Pulpits Lecterns and Organs in English Churches

pulpits, Iiceteras
and Organs
J; CHARLES COX
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Pulpits, lecterns, and organs In'English
3 1924 015 346 525 ...

F. H. C.
Dartmouth
Pulpits, Lecterns, & Organs
in English Churches
BY
J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.

Author of "Churches of Derbyshire" (4 vols.)i "Churches of Cambridgeshire,"
"Churches of Cornwall," "Churches of Cumberland and Westmorland,"
"Churches of the Isle of Wight," "Churches of Nottinghamshire," "How to
Write the History of a Parish," "Churchwardens' Accounts," "Parish Registers,"
"Church Furniture," "Royal Forests of England," "Sanctuaries," etc,
WITH 155 ILLUSTRATIONS
HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS i
London, New York, Toronto, Melbourne, and Bombay

1915
Printed at
The Darien Press
Edinburgh
These pages are dedicated to
The Rev. Dr GEE

Master of University College, and Professor of
Church History in the University of Durham
as a small token of the author's friendship,

and of his keen appreciation of the scholarly
services that he has rendered to the cause of
English Church History
Vll
PREFACE
ALTHOUGH the name of the writer of the letterpress of
this book the only one that appears on the title-page and
is
cover, he is by no means sure that the name of Mr Francis Bond,
the General Editor of the series, ought not to have been
bracketed with it, as to him these pages are indebted for
all the labour and scholarly insight involved in the selection
and arrangement of the vast number of choice illustrations
of pulpits, lecterns, organ cases, and other consonant details
within the covers moreover, the letterpress also is indebted
;
to his arrangement, advice, and corrections.

The writer had long wished to produce a monograph on
pulpits, and the suggestion that the subject should form one
of the Oxford University Press' noteworthy series of books
on the Church Art of English Churches was eagerly welcomed
by him. Up to the present time, the only work on this essential
branch of English ecclesiology has been Mr Dollman's
Examples of Ancient Pulpits published in 1849, and long ago
out of print. The pulpit of mediaeval days was evidently intended
to take an unmistakably prominent part among the fittings of
a church, for the best of sculpture and carving was usually
employed in its construction, as is vividly demonstrated in
the following pages ; moreover, bright colouring was not
infrequently employed, both in stone and wood examples, to
make the pulpits still more distinctive.
There are few subjects upon which mistakes are more
common, even amongst those who have some knowledge of
Church lore, than those of preaching and pulpits. It is to
be hoped that this book may do something to correct several
popular delusions. The bounden duty of preaching was insisted
upon with constant reiteration by the mediaeval Church, and was
by no means a special appanage of the Reformation period.
The Anglo-Saxon priest, from the seventh century onwards,
was bound to preach at least every Sunday and Saint's day.
Upwards of one hundred and fifty sermons assigned to the
Venerable Bede, and certainly of the eighth century, are extant.
These sermons are almost entirely concerned with the gospel
of the day, as they were usually preached at High Mass. As
time went on, the extant sermons of the mediaeval Church
increase vastly in number, and their special and invariable
Vlll PREFACE
characteristic is the thorough and almost intuitive knowledge

of the whole of the Scriptures shown by the writer. It is not
too much to say that if an ancient sermon be compared with
the average pulpit discourse of modern days, the Bible is cited
fully ten times oftener in the sermon of former times. Insistence
on preaching and directions as to the scope of sermons were
persisted in by English synods or by other episcopal injunctions
right up to the dawn of the Reformation. Moreover, the
frequent and largely, circulated religious manuals of the
fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries enjoined on the laity the
importance of preaching, making it a matter of greater moment
to listen to a sermon than even to hear Mass.
Abundant consecutive evidence is also here adduced to
upset the foolish but often held notion that sermons were
usually preached in Latin and not in the vernacular. The fact
is that, so far as England is concerned, Latin sermons were
reserved for the learned, and that for every Latin sermon, at
least one hundred were preached in the vulgar tongue.
With the Reformation came about a most remarkable
cessation or reduction of preaching. Sermons became such a
rarity that the term " Sermon Bell " was currently applied to a
special bell which informed the parishioners when a sermon was
about to be delivered. In the days of Edward VI. there were
very few licensed preachers eight sermons were to be preached
;
annually in every parish church, but four of these were to attack

the Papacy or to defend the Royal Supremacy. It was still
worse in the following reign. So much alarm was felt lest the
sermon should exalt Geneva on the one hand, or Rome on the
other, that the Elizabethan Injunctions of 1559 provided that
four sermons were to be preached during the year, and that
homilies were to be read on the other Sundays. Preachers'
licences were most sparingly granted. An Elizabethan clergy
list of the whole of the diocese of Lichfield towards the end of
the queen's reign enumerates 433 beneficed clergy, whilst out of
this number only 81 or less than a fifth were licensed to
preach. There can, indeed, be no doubt that there was far
less preaching during Elizabeth's long reign than during any
other reign from the Conqueror down to the present time.
Another very common notion, namely, that mediaeval pulpits
were of quite exceptional occurrence, the sermon being generally
delivered from the altar or chancel steps, is hopelessly wrong.
Such an idea is completely disproved by the numerous instances
in which churchwardens' accounts of pre-Reformation date are
yet extant. In no one case, so far as the writer knows, are
the mention of repairs to pulpits or the purchase of new ones
absent. A recent writer of repute has had the effrontery to
adduce, in support of the alleged rarity of pulpits, that " pulpits
PREFACE IX
in the inventories of Church Goods, temp. Edward VI., are never

catalogued." True, but the same is the case with altars, fonts,
and screens. Moreover, the reports of certain of these Church
Goods Commissioners actually bear witness to the universality
of pulpits. The Surrey Commissioners, for instance, state that
" certaine lynen for the furniture of the communion table, the
fourmes and pulpits were necessarily left in every parish churche

of every hundredth within the countie of Surrey."
Pulpits, in these pages, are followed up county by county in
alphabetical order under three headings, namely, mediaeval
examples of both stone and wood, and post-Reformation
instances up to about the year 1700. In the last of these
divisions all are of oak, with the exception of Dinder, Yaxley,
Swarby, and Fordington.
The stone pulpits of pre-Reformation date yet extant number
upwards of sixty they are chiefly to be found in the counties
;
of Somerset, Gloucester, and Devon. Mediaeval pulpits of wood

remain in about one hundred of our parish churches but this
;
number includes several cases wherein old panelling has been

used in their repair or reconstruction. They are chiefly of
the fifteenth century, but in six cases these wooden pulpits
undoubtedly pertain to the fourteenth century.
As to good examples of post-Reformation date, they are
far more numerous ; they abound in certain counties, such
as Northants and Notts., but several northern shires are almost
destitute of late Tudor or Stuart instances. An endeavour
is made here to differentiate between Jacobean and Carolean
examples. It is somewhat absurd to style every kind of wood-
work Jacobean long after the death of James. The Carolean
(Charles I.) pulpits in various counties are superior both in
number and beauty of design to those of the first James. The
true admirer and reverent student of our old parish churches
has long since ceased to limit his appreciation to Gothic
details. He realises that all that is good of its kind in the
work of painstaking craftsmen is well worthy of attention.
When complete, the pulpit, tester, and pedestal in these late
Elizabethan, Jacobean, or Carolean compositions often form
an imposing ensemble. But ignorant restorers have not infre-
quently marred the whole effect by the removal of the canopy
or sounding-board. Other parsons or would-be architects
deliberately mar the effect of an old post-Reformation pulpit
by placing it on a white stone base while in fully a score
;
of cases with which the writer, in the course of a long life,

