open to emergency vehicles and vehicles
for security/defense purposes immediately after an earthquake larger than the Level 2 design earthquake
(AASHTO recommends a 2,500-year return for larger earthquakes).
Damper A device that transfers and reduces forces between superstructure elements and/or superstructure
and substructure elements, while permitting thermal movements. The device provides damping by dissipating
energy under seismic, braking or other dynamic loads.
Deformation A change in structural geometry due to force effects, including axial displacement, shear
displacement, and rotations.
Design Proportioning and detailing of components and connections of a bridge to satisfy the requirements
of these Specifications.
Design Earthquake Refers to the two levels of design earthquake: Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion with
a 100-year return periods or a probability of exceedance corresponding to 53% in 75 years and Level 2
Earthquake Ground Motion with a 1,000 year return periods or a probability of exceedance corresponding to
7% in 75 years.
Earthquake Resisting Element (ERE) The individual components, such as columns, connections bearings,
joints, foundations and abutments, that together constitutes the earthquake-resisting system (ERS)
Earthquake Resisting System (ERS) A system that provides a reliable and uninterrupted load path for
transmitting seismically induced forces into the ground and sufficient means of energy dissipation and/or
restraint to reliably control seismically induced displacements.
Elastic A structural material behavior in which the ratio of stress to strain is constant, the material returns
to its original unloaded state upon load removal.
Element A part of a component or member consisting of one material.
SECTION 2: DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS
Equilibrium A state where the sum of forces and moments about any point in space is 0.0.
Essential Bridges Bridges that should, as a minimum, be open to emergency vehicles and for
security/defense purposes within a short period after the Level 2 design earthquake, i.e. 1,000 year return
period event.
Extreme A maximum or a minimum.
Finite Element Method A method of analysis in which a structure is discretized into elements connected at
nodes, the shape of the element displacement field is assumed, partial or complete compatibility is maintained
among the element interfaces, and nodal displacements are determined by using energy variational principles
or equilibrium methods.
Foundation A supporting element that derives its resistance by transferring its load to the soil or rock
supporting the bridge.
Inelastic Any structural behavior in which the ratio of stress and strain is not constant, and part of the
deformation remains after load removal.
Isolation System A collection of all the elements that provide vertical stiffness, lateral flexibility, and
damping to the system at the isolation interface. It includes the isolator units and the elastic restraint system,
if one is used. The isolation system does not include the substructure and deck.
Isolator Unit A horizontally flexible and vertically stiff bearing of the isolation system, which permits large
lateral deformation under seismic load. The isolator unit may or may not provide energy dissipation.
Lateral Spreading Lateral ground motion due to liquefaction.
Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion The design earthquake considering seismic hazard from small to
moderate earthquakes with high probability of occurrence during the bridge service life (taken as 100-year
return), for seismic serviceability design objective to ensure normal bridge functions.
Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion The design earthquake considering a seismic hazard corresponding to
an earthquake with a return period event of 1,000 years (seven percent probability of exceedance in 75 years),
for life safety performance objective under a large earthquake.
Life Safety Performance Level The minimum acceptable level of seismic performance allowed by this
Guide Specifications intended to protect human life following a rare earthquake. Life safety for the design
event earthquake ground motion shall be taken to imply that the bridge has low probability of collapse but
may suffer significant damage and that significant disruption to service is possible.
Linear Response Structural behavior in which deflections are directly proportional to loads.
Liquefaction The loss of shear strength in a saturated soil due to excess hydrostatic pressure. In saturated,
cohesionless soils, such a strength loss can result from loads that are applied instantaneously or cyclically,
particularly in loose fine to medium sands that are uniformly graded.
Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Flow Lateral displacement of relatively flat slopes that occurs under the
combination of gravity load and excess pore water pressure (without inertial loading from earthquake); often
occurs after the cessation of earthquake loading.
Liquefaction-Induced lateral Spreading Incremental displacement of a slope that occurs from the combined
effects of pore water pressure buildup, inertial loads from the earthquake and gravity loads.
Load The effect of acceleration, including that due to gravity, imposed deformation, or volumetric change.
Member Same as Component.
Method of Analysis A mathematical process by which structural deformations, force, and stresses are
determined.
Minimum Seat Length The minimum prescribed length of a bearing seat that is required to be provided in
a new bridge designed according to this Guide Specifications.
Mode of Vibration A shape of dynamic deformation associated with a frequency of vibration.
Model A mathematical or physical idealization of a structure or component used for analysis.
Node A point where finite elements or grid components meet; in conjunction with finite differences, a point
where the governing differential equations are satisfied.
Nominal Load An arbitrarily selected design load level.
Nominal Resistance Resistance of a member, connection, or structure based on the expected yield strength
(fy) or other specified material properties, and the nominal dimensions and details of the final section(s)
chosen, calculated with all material resistance factors taken as 1.0.
Nonlinear Response Structural behavior in which the deflections are not directly proportional to the loads
due to stresses in the elastic range, or deflections causing significant changes in force effects, or by a
combination thereof.
Operational Classification The operational class required by DPWH for particular bridges specifies the
minimum serviceability requirement of a bridge after the occurrence of a Level 2 design earthquake.
Overstrength Capacity The maximum expected force or moment that can be developed in a yielding
structural element assuming overstrength material properties and large strains with associated stresses.
Overstrength Moment Resistance Denotes the moment factored resistance using the resistance factor of
1.3 for reinforced concrete columns and 1.25 for structural steel columns.
Passive Earth Pressure Lateral pressure resulting from the earths resistance to the lateral movement of a
structure or component into the soil mass.
Seismic Performance Level The level of performance in terms of post-earthquake service and damage that
are expected to result from specified earthquake loadings if bridges are designed according to these Guide
Specifications.
Permanent Loads Loads and forces that are, or are assumed to be, either constant upon completion of bridge
construction or varying only over a long time interval.
Plastic Hinge The region of a structural component, usually a column or a pier in bridge structures, that
undergoes flexural yielding and plastic rotation while still retaining sufficient flexural strength.
Plastic Hinge Zone Those regions of structural components that are subject to potential formation of plastic
hinge and thus shall be detailed accordingly.
Plasticity A phenomenon of a structural member in which the member deforms beyond its elastic limit
when subjected to seismic forces.
Repairability This denotes capability to repair seismic damages. Bridges that are designed and detailed in
accordance with these provisions may suffer damage, but should have low probability of collapse due to
seismically induced ground shaking.
Response Modification Factor (R-Factor) Factors used to modify the element demands from an elastic
analysis to account for ductile behavior and obtain design demands.
Restrainers A system of high-strength cables or rods that transfers forces between superstructure elements
and/or superstructure and substructure elements under seismic or other dynamic loads after an initial slack is
taken up, while permitting thermal movements.
Safety Bridge safety implies performance to avoid loss of life due to collapse or unseating of the
superstructure during an earthquake.
Seismic Hazard Level This is defined as a function of the magnitude of the ground surface shaking as
expressed by FvS1.
Seismically Isolated Bridges Bridge with seismic isolation bearings intended to make the natural period of
the bridge longer and to increase the damping characteristics to decrease the inertia forces during an
earthquake.
Seismic Performance The performance of the bridge subjected to the effects of earthquake.
Seismic Performance Level 1 (SPL-1) Performance level of a bridge to ensure its normal sound functions
during an earthquake. This implies that the bridge shall be restrained safely from unseating, no emergency
repair work is needed to recover the functions soon after the earthquake, and repair work which may take
long time can be easily conducted. This indicates full access to all traffic immediately following an
earthquake.
Seismic Performance Level 2 (SPL-2) Performance level of a bridge to sustain limited damages during an
earthquake and capable of recovery immediately for critical bridges and within a short period for essential
bridges. This ensures not only safety in unseating prevention but also capability to recover the bridge
functions soon after the event and repairability through comparatively easy, long-term repair work.
Seismic Performance Level 3 (SPL-3) Performance level of a bridge to ensure safety against collapse
during an earthquake. This implies that safety against collapse and unseating is ensured but does not cover
the function necessary for serviceability and repairability for seismic design.
Seismic Performance Zones (SPZ) Seismic zones that reflect the variation in seismic risk across the
country and are used to permit different requirements for methods of analysis, minimum support lengths,
column design details, and foundation and abutment design procedures.
Serviceability This means that the bridge is capable of keeping its bridge functions such as fundamental
transportation function, the role as evacuation routes and emergency routes for rescue, first aid, medical
services, firefighting and transporting emergency goods to refugees.
Service Level A measure of seismic performance based on the expected level of service that the bridge is
capable of providing after the design earthquake.
Shock Transmission Unit (STU) A device that provides a temporary rigid link between superstructure
elements and/or superstructure and substructure elements under seismic, braking or other dynamic loads,
while permitting thermal movements.
Site Class One of the three ground types classification used to characterize the effect of the soil conditions
at a site on ground motion.
Stiffness Force effect resulting from a unit deformation.
Strain Elongation per unit length.
Substructure Structural parts of the bridge that support the horizontal span.
Superstructure Structural parts of the bridge that provide the horizontal span.
Transient Loads Loads and Forces that can vary over a short time interval relative to the lifetime of the
structure.
Tributary Weight The portion of the weight of the superstructure that would act on a pier participating in
the ERS if the superstructure between participating piers consisted of simply supported spans. A portion of
the weight of the pier itself may also be included in the tributary weight.
Uncracked Section A section in which the concrete is assumed to be fully effective in tension and
compression.
Unseating Prevention System Structural system having a sufficient seat length of the girder at the support,
unseating prevention device, device limiting excessive displacement, and device to prevent the superstructure
from settling (limiting vertical gap in superstructure), in order to prevent the superstructure from unseating
due to a large earthquake.
Unstable Ground An extremely soft soil layer in seismic design, or a sandy layer affecting the bridge due
to the liquefaction and lateral spreading.
Vibration Unit for Design A structural system that can be regarded as a single vibration unit during an
earthquake.
Yielding of foundation Yielding of foundation shall be defined as a state when the horizontal displacement
at the point of superstructure inertia force tends to increase rapidly, as a result of:
yielding of foundation members,

yielding of the ground, or
uplift of the foundation from the ground.
2.2 NOTATIONS
The notations given below and those in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications apply to these
Guide Specifications:
a : proportional coefficient
am : safety factor used for the calculation of the reinforced concrete columns
AADT : annual average daily truck traffic
AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (U.S.A.)
AB : area of bottom surface of foundation, (m2)
AH : loading area of foundation perpendicular to the load direction, (m2)
AHP : effective projected vertical area of the ground corresponding to pile spring KHP, (m2)
Ai : block area at pile tip, (m2)
AP : area of bottom surface of each pile or pile tip, (m2)
AS : effective peak ground acceleration coefficient; effective area of bottom surface of
foundation corresponding to spring KS, (m2)
Asc : net cross-sectional area of soil cement column, (mm2)
Asp : net cross-sectional area of steel pipe, (mm2)
Arr : rotational spring constant due to foundation rotation, (kN-m/rad)
Ars : spring constant in the rotational direction due to foundation horizontal translation, (kN-
m/m)
Asr : spring constant in the horizontal direction due to foundation rotation, (kN/rad)
Ass : horizontal spring constant due to foundation horizontal translation, (kN/m)
AV : loading area in the vertical direction, (m2); effective area of bottom surface of foundation
corresponding to spring KV, (m2)
b : total width of the superstructure, (m)
B : width of the foundation, (m)
Be : effective loading width of foundation perpendicular to the load direction, (m)
BH : equivalent loading width of foundation
BV : equivalent loading width/diameter of foundation to be obtained by means of the following
equation, (m)
c : cohesion of ground (kn/m2)
cB : modification factor representing the dynamic properties of the inertia force and shall be
taken as 0.70
cF : design displacement coefficient of the unseating prevention structure (the standard value is
taken as 0.75)
cL : modification factor of the lateral movement force in a liquefying layer (can be taken as 0.3)
cm : dynamic modification factor; dynamic modification factor used for the calculation of design
displacement of an isolation bearing, and can be taken as 1.20
cNL : modification factor of the lateral movement force in a non-liquefying layer
CQC : complete quadratic combination method
CR : force effects due to creep
cs : modification factor on distance from the water front
Cs : coefficient of sliding between pile shaft and surrounding soil, (kN/m3)
Csm : elastic seismic response coefficient
cV : modification factor based on the degree of ground strain

cw : modification factor on earthquake ground motion
c1, c2 : modification factors of N value on fine content
D : distance from fault, (m); loading width of foundation perpendicular to the load direction,
(m); pile diameter, (m)
DC : dead load of structural components and nonstructural attachments
DD : downdrag force
Df : effective embedded depth from design ground surface to the bottom of foundation, (m)
DPWH : Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)
DW : dead load of wearing surface and utilities
D50 : mean grain diameter (mm)
ED : dynamic modulus of deformation of the ground, (kN/m2)
EGM : earthquake ground motion
EH : horizontal earth pressure load
EI : flexural stiffness of foundation (kNm2)
EIF : footing flexural rigidity
EIP : substructure/pier flexural rigidity
EIU : superstructure flexural rigidity
EL : miscellaneous locked-in force effects resulting from the construction process, including
jacking apart of cantilevers in segmental construction
EO : modulus of deformation of a soil layer at the point in issue (kN/m2)
Ep : Youngs modulus of pile, (kN/mm2)
EQ : earthquake load
ES : earth surcharge load
Esc : modulus of deformation of soil cement, (kN/mm2)
Esp : Youngs modulus of steel pipe, (kN/mm2)
EV : vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill
FC : fine content (%) (percentage by mass of fine soil passing through the 75m mesh)
Fa : site coefficient for 0.20-sec period spectral acceleration
FF : additional horizontal inertial force due to seismic loading of footing or pile cap mass when
column plastic hinging forces are used for the foundation design, (kN)
fi : maximum shaft resistance of soil layer considering pile shaft resistance, (kN/m2)
FL : liquefaction resistance factor
Fpga : site coefficient for the peak ground acceleration coefficient
FR : friction load
F(u) : horizontal force necessary to produce the horizontal displacement u of an isolation bearing,
(kN)
Fv : site coefficient for 1.0-sec period spectral acceleration
g : acceleration of gravity (= 9.8 m/sec2)
GD : dynamic shear deformation modulus of deformation of the ground, (kN/m2)
h : axial length of the pile above design ground surface, (m)
H : soil layer thickness
HA : alluvial layer thickness
HB : design horizontal seismic force of bearing support

hB : equivalent damping ratio of an isolation bearing
HD : diluvial layer thickness
HF : design seismic force of the unseating prevention device, (kN)
Hi : thickness of the i-th soil layer, (m)
HL : thickness of liquefying layer, (m)
HNL : thickness of non-liquefying layer, (m)
hs : vertical distance from the bearing seat surface to the center of gravity of the superstructure,
(m)
HS : design seismic force used in the design of the structure or device limiting excessive
displacement, (kN)
H0 : lateral loads acting at the bottom of pile cap, (kN)
h0i : height from the ground surface of seismic design to the superstructure inertial force in the
column representing the i-th design vibration unit, (m)
hw : depth of the ground water level, (m)
i : number of the i-th soil layer from the ground surface when the ground is classified into n
layers from the ground surface to the surface of the base ground surface for seismic design
IB : second moment of the bottom surface section of foundation, (m4)
JRA : Japan Road Association
k : coefficient of subgrade reaction, (kN/m3)
K : coefficient representing a proportional relationship
kB : spring constant of elastic bearing support
KB : spring constant of elastic bearing support; equivalent stiffness of an isolation bearing used
for the calculation of uB, (kN/m)
kBi : spring constant of the bearing support for the i-th design vibration unit, (kN/m)
kh : design horizontal seismic coefficient for Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion
k : coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, (kN/m3); coefficient of subgrade reaction in the

H
horizontal direction at the pile section corresponding to area AHP, (kN/m3)

khgL : horizontal seismic coefficient at the ground surface
k : coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction corresponding to the value obtained by the plate
HO
bearing test using a rigid disc of diameter 0.3 m, (kN/m3)

KHP : horizontal spring constant of pile section corresponding to area AHP, (kN/m)
Kp : passive earth pressure coefficient (in normal condition)
kS : coefficient of horizontal shear subgrade reaction, (kN/m3)
KS : horizontal spring constant of pile, (kN/m)
k : coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction, (kN/m3); coefficient of subgrade reaction in the

V
vertical direction at the bottom of pile, (kN/m3); design vertical seismic coefficient
KV : axial spring constant of pile, (kN/m); total axial spring constant of the pile group, (kN/m)
KVP : axial spring constant of a single pile in the direction of the pile axis, (kN/m)
k : coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction equivalent to the value of plate bearing test using a
V0
rigid disc of diameter 0.3 m, and it is obtained by using the following equation (if estimating
it from the modulus of deformation found as a result of soil quality tests and surveys),
(kN/m3)
K1 : initial stiffness of isolation bearing, (kN/m)

K2 : secondary stiffness of isolation bearing, (kN/m)
K1 , K 3 : radial force and bending moment (kN-m/m) to be applied on a pile head when displacing
the head by a unit displacement in the radial direction while keeping it from rotating, (kN/m)
K2 , K4 : radial force and bending moment (kN-m/rad) to be applied on a pile head when rotating the
head by a unit rotation in the radial direction while keeping it from moving in a radial
direction, (kN/rad)
l : length of the effective span, (m)
L : total length of the bridge, (m); distance between adjacent pile centers, (m); length of pile
(m); seismic shear stress ratio; distance between two substructures for determining the seat
length (m); length of continuous superstructure, (m)
Le : effective embedment depth of a foundation, (m)
Li : thickness of soil layer considering shaft resistance, (m); thickness of each layer from the
footing to the pile tip, (m)
LL : vehicular live load
LRFD : load and resistance factor design
LA : allowance for the gap distance of the structure limiting excessive displacement, (mm)
LE : distance of translational movement under Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion (in case of a
rubber bearing, it is the displacement equivalent to the allowable shear strain of the rubber),
(mm)
LS : gap distance of the structure limiting excessive displacement, (mm)
LSd : design gap distance of the structure limiting excessive displacement, (mm)
L : length of a continuous superstructure, (m)
MM : multimode elastic method for multi-span bridge structures
Mn : nominal flexural strength of column or pier calculated at the axial load on the column or
pier, (N-mm)
M0 : moment (external force) at the origin O, (kNm)
Mti : moment as external force acting on the i-th pile head, (kN-m)
n : total number of piles; number of rubber layers
N : N-values from the Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Na : modified N value taking into account the effects of grain size
Nc, Nq, N : coefficients of bearing capacity
Ni : average N-value of the i-th soil layer obtained from SPT
N1 : equivalent N value corresponding to effective overburden pressure of 100 kN/m2
OC : operational classification
p : subgrade reaction per unit area, (kN/m2)
pe(x) : the intensity of the equivalent static seismic loading applied to represent the primary mode
of vibration, (N/m)
po : a uniform load arbitrarily set equal to 1.0 (N/m)
PGA : peak horizontal ground acceleration coefficient on AASHTO Class B rock
PHIVOLCS : Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PHi : radial force of the i-th pile, (kN)
PLG : the horizontal strength of the substructure based on the yield bending moment or the shear
strength capacity of the substructure, (kN)
Pn : nominal axial pull-out resistance of pile, (kN)

PNi : axial force of the i-th pile, (kN)
PR : factored axial pull-out resistance of pile, (kN)
PS : secondary forces from post-tensioning
PSHA : probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
Pu : axial load on column or pier, (N); horizontal force equivalent to the lateral strength of a
column or plastic shear forces when considering plastic behavior of the pier or column; or
horizontal force equivalent to maximum response displacement of a foundation when
considering plastic behavior of the foundation, (kN)
Pui : horizontal force equivalent to the plastic shear or lateral strength of a column with plastic
behavior, representing the i-th design vibration unit, (kN)
qd : nominal end bearing resistance intensity per unit area, (kN/m2)
qd : nominal bearing capacity intensity of soil at the base of the foundation, (kN/m2);
Qd : yield load of an isolation bearing, (kN)
Qf : nominal skin friction of pile group, (kN)
Qi : force effect
qL : lateral movement force per unit area (kN/m2) acting on a structural member in a liquefying
layer at the depth x (m)
qNL : lateral movement force per unit area (kN/m2) acting on a structural member in a non-
liquefying layer at the depth x (m)
Qp : nominal end bearing capacity as pile group, (kN)
QR : factored axial bearing capacity of pile group (capacity at pile head), (kN)
qu : unconfined compressive strength, (kN/m2)
Qy : horizontal yield force at the same time yielding, (kN)
R : dynamic shear strength ratio
rd : reduction factor of seismic shear stress ratio, in terms of depth
Rd : dead load reaction (in case the structure connects two adjacent girders, the larger reaction
shall be taken), (kN)
RD : reaction force generated in the bearing support by the dead load of the superstructure, (kN)
R-factor : response modification factor;
RHEQ : vertical reaction force generated in the bearing support system when the action of the
horizontal force is applied on the bearing support in the transverse direction to the bridge
axis, (kN)
RL : cyclic triaxial shear stress ratio; downward seismic force used for seismic design of bearing
support system, (kN)
RLL : Reaction force generated in the bearing support by the vehicular live load using the live load
factor specified in Article 1.5, (kN)
Rn : nominal resistance; nominal resistance of pile, (kN)
Rr : factored resistance; Rn
RR : factored resistance of pile, (kN)
RU : upward seismic force used for seismic design of bearing support system, (kN);
RVEQ : vertical seismic force generated by the design vertical seismic coefficient kv, (kN)
Sa : design response spectral acceleration coefficient
SD1 : design earthquake response spectral acceleration coefficient at 1.0-sec period
SDS : design earthquake response spectral acceleration coefficient at 0.20-sec period

SE : seat length of the girder at the support, measured from the end of girder to the edge of the
top of the substructure, or the girder length on the hinge/bearing joint, (m)
SE : seat length for a skew bridge, (m)
SE : seat length for a curved bridge, (m)
SF : maximum design allowance length of the unseating prevention device, (m).
SH : force effect due to shrinkage
SM : single-mode elastic method for multi-span bridge structures
SPL : seismic performance level
SPT : standard penetration test
SRSS : square root of the sum of the squares method
SS : 0.20-sec period spectral acceleration coefficient on AASHTO Class B rock
SPZ : seismic performance zone
STU : shock transmission unit
S1 : 1.0-sec period spectral acceleration coefficient on AASHTO Class B rock
T : period of fundamental mode of vibration, (s)
tei : thickness of the i-th layer of the rubber, (mm)
TF : bridge fundamental period
TG : characteristic value of ground, (s)
TH : time history method of analysis for multi-span bridge structures
Tm : period of vibration of mth mode, (s)
T0 : reference period used to define spectral shape = 0.2Ts (s)
TS : corner period at which spectrum changes from being independent of period to being
inversely proportional to period = SD1/SDS (s)
U : perimeter of pile, (m)
uB : design displacement of an isolation bearing, (m); horizontal displacement generated in the
bearing support by the design horizontal seismic force, (mm)
uBe : effective design displacement of an isolation bearing, (m)
uBi : relative displacement at the bearing support system representing the i-th design vibration
unit, (m)
uFi : horizontal displacement at the height of superstructure inertial force due to the displacement
of the pier foundation representing the i-th design vibration unit included in the effects of
liquefaction and lateral spreading of the ground, (m)
uG : relative displacement of the ground caused by seismic ground strain, (m)
UL : uniform load elastic method for multi-span bridge structures
uPi : response displacement of the column representing the i-th design vibration unit, (m)
uR : maximum relative displacement between the superstructure and the edge of the top of the
substructure due to Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion, (m)
uRi : displacement of the i-th design vibration unit, (m)
USGS : United States Geological Survey
uy : horizontal yield displacement, (m)
vD : dynamic Poissons ratio of the ground
V0 : vertical loads acting at the bottom of pile cap, (kN)
Vsi : average shear elastic wave velocity of the i-th soil layer, (m/s)
s : average shear wave velocity for the upper 30.5m of the soil profile, (m/s)
VSD : shear elastic wave velocity of the ground, (m/s)
vs(x) : deformation corresponding to po, (m)
vsMAX : maximum value of vs(x), (m)
w(x) : nominal, unfactored dead load of the bridge superstructure and tributary substructure (N/m)
W : effective weight of pile and soil inside pile, (kN); effective weight of soil replaced by the
hypothetical caisson foundation, (kN); elastic energy of an isolation bearing, (kN-m)
WA : water load and stream pressure
WF : weight of footing or pile, (kN)
Ws : effective weight of soil replaced by pile, (kN)
Wu : weight of superstructure, whose horizontal force is borne by the isolation bearing, (kN)
x : depth from the ground surface, (m)
xi : x-coordinate of the i-th pile head, (m); horizontal distance from the gravity center of the
superstructure to the i-th bearing support, (m)
xo : distance from the balance point of RHEQi to the center of gravity, (m)
yi : y-coordinate of the pile head of i-th pile, (m)
: coefficient to be used for estimating a coefficient of subgrade reaction; shape factor at