is well acquainted, beautiful and cunningly wrought late pulpits
have been ruthlessly ejected altogether from the church. It
is hoped that these pages may do something to add to their
greater appreciation.
X PREFACE
To the long account of pulpits, a briefer one follows, which is

well illustrated, dealing with the kindred subject of hour glasses.
The interesting subject of ancient lecterns is treated after
a much fuller fashion than has hitherto prevailed, and is enriched
by numerous illustrations. Brass eagles are carefully discussed.
A recently published Ecclesiastical Dictionary has stated that
the old brass eagles in English churches are " nearly a score in
number." But in these pages the number is shown to be at
least forty-six. Eagles of wood, as well as lectern desks of
both brass and wood, are also treated for the first time as
distinct subjects, and efforts have been made to^ make their
enumeration as complete as possible.
Reading desks of late origin, gospel desks in the chancel
wall, and desks for chained books also receive attention, while a
few concluding pages deal with the few examples of handsome
old organ cases still surviving, though none of them unfor-
tunately are of mediaeval date.
Though a good deal of care has been expended in the
endeavour to make this book both comprehensive and accurate,
the author's long experience both as a writer and a reviewer
causes him to fear that a perfect book has never yet been
published, and he will be grateful to those who will point
out sins either of omission or commission.
His best thanks are due to several friends who have assisted
him, both clerical and lay, but as they have all been thanked
personally or by letter, no list of them need be here given.
One exception must, however, be made, for he owes so much
to the continuous help received from his old friend, the
Rev. R. M. Serjeantson, the rector of St Peter's, Northampton.
For photographs and drawings, acknowledgments are due
to Mr M. B. Adams, F.R.I.B.A., Dr F. J. Allen, Mr A. W.
Anderson, A.R.I.B.A., Mr Thomas Baddeley, Mr W. H. Barrell,
Mr A. Bedding, Dr G. Granville Buckley, Dr P. B. Burroughs,
Mr F. H. Crossley, Mr W. Davidson, Mr W. Marriott Dodson,
Mr G. C. Druce, Mr J. F. East, Mr William Francis, Miss A. E.
Gimmingham, Mr T. M. Grose-Lloyd, Mr J. F. Hamilton,
Mr F. T. S. Houghton, Mr P. M. Johnston, F.S.A., Mr J. T. Lee,
Messrs Levy, Mr W. Maitland, Rev. Walter Marshall, Mr C. F.
Nunneley, Rev. H. B. Pirn, Professor S. H. Reynolds, Rev. G. W.
Saunders, Mr C. B. Shuttleworth, Rev. F. Sumner, Mr F. R. P.
Sumner, Rev. F. H. Sutton, Mr Syers-Cuming, Mr F. R. Taylor,
Mr G. H. Tyndall, Mr J. C. Wall, Mr G. H. Widdows, A.R.I.B.A.,
Mr W. Percival-Wiseman, Miss Carrie Percival-Wiseman, and
Mr E. W. M. Wonnacott, F.S.I. reproductions of the above
;
are distinguished by the initials of the owner of the photograph

or drawing. J. C. C.
Lonuton Avenue, Sydenham,
fanuary 1915.
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C1IA1'.
pAGE
I. Preaching and Pulpits i
II. The Pulpit Proper 28
III. Mediaeval Stone Pulpits 36
IV. Mediaeval Wooden Pulpits 52
V. Post-Reformation Preaching 82
VI. Post-Reformation Pulpits 89
VII. Hour Glasses 147
VIII. Lecterns and Eagles of Brass and Stone and

Gospel Desks 163
IX. Lecterns and Eagles of Wood 182
X. Reading Desks -
197
XI. Desks for Chained Books 200
XII. Organs and Organ Cases 204
Index Locorum 217
Index Rerum 226

PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
CHAPTER I
PREACHING AND PULPITS

The first historical mention of a pulpit occurs in the Book of
Books, for when Ezra began his mission of reform at Jerusalem,
B.C. 458, he "stood upon a pulpit of wood, which they had
made for the purpose, in the sight of all the people, for he was
above all the people." This passage at once supplies the object
of a pulpit, namely, an elevated structure to enable the preacher
to be seen and heard by the congregation. Ezra's pulpit on
this occasion, however, was not in harmony with our usual
conception of such a structure, unless it is the one of modern
erection in the great church of Yarmouth, for it was of sufficient
size to accommodate six attendants on his right hand, and seven
on his left. It is said that this stately precedent of Ezra's was
to some extent followed in the earlier mediaeval days in cathedral
churches, for when the bishop preached it was customary for
him to be accompanied into the pulpit by his two archdeacons.
It is a complete mistake to imagine that preaching was
neglected in the mediaeval Church, or that sermons were in the
main a product of Reformation days. The exact contrary is
the case, as will presently appear. Oral teaching was by.no
means confined to missionary labours among the heathen, but
was the habitual practice of the Church for the maintenance
of the faith, and for the instruction of the faithful from the earliest
days. Much may be gleaned on the subject from the Fathers.
So far as our own country is concerned, the incidental evidence
of the regular custom of preaching in their churches by the
Anglo-Saxon priests during the seventh and following centuries
2 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
is abundantly convincing. The reforming canons of King

Edgar (959-975) provide that the clergy were to preach every
Sunday, but this had been the general practice for three
centuries.
In 1223 the Synod of Oxford exhorted the clergy to
" preach the Word of God, and not to be dumb dogs, but with
salutary bark to drive away the disease of spiritual wolves from
the flock." Grosseteste, the famous Bishop of Lincoln (1235-
54), not only directed the clergy of his huge diocese to preach
regularly on Sundays, but he drew up headings of sermons for
them. This great bishop, soon after his consecration, went
the round of his various archdeaconries, summoning the clergy
of each deanery to meet him at a certain church and date, and
the people also were warned to attend, that their children might
be confirmed, and that they might hear the Word of God and
make their confessions. On such occasions, the bishop leaves it
on record that " I myself was accustomed to preach the Word of
God to the clergy, and some Friar, either Preacher or Minorite,
to the people." Somewhat later in this century, Bishop Quivil
of Exeter (1280-92) drew up homilies for the use of his clergy,
and ordered, under a penalty, that every parish should possess
a copy. From about this date onwards, when most of our
diocesan episcopal registers begin, official references to preach-
ing became frequent. It was in 1281 that Archbishop Peckham
put forth his injunctions directing the clergy to expound in the
vulgar tongue four times in a year, the Fourteen Articles of
Faith with regard to the Holy Trinity and Christ's Humanity,
the Ten Commandments, the Two Evangelical Precepts of
love to God and man, the Seven Works of Mercy, the Seven
Capital Sins, the Seven Virtues, and the Seven Sacraments. It
is quite incorrect to imagine that this order meant that there
were to be but four sermons in the vernacular each year. In
1408 no ordinary secular or religious priest was allowed to
preach without the licence of his diocesan but the four orders
;
of Friars were authorised to preach in the churchyard, and