bottom of foundation; rotational angle of the footing at the origin O, (rad); safety factor used
for calculation of the allowable ductility ratio of the reinforced concrete columns
E : marginal unseating rotation angle, (degree); E can generally be taken as 5 degrees
: characteristic value of pile/foundation, (m-1); shape factor at bottom of foundation
1/ : ground depth relating to the horizontal resistance and equal to or less than the effective
embedment depth, (m)
: modification coefficient depending on nominal bearing resistance estimation method; shear
strain generated in a rubber bearing or a seismic isolation bearing
F : load factor for ground acceleration and shall be taken as 0.50
i : load factor; a statistically based multiplier applied to force effects
NL : mean unit weight of a non-liquefying layer, (kN/m3)
L : mean unit weight of a liquefying layer, (kN/m3)
t : unit weight of the ground, (kN/m3)
t1 : unit weight of soil above the ground water level, (kN/m3)
t2 : unit weight of soil below the ground water level, (kN/m3)
't2 : effective unit weight of soil below the ground water level, (kN/m3)
1 : unit weight of soil layer below the foundation bottom, (kN/m3)
2 : unit weight of soil layer above the foundation bottom, (kN/m3)
: displacement of the point of contraflexure in the column or pier relative to the point of fixity
for the foundation, (mm)
e : displacement calculated from elastic seismic analysis, (mm)
W : total energy absorbed by an isolation bearing (equal to the area inside the hysteretic curve
of horizontal displacement-force relationship), (kN-m)
: displacement, (m)
E : displacement of the superstructure toward the outside direction of the curve, (m)
Fi : response horizontal displacement of the pier foundation representing the i-th design
vibration unit, (m)
x : lateral displacement from the origin O, (m)
xi : Radial displacement at the i-th pile head, (m)
y : vertical displacement from the origin O, (m)yield displacement of the reinforced concrete
columns
u : ultimate displacement of the reinforced concrete columns
yi : yielding displacement of the column representing the i-th design vibration unit, (m)
yi : Axial displacement at the i-th pile head, (m)
G : seismic ground strain. G can be assumed as 0.0025, 0.00375 and 0.005 for Ground Types
I, II and III, respectively
D : factor relating to ductility; D = 1.0 for extreme event limit state
i : load multiplier; a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational classification
I : factor relating to operational classification; I = 1.0 for critical and essential bridges and
I = 1.0 for other bridge class
R : factor relating to redundancy; R = 1.0 for extreme event limit state
: skew angle, (degree); intersection angle, (degree)
i : angle from the pile vertical axis of the i-th pile, (degree)
Fi : response rotation angle of the pier foundation representing the i-th design vibration unit,
(rad)
: modification coefficient for the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction
m : allowable ductility ratio of a reinforced concrete columns in seismically-isolated bridge
Ri : response ductility factor of the column representing the i-th design vibration unit
v : total overburden pressure, (kN/m2)
v : effective overburden pressure, (kN/m2)
: ratio of coefficient of horizontal shear subgrade reaction to coefficient of vertical subgrade
reaction; this coefficient can take the value = 1/3 ~
: resistance factor; a statistically based multiplier applied to nominal resistance specified in
Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications;
flexural resistance factor for column, = 0.90 for columns with either spiral or tie
reinforcement); fan-shaped angle by the two edges of a continuous girder of a curved bridge,
(degrees)
: resistance factor for pile under extreme event limit state
: shear strength intensity of each layer, (kN/m2)
Intentionally Blank
SECTION 3:
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS
(1) These Specifications shall be taken to apply to the design and construction of conventional bridges
to resist the effects of earthquake motion.
For non-conventional bridges and other types of construction (e.g. suspension bridges, cable
stayed bridges, arch type bridges, and movable bridges), the DPWH shall require and approve
appropriate provisions from the Designer. Moreover, for bridges not fully covered herein, the
provisions of these Specifications may be applied, as augmented with additional design criteria
where applicable, but with prior approval from the DPWH.
(2) The provisions of these Specifications shall be taken as the minimum requirements necessary to
provide for structural stability and public safety. Additional provisions may be specified by the
DPWH to achieve higher performance criteria for repairable and minimum damage attributed to
essential or critical bridges. Where such additional requirements are specified, they shall be site
or project specific and are tailored to a particular structure type. The DPWH may require, if
necessary, the sophistication of design or the quality of materials and construction to be higher
than the minimum requirements.
(3) Seismic effects for box culverts and buried structures need not be considered except where failure
of the box culvert or the buried structures will affect the function of the bridge or where they cross
active faults.
(4) The potential effects of unstable ground conditions (e.g. liquefaction, landslides and slope
movements, and fault displacements) on the stability and function of the bridge should be
considered.
(5) Detailed seismic structural analysis may not be required for any bridge in Seismic Performance
Zone 1. Specific detailing requirements shall be applied for Seismic Performance Zone 1 and for
single span bridges. For single-span bridges, minimum support length requirement shall apply
according to Article 4.6.
(6) Other provisions not contained in these Specifications shall conform to requirements of the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2012 or later edition. However, the seismic design
of bridges shall also conform to the requirements of the updated and revised DPWH Guide
Specifications.
Commentary C3.1
Conventional bridges include those with slab, beam, box girder, or truss superstructures; have single- or
multiple-column piers, wall-type piers, or pile-bent substructures; and are founded on shallow- or piled-
footings, or shafts. Substructures for conventional bridges are also listed in Table 3.8.1-1.
Nonconventional bridges include bridges with cable-stayed/cable-suspended superstructures, bridges with
truss towers or hollow piers for substructures, and arch bridges. Single-span bridges shall be slab or girder
bridges without piers and directly supported by abutments.
SECTION 3: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Since the DPWH is in the process of updating and revising its Design Guide Specifications, these
Specifications shall comply with the other provisions and requirements of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, 2012 or later edition for specific requirements not contained herein. However,
once the DPWH Design Guide Specifications have been completed, these Specifications shall be used
together with the DPWH Design Guide Specifications.
3.2 BRIDGE OPERATIONAL CLASSIFICATION
(1) For the purpose of seismic design, bridges shall be classified into one of the following three
operational categories:
Table 3.2-1 Operational Classification of Bridges
Operational
Serviceability Performance Description
Classification (OC)
OC-I Bridges that must remain Important bridges that meet any of the following
(Critical Bridges) open to all traffic after the criteria:
Level 2 design Bridges that do not have detours or alternative
earthquake, i.e. 1,000 year bridge route (e.g. bridges that connect islands
return period event. where no other alternative bridge exist),
Other bridges required by Bridges on roads and highways considered to be
DPWH to be open to part of the regional disaster prevention route,
emergency vehicles and
Bridges with span 100m,
vehicles for
security/defense purposes Non-conventional bridges or special bridge
immediately after an types such as suspension, cable stayed, arch, etc.
earthquake larger than the Other bridge forms such as double-deck bridges,
Level 2 design earthquake overcrossings or overbridges that could cause
(AASHTO recommends a secondary disaster on important
2,500-year return for bridges/structures when collapsed,
larger earthquakes). As specified by the DPWH or those having
jurisdiction on the bridge.
OC-II Bridges that should, as a Bridges located along the following roads/highways:
(Essential Bridges) minimum, be open to Pan-Philippine Highway,
emergency vehicles and
Expressways (Urban and Inter-urban
for security/defense
expressways),
purposes within a short
period after the Level 2 Major/Primary national arterial highways
design earthquake, i.e. (North-South Backbone, East-West Lateral,
1,000 year return period Other Roads of Strategic Importance),
event. Provincial, City and Municipal roads in view of
disaster prevention and traffic strategy.
Additionally, bridges that meet any of the following
criteria:
Bridges with detours greater than 25 kilometers
As specified by the DPWH or those having
jurisdiction on the bridge
OC-III All other bridges not All other bridges not classified as OC-I or OC-II
(Other Bridges) required to satisfy OC-I or
OC-II performance.
The DPWH or those having jurisdiction shall classify the bridge into one of the above three operational
categories.
(2) The basis of classification shall include social/survival and security/defense requirements. In
classifying a bridge, considerations should be given to possible future changes in conditions and
requirements.
Commentary C3.2
(1) Operational Classification II (OC-II or Essential Bridges) covers generally those that should, as a
minimum, be open to emergency vehicles and for security/defense purposes immediately after the
design earthquake, i.e., a Level 2 1,000-yr return period event. However, some bridges must remain
open to all traffic after the design earthquake and be usable by emergency vehicles and for
security/defense purposes immediately after a large earthquake, e.g., more than 1,000-yr return period
event. These bridges should be regarded as critical structures with Operational Classification OC-I.
Extreme event limit states are considered to be unique occurrences whose return period may be
significantly greater than the design life of the bridge. In this case, critical bridges defined in Table
3.2.1, being major and important bridges, shall have higher strength and performance requirements
than essential or other bridge classifications. In this case, critical bridges are required to be open to all
traffic after the Level 2 design earthquake but in the event of an earthquake larger than the Level 2
design earthquake, critical bridges should at least be open to emergency vehicles and vehicles for
defense purposes. For earthquakes larger than the design earthquake, AASHTO recommends
earthquake with a 2,500-yr return period.
Since critical bridges requires higher strength and performance than essential and others, careful design
and details shall be undertaken to ensure its performance under large earthquakes.
(2) Bridges are classified as to OC-I (Critical), OC-2 (Essential) and OC-II (Others), depending on the
importance factors such as the road class, bridge functions and structural characteristics. In this regard,
when classifying bridge importance in view of the roles expected in the regional disaster prevention
plan, the following factors shall be taken into account:
(1) Role expected in the regional disaster prevention plan.

Consideration shall be given to the extent to which the bridge is necessary, as an emergency
transport route, for post-earthquake event rescue and recovery activities. The DPWH shall clearly
define which route shall be included under the disaster prevention plan.
(2) Possibility of a secondary disaster

Consideration shall be given to the extent to which damages to bridges (such as double-deck
bridges and overcrossings) affect other important lifeline structures and facilities.
(3) Serviceability and availability of alternate routes

Consideration shall be given to the present traffic volume on the bridge and the availability of
alternate routes when the bridge loses its pre-event functions. Since bridges play an important role
for social and economic activities between communities and centers, the availability of alternate
route shall be one factor to decide the bridge operational classification.
(4) Difficulty in recovering bridge function

Consideration shall be given to the duration and cost for recovering the function of a damaged
bridge.
The DPWH Planning Service shall be responsible for identifying the operational classifications of
bridges considering the above roles and functions of the roads and bridges.
3.3 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
3.3.1 General
(1) Bridges shall have the following three levels of seismic performance:
1) Seismic Performance Level 1 (SPL-1)

Performance level of a bridge to ensure its normal sound functions during an earthquake.

Performance level of a bridge to sustain limited damages during an earthquake and capable of
recovery immediately for critical bridges and within a short period for essential bridges.

Performance level of a bridge to ensure safety against collapse during an earthquake.
(2) Bridges classified under the Operational Classification in Table 3.2-1 shall conform to the
performance requirements given in Table 3.3.1-1 and the design earthquake ground motion.
Table 3.3.1-1 Earthquake Ground Motion and Seismic Performance of Bridges
Bridge Operational Classification

Earthquake Ground Motion
OC-I OC-II OC-III
(EGM)
(Critical Bridges) (Essential Bridges) (Other Bridges)
Level 1 SPL-1 SPL-1 SPL-1
(Small to moderate (Keep the bridge (Keep the bridge (Keep the bridge
earthquakes which are highly sound function; sound function; sound function;
probable during the bridge resist seismic forces resist seismic forces resist seismic forces
service life, 100-year return) within elastic limit) within elastic limit) within elastic limit)
Level 2 SPL-2 SPL-2 SPL-3
(Large earthquakes with a (Limited seismic (Limited seismic (May suffer damage
1,000-year return period) damage and damage and but should not cause
capable of capable of collapse of bridge
immediately recovering bridge or any of its
recovering bridge function with structural elements)
functions without structural repair
structural repair) within short period)
(3) Bridges shall be designed to ensure that unseating of superstructures can be prevented, even if local
structural failures of components (such as bearing supports, displacement limiting device, etc.) or
large displacements may occur due to complicated structural behavior or ground deformation due
to liquefaction, which were not expected in seismic design. Requirements for the unseating
prevention system is specified under Section 7 of these Specifications.
(4) When verifying the seismic performance of bridges, the limit state of each structural member or
component shall be appropriately determined in accordance with the limit states of the bridge as
specified in Articles 3.3.2 to 3.3.4 of this Section.
Commentary C3.3.1
(1) The seismic performance of bridges as a goal in seismic design is classified into three levels in view
of safety, serviceability and repairability. Safety implies performance to avoid loss of life due to
collapse or unseating of the superstructure during an earthquake. Serviceability means that the bridge
is capable of keeping its bridge functions such as fundamental transportation function, the role as
evacuation routes and emergency routes for rescue, first aid, medical services, firefighting and
transporting emergency goods to refugees. Repairability denotes capability to repair seismic damages.
Bridges that are designed and detailed in accordance with these provisions may suffer damage, but
should have low probability of collapse due to seismically induced ground shaking.
Seismic Performance Level 1 (SPL-1) given as Performance level of a bridge to ensure its normal
sound functions during an earthquake, implies that the bridge shall be restrained safely from
unseating, no emergency repair work is needed to recover the functions soon after the earthquake, and
repair work which may take long time can be easily conducted. This indicates full access to all traffic
immediately following an earthquake.
Seismic Performance Level 2 (SPL-2) given as Performance level of a bridge to sustain limited
damages during an earthquake and capable of recovery within a short period, ensures not only safety
in unseating prevention but also capability to recover the bridge functions soon after the event and
repairability through comparatively easy, long-term repair work.
Seismic Performance Level 3 (SPL-3) given as Performance level of a bridge to ensure no critical
damage during an earthquake, implies that safety against collapse and unseating is ensured but does
not cover the function necessary for serviceability and repairability for seismic design.
Table C3.3.1-1 summarizes the items for Seismic Performance Levels 1 to 3, considering safety,
serviceability and repairability for seismic design.
Table C3.3.1-1 Seismic Performance of Bridges
Seismic Seismic Repairability Design

Seismic Performance Seismic Safety Design Serviceability Emergency Permanent
Design Repairability Repairability
Seismic Performance Level 1 Ensure safety against Ensure normal bridge No repair work is Only easy and
(SPL-1): girder unseating; resist functions needed to recover minor repair works
Keeping the sound function of earthquake within bridge functions are needed
bridges elastic range
Seismic Performance Level 2 Ensure safety against Capable of Capable of Capable of easily
(SPL-2): collapse and girder recovering functions recovering functions undertaking
Limited damages and unseating within a short period by emergency repair permanent repair
recovery after the earthquake works work
event
Seismic Performance Level 3 Ensure safety against
(SPL-3): collapse and girder - - -
No critical damages unseating
Figure C3.3.1-1 shows the relationships between lateral load-displacement curve and the seismic
performance level.
SPL-1 specifies prevention of structural damage on members by confining the response within the
elastic limits of the members. In this case, small to moderate earthquakes have to be resisted by the
structural members at the elastic limit so that the bridge is immediately open to traffic after the
earthquake without the need for substantial repairs. The bridge normal function is maintained after the
earthquake and if damage did occur, it must be minor which can easily be repaired without disrupting
the bridge function.
SPL-2 indicates the repairable limit of the members by limiting the damage to within recoverable level.
Under this performance level, the bridge function can easily be recovered within a short period after
an earthquake event through emergency repair works. Moreover, permanent repairs for damages can
be done easily. Under SPL-2, bridge components are allowed to behave inelastically to such extent
that its function can be easily recovered without loss of capacity and serviceability.
SPL-3 specifies ductility capacity limit to prevent critical damages on members and thus prevent
bridge collapse. Under this performance level, bridge members and components are allowed to
undergo inelastic behavior during large earthquakes but should not cause collapse of any or all of its
main structural components. The extent of damages in this level may require replacement of the
components or the bridge itself.
Both SPL-2 and SPL-3 may approach post-elastic, non-linear structural behavior.
In all SPL cases, bridge collapse and girder unseating should be prevented.
SPL3 SeismicPerformance
SPL1 SPL2 DuctilityCapacity Level
ElasticLimit RepairableLimit Limit
PreventDamage LimitedDamagefor PreventCriticalDamage

(Performanceto FunctionRecovery (Performancetoprevent
keepsoundfunction (Performanceto criticaldamage)
ofbridgesafter assureearlyrecovery
ofbridgefunction
afterearthquakeby
limitingdamage)
Level I Level II Ground Motion

EarthquakeGround
Ground Motion Motion
OC-I, OC-II & BridgeOperational

OC-I & OC-II OC-III
OC-III Classification
Linear Nonlinear
LateralForce
(ElasticRange)
SoundnessLevel1 SoundnessLevel2 SoundnessLevel3 SoundnessLevel4
LateralDisplacement
*RefertoTableC3.3.12forMemberSoundnessLevelDefinition
Figure C3.3.1-1 Relationship between Lateral Load-Displacement Curve, Seismic Performance

Level, Earthquake Ground Motion and Operational Classification
The AASHTO LRFD traditional procedure to seismic design of bridges, which is adopted in these
Specifications, utilizes the force-based approach where structural damage is controlled by an
assignment of a certain level of strength derived by application of the response modification (R-factor).
The R-factors generalizes the ductility capacity of the members where columns are assumed to deform
inelastically when seismic forces exceed their design level. This is taken by dividing the elastically
computed force effects by an appropriate force-reduction factor (R-factor). In this case, the structure,
particularly columns, should have enough ductility to be able to deform inelastically to the
deformations caused by large earthquakes without loss of post-yield strength. The force-reduction
factors are then specified to determine the inelastic deformation demands on the bridge members when
the design earthquake occurs. Since these Specifications adhere to the AASHTO force-based approach
to seismic design, it is assumed that seismic performances of bridges required under the different
bridge operational classifications are addressed by the corresponding R-factors.
In order to assure bridge seismic performance during an earthquake, all bridges and their foundations
and structural elements shall be capable of resisting the seismic demand forces and achieving the
anticipated displacements required under the objective seismic performance level. In this sense,
earthquake resisting systems (ERS), as shown in Appendix 1A, shall be clearly identified and selected
to achieve the requirements of Article 3.3.1(1) seismic performance levels. The ERS shall provide a
reliable and uninterrupted load path for transmitting seismically induced forces into the surrounding
soil and sufficient means of energy dissipation and/or restraint to reliably control seismically induced
displacements.
Selection of an appropriate ERS is fundamental to achieving adequate seismic performance. To this

end, the identification of lateral-force-resisting concept and the selection of the necessary elements to
fulfill the concept should be accomplished in the conceptual design phase, or the type, size, and
location phase, or the design alternative phase of the project.
Considering seismic repairability after an earthquake, bridge members and structural elements shall
be capable of maintaining a structural soundness consistent with the seismic performance level
requirements. The anticipated soundness level of the ERS elements and bridge members should be
defined during the design process as indicated in Table C3.3.1-2.
Table C3.3.1-2 Member Soundness Level
Soundness Level 1 Soundness Level 2 Soundness Level 3 Soundness Level 4

Limited damage/Still Severe
possess remaining damage/Near
No damage/elastic Beyond strength
Member Condition strength and strength and
range and ductility
displacement displacement
capacity capacity
Restoration and
Member Minor/easy Member
strengthening is
Restoration and No restoration restoration/permanent replacement is
possible/May
Strengthening repair works necessary
require replacement
(2) The seismic performance requirements for bridges at different operational classification shall be based
on the design earthquake ground motion which is given in Article 3.4. The relationship between the
operational classification and earthquake ground motion and the load-displacement curve is illustrated
in Figure C3.3.1-1 where all bridges (OC-I to OC-III) are expected to respond within the elastic limit
at Level 1 earthquake ground motion (small to moderate earthquakes). On the other hand, critical and
essential bridges (OC-I and OC-II, respectively) should behave within the post-elastic repairable limit
while other bridges (OC-III) should not exhibit critical damage or collapse under Level 1 ground
motion (large earthquake).
All bridges (OC I-III) are expected to perform its normal function or be open to all traffic under Level
1 earthquake ground motion which has high probability of occurrence during the service life of the
bridge. In this case, Level 1 earthquake shall be resisted within the elastic range of the structural
components without significant damage.
However, under a large earthquake with low probability of occurrence during the bridge service life
or Level 2 earthquake ground motion, bridges classified as OC-III should not collapse and should have
no critical damage. Moreover, bridges classified under OC-I and OC-II should have limited damage
and are capable of recovering the bridge functions within a short period. In this case, OC-I bridges
shall be open to all traffic under Level 2 earthquake and as a minimum, be open immediately to
emergency vehicles and for security/defense purposes after an earthquake greater than Level 2 design
earthquake. On the other hand, OC-II bridges should, as a minimum, be open to emergency vehicles
and for security/defense purposes within a short period after the Level 2 design earthquake.
(3) In the event that local structural failures of components (such bearing supports, displacement limiting
device, etc.) or large displacements occur due to complicated structural behavior or ground
deformation due to liquefaction which were not expected during seismic design, safety measures to
prevent superstructures from unseating should be ensured.
Although the earthquake ground motions similar to that of the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake which
is considered one of the most devastating earthquakes in the world have been recorded, similar or
stronger earthquake ground motion may be generated in the future. This is because of the mechanism
of generating strong earthquake ground motions and the properties of active faults causing future
earthquakes are still uncertain. In addition, since the time range for observing strong earthquake is
short and observation records of such strong earthquake ground motions are lacking in the Philippines,
an accurate estimation of earthquake ground motion is difficult to incorporate in the seismic design of
bridges. Moreover, unexpected forces, displacements and deformations may generate in bridges due
to the failure of the surrounding ground or the unexpected complicated behavior of the structural
members. In this case, safety measures against unseating shall be ensured as much as possible. In the
Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake of 1999 and the Chichi, Taiwan Earthquake of 1999, the superstructure
fell down due to extremely large fault displacements of 5 to 10m.
In order to directly incorporate the characteristics of individual active faults into seismic design,
locations and active periods of the faults, and the ground surface dislocations caused by the faults
should be identified. Although PHIVOLCS is actively studying and mapping of active faults, many
points still remain unclear. For instance, the fault source that generated the 7.2 magnitude earthquake
in Bohol on October 15, 2013 was not identified previously by PHIVOLCS. It is then necessary to
carefully examine these topics through further research.
In view of the uncertainty and the unexpected phenomena that may occur, prevention of
superstructures from unseating shall be one of the goals in seismic design of bridges. However, it is
still difficult to design a completely safe bridge against any earthquake ground motion or extremely
large fault displacements. In preparation for such earthquakes, it is important to enhance redundancy
of highway networks, and to develop preparedness systems and techniques that will allow earlier
recovery.
3.3.2 Requirements for Seismic Performance Level 1 (SPL-1)
The limit state of the bridge for Seismic Performance Level 1 shall ensure that the mechanical properties
of the substructure and superstructure members and components are maintained within the elastic range
and that these members will perform without or with minimal damage. The bridge members and
components to be verified under this performance level shall include pier columns or piers walls,
abutments, bearings, expansion joints and unseating prevention system devices.
Commentary C3.3.2
The limit states of the members and components of the bridge for Seismic Performance Level 1 shall be
properly established so that the bridge functions before an earthquake is ensured after an earthquake and
damages to any structural member is kept to minimal. In this regard, the limit state of each structural member
for Seismic Performance Level 1 shall be that the mechanical properties are maintained within the elastic
range. Foundation shall also behave under the elastic range.
Structural members are expected not to have any damage under this seismic performance level. Any damage
that does occur shall be minimal without effect on structural behavior and can be repaired easily and quickly.
(1) The limit state of the bridge for Seismic Performance Level 2 shall ensure that only the structural
member where formation of plastic behavior (plastic hinging) are expected shall be allowed to
deform plastically within the range of easy recovery of bridge function.
(2) The structural member in which formation of plastic hinges are allowed shall be properly selected
so that reliable energy absorption mechanism is observed and that recovery is ensured in a short
period of time. Plastic hinges are allowed to form at the bottom of the pier columns for single
column piers and at the top and bottom for rigid frame piers or piers rigidly connected with the
superstructure, as shown in Figure C3.3.3-1.
(3) These structural members with plasticity shall be properly combined with other structural
members in accordance with the anticipated structural characteristics and behavior of the bridge.
The limit state of each member under the combination shall be appropriately determined to ensure
structural performance under earthquake loading.
Commentary C3.3.3
(1) This limit states of the bridge for Seismic Performance Level 2 shall ensure that only the structural
member in which the formation of plastic behavior or plastic hinges during an earthquake are allowed
deforms plastically within the range of easy recovery of function. Members with and without plastic
behavior during large earthquake shall be identified clearly.
(2) The structural member in which reliable energy absorption, easy inspection of the damage and recovery
in a short period are ensured due to its plastic behavior, mainly corresponds to bridge piers.
Since superstructures are directly related with traffic serviceability, formation of plastic hinges in
superstructures are basically not recommended from serviceability point of view in seismic design.
However, for bridges with special structure such as rigid-frame bridges in which effects of earthquake
predominate the design of superstructure, and long span bridges, superstructures without plastic
behavior during an earthquake will possibly lead to an extremely uneconomical design. On the other
hand, in the design of a prestressed concrete bridge superstructure rigidly connected to the piers,
excessive reinforcing steel bars for avoiding plasticity of the superstructure may cause a big loss in
prestressing forces. In this case, secondary plasticity can occur in the superstructure, in addition to the
assumption that plastic hinges are principally formed in the piers. Here, the secondary plasticity denotes
for that the structural members with plastic behavior play a great role in energy absorption where local
plastic hinges are reached in the seismic response.
Seismic isolation bearings are members with the mechanism having nonlinear hysteretic characteristics
and capable of absorbing energy with deformation. When such kinds of seismic isolation bearings are
applied in seismically isolated bridges, the limit states of each bridge member shall be properly
determined in consideration of the plastic behavior of the bearings that will ensure energy absorption
by these bearings. Instead of expressing the mechanical properties for the seismic isolation bearings in
terms of plastic behavior, nonlinear behavior shall be used.
Since the foundations are likely to play a role in improving the ability of energy absorption, some
damages may happen in the process of energy absorption as the foundations deform. In this case, it is
not easy to find the damage of the foundations, and the recovery becomes serious and very difficult.
Although the foundation can be designed to allow generation of secondary plasticity without considering
principal plastic behavior, it is recommended in this Specification that foundations behave elastically
under earthquake forces.
For non-conventional bridges such as arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges or suspension bridges,
structural members with plastic behavior shall be properly selected according to the structural behavior
of each bridge. In addition, the limit states of these members shall also be appropriately set based on
the limit states of entire bridge system. On the other hand, the structural members such as the arch ribs
in arch bridges or the main pylon/tower of cable-stayed bridges which play an important role in keeping
the dynamic behavior and stability of the entire bridge system and those members subjected to large
axial forces in the normal conditions which may vary during an earthquake, shall be carefully
investigated and designed within the allowable plastic ranges since the dynamic behavior of such
members are still unclear up to now.
(3) Structural members with plastic behavior shall be properly combined in accordance with the bridge types,
expected behavior under earthquake and the limit state of entire bridge system. As explained earlier, the
structural members in piers, seismic isolation bearings and foundations (in some cases) can absorb energy
because of their plastic behavior or nonlinear properties. Table C3.3.3-1 shows some examples on how
to combine the members with plastic behavior or nonlinear properties and how to determine the limit
states of the combined structural members so as to ensure the Seismic Performance Level for an entire
bridge system. However, the limit state of the expansion joints connecting the ends of the superstructure
are not indicated so that traffic can be kept passable through simple recovery within a short period of
time in case such damages occur.
Another way to ensure reliable energy absorption is using a structure consisting of several members that
work simultaneously. In this case, its dynamic behavior is likely to get more complicated during a large
earthquake, so that further investigation on response characteristics of this kind of structure is necessary.
At the present stage, selecting structural members with plastic behavior or nonlinear properties from
either the pier, seismic isolation bearing of a seismically isolated bridge or foundation is desirable to get
a more reliable energy absorption mechanism, as shown in Figure C3.3.3-1.
Table C3.3.3-1 shows the limit state of each member with plastic behavior or nonlinear properties
corresponding to their combination as follows:
1) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in piers
The limit state of the piers with plastic behavior shall be the limit state in which the damages in the
piers can be easily recovered. In other words, for purpose of ensuring rapid recovery in bridge
functions, the limit state denotes the state just before reduction of horizontal strength begins, or the
state that residual displacement recovery is difficult.
In order to ensure that plastic hinges develop mainly in the piers, the limit states of other members
including abutments, bearing support system and superstructures shall be that the mechanical
properties of the members are within the elastic range. Bearing support systems like rubber bearing
supports shall be capable of absorbing the deformations considering its proven mechanical
properties to be within the range without damage.
Basically, the mechanical properties of the foundations shall be kept within the elastic range.
However, when it is unavoidable to keep the foundation within the elastic range due to liquefaction
and lateral spreading, the secondary plastic behavior may be allowed in order to prevent the
foundation from generating damages in the whole foundation that will be difficult to recover. This
is based on the consideration that some of the foundation members may deform plastically other
than the nonlinear effects of the foundations. Since footings or pile caps play the role of transferring
smoothly the seismic forces acting on the piers to foundations, the limit state of footing or pile cap
shall be that the mechanical properties are kept within the elastic ranges.
2) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in piers and superstructures
When considering the formation of plastic hinges in the piers and superstructures, the limit state of
the piers shall be that the bridge functions can be easily recovered as mentioned in Item 1) above.
The limit state of the superstructures were generally the state that allows only secondary plastic
behavior after primary plastic hinges developed in the piers. However, since pavements and
handrails are in the superstructure that is directly subjected to live loads and that space for recovery
works is limited, it is preferable to define the limit state to be a state capable of keeping the
serviceability with only slight damages even if plasticity is considered.
In case that the superstructure is connected directly to the pier like rigid-frame bridge, excessive
bending strength on top of the pier may lead to a larger seismic force being transferred to the
superstructure. Thus, the section on top of the pier should be carefully designed so that plastic
hinges will form in the pier first and any failure occurring in the superstructure can be properly
controlled. In addition, special attention should be considered in the design details since the
secondary plastic behavior of a prestressed concrete superstructure in a rigid-frame bridge, as shown
in Figure 3.3.3-1(e), may easily form near the sections with zero bending moment (inflection point)
under normal load conditions,. However, since the plastic behavior of steel superstructure remains
unclear, careful investigation on allowable ranges of the plastic behavior is required if the secondary
plastic behavior is included.
3) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in foundations
In this case, the limit state shall be the state without excessive deformation or damage that may
affect recovery works. When considering energy absorption of the foundation, the dynamic
behavior of the foundation shall be kept within the range of estimated subgrade reactions without
generating large deformation of the foundation that could affect the superstructure behavior and
create damages in the superstructure.
Under this condition, the limit states of each members in the piers, abutments, bearing support
system or superstructure shall be the state that the mechanical properties will be within the elastic
ranges.
However, these Specifications recommends that foundations be kept within the elastic range of
properties unless liquefaction and lateral spreading results to impractically large foundation
structures. In this case, formation of secondary plastic hinges may be allowed at the foundation but
careful check shall be done to limit large structural deformation caused by this secondary hinging.
Primary plastic Primary plastic

behavior behavior
(a) Single Column Pier with Plastic Behavior

(Longitudinal Direction)
Primary Primary
non-linear non-linear
Secondary Secondary
plastic behavior plastic behavior
Seismically-Isolated Bridge
(b) Seismic Isolation Bearings with Consideration of Non-linearity
Note:
Decision to allow plastic
behavior of foundation
shall be subject to DPWH
approval
Primary plastic
behavior
Plastic
behavior
(c) Single Column Pier with Plastic Behavior (d) Foundations with Plastic Behavior
(Transverse Direction) (Pier Wall in Transverse Direction)
Secondary
Secondary plastic Secondary
plastic Primary behavior Primary plastic
behavior plastic plastic behavior
behavior behavior
Primary Primary
plastic plastic
behavior behavior
(e) Case of Considering Plasticity in Piers and Superstructure