indeed of common right anywhere. The perpetual curate, how-
ever, that is to say the rector, vicar, or licensed incumbent,
preached by virtue of his office ; temporary chaplains (or as
we should now say "curates") were restricted to the topics
of the 1281 injunctions.
Before we come to the question of the place where sermons
or discourses were delivered within churches, it may be well to
offer a few words so as to remove a common misapprehension.
In the inimitable Chronicle of Joceline de Brakelond it is
recorded under the year 11 87, that Abbot Samson, of Bury St
-5- /--^ J-
Coleridge, Devon
;
Edmunds, was wont to preach to the people in the nave of the

great conventual church, from a pulpit which he had caused to
be made for that purpose, and that he preached to them not
only in the English tongue, but even in the East Anglian dialect
(AngHce, sed secundum linguam Norfolckie). The point of this
story is, of course, in this great abbot condescending to use the
terms of provincial pronunciation best known to his hearers
just as if one of our present-day gifted scholar-preachers were to
use, in a local church, broad Derbyshire or Exmoor " Zummerzet."
But the incident is usually cited to show how extremely rare
was any preaching in the vernacular ! In reality it means
nothing of the kind. In all probability for every sermon
preached in Latin throughout England for about a thousand
years before the Reformation, at least one hundred were
preached in English. Latin was the language both spoken and
written by scholars throughout Western Christendom during
mediaeval days ; it was a most useful medium of intercom-
munication, common to all the European nations, in fact a sort

of learned Esperanto after which we are now vainly yearning.
There were, too, infinitely strong reasons for its initial adoption
as the shrine of a faith wherein the deepest of holy truths were
crystallised, reasons which were sound enough in the infancy of
coming languages, but have long since lost their efficacy.
Naturally enough, from being the receptacle of the inmost
conceptions of the Divine Liturgy, the Latin tongue became
the essential medium of expressing the teaching both in doctrine
and morals of the Crucified, and Latin sermons, when they came
to be written, or still later when they came to be printed, were
the result.
Now and again, when the literates or learned were gathered
together, sermons were preached in Latin, as they still are before
the Convocation of the Church of England. But no one can
possibly believe that, when St Augustine and his band of the
Roman mission landed on our shores, or when St Aidan came
down from the North, they addressed our pagan forefathers
in Latin. If so, for all the consequent result, they might just
as well have croaked like frogs ! Nowadays, if a man is moved
to become a missionary in such a district, say as Central Africa,
the very first thing he does in a practical direction is to set to
work to learn one or more of the languages of the inhabitants,
and the preaching in the native tongue when the rude churches
are built, as converts are made, will still for a long time be his
chief duty and perchance difficulty. It was the same in the
sixth century as it is in the twentieth.
When Grosseteste, in his decanal visitation, preached to the
Winchester Cathedral
assembled clergy, the language was probably Latin, but when
one of the friars addressed the people does anyone believe that
that tongue was used? It is known from the much later Act
Books of our English mediaeval prelates that they or their
commissaries were in the habit of preaching in the Chapter
House to the inmates of the monasteries at the time of their
formal visitation. Occasionally the episcopal scribe set down
in the register the actual text taken from the Vulgate, which
the bishop used when preaching to the religious of a particular
house. Thus Bishop Oulton of Winchester (1333-43), when
visiting the great Benedictine nunnery of Nunminster, on
9th April 1334, took for his text Deo per omnia placentes, and
when visiting the nuns of Romsey Abbey he preached from
Qui parati erant, intraverant cum eo ad nuptias. The same
bishop, when visiting the Austin canons of Christ Church,
addressed them, at a later date, from Ascendente Jesu in navi-
culam, secuti sunt eum discipuli ejus, and when at Southwick
Priory his text from the gospel was Est puer nunc hie qui habet
quinque panes hordaceos et duo pisces.
It is, however, by no means improbable that even when
the good bishop was thus addressing the religious, he preached
to them in either English or possibly in Norman-French. There
is good ground for believing that inability to understand
colloquial Latin, or even to master the construction or exact
sense of the very canon of the Mass, was by no means unknown
amongst the ordinary priesthood, whilst this ignorance was
still more marked amongst the women of even the vowed
religious. This may be illustrated by two true stories taken from
old mediaeval registers, the one sad and the other entertaining.
When William de Wenda succeeded to the dignity of dean
of the new foundation at Salisbury in 1220, he at once pro-
ceeded to make a searching visitation of the parishes on the
prebehdal estates which pertained to the Dean and Chapter.
Certain of the outcomings of this tour were deplorable, and
loudly called for reformanda. Among the defaults then exposed
was the ignorance of certain of the clergy, all of whom were
called before the dean to be examined as to their orders and
learning. Among them was one Simon, chaplain of a dependent
chapel of Sonning, Berks., who had been four years in priest's
orders. The dean examined him in the gospel for the first
Sunday in Advent, when it was found that he did not under-
stand what he read. He was then tested in the opening of the
canon of the Mass, Te igitur clementissime Pater rogamus, etc.
He had no idea in what case Te was, nor by what it was
governed. Requested by the dean to look more closely at the
F. J. A.
Shepton Mallet, Somerset
!
words, the chaplain gravely suggested that Te was governed by

Pater, because the Father governed all things nor could he !
state the case, or decline the word dementissime, or explain

the meaning of clemens. This was doubtless quite an excep-
tional case, but the result of this visitation was the suspension
of several other chaplain priests for almost equal ignorance of
the Latin that they used. 1
The other story is about a century later, and has been taken
direct from the voluminous Act Books of the energetic Bishop
of Lichfield, Roger de Norbury, who ruled over the diocese from
1322 to 1358. In the course of a general visitation, soon after
his consecration, the bishop paid an official visit to the small
Benedictine nunnery of Fairwell, which was only a mile or two
from his cathedral city. The priory was surrounded by woods,
and was within the limits of the royal forest of Cannock.
Among the reformanda issued as the result of this visit, the
prioress was warned not to keep any hounds {canes venatici).
Three years later the bishop again visited this house, and was
surprised to find certain hunting dogs still kennelled within
the precincts of the priory. On remonstrating at this disobedi-
ence, the lady superior coolly told his lordship that, after his
previous visit, the convent had received a document from
Lichfield, but, as they could not read Latin, they did not know
what it was all about. As a practical reply, the long-suffering
bishop, on his return to Lichfield, sent the prioress another
copy of his injunctions in Norman-French.
It may also be remembered that Giraldus Cambrensis, when
speaking of the ignorance of some of the clergy, tells the story
of a preacher who described the Canaanitish woman as partly
a dog and partly a woman, believing that her name was derived
from cam's, a dog
The oldest set of sermons preached in England, now extant,
are those assigned to the Venerable Bede, who flourished
between 672 and 735. They are a proof of the early establish-
ment of the custom of preaching on all Sundays and Saints'
days. They number twenty-two for Lent, forty-seven in the
course of the Church's year, forty-eight on Saints' days, and
some twenty very short ones, evidently uttered to country con-
gregations. Nearly all the sermons, as was customary for

many centuries the sermon being delivered at High Mass
were expositions of the gospel for the day. Critics are doubt-
ful if all those which appear in the earlier editions are rightly
assigned to Bede, but at all events they are all of the age of
1
Vict. Co. Hist, of Berks., ii. 5-7.
Banwell, Somerset
Bede. It is obvious, on consulting them, that the short popular
discourses are so slipshod in style, that they must have been
taken down by some admirer or pupil of the preacher. They
are all in Latin, but it is simply impossible that they were
delivered in that tongue, for Latin was in England of those
days just as much a dead language as it is at the present time.
With regard to the vast mass of mediaeval sermons it may
be said, contrary probably to the general belief, that they have
one common characteristic, namely, the immense and almost
intuitive knowledge of Scripture which their writers possessed.
"If anyone, to take the lowest view of the subject, will be at
the trouble of comparing the number of references to be found
in a modern with those which occur in an ancient sermon, he
will find that ten to one is by no means an exaggerated
estimate of their relative proportions. Nor is this all. Modern
quotations are almost entirely taken from certain books
or chapters of the Bible the more important portions, as men
;
nowadays irreverently, not to say profanely, call them. The

ancient preachers drew their citations from all parts of Scripture
alike equally imbued with the spirit of all, it was impossible
;
that they should quote otherwise than according to analogy. 1

It is not, however, a matter of guess-work or deduction to
assert that Bede used the vulgar tongue when instructing our
forefathers in the rudiments or mysteries of the faith. The
great preacher himself, in a letter to Egbert, lays down the
principle that it is best to preach in Latin to those who could
grasp its meaning, but that those who only understand their
mother tongue were to be addressed in the vernacular {sua lingua) ;
doubtless the early preaching in the vulgar tongue would be in

the main extemporary, for the niceties of expression could
scarcely be rendered in a barbarous and unformed language.
The taking down a sermon during delivery, in writing by an
official notary, or by a private admirer of the preacher, was a
recognised habit of the Church three centuries before the days of
Bede. Gregory Nazienzen, who died in 389, in his valedictory
discourse, says " Farewell, ye lovers of my sermons
: farewell, ;
ye pens, both public and private."

Students of the Councils of the Church, whether general,
continental, or insular, are well aware of the continued insistence
of the bishops upon the importance of frequent preaching
and the use of the vernacular. But as popular ideas in the
opposite direction are so deeply ingrained, it may be well to cite
one or two striking early instances. The twenty-fourth Canon
1
Neale's Mediaval Preaching (1856), xxv,
PREACHING AND PULPITS II
F H. C.
Bovey Tracey, Devon

;

of the Council of Carthage, held in 398, enjoins that all persons
leaving the church during sermon time shall be excommunicated.
The English Council of Cloveshoe of 747, orders priests to learn
to construe and expound the Our Father, the Creed, and all the
solemn parts of the Mass and Holy Baptism in the vulgar tongue.
The Council of Aries, of the year 813, insists on sermons on all
Sundays and festivals, not only in city churches, but in those of
country parishes whilst the Council of Mayence, of the same
;
year, lays special stress on preaching in the vernacular.

As the Anglo-Saxon language became more formulated,
some of our great prelates and preachers did not hesitate to
write out their religious instructions in that language. Thus
Êlfric the Grammarian, Archbishop of Canterbury from 995 to
1005, left behind him eighty Anglo-Saxon homilies. Amongst
others who in this particular followed his example were yElfric,
Archbishop of York from 1023-51, and Wulfstan, Bishop of
Worcester, who died in 1023.
The laity, too, appear to have been distinctly attached to
preaching, and to the length and frequency of sermons both
in the earlier and later mediaeval days, a liking which is usually
attributed solely to Puritans or those of post- Reformation days.
From various incidental references that we have gleaned upon
this point, we are content to cite two. The late Prebendary
Randolph cites one instance at Colyton, Devon, where the
questmen, at a visitation of Bishop Stapleton (1308-26),
complained of the rarity and brevity of their vicar's preaching.
" It was not of the quality they complained, for after all it was
his best, and he was a good man, but he stinted quantity, nor
would he admit the preaching friars to eke out his insufficiency
as his predecessors had done." 1 Two centuries later the laity
of Durham must have shown a strong devotion to sermons
for the Rites of Durham tell us that the monks were wont
to preach every Sunday afternoon from one o'clock to three
in the Galilee chapel at the west end of the great cathedral
church for their own sake, we cannot help hoping that this was
;
done by a system of relays.

The grammar-school masters of Oxford, in the first half
of the fourteenth century, were instructed to insist on their
scholars talking either in Latin or French, as Mr A. F. Leach
reminds us. This illustrates a striking passage in Higden's
Polychronicon, written in 1327, wherein he says that the corrup-
tion of the English language of his day, of which he complains,
"comes chiefly from two things, viz., that boys in school, contrary
1
Newberry House Magazine, Feb. 1890.
PREACHING AND PULPITS 13
Pilton, Devon
to the custom of all other nations, since the first coming of
the Normans, abandoning their own tongue, are compelled
to converse in French and also that noblemen's sons from
;
their very cradles are taught the French idiom and that ;
countrymen wishing to be like them, that so they may appear

more respectable, endeavour to Frenchify themselves with all
their might."
Archbishop Peckham, as visitor of Merton in 1271 "seeing
that the clerks of England for the most part stutter and stammer
in talking Latin," ordered that the grammar pupils should be
obliged to talk in Latin, and that certain specified Latin works
should be procured and chained on a desk for their study.
It may perhaps be as well, in this opening section, to bring
the matter of preaching and of preaching in the vulgar tongue
to the later days of the mediaeval period, and even to the eve of
the Reformation. To avoid discursiveness this had better be
done by the citation of one or two pertinent facts illustrative of
many more that might be adduced.
The Acts of a Synod, held by Bishop Langham at Ely, in
1364, order every parish priest to preach frequently, and to ex-
pound the Ten Commandments, etc., in English, or as the
original has it, in idiomate communi.
It is recorded of Edmund Lacy, when he was installed
Bishop of Exeter on Mid-Lent Sunday, 1472, that he gave a
great feast, and on the morrow visited the church, and preached a
good sermon in Latin in the Chapter House. On the following
Wednesday, being the Annunciation, he preached in English
in the pulpit before all the choir and the people of the city of
Exeter. 1
In 1447, William Plympton, a Dominican friar, was licensed
to preach at Otford, Kent, on a special occasion, in vulgart, by
the prior and convent of Canterbury when the see was vacant. 2
In i486, Prior William Sellyng, on behalf of himself and
the convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, sede vacante, granted
a licence to Thomas Goldstone, authorising him to preach,
latine vel vulgari, clero et populo, in all lawful places within the
province of Canterbury. 3
The witness, too, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,
of the numerous manuals issued to help the clergy in carrying
out the injunction of 1281 as to definite instruction in the
vernacular in the main tenets of the Christian faith, is not a
little remarkable, and points to the reality of the teaching
1
Hist. MSS. Com., Var. Coll., iv. 46.
2
Hist. MSS. Com. Rept, v. 430.
3
Hist. MSS. Com. Re-bt., v. 430.
PREACHING AND PULPITS IS
Harberton, Devon
l6 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
and preaching in many a parish. The invention of printing
towards the close of the latter century made the multiplication
of such manuals a comparatively easy matter the printing of ;
Archbishop Peckham's Constitution was at once undertaken, as