(Rigid-Frame Bridge in Longitudinal Direction)
Figure 3.3.3-1 Combination Examples of Members with Consideration of Plasticity or Non-Linearity
4) When considering both plasticity of piers and non-linearity of seismic isolation bearings
For a seismically-isolated bridge, the limit state of the seismic isolation bearing shall be that only
secondary plastic behavior of piers is allowed and the energy absorption capability of the bearings
are ensured. This is because piers are expected to participate to some extent in the energy absorption
for the entire bridge system in addition to the seismic isolation bearings. However, excessive share
in the energy absorption of the piers may cause the damping properties of the seismic isolation
bearings due to be ineffective. In such condition, only secondary plastic behavior shall be allowed
for the piers so that the seismic isolation bearings will have a principal share in the energy absorption
instead of the piers and thus reduce pier damage.
Table C3.3.3-1 Combination Examples of Members Considering Plasticity (Non-linearity) and Limit States
of Each Members (For Seismic Performance Level 2)
Members Considering
Plasticity Foundations1)
(Non-linearity) Piers and (when unavoidable Seismic Isolation
Piers
Superstructures2) due to liquefaction and Bearings and Piers
Limit States of
lateral spreading)
Members
Plastic hinging of Plastic hinging of
Mechanical properties
pier within the range pier within the range Allow secondary
Piers to be kept within the
of easy recovery of of easy recovery of plastic behavior
elastic range
bridge function bridge function
Mechanical
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical properties
properties to be kept
Abutments properties within the properties within the within the elastic
within the elastic
elastic range elastic range range
ranges
Ensure reliable
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical properties
energy absorption
Bearings Support System properties within the properties within the within the elastic
through seismic
elastic range elastic range range
isolation bearings
Mechanical Mechanical properties Mechanical
May allow secondary
Superstructures properties within the within the elastic properties within the
plastic behavior
elastic range range elastic range
Without excessive
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical
deformation or
Foundations properties within the properties within the properties within the
damage to disturb
elastic range elastic range elastic range
recovery works
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical properties Mechanical
Footings properties within the properties within the within the elastic properties within the
elastic range elastic range range elastic range
Piers with sufficient
Deck girder bridges
strength or cases with Seismically isolated
Application Examples other than seismically Rigid-frame bridges
unavoidable effects of bridges
isolated bridges
liquefaction
1)
Note: Formation of plastic hinge are basically not allowed for foundation members. However, in cases where it is
unavoidable due liquefaction and lateral spreading, secondary plastic hinging may be allowed when design of
foundation under elastic range results in impractically large structures.
2) In the same manner as foundation, formation of plastic hinging for superstructure shall be avoided. However, for
piers rigidly connected to the superstructure, such as prestressed concrete girders, the possibility of formation of
secondary plastic hinges in the superstructure shall be investigated if it will result in a better structural response
mechanism to large earthquakes.
5) When plastic behavior of structural members can be neglected
For reinforced concrete piers with shear failure or bridges without formation of plastic hinges in
any member due to structural reason, the limit state of the members for Seismic Performance Level
2 shall be that the response of the members be kept within the elastic ranges without the occurrence
of brittle failure. Here, the limit state represent the state when the horizontal forces acting on the
pier will reach the shear strength for a reinforced concrete pier with shear failure, and that bending
moments will reach the yield moment capacity for a reinforced concrete pier with flexural failure.
(1) The limit state of the bridge for Seismic Performance Level 3 shall ensure that only the structural
member where formation of plastic behavior (plastic hinging) are expected shall be allowed to
deform plastically within the range of the member ductility.
(2) The structural members in which the generations of plastic hinges are allowed shall be selected
so that a reliable energy absorption mechanism is ensured.
(3) These structural members with plasticity shall be properly combined with other structural
members in accordance with the anticipated structural characteristics and behavior of the bridge.
The limit state of each member under the combination shall be appropriately determined to ensure
structural performance under earthquake loading.
Commentary C3.3.4
(1) The limit states of bridges for Seismic Performance Level 3 shall be properly established so that only the
structural members in which the development of plastic behavior are allowed to deform plastically within
the range of ductility limit. Under this performance level, members where the formation of plastic hinges
are allowed shall be distinguished first from those which plastic hinges are not allowed. Then, only those
members which are allowed to develop plastic hinges shall be forced to deform plastically during an
earthquake which will prevent fatal damages to the bridge.
(2) For seismically-isolated bridges, the seismic isolation bearings are generally taken as the members that
are capable of absorbing energy during an earthquake, similar to the limit state of bridges for Seismic
Performance Level 2 in Article 3.3.3.
(3) Although the piers of seismically-isolated bridges can also serve as a member capable of absorbing
energy, their combination shall be properly determined depending on the bridge type and the limit state
of entire bridges specified in Item (1) above. Table C3.3.4-1 illustrates the example combinations of
limit states for members to ensure the Seismic Performance Level 3 for the entire bridge system, and the
limit states of each member corresponding to the combination of members with plastic or nonlinear
behavior, as explained below:
1) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in piers
In this case, the limit state of the pier is defined as a state when the horizontal strength of the pier
starts to reduce rapidly. The pier generally can keep its ductility within an allowable range at the
state just before it loses its horizontal force resistance.
The limit states of the members such as abutments, bearings supports system, superstructures,
foundations and footings are defined as the same as that for Seismic Performance Level 2.
2) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in piers and superstructures
For the same reasons stated in 1) above, the limit state of the pier is defined as a state when the
horizontal strength of the pier starts to reduce rapidly. Since researches on ductility of
superstructures remain insufficient, how to quantify the magnitude of superstructure plasticity is

still unclear in case of Seismic Performance Level 3. Therefore, limit state of the superstructure
can be established just like that for Seismic Performance Level 2.
In addition, the limit states for members of other bridge components can be determined on the
basis of Table C3.3.4-1 similar to Article 3.3.3-1.
Table C3.3.4-1 Combination Examples of Members with Consideration of Plasticity (Non-linearity) and
Limit States of Each Members (For Seismic Performance Level 3)
Members Considering Foundations1)
Plasticity (when
Piers and Seismic Isolation
(Non-linearity) Piers unavoidable due
Superstructures2) Bearings and Piers
Limit States to liquefaction and
of Members lateral spreading)
Horizontal strength of Horizontal strength Mechanical
Allow secondary
Piers piers starts to reduce of piers starts to properties within
plastic behavior
rapidly reduce rapidly the elastic range
Mechanical properties Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical
Abutments within the elastic properties within the properties within properties within
range elastic range the elastic range the elastic range
Ensuring reliable
Mechanical properties Mechanical Mechanical
energy absorption
Bearings Support System within the elastic properties within the properties within
by seismic isolation
range elastic range the elastic range
bearings
Allow secondary
Superstructures within the elastic properties within properties within
plastic behavior
range the elastic range the elastic range
Without excessive
deformation or
Foundations within the elastic properties within the properties within
damage to disturb
range elastic range the elastic range
recovery works
Mechanical properties Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical
Footings within the elastic properties within the properties within properties within
range elastic range the elastic range the elastic range
Piers with
sufficient strength
Deck bridges other
or cases with Seismically-
Application Examples than seismically- Rigid-frame bridges
unavoidable isolated bridges
isolated bridges
effects of
liquefaction
1)
Note: Formation of plastic hinge are basically not allowed for foundation members. However, in cases where it is
unavoidable due liquefaction and lateral spreading, secondary plastic hinging may be allowed when design of
foundation under elastic range results in impractically large structures.
2) In the same manner as foundation, formation of plastic hinging for superstructure shall be avoided. However, for
piers rigidly connected to the superstructure, such as prestressed concrete girders, the possibility of formation of
secondary plastic hinges in the superstructure shall be investigated if it will result in a better structural response
mechanism to large earthquakes.
3) When considering the formation of plastic hinges in foundations
Since the dynamic behavior of a foundation during large earthquakes remains unclear when
severe damage generates in the foundation, the limit state of the foundation can be established
in a similar manner to that for Seismic Performance Level 2. In this case, the limit state of other
members such as piers, abutments, bearing supports or superstructures can be determined in such
a way that their mechanical properties could be kept within the elastic ranges.
4) When considering both plasticity of piers and non-linearity of seismic isolation bearings
To avoid loss of the required resistance due to earthquake effects as the range of plasticity in
piers get bigger than that in Seismic Performance Level 2, the limit state of seismically-isolated
bridges can be defined just like the case for Seismic Performance Level 2.
5) When plastic behavior of structural members can be neglected
For bridges with reinforced concrete piers with shear failure mode, or bridges in which no
plasticity are allowed in any members due to structural reasons, the limit states shall be
established the same as that specified for Seismic Performance Level 2 in Article 3.3.3-1.
3.4 SEISMIC HAZARD
(1) The seismic hazard at a bridge site shall be characterized by the acceleration response spectrum
for the site and the site factors for the relevant ground types (site class).
(2) The acceleration spectrum shall be determined using either the General Procedure specified in
Article 3.4.1 or the Site Specific Procedure specified in Article 3.4.2.
(3) A Site-Specific Procedure shall be used, as may be required by DPWH, for very important bridges
in close proximity with an active fault certified by PHIVOLCS.
(4) If time histories of ground acceleration are used to characterize the seismic hazard for the site,
they shall be determined in accordance with Article 4.3.4.2 of these Specifications.
Commentary C3.4
The seismic hazard at the bridge site is basically characterized by the acceleration response spectrum at the
site which can be determined by either the General Procedure given in Article 3.4.1 or the site specific
procedure outlined in Article 3.4.2 of this Section. Basically, the General Procedure is used to determine the
seismic hazard in all operational class categories.
However, the DPWH may require a site specific procedure when a very important bridge is located near an
active fault. Other factors including ground condition at the site may require the use of site specific procedure.
3.4.1 General Procedure
(1) The General Procedure shall use the peak ground acceleration coefficient (PGA) and the short-
and long-period spectral acceleration coefficients (SS and S1 respectively) to calculate the design
response spectrum as specified in Article 3.6.
The values of PGA, SS and S1 shall be determined from the acceleration coefficient contour maps
of Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-3 for the Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion and Figures 3.4.1-4 to
3.4.1-6 for Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion of this Section for the entire Philippine archipelago
and from Appendix 3A and 3B for the regional level acceleration coefficient contour maps as
appropriate, or from site specific ground motion maps approved by the DPWH or the Owner.
(2) For sites located between two contour lines, the higher value of the two contour line shall be taken
as the coefficient value.
(3) The effect of ground type (site class) on the seismic hazard shall be as specified in Article 3.5.
Figure 3.4.1-1 Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA) with 53% percent Probability of
Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 100-year Return Period) for Level 1 Earthquake Ground motion
Figure 3.4.1-2 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 0.20-sec (Ss) with 53%
percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 100-year Return Period) for Level 1
Figure 3.4.1-3 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 1.0-sec (S1) with 53%
percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 100-year Return Period) for Level 1
Earthquake Ground motion
Figure 3.4.1-4 Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA) with Seven percent Probability of
Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 1,000-year Return Period) for Level 2 Earthquake Ground motion
Figure 3.4.1-5 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 0.20-sec (Ss) with Seven
percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 1,000-year Return Period) for Level 2
Figure 3.4.1-6 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 1.0-sec (S1) with Seven
percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 Years (Approximately 1,000-year Return Period) for Level 2
Commentary C3.4.1
(1) Values for the coefficients PGA, SS and S1 are expressed as ratios of gravitation acceleration (g) in
Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-3 for the Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion and Figures 3.4.1-4 to 3.4.1-6
for Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion for the entire Philippine archipelago. However, regional level
acceleration coefficient maps are also provided in Appendix 3A and 3B for clearer identification of
the location for a concerned site belonging to a particular region.
Figure C3.4.1-1 Philippine Earthquake Events from 1907 to 2012 with Magnitude > 4
The acceleration coefficient contour maps provided in these Specifications are derived based on the
catalogue of earthquake events recorded in different parts of the Philippines, as shown in Figure
C3.4.1-1. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is applied to the earthquake catalogue to
determine the earthquake acceleration coefficients at the basement rock equivalent to the AASHTO
Type B soil class. The AASHTO Site Class B is defined as rock with an average shear wave velocity
in the upper 100ft (30.5m) of the soil profile in the range of 2,500 ft/s < s < 5,000 ft/s (760 m/s < s
< 1,520 m/s).
Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-3 for the Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion have 100-year return periods or
a probability of exceedance corresponding to 53% in 75 years. On the other hand, Figures 3.4.1-4 to
3.4.1-6 for Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion have 1,000 year return periods or a probability of
exceedance corresponding to 7% in 75 years.
The acceleration coefficients are based on a uniform risk model of seismic hazard. The probability
that a coefficient will not be exceeded at a given location during a 75-year period is estimated to be
about 93 percent for the Level 2 earthquake ground motion, i.e., a seven percent probability of
exceedance. The use of a 75-year interval to characterize this probability is an arbitrary convenience
and does not imply that all bridges are thought to have a useful life of 75 years. It can be shown that
an event with this probability of exceedance has a return period of about 1,000 years and is called the
design earthquake for Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion. Larger earthquakes than that implied by
the above set of coefficients have a finite probability of occurrence throughout the Philippines.
(2) When bridges are identified to be located between two contour lines in the acceleration coefficient
maps provided in these Specifications, the value of the contour line with a higher acceleration
coefficient shall be used as the design parameter values. This is to cover for the unknown factors and
uncertainties due to limited data and knowledge of the site characteristics when applying PSHA.
3.4.2 Site Specific Procedure
(1) A site-specific procedure to develop design response spectra of earthquake ground motions shall
be performed when required by DPWH as given in Article 3.4 and may be performed for any site.
The objective of the site-specific probabilistic ground-motion analysis should be to generate a
uniform-hazard acceleration response spectrum considering a seven percent (7%) probability of
exceedance in 75 years (1,000-year return period for Level 2 earthquake ground motion) and fifty
three percent (53%) probability of exceedance in 75 years (100-year return period for Level 1
earthquake ground motion) for spectral values over the entire period range of interest. This
analysis should involve establishing:
the contributing seismic sources;
an upper-bound earthquake magnitude for each source zone;
median attenuation relations for acceleration response spectral values and their associated
standard deviations;
a magnitude-recurrence relation for each source zone; and
a fault-rupture-length relation for each contributing fault.
(2) Uncertainties in source modeling and parameter values shall be taken into consideration. Detailed
documentation of ground-motion analysis is required and shall be peer reviewed.
(3) For sites located in close proximity to a known active surface or a shallow fault, as depicted in the
PHIVOLCS Active Fault Map, studies shall be considered to quantify near-fault effects on ground
motions to determine if these could significantly influence the bridge response.
(4) Where analyses to determine site soil response effects are required, the influence of the local soil
conditions shall be determined based on site-specific geotechnical investigations and dynamic site
response analyses.
(5) A deterministic spectrum may be utilized in regions having known active faults if the deterministic
spectrum is no less than two-thirds of the probabilistic spectrum in the region of 0.5TF to 2TF of
the spectrum where TF is the bridge fundamental period. Where use of a deterministic spectrum
is appropriate, the spectrum shall be either:
the envelope of a median spectra calculated for characteristic maximum magnitude
earthquakes on known active faults; or
a deterministic spectra may be defined for each fault, and, in the absence of a clearly
controlling spectra, each spectrum should be used.
(6) Where response spectra are determined from a site specific study, the spectra shall not be lower
than two-thirds of the response spectra determined using the general procedure of Article 3.4.1 in
the region of 0.5TF to 2TF of the spectrum where TF is the bridge fundamental period.
Commentary C3.4.2
(1) The intent in conducting a site-specific probabilistic ground motion study is to develop ground motions
that are more accurate for the local seismic and site conditions than can be determined from the
generalized acceleration coefficient maps provided in these Specifications and the procedure of Article
3.4.1. Accordingly, such studies should be comprehensive and incorporate current scientific
interpretations at a regional scale.
(2) Because there are typically scientifically credible alternatives for models and parameter values used
to characterize seismic sources and ground-motion attenuation, it is important to incorporate these
uncertainties formally in a site-specific probabilistic analysis. Examples of these uncertainties include
seismic source location, extent and geometry; maximum earthquake magnitude; earthquake recurrence
rate; and ground-motion attenuation relationship.
(3) Near-fault effects on horizontal response spectra include:

Higher ground motions due to the proximity of the active fault;
Directivity effects that increase ground motions for periods greater than 0.5 s if the fault rupture
propagates toward the site; and
Directionality effects that increase ground motions for periods greater than 0.5 s in the direction
normal (perpendicular) to the strike of the fault.
If the active fault is included and appropriately modeled in the development of national ground motion
maps, then the first effect above is already included in the national ground motion maps. The second
and third effects are not included in the national maps. These effects are significant only for periods
longer than 0.5s and normally would be evaluated only for essential or critical bridges having natural
periods of vibration longer than 0.5s. Further discussions of the second and third effects are contained
in Somerville (1997) and Somerville et al. (1997).
The fault-normal component of near-field (D < 10km (6 mi.)) motion may contain relatively long-
duration velocity pulses which can cause severe nonlinear structural response, predictable only
through nonlinear time-history analyses. For this case the recorded near-field horizontal components
of motion need to be transformed into principal components before modifying them to be response-
spectrum-compatible.
The ratio of vertical-to-horizontal ground motions increases for short-period motions in the near-fault
environment.
3.5 SITE EFFECTS
Ground Types (Site Classes) and Site Factors specified herein shall be used in the General Procedure
for characterizing the seismic hazard specified in Article 3.6.
Commentary C3.5
The behavior of a bridge during an earthquake is strongly related to the soil conditions at the site. Soils can
amplify ground motions in the underlying rock, sometimes by factors of two or more. The extent of this
amplification is dependent on the profile of soil types at the site and the intensity of shaking in the rock below.
Sites are classified by type and profile for the purpose of defining the overall seismic hazard, which
is quantified as the product of the soil amplification and the intensity of shaking in the underlying rock.
Owing to the lack of data on the soil characteristics in the Philippines, previous design codes for bridges rely
on the soil classification provided by AASHTO (Soil Profile Types I-IV, AASHTO 2007). However, such
soil classification focusing on rock types predominant in the United States does not necessarily reflect the
local ground conditions in the Philippines. However, the regional geologic setting classifies the Philippines
and Japan into a kind of volcanic arc islands, and relatively geologically unstable land with similar tectonic
setting. On the contrary, the United States, being one of the oldest continents on earth, is a continental crust
and basically a stable land with predominant rock base. In this case, AASHTO has to cover a wide range of
rock types compared to the Philippines and Japan with relatively younger geologic ages of rocks. Figure
C3.5-1 illustrates the geological similarities between the Philippines, Japan and the United States.
Figure C3.5-1 Geological Similarities between the Philippines, Japan and the United States
Until 2007, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provides a qualitative classification of soil profiles
into Types I to IV which varies from rock, to stiff clays, to stable deposits and ground with 10m or more of
soft to medium-stiff clays and soft clays or silts. However, the later versions of AASHTO LRFD gives a
more definitive and quantitative classification of sites with class definitions from A through F, based on the
ground stiffness determined by the shear wave velocity in the upper 30m of soil. However, emphasis is placed
on rock sites which need a shear wave velocity measurement on site to determine the classification for rigid
profile site class.
On the other hand, the Japan Road Association (JRA) provides a soil profile type classification system which
is quantitative and has simple procedure. Three soil profile or ground types (Type I-III) are proposed to cover
all kinds of ground conditions. Although the ground types are functions of the ground shear wave velocities,
a simplified relation to determine the shear wave velocities using the SPT blow counts (N-values) is provided.
This enables determination of the soil profile or ground type without undertaking in-situ shear wave
measurement tests.
Table C3.5-1 compares the different soil profile types between AASHTO and JRA.
Table C3.5-1 Comparison of Soil Profile Types between AASHTO and JRA
AASHTO LRFD 2007 AASHTO LRFD 2012 JRA
Site Class A: Hard rock

(s > 5,000 ft/s)
(s > 1,520 m/s)
Type I: Rock; stiff soils where
soil depth is less than Site Class B: Rock
60m; soil types (2,500 ft/s < s < 5,000 ft/s)
overlying rocks are (760 m/s < s < 1,520 m/s)
stable deposits of sand,
Site Class C: Very dense soil and
gravels or stiff clays
soil rock Type I: Good diluvial ground
(1,200 ft/s < s < 2,500 ft/s) and rock
(365 m/s < s < 760 m/s)
Type II: Stiff cohesive or deep

cohesionless soils where Site Class D: Stiff soil Type II: Diluvial and alluvial
the soil depth exceeds (600 ft/s < s < 1,200 ft/s) ground not belonging to
60m with stable deposits (180 m/s < s < 365 m/s) either Type III or Type I
of sands, gravels or stiff ground
clays
Type III: Soft to medium-stiff Site Class E: Soil profile with

clays and sands with 9m more than 3m of soft clay
or more of soft to (s < 600 ft/s)
medium stiff clays (s < 180 m/s)
Type III: Soft ground and alluvial
ground
Type IV: Soft clay of silts greater Site Class F: Peats or highly
than 12m in depth. organic clays; very high
plasticity clays; very thick
(s < 152 m/s) soft/medium stiff clays
where s : average shear wave velocity for the upper 30.5m of the soil profile
These Specifications adopts the JRA ground type classification for the site class.
3.5.1 Ground Types Definitions (Site Class Definitions)
Ground types for seismic design shall be classified, in principle, in accordance with the types defined
in Table 3.5.1-1, in accordance with the ground characteristic value TG defined by Equation 3.5.1-1.
When the ground surface lies on the same level as the surface of a base ground surface for seismic
design, the ground type shall be Type I.
n
Hi
TG 4 .................................................................................. (3.5.1-1)
i 1 Vsi
where:
TG : Characteristic value of ground (s)
Hi : Thickness of the i-th soil layer (m)
Vsi : Average shear elastic wave velocity of the i-th soil layer (m/s)
i : Number of the i-th soil layer from the ground surface when the ground is classified into n
layers from the ground surface to the surface of the base ground surface for seismic design
Table 3.5.1-1 Ground Types (Site Class) for Seismic Design
Characteristic Value of
Ground Type* Soil Profile Description
Ground, TG (s)
Hard
Type I TG < 0.2
(Good diluvial ground and rock)
Medium
Type II (Diluvial and alluvial ground not 0.2 TG < 0.6
belonging to Types I and III)
Soft
Type III 0.6 TG
(Soft ground and alluvial ground)
* The Ground Type shall be determined quantitatively based on the Characteristic Value of Ground (TG).
Commentary C3.5.1
When the ground type for seismic design is determined according to the design earthquake ground motions
as specified in Article 3.6, the effects of ground conditions shall be considered as described above. Generally,
Type I ground includes good diluvial ground and rock, Type III ground includes soft ground and alluvial
ground, and Type II ground denotes diluvial and alluvial ground not belonging to either Type III or Type I
ground. The alluvial ground includes new sedimentary layers formed by landslides, surface soil, reclamation
soil, soft soil or weak soil layers while compacted sand layer, gravel layer and boulder layer of alluvium
origin may be treated as diluvial ground.
Ground types for seismic design shall be classified, in principle, into those types defined in Table 3.5.1-1, in
accordance with the ground characteristic value TG calculated from Equation 3.5.1-1. TG, which originally
refers to the fundamental natural period of the surface ground layer in the small strain amplitude region, is
called the characteristic value of the ground. Vsi in Equation 3.5.1-1, which is normally measured by elastic
wave propagation method or PS logging, can be estimated using the N-value in case no measured value is
available. To estimate Vsi, the average N-values for each soil layer is used to simplify the calculation process
in the following equations:
For cohesive soil layer,

Vsi 100 N i1 / 3 (1 N i 25)
For sandy/cohesionless soil layer,
Vsi 80 N i1 / 3 (1 N i 50) .................................................................... (C3.5.1-1)
where:
Ni : Average N-value of the i-th soil layer obtained from SPT
Equation C3.5.1-1 is an approximation derived from experimental results in the range of N=1 to 25 for
cohesive soil layers and in the range of N=1 to 50 for cohesionless/sandy layers. When the N-value is 0, the
value of Vsi can be taken as 50 m/s.
The surface of the base ground for seismic design represents the upper surface of a fully hard ground layer
that exists over a wide area in the construction site, and is normally situated below the surface soil layer
shaking with the ground motion during an earthquake. In which case, the upper surface of a fully hard ground
layer may be the upper surface of a highly rigid soil layer with an elastic shear wave velocity of more than
300 m/s (for an N-value of 25 in the cohesive soil layer and an N-value of 50 in the sandy soil layer, as
defined in Equation C3.5.1-1).
When the ground surface is not flat such as a levee body or fill, or the footing is constructed in the levee body
as shown in Figure C3.5.1-1(a), the levee top should be regarded as the ground surface to obtain the
characteristic value of ground for Equation 3.5.1-1 since the vibration of the substructure may be affected by
the vibration of the levee body. However, when the footing is constructed in the ground below the levee, as
shown in Figure C3.5.1-1(b), the average ground surface around it should be regarded as the ground surface
in calculating the characteristic value of the ground.
GROUND
SURFACE
GROUND
SURFACE
(a) When the footing is constructed (b) When the footing is constructed in the ground
within the levee/high embankment body under the levee/high embankment body
Figure C3.5.1-1 Determining the Ground Surface of Levee Body and Fill
According to the results of calculations for different ground cases, it is clear that TG has a correlation with
the alluvial layer thickness HA and the diluvial layer thickness HD, for which the ground can be approximately
classified into the types as shown in Figure C3.5.1-2. In this case, when it is difficult to obtain TG from
Equation C3.5.1-1 as in the case when the ground surface cannot be identified even by a standard penetration
test at a very deep layer, the ground type can be classified as shown in Figure C3.5.1-2.
START
HA : Alluvial Layer
Thickness (m)
HA 25m Yes
HD : Diluvial Layer
Thickness (m)
No
Yes 2HA + HD 10m
No
TYPE I Ground TYPE II Ground TYPE III Ground
Figure C3.5.1-2 Ground Types Determined by Alluvial Layer Thickness HA and Diluvial
Layer Thickness HD
3.5.2 Ground Surface in Seismic Design
The ground surface to be considered in seismic design shall generally be the ground surface during the
normal design condition (limit states other than Extreme Event I under earthquake loading). However,
for sites of unstable soil layers whose seismic subgrade reactions cannot be anticipated, the ground
surface to be considered in seismic design shall be assumed approximately by taking the effects of
unstable soil layers into account.
Commentary C3.5.2
The ground surface to be considered in seismic design refers to the ground surface in which the design
earthquake ground motion/forces specified in Article 3.6 is applied, with the assumption that the seismic
forces acts only on the structures above it and excluding the structures existing below it.
The ground surface to be considered in seismic design is defined as the ground surface in the normal design
condition (limit states other than Extreme Event I under earthquake loading), as shown in Figures C3.5.2-1
and C3.5.2-2. However, for sites of unstable soil layers whose seismic subgrade reactions cannot be
anticipated, such as an extremely soft layer or liquefiable sandy soil layer, the bottom face of the layer should
be taken as the ground surface to be considered in seismic design to ensure safety design. This is because the
quality of the ground of about 10m under the actual ground may largely affect the lateral resistance of the
foundation and due to the uncertainty in the dynamic relation between the ground and the structure during an
earthquake.
Basically, seismic design can be carried-out by considering the resistance of the ground around the footing
and taking the upper part of the footing as the ground surface in the normal design condition, provided that
the backfill around the footing is sufficiently done so that the ground surface is kept stable for a long period
of time. However, in case that the weight of the footing may largely affect the whole foundation like pile
foundation, it is recommended that the effects of the inertia force of the footing is taken into account in
seismic design of foundation even if the ground surface in the normal design is just above the footing.
Site Ground Site Ground

Surface Surface
subgrade reactions cannot be
Soil layer whose seismic
anticipated
Ground Surface Ground Surface in

in Normal Design Normal Design =
Ground Surface in
Seismic Design
Ground Surface
in Seismic Design
(a) When there is an unstable soil layer whose seismic (b) Case other than (a)
subgrade reactions cannot be anticipated
Figure C3.5.2-1 Ground Surface of Pier in Seismic Design
Site Ground Site Ground

Surface Surface
Reactions Cannot be
Soil Layer Whose
Seismic Subgrade
Anticipated
Ground Surface Ground Surface in

in Normal Design Normal Design =
Ground Surface in
Ground Surface
Seismic Design
in Seismic Design
subgrade reactions cannot be anticipated
Figure C3.5.2-2 Ground Surface of an Abutment in Seismic Design
On sites where the soil layer strata alternates whose seismic subgrade reactions cannot be anticipated, the
ground surface to be considered in seismic design should be the top face of the sandy soil layer with thickness
of at least 3m and with none-zero subgrade reactions (see Figure C3.5.2-3). This is based on past earthquakes
and the fact that the influence of a soil layer of zero subgrade reaction on a soil layer of none-zero subgrade
reaction above it cannot be evaluated quantitatively.
For the case of an abutment, the ground surface to be considered in seismic design at different depths may
be set at either the rear or the front of the abutment. However, for safety design, it is generally set in front of
the abutment. The seismic earth pressure acting on an abutment from its back side should be assumed to act
above the bottom face of the footing at the rear of the abutment, irrespective of whether the ground surface
to be considered in seismic design is at the bottom face of the footing at the rear of the abutment or further
below it. In design, it is recommended that the lateral resistance of the ground existing above the ground
surface be disregarded for seismic design in front of the abutment.
Site Ground Site Ground Ground Surface