well as several glosses upon it. In 1466 a synod of the province
of York, under Archbishop Neville, not only insisted upon the
observance of these essentially definite instructions, but set out,
at considerable length, the method in which the parish priests
had best use this work, so as to improve the lives of those com-
mitted to their charge.
It is impossible to exaggerate the force of language used in
these manuals respecting the value of preaching and instruction,
not only as to the bounden duty of the priest to be a faithful
expounder of the Word of God, but as to the faithful attendance
of the laity at such ministration. Neglect of sermon-hearing was
made a question of conscience in preparing for Confession, as
manuscript as well as printed sources plainly prove, and this
some years before the separation from Rome. 1
Richard Whitford, the Monk of Zion, in his popular Work
for Householders, first published in 1330, after instructing the
householder how to bring up the young and those under him, to
be devout at the Sunday Mass, with their eyes on their books
and beads, goes on to estimate the sermon even higher than the
Mass. " If there be a sermon any time of the day let them be
present, all that are not occupied in needful or lawful business ;
all other occupations laid aside, let them ever keep the preachings
rather than the Mass, if, perchance, they may not hear both."
Other manuals, at least a dozen, express themselves with equal
definiteness on the danger of neglecting or despising oral in-
structions and sermons, among which may be mentioned The
Myrrour of the Church, Exornatorium Curatorium, and The
Interpretatyon and Sygnyfycacyon of the Masse, printed in 1532.
Probably only one other quotation is necessary to drive home
the literal truth of this present contention. It shall be taken
from Dives et Pauper, which appears to have been by far the
most popular book of religious instruction in England, first
brought out in the middle of the fifteenth century.
The author of this tractate, in addition to other strong
passages of a like nature, writes thus: "As St Anselm saith
God's Word ought to be worshipped as much as Christ's Body,
and he sins as much who hindereth God's Word or taketh it
recklessly, as he that despiseth God's Body, or through his negli-
gence letteth it fall to the ground. ... It is more profitable to
1
Harl. MSS., B. Mus. 172, f. 12, and 115, ff. 51, 53.
Mellor, Derbyshire S-*-c fa-rs J~tf,
3 U**t tr*st if) * XyM.'i 04t. TSM

8

hear God's Word in preaching than to hear a Mass, and that a
man should rather forbear his Mass than his sermon." For, by
preaching, folks are stirred to contrition, to forsake sin and the
fiend, and to love God and goodness, and by it they may be
illumined to know their God, and virtue from vice, truth from
falsehood, or to forsake errors and heresies. By the Mass they
are not so, for if they come to Mass in sin they go away in sin.
Nevertheless the Mass profiteth them that are in grace to get
grace and forgiveness of sin. Both are good, but the
. . .
preaching of God's Word ought to be more discharged and

more to be desired than the hearing of Mass." 1
Bishop Veysey, on 7th September 1536, wrote a severe letter
of reprimand to the President and Chapter of Exeter, asking if
it was possibly true that there was no canon present to preach
either on the Feast of the Assumption or on the following Sunday,

and that they had not even provided a substitute preacher. He
insisted on the canons fulfilling their duty as preachers. In
February 1538 the bishop acknowledged a letter from the
Chapter sending their preachers' names from Septuagesima until
Good Friday, and recommending the preachers to make use of
the new treatise called the Institution of a Christian Man, 2
"late consevyd by a greate number as ye know of the most
famous clerks of this realm, wherein ye shall finde mater
sufficient to preach of, on especiall in the articles of our
Faythe, the seven Sacraments, the petitions of our Pater Noster
and Ave, and of the Ten Commandementes." 3
Secondary Use of the Pulpit

In addition to the use of the pulpit in the English mediaeval
Church for the general delivery of the instruction or the sermon,
and particularly of the exposition of the gospel which followed
the reading or singing of it at the High Mass, there were several
particular uses of it which ought' here to be enumerated. The
most important of these was the reading of the Bede Roll.
The Bede Roll or the Bidding of Bedes was of two kinds,
the general and particular, though as a rule the latter was
preceded by the former and delivered from the pulpit every
Sunday, and usually on the chief festivals. The Bidding Prayer
took its name from the priest bidding the people pray for all
1
On the subject of such manuals, several of a far earlier date than those
cited, see Cutts' Parish Priests and their People, chaps, xiv., xv.
2
First published in May 1537, by the King's authority, but usually called
The Bishops' Book.
3
Hist. MSS. Com., Var. Coll., iv. 8, 59.
Nantwich, Cheshire


sorts and conditions of men, mentioning the pope, the metro-
politan, the bishop, the parish priests " having care of mannes
soule," and including in the temporality the king and queen,
etc., corresponding in most respects to the prayer for the Church
Militant in our modern Prayer Book. Then the priest specially
commended to the people's prayers, either for their souls or their
good estate, all particular benefactors "that have honoured the
church wyth light, lamp, vestment, or bell, or any ornaments by
the whyche the service of Almighty God is the better main-
tained and kept." The spirit of this is still maintained in the
remembrance of past benefactors in the Bidding Prayer before
University and other special sermons.
For the due reciting of the Bede Roll, it was customary for
the parish priest to receive an annual gratuity, which also
included the registering of new names on the parchment roll.
The usual fee in this respect at St Edmund's, Salisbury, where
the wardens' accounts begin in 1464, was 4s. per annum. The
following long entry occurs under 1499-1500 in this parish :
"Giftes for names to be put in the bede roll in this yere. It.
received of the gift of Robert South Gent at the namys of hym Alys
his wiffe their faders and their moders be set in the bede rolle of
the seide Churche of Seynt Edmunde that the pepulle then beying
present may pray for the Sowlys Amongiste all Crystyn every Sonday
when the parishe preste rehersithe tham then in all 40s. Of the gyft
of Stephyn Walwyn, and Katerine his wif a vestment for the pryst
of Crymson Velvet with alle thapparelle at their namys be put in the
same bede rolle for like cause."
The accounts clerk for 1500-1501 duly entered the heading

Nomina in le bede rolle hoc A" registrata, but he had to add,
Null' quia nemo hoc A nno desideravit.
The payment Bede Roll in the Somerset parish of
for the
Tintinhull was very trifling for 1477-78.
" For the bedrowyll to the prest at iiij times xijd."
There are various entries under this head in the accounts
of St Mary-at-Hill, London city :
r 477"79- Tothe parish preste to Remember in the pulpite the

sowl of Richard Eliot which gave to the Churche
works vjs. viiid. ijd.
1489-90. To Mr John Redy, parish priest, for rehersing of the
bede roll -
viijd.
1490-91. To Mr John Redy Rehersing of the names of
for the
Founders of the chauntryes in the bede roll for a
hole yer at Michelmas xvjd.
149899. For making of a tabyll for the beyd Roll ijd.
1529-42. To Mr Alen for the Bede Rowle of the Church ijs.