Surface Ground Surface Surface in Normal Design
in Normal Design
Ground surface in seismic
Ground surface in seismic design in case of H1 3m
design in case of H1 3m
H1
Ground surface in seismic
H1
Ground surface in seismic design in case of H1 < 3m

design in case of H1 < 3m
H2 3m
H2 3m
subgrade reactions cannot be anticipated just below
the ground surface in the normal design
Soil layer whose seismic subgrade reactions Soil layer whose seismic subgrade reactions
can be anticipated cannot be anticipated
Figure C3.5.2-3 Ground Surface to be Considered in Seismic Design When There Is An Intermediate Soil
Layer Whose Seismic Subgrade Reactions Can be Anticipated
3.5.3 Site Factors
The Site Factors Fpga, Fa and Fv specified in Tables 3.5.3-1, 3.5.3-2, and 3.5.3-3 shall be used in the zero-
period, short-period range, and long-period range, respectively for the elastic seismic response coefficient
in the design response spectrum of Article 3.6 of this Section. These factors shall be determined using the
Ground Types (Site Class) given in Table 3.5.1-1 and the mapped values of the coefficients PGA, SS, and
S1 in Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-6 and Appendix 3A and 3B.
Table 3.5.3-1 Values of Site Factor, Fpga at Zero-Period on Acceleration Spectrum
Ground Type Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA)1

(Site Class) PGA 0.10 PGA= 0.20 PGA= 0.30 PGA= 0.40 PGA = 0.50 PGA 0.80
I 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
II 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.85
III 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.75
Note:
1 Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of PGA.
Table 3.5.3-2 Values of Site Factor, Fa, for Short-Period Range on Acceleration Spectrum
Ground Type Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 0.2 sec (SS)1

(Site Class) SS 0.25 SS = 0.50 SS = 0.75 SS = 1.00 SS = 1.25 SS 2.0
I 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
II 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.85
III 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.75
Note:
1 Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S .
S
Table 3.5.3-3 Values of Site Factor, Fv, for Long-Period Range on Acceleration Spectrum
Ground Type Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 1.0 sec (S1)1

(Site Class) S1 0.10 S1= 0.20 S1= 0.30 S1= 0.40 S1 = 0.50 S1 0.80
I 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4
II 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
III 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.0
Note:
1 Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S .
1
Commentary C3.5.3
The peak ground acceleration coefficient maps and the response spectral acceleration coefficient maps shown
in Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-6 are generated using the equivalent Class B soil profile (soft rock) of the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012) as the reference site category for basement rock. Site Class B
rock is therefore the site condition for which the site factor is 1.0. In this regard, Ground Types I III of these
Specifications shall have separate sets of site factors for zero-period (Fpga), short-period range (Fa), and long-
period range (Fv) as indicated in Tables 3.5.3-1 to 3.5.3-3. These site factors generally increase as the soil
profile becomes softer (in going from Ground Type I-III). The factors also decrease as the earthquake ground
motion level increases, due to the strongly nonlinear behavior of the soil. For a given Ground Type I, II or
III (Site Class C, D, or E in AASHTO), these nonlinear site factors increase more in the areas having lower
rock ground motions than in the areas having higher rock ground motion.
The basis of the site factors (Fpga, Fa, Fv) above are taken from the equivalent site factors of the site class
types based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012) and the JRA design response spectra
for different ground types. The AASHTO Specifications uses Site Class B (soft rock) as the reference site
category for the USGS and NEHRP MCE ground shaking maps and applies the site factor of 1.0 for Site
class B rock. Since Ground Types I III of these Specifications have similar characteristics with AASHTO
Site Class C E, AASHTO site factors are used as a reference and compared to the site factors of JRA design
response spectra. The JRA design response spectra is generated based on the actual records of ground motion
in Japan corresponding to the soil profile or ground types Type I to III. Moreover, since AASHTO site factors
are given up to PGA of 0.50 only, an additional column for site factors for PGA of 0.80 is added based on
the ground acceleration record experienced in Japan.
Tables C3.5.3-1 to C3.5.3-3 are the AASHTO site factors for Sites Classes C, D and E and are shown here
for reference.
Table C3.5.3-1 Values of Site Factor, Fpga at Zero-Period on Acceleration Spectrum (AASHTO)
Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA)
Site Class
PGA < 0.10 P G A = 0.20 P G A = 0.30 P G A = 0.40 PGA > 0.50
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
Table C3.5.3-2 Values of Site Factor, Fa, for Short-Period Range on Acceleration Spectrum (AASHTO)
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 0.2 sec (SS)
Site Class
SS < 0.25 SS = 0.50 SS = 0.75 SS = 1.00 SS > 1.25
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
Table C3.5.3-3 Values of Site Factor, Fv, for Long-Period Range on Acceleration Spectrum (AASHTO)
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 1.0 sec (S1)
Site Class
S1 < 0.10 S1 = 0.20 S1 = 0.30 S1 = 0.40 S1 > 0.50
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
Using the JRA design response spectra, the site factors Fpga, Fa, Fv are calculated at a certain range of PGA
shown in Tables C3.5.3-4 and C3.5.3-5. These calculated values are used as reference for the site factors
specified in these Specifications.
Table C3.5.3-4 Calculated Site Factors, Fpga and Fa based on JRA Design Response Spectra
As and SDS Corresponding to PGA
PGA (Soil Type B) PGA=0.10 SDS/As PGA =0.20 SDS/As PGA =0.30 SDS/As PGA =0.40 SDS/As PGA =0.50 SDS/As PGA =0.60 SDS/As PGA =0.80 SDS/As
Fpga(=Fa) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Reference
As(Fpga*PGA) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80
(Soil Type B)
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
SDS(Fa*Ss) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
Fpga(=Fa) 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Soil Type I
(C) As(Fpga*PGA) 0.12 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
SDS(Fa*Ss) 0.30 0.60 0.83 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
Fpga(=Fa) 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.90 0.89 0.88

Soil Type II
As(Fpga*PGA) 0.16 0.28 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.54 0.70
(D)
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.51 2.50 2.50
SDS(Fa*Ss) 0.40 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.13 1.35 1.75
Fpga(=Fa) 2.50 1.70 1.20 0.90 0.80 0.77 0.75

Type III
As(Fpga*PGA) 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.47 0.60
(E, F)
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.51 2.50
SDS(Fa*Ss) 0.63 0.85 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.18 1.50
Site specific response spectra procedure was conducted under this project to determine the design
acceleration response spectra for the basic design of seven (7) bridges indicated in Table C3.5.3-6 below.
Geotechnical investigation with downhole shear wave velocity test was conducted for these bridges to
determine the soil profile, geotechnical design parameters, potential for liquefaction and the corresponding
ground types for seismic analysis. As indicated in table Table C3.5.3-6, most of the seven bridges are located
in Ground Types II and III. Based on the calculated design acceleration response spectra, the site factors Fpga,
Fa, Fv are calculated with the results shown in Table C3.5.3-6. The results indicate that the site factors values
recommended under these Specifications are reasonable. However, more verification study based on actual
experience of soil profile and earthquake ground motions are needed to fully localize the site factors indicated
in these Specifications.
Table C3.5.3-5 Calculated Site Factors Fv based on JRA Design Response Spectra
Values of Fv (JRA)
PGA (Soil Type B) S1=0.50 Ts = SD1/SDS S1=0.80 Ts = SD1/SDS
Fv 1.00 1.00
Reference
SD1(Fv*S1) 0.50 0.80
(Soil Type B) 0.36 0.40
SDS 1.40 2.00
Fv 1.39 1.38
Soil Type I (C) SD1(Fv*S1) 0.70 1.10
0.50 0.55
SDS 1.40 2.00
Fv 1.50 1.50
Soil Type II (D) SD1(Fv*S1) 0.75 1.20
0.58 0.71
SDS 1.30 1.70
Fv 2.40 1.88
Type III (E) SD1(Fv*S1) 1.20 1.50
1.00 1.00
SDS 1.20 1.50
Table C3.5.3-6 Site Factors Fv Calculated for 7 Bridges based on Site Specific Design Response Spectra
Characteristics of Acceleration Response Spectra for Target Seven (7) Bridges (1000-yr Return Period)
Fpga & Fa Fv
Soil
Bridge Name As = Fpga * PGA SDS = Fa * Ss SD1 = Fv * S1 Ts = Remarks
Type SDS/As
PGA Fpga As Ss Fa SDS S1 Fv SD1 SD1/SDS
TG =
II 0.46 0.83 0.38 1.06 0.87 0.92 2.42 0.40 1.28 0.51 0.55
Lambingan
0.43s
B-08
Br.
TG =
III 0.46 0.83 0.38 1.06 0.87 0.92 2.42 0.40 1.28 0.51 0.55
0.75s
TG = 0.32
Guadalupe
II 0.47 0.81 0.38 1.08 0.85 0.92 2.42 0.40 1.40 0.56 0.61
~ 0.49s
B-10
Br.
TG =
III 0.47 0.81 0.38 1.08 0.86 0.93 2.45 0.40 1.28 0.51 0.55
0.93s
Mactan Br.
TG =
Mandaue-
C-07 1st
II 0.25 1.04 0.26 0.56 1.14 0.64 2.46 0.21 1.62 0.34 0.53
0.42s
TG =
III 0.25 1.04 0.26 0.56 1.09 0.61 2.35 0.21 2.29 0.48 0.79
1.20s
Palanit
C-09
TG =
Br.
I 0.51 1.23 0.63 1.12 1.40 1.57 2.49 0.48 1.10 0.53 0.34
0.19s
TG =
Mawo Br.
II 0.52 0.81 0.42 1.14 0.83 0.95 2.26 0.48 1.73 0.83 0.87
0.46s
C-11
TG =
III 0.52 0.73 0.38 1.14 0.72 0.82 2.16 0.48 1.92 0.92 1.12
1.36s
Liloan
C-14
TG =
Br.
II 0.36 1.00 0.36 0.81 1.10 0.89 2.47 0.33 1.61 0.53 0.60
0.32s
Wawa
C-15
TG =
Br.
II 0.45 0.84 0.38 1.00 0.88 0.88 2.32 0.38 1.68 0.64 0.73
0.41s
3.6 SEISMIC HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION
3.6.1 Design Response Spectrum
The five-percent-damped-design response spectrum shall be taken as specified in Figure 3.6.1-1. This
spectrum shall be calculated using the mapped peak ground acceleration coefficients and the spectral
acceleration coefficients from Figures 3.4.1-1 to 3.4.1-6, scaled by the zero-, short-, and long-period
site factors, Fpga, Fa, and Fv, respectively.
S DS Fa S S
Elastic Seismic Coefficient, Csm
S D1
Csm
Tm
S D1 FvS1
AS Fpga PGA
0 0.2 S D1 1.0
TS
S DS
T0 0.2TS
Period, Tm (seconds)
Figure 3.6.1-1 Design Response Spectrum
Commentary C3.6.1
The long-period portion of the response spectrum in Figure 3.6.1-1 is inversely proportional to the period, T.
In the previous edition of the AASHTO Specifications, this portion of the spectrum was inversely
proportional to T2/3. The consequence of this change is that spectral accelerations at periods greater than 1.0
second are smaller than previously specified (for the same ground acceleration and soil type), and greater
than previously specified for periods less than 1.0 s (but greater than Ts). This change is consistent with the
observed characteristics of response spectra calculated from recorded ground motions. This revised shape is
recommended in recent publications by NCHRP (2002, 2006), MCEER/ATC (2003), and FHWA (2006).
For periods exceeding about 3 seconds, it has been observed that in certain seismic environments spectral
displacements tend to a constant value which implies that the acceleration spectrum becomes inversely
proportional to T2 at these periods. As a consequence, the spectrum in Figure 3.6.1-1 and Equation 3.6.2-5
may give conservative results for long period bridges (greater than about 3 seconds),
3.6.2 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient
(1) For periods less than or equal to T0, the elastic seismic coefficient for the mth mode of vibration,
Csm, shall be taken as:
Csm = As + (SDS - AS) (Tm/T0) .................................................................................... (3.6.2-1)
in which:
AS = Fpga PGA .................................................................................... (3.6.2-2)
SDS = Fa SS .................................................................................... (3.6.2-3)
where:
Csm : elastic seismic response coefficient
AS : effective peak ground acceleration coefficient
Fpga : site coefficient for peak ground acceleration specified in Article 3.5.3
PGA : peak ground acceleration coefficient on rock (equivalent to AASHTO Site Class B)
Fa : site coefficient for 0.2-sec period spectral acceleration specified in Article 3.5.3
SS : horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 0.2-sec period on rock
(equivalent to AASHTO Site Class B)
Tm : period of vibration of mth mode, (s)
T0 : reference period used to define spectral shape = 0.2Ts (s)
TS : corner period at which spectrum changes from being independent of period to being
inversely proportional to period = SD1/SDS (s)
(2) For periods greater than or equal to T0 and less than or equal to Ts, the elastic seismic response
coefficient shall be taken as:
Csm = SDS .................................................................................... (3.6.2-4)
(3) For periods greater than TS, the elastic seismic response coefficient shall be taken as:
Csm = SD1/Tm .................................................................................... (3.6.2-5)
in which:
SD1 = Fv S1 .................................................................................... (3.6.2-6)
where:
Fv : site coefficient for 1.0-sec period spectral acceleration specified in Article 3.5.3.
S1 : horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 1.0 second period on rock
(equivalent to AASHTO Site Class B)
Commentary C3.6.2
(1) An earthquake may excite several modes of vibration in a bridge and, therefore, the elastic response
coefficient should be found for each relevant mode.
The discussion of the single-mode method in the commentary to Article 4.1.3.2 illustrates the
relationship between period, Csm and quasi-static seismic forces, pe(x). The structure is analyzed for
these seismic forces in the single-mode method. In the multimode method, the structure is analyzed
for several sets of seismic forces, each corresponding to the period and mode shape of one of the
modes of vibration, and the results are combined using acceptable methods, such as the Complete
Quadratic Combination (CQC) method as required in Article 4.1.3.3. Csm applies to weight, not mass.
3.7 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ZONES (SPZ)
Each bridge shall be assigned to one of the four Seismic Performance Zones in accordance with Table
3.7-1 using the value of SD1 (based on the 1-sec period design spectral acceleration for the design
earthquake) given by Equation 3.6.2-6. The SPZ for the bridge shall be based on the Level 2 Earthquake
Ground Motion as the design earthquake with 1,000-year return period.
If liquefaction-induced lateral spreading or slope failure that may impact the stability of the bridge
could occur, the bridge should be designed in accordance with Seismic Performance Zone 4 (SPZ-4),
regardless of the magnitude of SD1.
Table 3.7-1 Seismic Performance Zones (SPZ)
Acceleration Coefficient, SD1 Seismic Performance