Occasionally the definite mention of benefactors went back
a long way. Thus the Bede Roll of St Michael's, Cornhill, ran
thus, early in the sixteenth century :
"
Ye must pray for Richard Atfield, sometime parish parson of this
church, for he with the consent of the Bishop ordained and established
Mattins, High Mass, and Evensong to be sung daily in the year 1375."
In addition to sermons, instructions, and Bede Rolls, the

mediaeval pulpit was made the vehicle, when the public press
was unknown, of giving forth of all kinds of authoritative
announcements of an ecclesiastical, semi-ecclesiastical, or purely
civil character. The three several declarations of the banns of
marriage were read from the pulpit, and notices of coming
feasts and fasts declared. The Council of Oxford ordered that
parish priests were to warn people from thejr pulpits^ of the duty
of bringing their children to confirmation some time previous
;
to this Bishop Wykeham instructed them to give notice of this

when warning them of a coming episcopal visitation.
Another matter of fairly common occurrence was the publi-
cation from the same place of a grant of spiritual favour from
the bishop, usually in the form of an indulgence, to all who
should help on a specified good work, usually of an ecclesiastical,
but sometimes of a secular character. The Lichfield episcopal
registers open with that of Bishop Walter Langton (1296-1323).
Among his earliest acts was assistance offered to John Percy,
who was collecting money for the repair or rebuilding of an
important bridge at Colwich. The bishop requested all parish
priests to explain the matter from their pulpits, to show that it
was a work of charity, and to say that all who contributed in
any way should have forty .days of indulgence. Alike
assistance was granted to bridge-building by several of his
successors in the same diocese, notably by Bishop Bolars (1453-
59), when the bridges of Wolsey, Packington, Weston-on-Trent,
Yoxall, Oreton, and Aston were thus aided. Reverting for a
moment to another, subject, it may be remarked that this bishop,
in 1455, offered a forty days' indulgence to every one who would
listen to the sermons of a canon of Haughmond Abbey, who was
to preach throughout the diocese in either Latin or English.
But the majority of such indulgences, whilst a minority gave
relief to individuals in personal distress, were to encourage sub-
scriptions to architectural repairs from the greatest to the
humblest. Bishop Walter Langton, at another time, ordered
all parish priests to publish, " at the time of their sermons and
exhortations," his indulgence to all who would visit the cathedral
church of Lichfield, and contribute to the building of the spires.
Space would not permit enumerating a tenth of the subjects

in connection with which pulpit utterances or announcements,
many of a litigious character, were associated. But in one
important national point, successive kings and their councils
largely availed themselves of the pulpits of the Established
Church. Bishop Trellick of Hereford's register (1322-62) affords
examples of the way in which the clergy were directed by the
Crown, through their bishops, to give notice of striking events
from their pulpits, and to invite prayers to excite the fears or
the patriotism of the populace. Within a short period of Edward
III.'s reign, Bishop Trellick had to forward instructions to his
clergy as to the line they were to take with regard to the dread felt
before the battle of Crecy, the reports of a treacherous attack on
Calais, the alarm as to the presence of the Spanish fleet before
the battle of Winchester, and the crowning glory of Poictiers.
Nowhere was the alarm greater, as the awful Black Death
of 1348-49 approached England, than in the sea-girt district
of Hampshire. Bishop Edington of Winchester made every
possible spiritual preparation against its ravages, using most
exceptional and pathetic language in his instructions. One of
his directions is not a little singular. Some turbulent folk in
the city of Winchester resisted Church services at the burial of
some of the victims. The bishop would not permit burial in
unconsecrated ground, but he enlarged graveyards and con-
secrated new ones. Further, he ordered the Prior of Winchester
and the Abbot of Hyde to cause sermons to be preached on the
Resurrection of the Body, fearing that in those grievous times
there might be some open repudiation of the Church's faith.
The great Bishop Wykeham's orderly register abounds in
directions for special prayers for particular events, mostly issued
in response to a privy seal from the Crown they are so ;
numerous that a mere recitation of them would cover several

pages. The point here to be made is that on various occasions
he ordered the attention of the faithful to be roused by sermons
as well as by Masses and processions. Perhaps the most note-
worthy was that sent forth by Wykeham on 30th May 1375,
after the defeat off Rochelle, which he described as " a time of
shame and suffering such as England had never known." J
The mediaeval Church was by no means free from occasional
brawls in church, wherein the pulpit played a part. The small
church of Mellor, in North Derbyshire, possesses the most
remarkable of old oak pulpits in England, and there is a curious
story about the chapel and this very piece of furniture (17).
1
See Vict. Co. Hist, of Hants, ii. 42-4.
3
Among Sir George O. Wombwell's MSS., at Newburgh
Priory, are various papers relative to prolonged lawsuits between
Robert Pilkington and John Ainsworth, in 1496-98, as to the
ejection of some tenants on the ground of wood trespass.
Amongst them is a memorandum as to the felling of a large
number of valuable trees in Mellor township by " Sir Perys Legh
Knyght," including " an aspe (aspen) to make arrowys of won the
fayrest that tyme in all Derbyschyre." This was done on Thursday
in Whitsun week, 1498, and "on the Sunday afore midsumer day
the Knight sent his servant to Mellur chapel, & causyd the prest
to say in pylpyd after the prayers . .that the said Knyght was
.
holle aggreyed with the partese for the said trees that he had fallen
in Mellur," and protested that he had done no wrong to Robert
Pilkington. " Then the said Robert herd tell of this sclaundur &
saying in Mellur chapel aforesaid & was sore asstoynd & grevyd
there with & come to the same chapell ye Sonday next after
saynt Peter day then next ensewyng, & when the prest had
bedyn the pryers in the pylpyt the said Robert stole up in the
chaunsell & speke on loude that all the pepull myght here hym
& prayed them all to bere hym recorde anothere tyme what his
saynges was at that tyme." Pilkington then proceeded to set
forth at length his version of the tree felling ;but with the strife
itself we have here no further concern.
>
if
M^ra35ra$
. DiJSrHriBr-f rJ~~
J. c. w.
St Peter, Wolverhampton
28
CHAPTER II
THE PULPIT PROPER

In mediaeval days the word pulpitum was usually applied, but
by no means invariably, to the substantial screen shutting off the
nave and collegiate churches from the choir.
in monastic, minster,
From evidence that occasionally the sermon
this elevation there is
was delivered. It gradually came to be used to signify the
panelled erection, with a book-desk or lectern, at the west side
of the screen, from which the sermon was delivered. The

ambon from the Greek word to mount, because it was
ascended by steps, and usually termed ambo because there

were generally two was the elevated stand or tribunal from
which the gospel was read, or if there were two, the gospel and
the epistle. The position varied, but, for the most part, the
gospel ambon was on the north side, and the epistle ambon
on the south. St Christopher, St Ambrose, and St Augustine
were in the habit of preaching from the ambon. The ambo
ritual seems never to have had an exact place in the English
Church the nearest approach to it is the fine stone pulpit
;
example at Nantwich, which is, as it were, a south ambon

combined with and projecting from the low stone screen that
protects the chancel (19).
We know, also, that early preachers, especially in small
churches, sometimes used the altar steps, and more frequently
the chancel steps, as is still the case in many English churches
at missions and less formal occasions. It need not be supposed,
because of the absence of pulpits of either the twelfth or thir-
teenth centuries, that there was therefore any dearth of preach-
ing during that period. Viollet le Due was of opinion, judging
from pictures in old MSS., that the pulpits of those days were
light movable constructions of wood, which were very likely to
perish or be destroyed when more imposing and fixed pulpits
came into fashion. The same is true of England : even as
late as the days of Archbishop Arundel of Canterbury, 1396-
14 14, that prelate is represented as preaching from a movable
THE PULPIT PROPER 29
B
o
CO
o
a
a
O
o
3
O
3

wooden pulpit 1 Such pulpits were in early days kept in the

Chapter Houses of St Augustine, Canterbury, and of Bury St
Edmunds, and brought out when required. There used to be
one at Norwich Cathedral, and they still exist at Hereford
Cathedral, and at King's College chapel, Cambridge. Within
living memory there was one at Granchester, Cambridgeshire. 2
Nor must outdoor pulpits be forgotten. They used to be
associated with the cathedrals of Norwich, Worcester, and
London, the last-named being the famous " Paul's Cross." There
is a celebrated one in the outer court of Magdalen College,
Oxford, c. 1480, from which the University Sermon was formerly
preached on St John Baptist's Day the example of the
;
Dominicans at Hereford is canopied (21). Among the many

instances which occur abroad, those at Vitre, St Lo, Brittany,
Laon, Strasburg, and Perugia may be mentioned from the last ;
of these St Bernardino used to preach. 3

Fixed pulpits were usually constructed of wood, and not
infrequently of stone. The extant mediaeval examples in both
these materials are fully dealt with in subsequent chapters. A
third material, still in use on the Continent, is metal. There is
an old iron pulpit at the cathedral of Bruges, and Street, in his
Gothic Architecture in Spain, tells us of several later examples.
The Rites of Durham tells us that there was an iron pulpit in
the Galilee :
" Adjoining unto the lower part of the great window in the west
end of the Galilee was a fair iron pulpit, with bars of iron for one to
hold them by, going up the steps unto the pulpit, where one of the
monks did come every holy day and Sunday to preach, at one o'clock in
the afternoon."
The position of the pulpit varied greatly, and would-be

learned wiseacres have often moved mediaeval examples to
place them in the " correct " position. But the student of
pulpits knows full well that there was no correct position.
Generally they stood on one side or the other of the chancel
screen, but were occasionally attached to a pier on either side of
the nave. There is no necessity for imagining that our fore-
fathers treated the pulpit position as a matter of caprice they ;
1
HarL.MSS., 1319 reproduced in Strutt's Antiquities (1793), P- 45-
;
2
The present writer has several times preached from a movable pulpit
at Helmsley, N.R. Yorks., placed occasionally in the nave during Lent, etc.,
as the regular pulpit is so far off from most of the seats.
3
Of recent years several open-air pulpits have been constructed, as at
St James's, Piccadilly, and St Mary's, Whitechapel.
&
T3
were probably guided by common sense applicable to the time

of their erection, taking, for instance, into account the interference
of chantry enclosures with a general congregation. It is some-
times said that the proper place for the pulpit was on the south
side, because that was the more honourable side, being the side
of the men but there is rather more to be said for the north,
;
for that was usually the gospel side. As a matter of fact, when
the original position has been maintained, or can be traced, the
English pulpit more often stood on the north side, though in
no very marked degree. In Dollman's treatise on old English
pulpits, twenty-two are described and illustrated, some of stone,
and some of wood of these, sixteen are on the north side, and
;
six on the south. 1

The mediaeval pulpit was clearly intended to be a centre of
attraction, for the best of sculpture and of carving was often
employed in its construction. Moreover, vivid colouring was
frequently used in both stone and wood examples, many traces
of which have been found, and though usually removed, the
original colour has sometimes been retained or somewhat
renewed. Of stone colouring, Cheddar maintains the most
striking instance of wood, the Norfolk examples of Burnham
;
Norton and Burlingham St Andrew may be mentioned, together

with those of Southwold, Suffolk, and Burford, Oxon. (23).
The ascent to a pulpit and its height from the floor level
used to be a matter of importance, and was obviously dictated
by the size and plan of the fabric. In the great majority of
cases, crude restorations have destroyed or neglected these old
levels, and have frequently committed the absurdity of placing
mediaeval pulpits of wood on clumsy stone bases. A war has
been specially waged on old steps or stairways. There is just
one old stone pulpit stairway left of singularly fine treatment,
namely that of St Peter's, Wolverhampton (27). In a few cases
wall stairways, like those to refectory pulpits, occur in parish
churches e.g., at
; Chipping Sudbury, Gloucestershire, and at
Holton, Nailsea, and Weston-in-Gordano, Somerset (29).
Occasionally, too, as at Staunton and Cold Ashton,
Gloucestershire, an opening from the rood-loft stairs served
as access to the pulpit (29). At Walpole St Andrew, Norfolk,
there is the quite exceptional feature of a wide stone bracket
projecting over the lower doorway of the rood-loft, which in all
probability used to support a wooden pulpit the panel over the
;
1
The only printed work on old English pulpits is that by T. T. Dollman,
entitled Examples of Ancient Pulpits (1849) a second series was projected,
;
but never issued.

bracket is now blocked up, but it used to open from the stair-
case (21).
The old wooden stairs or steps for mounting pulpits have
almost entirely perished or been destroyed. We only know of
a single instance where the original ornamental steps remain,
namely, at East Hagbourne, Berks. (31). These oak pulpits,
usually of octagonal or hexagonal plan, with panelled sides, are
for the most part supported by slender shafts or stems, but occa-
sionally the bases are continued after the plan of the pulpit
proper, as at Lutterworth, or in the later instance at St Ives,
Cornwall (51). Now and again the panelling is continued right
down from the cornice to the base, as at Hannington, Northants,
or Affpuddle, Dorset (67).
At Wendens Ambo, Essex, and in the south pulpit of
Worstead, 1 Norfolk, the buttresses between the panels are
continued downwards, as plain squared parts to raise the pulpit
some short distance above the floor level (34, 31).
The prevalent notion that mediaeval pulpits were exceptional
in English churches is completely disproved by a study of parish
accounts. Almost all those of pre-Reformation date contain
entries relative to repairs of pulpits, often of quite a trivial
character, at the cost of a few pence. The following are some
entries, selected from many others, of a large expenditure in the
same direction :
1458 {Arlington, Sussex). Et ijs. iiijd. ob. p' faciend' de la

pulpitte.
1478-80 {St Margaret, Westminster). For a pulpite in the Chirche
Yerde agenst the preching of Doctour Penkey ijs. viijd.
1447-48 ( Yatton, Somerset). Vor the makyng of the pulpyt iijs. iiijd.
1503-04 {St Mary-at-Hill). To John bull for hys labyr for

makkyng
the pulppet- ixs. viijd.
To
hys man for xiij dayys wark to the sam xiiijs. iiijd.
For Nayllys to the sam pulppet ijd.

[Other items for fixing it 2s. 7^d.]
1517-18. Resc' of r
M
Doctor for the olde pulpet that stode in
the chirch vs.
More than one writer, who ought to have known better, in

his attempt to show that pulpits and preachments were flowers
of Reformation growth, has brought forward with triumph the
:
At Worstead there are two mediaeval pulpits, north and south of the
chancel entrance, with similar beautifully traceried panels, an interesting
reminiscence of the ambo. But during an ill-considered restoration the
one to the north was much " improved," and raised considerably on a stone
pedestal.
s
argument that pulpits are never catalogued in the inventories

of Church Goods temp. Edward VI. True, but neither are altars,
fonts, or screens
! Moreover the reports of some of these Church
Goods Commissioners, who superintended the pillage and
stripping of the parish churches, actually bear witness to the
universality of pulpits. For instance, the Surrey Commissioners
report that " certain lynen for the furniture of the Communion
table, the fourmes and pulpitts were necessarily left in every
parish churche of every hundredth within the countie of Surrey."
36
CHAPTER III
MEDIEVAL STONE PULPITS