Zone
SD1 0.15 1
0.15 < SD1 0.30 2
0.30 < SD1 0.50 3
0.50 < SD1 4
Commentary C3.7
The seismic performance zones (SPZ) correspond to the seismic zones defined in Table 3.10.6-1 of the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012) and are synonymous to the seismic design categories
(SDC) of the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, which reflect the variation in
seismic risk across the country and are used to permit different requirements for methods of analysis,
minimum support lengths, column design details, and foundation and abutment design procedures. The
requirements for the seismic performance zones in these Specifications shall comply with the requirements
of the seismic zones in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2012).
The seismic hazard level is defined as a function of the magnitude of the ground surface shaking as expressed
by FvS1. However, other factors may affect the SPZ selected. For example, if the soil is liquefiable and lateral
spreading or slope failure can occur, SPZ 4 should be selected. For assessment of existing structures, the
Designer should also consider using SPZ 4 regardless of the magnitude of As, even when significant lateral
soil movement is not expected, if the structure is particularly weak with regard to its stability to resist the
forces and displacements that could be caused by the liquefaction.
3.8 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS
3.8.1 General
(1) To apply the response modification factors specified herein, the structural details shall satisfy the
provisions of Articles 5.10.2.2 (Concrete Structures, Seismic Hooks Details of Reinforcement),
5.10.11 (Concrete Structures, Provisions for Seismic Design Details of Reinforcement), and
5.13.4.6 (Concrete Structures, Seismic Requirements - Specific Members) of the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications (2012 or later). The structural details shall likewise comply with
the revised and updated DPWH Guide Specifications.
(2) Except as noted herein, seismic design force effects for substructures and the connections between
parts of structures, listed in Table 3.8.1-2, shall be determined by dividing the force effects
resulting from elastic analysis by the appropriate response modification factor, R, as specified in
Tables 3.8.1-1 and 3.8.1-2, respectively.
(3) As an alternative to the use of the R-factors, specified in Table 3.8.1-2 for connections, monolithic
joints between structural members and/or structures, such as a column-to-footing connection, may
be designed to transmit the maximum force effects that can be developed by the inelastic hinging
of the column or multicolumn bent they connect as specified in Article 4.2.2.4.
(4) If an inelastic time history method of analysis is used, the response modification factor, R, shall
be taken as 1.0 for all substructure and connections.
Table 3.8.1-1 Response Modification Factors Substructures
Operational Category
Substructure OC-I OC-II OC-III
(Critical) (Essential) (Others)
Wall-type piers larger dimension 1.5 1.5 2.0
Reinforced concrete pile bents
Vertical piles only 1.5 2.0 3.0
With batter piles 1.5 1.5 2.0
Single columns 1.5 2.0 3.0
Steel or composite steel and concrete pile bents
Vertical piles only 1.5 3.5 5.0
With batter piles 1.5 2.0 3.0
Multiple column bents 1.5 3.5 5.0
Table 3.8.1-2 Response Modification Factors Connections
Connection All Operational Categories

Superstructure to abutment 0.8
Expansion joints within a span of the superstructure 0.8
Columns, piers, or pile bents to cap beams or superstructure 1.0
Columns or piers to foundations 1.0
Commentary C3.8.1
(1) These Specifications recognize that it is uneconomical to design a bridge to resist large earthquakes
elastically. Columns are assumed to deform inelastically where seismic forces exceed their design
level, which is established by dividing the elastically computed force effects by the appropriate R-
factor. In this case, the structure, particularly columns, should have enough ductility to be able to
deform inelastically to the deformations caused by large earthquakes without loss of post-yield
strength. The force-reduction factors are then specified to determine the inelastic deformation demands
on the bridge members when the design earthquake occurs.
The AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (WSD/LFD), 1992 edition, which is based
on the ATC-6 Publication in 1981, specifies determination of the seismic design forces by dividing the
elastic member demand forces obtained from the response spectrum analysis by an appropriate
response modification factor, R (also referred to as the force-reduction factor) depending on the
substructure type being considered. The R-factor, which is independent of the bridge classification,
basically represents the column ductility demand with consideration of ductility capacity, overstrength
and structural redundancy. These R-factors, is also used in the AASHTO 1996 edition for all bridge
importance classification.
Moreover, with the release of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (1st Ed.) in 1994, the
column ductility is likewise accounted for by using the response modification factor R. The single
values for the R-factors in the AASHTO 1996 edition was increased in the AASHTO LRFD 2012
edition (same as the 1994 LRFD edition) to three levels to account for the three bridge operational
categories (Critical, Essential and Other), as indicated in Table 3.8.1-1. However, the values of
the response modification factors, R, for the 1996 WSD/LFD corresponds to the Others Operational
Classification of the 2012 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications as indicated in Table 3.8.1-1.
Note that the 1996 R-factors are specified both in the NSCP 2005 and the DPWH Guidelines (2004
Draft).
It should be noted that the R-factor method uses the equal displacement approximation which assumes
that the maximum displacement of an elastic system is the same (or very close) to that of an inelastic
system when subjected to the same design earthquake. For instance, based on the equal-displacement
approximation the two structures having the same lateral stiffness, but with different yield strengths
and subject to an elastic lateral force, will have the same maximum inelastic deformation. In this case,
the ratio of the inelastic strength demand to the elastic strength demand denotes the force-reduction
factor, R. Moreover, when considering the equal-displacement approximation assumption, the force
reduction factors R1 and R2, will likewise represents the member ductility demands. However, the R-
factor method assumes that the structural strength and stiffness are independent, that the ductility
demand is the same for each type of structure and that the strength controls the damage to the structure.
On the contrary, sound seismic design practice stipulates that the ductility capacity of structures should
be greater than the seismic induced ductility demand. This leads to some problems attributed to the use
of the R-factor design method. The drawback of the R-factor method is discussed in the paper J. Ger
and F.Y. Cheng, Seismic Design Aids for Non-Linear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and
Steel Bridges, CRC Press, 2012 (Taylor & Francis Group, LLC).
(2) R-factors for connections are smaller than those for substructure members in order to preserve the
integrity of the bridge under these extreme loads. For expansion joints within the superstructure and
connections between the superstructure and abutment, the application of the R-factor results in force
effect magnification. Connections that transfer forces from one part of a structure to another include,
but are not limited to, fixed bearings, expansion bearings with either restrainers, shock transmission
units (STUs), or dampers, and shear keys. For one-directional bearings, these R-factors are used in the
restrained direction only. In general, forces determined on the basis of plastic hinging will be less than
those given by using Table 3.8.1-2, resulting in a more economical design.
Table 3.8.1-1 shows the R-factors for the three operational categories with critical bridges having the
lowest modification factors and thus the biggest earthquake demand forces. However, the previous
version of AASHTO (which is applied to the design of DPWH bridges prior to these Specifications)
classifies bridges under two importance categories critical/essential and others. The R-factor values
applied for critical/essential bridges in the previous AASHTO Specifications is equivalent to the R-
factor values under OC-III (Others) category of Table 3.8.1-1. This implies that the present
Specifications will have larger demand forces under earthquake loading. However, the present
Specifications will adopt the localized seismic PGA and spectral acceleration coefficients developed
considering the Philippine fault system and the plate boundaries as the source of ground excitation,
contrary to the previous design requirements of DPWH bridges using 0.40 and 0.20 as the PGA
coefficients. In this case, some areas in the Philippines may have higher earthquake demand forces but
other areas may have lesser demand forces.
In view of the performance requirements specified in Table 3.2-1 and the large earthquake demand
forces expected for critical bridges (OC-I), the DPWH classifies only major and important bridges
under the OC-I category.
3.8.2 Application
(1) Seismic loads shall be assumed to act in any lateral direction.
(2) The appropriate R-factor shall be used for both orthogonal axes of the substructure.
(3) A wall-type concrete pier may be analyzed as a single column in the weak direction if all the
provisions for columns, as specified in Section 5 Concrete Structures of the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications (2012 or later), are satisfied.
Commentary C.3.8.2
(1) Usually the orthogonal axes will be the longitudinal and transverse axes of the bridge. In the case of a
curved bridge, the longitudinal axis may be the chord joining the two abutments.
(2) Wall-type piers may be treated as wide columns in the strong direction, provided the appropriate R-
factor in this direction is used.
3.9 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY BRIDGES AND STAGE CONSTRUCTION
(1) Any bridge or partially constructed bridge that is expected to be temporary for more than 5 years
shall be designed using the requirements for permanent structures and shall not use the provisions
of this Article.
(2) The seismic performance requirements stated in Article 3.3 shall apply to temporary bridges
expected to carry traffic. It shall also apply to those bridges that are constructed in stages and
expected to carry traffic and/or pass over routes that carry traffic. The elastic seismic response
coefficient and the ground acceleration coefficient given in Article 3.6.2 may be reduced by a
factor of not more than 2 in order to calculate the component elastic forces and displacements.
Response and acceleration coefficients for construction sites that are close to active faults shall
be subject to special study. The response modification factors given in Article 3.8 may be
increased by a factor of not more than 1.5 in order to calculate the design forces. This factor shall
not be applied to connections as defined in Table 3.8.1-2.
(3) The minimum support length provisions of Article 4.6 shall apply to all temporary bridges and
staged construction.
Commentary C3.9
(1) The option to use a reduced response coefficient and a reduced ground acceleration coefficient reflects
the limited exposure period for a temporary bridge.
APPENDIX 3A:
SPECTRAL ACCELERATION MAPS FOR LEVEL 1 EARTHQUAKE
GROUND MOTION
(100-YEAR RETURN PERIOD)
Appendix 3A presents the spectral acceleration maps for Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion (100-year
return period) consisting of:
x Horizontal peak ground acceleration coefficient (PGA)
x Horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 0.20-sec period
x Horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 1.0-sec period
The maps are prepared for the entire Philippine archipelago and the Regional administrative levels.
APPENDIX 3A: SPECTRAL ACCELERATION MAPS FOR LEVEL 1 EARTHQUAKE
GROUND MOTION (100-YEAR RETURN PERIOD)
HORIZONTAL PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

COEFFICIENT (PGA)
Figure 3A-1 Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA) for Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motion
(Entire Country)
(Region I)
(Region II)
(CAR)
(Region III)
(NCR)
(Region IV-A)
(Region V)
(Region IV-B)
(Region VI)
(Region VII)
(Region VIII)
(Region IX)
(Region X)
(Region XI)
(Region XIII)
(Region ARMM)
(Region XII)
HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRAL

ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT AT 0.20-SEC PERIOD
Figure 3A-19 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 0.20-sec (SS) for Level 1
Earthquake Ground Motion (Entire Country)
Figure 3A-20 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 0.20-sec (SS) Level 1
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region I)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region II)
Earthquake Ground Motion (CAR)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region III)
Earthquake Ground Motion (NCR)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IV-A)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region V)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IV-B)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VI)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VIII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IX)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region X)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XI)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XIII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region ARMM)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XII)
HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRAL

ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT AT 1.0-SEC PERIOD
Figure 3A-37 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 1.0-sec (S1) for Level 1
Earthquake Ground Motion (Entire Country)
Figure 3A-38 Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period of 1.0-sec (S1) Level 1
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region I)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region II)
Earthquake Ground Motion (CAR)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region III)
Earthquake Ground Motion (NCR)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IV-A)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region V)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IV-B)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VI)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region VIII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region IX)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region X)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XI)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XIII)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region ARMM)
Earthquake Ground Motion (Region XII)

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THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH)

THE PROJECT FOR STUDY

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD

PROPOSED DPWH BRIDGES SEISMIC

1st Edition, 2013

Department of Public Works and Highways

PROJECT JOINT COORDINATING COMMITTEE

Name Organization Position

1 Raul C. Asis Undersecretary, Chairperson

TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

Name Organization Position

GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

Name Organization Position

6. Dr. Jovito C. Santos Study Team Member Study Member

7. Dr. William Tanzo Study Team Member Consultant

8. Dr. Shingo Gose Study Team Leader Study Member

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1-1

Appendix 1A Earthquake Resisting Systems (ERS) ........................................ 1A-1

SECTION 2: DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS ............................................................... 2-1

SECTION 3: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 3-1

3.5 Site Effects ............................................................................................... 3-26

Appendix 3A Spectral Acceleration Maps for Level 1 Earthquake

Ground Motion (100-year return period) ................................... 3A-1

Appendix 3B Spectral Acceleration Maps for Level 2 Earthquake

SECTION 4: ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................... 4-1

4.7 P- Requirements ..................................................................................... 4-27

Appendix 4A Overstrength Resistance ............................................................ 4A-1

SECTION 5: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 5-1

SECTION 6: EFFECTS OF SEISMICALLY UNSTABLE GROUND .............................. 6-1

SECTION 7: REQUIREMENTS FOR UNSEATING PREVENTION SYSTEM ............ 7-1

7.5 Structure or Device to Limit Excessive Displacement ............................. 7-18

SECTION 8: REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BRIDGES ............ 8-1

In 1987, considering the development of J.E.E.R.I, Oct. 1991

In 1997, ASEP published the 2nd Edition

In 2004, DPWH internally issued the Draft

The term "should" indicates a strong preference for a given criterion.

1.2 PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATIONS

These Specifications are intended to:

1.3 SCOPE OF SPECIFICATIONS

1.4 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

3) Restrainers or unseating prevention device (horizontal linkage device between adjacent

4) Transverse reinforcements in the zones of yielding are essential to the successful

i DRI .................................................................................... (1.4-2)

: resistance factor; a statistically based multiplier applied to nominal resistance

1) topographic, geological, geotechnical/soil conditions, and other site conditions affecting

3) assurance of seismic performance in the design of individual structural members of the

2) Level 2 earthquake ground motion, considering a seismic hazard corresponding to an

c) Accordingly, it is better to consider seismic performance of the entire bridge and to

6) When ground conditions or structural conditions on a pier change remarkably, it is necessary

Extreme Event I = p (DC+DW+DD+EL+PS+EH+EV+ES+CR+SH) +

The load factor for live load effects, EQ shall be 0.50.

1.6 SEISMIC DESIGN FLOWCHARTS

PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND DESIGN

DETERMINE - Seismic Performance Requirements

DETERMINE BRIDGE OPERATIONAL CLASSIFICATION

DETERMINE RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS

POTENTIAL FOR YES