There are upwards of sixty stone pulpits of pre-Reformation
date throughout the parish churches of England. They are
chiefly to be found in the counties of Somerset, Gloucester, and
Devon. In one or two instances these stone pulpits are of the
close of the fourteenth century, but otherwise they are almost
entirely of fifteenth-century date.
These stone pulpits are usually of some fine grained, easily
worked white stone such as Painswick or Bath, which was
readily procurable in the shires just mentioned. In the follow-
ing lists they are set forth in county order.
Mention, however, should first be made of a few earlier
examples of thirteenth-century stone pulpits to be found in
connection with the conventual buildings of religious houses.
From quite early days it was the custom for the Scripture or
some sacred book to be read aloud during meal time in monastic
refectories. For the convenience of the reader, and to secure a
better hearing for his voice, it was usual for a pulpit to be
constructed at some little height in the thickness of the walls, to
which access was gained by a stairway. Good instances of these
readers' pulpits remain in the refectories of the abbeys of
Beaulieu and Shrewsbury, and in those attached to the cathedral
cloisters of Carlisle and Chester. 1 The best of these is at Beaulieu,
where the great refectory of the monks stands in good condition
on the south side of the cloister garth. The building is a fine
example of advanced Early English, c. 1250. The pulpit is a
beautiful piece of wotk in the centre of the west side. It is
entered by a wall stairway with an open arcade and groined roof.
The actual pulpit is supported by a semi-octagonal stone corbel
richly carved with foliated work. The specially interesting point
about-this readers' pulpit is that it is still in use for the delivery
of sermons, for the whole of the refectory building was
appropriated some time ago to be the parish church of Beaulieu.
1
C. 1270. Fully illustrated in Dollman's Pulpits.
MEDIAEVAL STONE PULPITS 17
Dittisham, Devon
It can therefore claim to be the only example of a church pulpit
of Early English design left in England.
Berkshire. From Mr Brabant's recent Guide (191 1),

Little
we much regret to learn that the curious small stone pulpit
projecting from the wall in the south transept of Childrey church,
which was approached by a doorway from behind, has of late
years been cleared away.
Cambridgeshire has several interesting and striking pulpits.
There is one of stone at Witcham it is massive and of early
;
Perpendicular date, c. 1420. The original stone steps were

recently disclosed.
Cheshire possesses a single very fine example of a stone
pulpit at Nantwich it is attached to the north-east pier of the
;
tower, and is approached from the nave, and is of Late Decorated

character, and distinct beauty. It is enriched with panelling
and tracery, and is slightly embattled round the upper part.
When Sir Stephen Glynne was here, about 1 840, he describes
the pulpit as " unhappily disused, and half concealed," but it has
since undergone a small amount of careful restoration (19).
Cornwall possesses two late mediaeval pulpits of stone. The
thirteenth-century pulpit of Egloshayle is formed of Caen stone ;
the panels are carved with emblems of the Passion, but it has
unfortunately been not a little spoilt by heedless enlargement
at the time of restoration, in 1867. There is another of like
date and material, which now stands meaningless and unused,
in the south choir aisle of the modern church of St Paul, Truro,
which was built in 1848. This pulpit is of octagonal plan, and
stands on an octagonal panelled stone. Each panel is sculptured
with a repeated design, apparently a monstrance. It used to
stand on the north side of the nave, but was disastrously removed
during a restoration of 1884. 1
It is somewhat surprising to find that the county of DEVON
so justly celebrated for the beautiful woodwork of its old
1
There is some degree of mystery attached to this pulpit. It was pro-
nounced to be mediaeval when carefully examined in 1909 by the writer, in
company with two experienced archaeologists, and again in 191 1. The vicar,
who has been there since 1897, knew nothing about it, and other local
antiquaries were puzzled as to its date. A drawing of it appears in English
Church Furniture, p. 123. In March 1913, Mr Mitchell Whitley, a former
Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institute of Cornwall, wrote to me saying
that the pulpit was an 1848 gift by Mr William Tweedy of Alverton, Truro,
and is supposed by some to be modern. Further inquiries produce a story
of its having been recovered out of a wreck from Normandy, with other
somewhat wild particulars.
MEDIEVAL STONE PULPITS 39
:

churches, possesses several late mediaeval stone pulpits, some
of which are elaborately sculptured. Its ten examples are of
octagonal plan, with one exception. South Molton appears
to be the oldest, c. 1450. It is beautifully carved throughout, and
stands on a well-panelled stem and has statuettes of apostles
under canopied niches. When first seen by the writer in the
sixties of last century much original painting remained, of which
some traces are still extant. Bovey Tracey pulpit is not much
later in date, and is still more elaborately treated the panels ;
are sculptured into two tiers of small canopied saints, representing

St Peter, St Paul, St Andrew, St James, St Margaret, St George,
and the Four Evangelists; the whole is richly coloured and
gilt, being carefully restored about 1 887 (11). The stone pulpit of
Paignton is somewhat more clumsily sculptured there is a row
;
of quatrefoils below each of the panels the central panel bears

;
the Rood, with small figures of the Blessed Virgin and St John
on brackets at either side the other mutilated figures are
;
perhaps intended for the Evangelists. Totnes has a stone

octagonal pulpit of simple design the six divisions (one side is
;
fixed against the pier, and another forms the entrance) are each
divided into two tiers of panels with cinquefoil heads. When
described and illustrated (PI. xv.) by Dollman, he remarked
" Modern wisdom has thought fit to paint and grain the pulpit
in imitation of oak." It is known that the adjacent stone screen
was erected by the Corporation in 1 5 59-60, and this is probably
the date of the pulpit, though Dollman considered it to be c. 1 500.
The remarkable stone pulpit of Dartmouth is peculiar in several
respects ; it is of exceptional design, being heptagonal in plan ;
the coarse size of the foliage in the upper part and on the
pilasters between the panels is anything but effective the small ;
leaf-work round the top, and the ornaments round each of the
crocketed niches, are of wood, and were placed here in the
Laudian days of Charles I., the initials C. R. being in one of the
panels. These ornaments represent respectively the portcullis,
lion, rose, thistle, fleur-de-lis, and harp.and are each surmounted by
a crown. 1 The sculpture of the pulpit is c. 1530 (Frontispiece).
Pilton has a well-carved stone pulpit each panel has double
;
niches and a row of quatrefoils below it is c. 1450 there is a

; ;
Jacobean canopy affixed to the piers above (13).

Witheridge has a fine stone pulpit richly carved the squared;
panels have crocketed canopies over small figures one of these

;
is the Rood; with St 'Mary and St John. The stone pulpit of

Chittlehampton is very similar, and almost as good it must ;
1
See Dollman, PI. xxvii.
have come from the. same craftsman's hands. Harberton is one
of the richest sculptured stone pulpits in the county, though the
foliage is coarse (15). Swimbridge is another rich example, with
figures of the Evangelists in the niches. Dittisham has a
chalice-shaped pulpit of late Perpendicular design, with statuettes
beneath canopies (37).
Dorset possesses a remarkable example of an old stone
pulpit at Frampton-on-the-Frome. The present church was
built about 1460-70, in the days of Edward IV., and the pulpit
is coeval. It is of octagonal plan. 1 The panels have crocketed
ogee canopies, and three of them retain figures beneath them,
two of which are usually ignorantly described as monks." The
''
knotted cords show clearly that they are intended for friars. In
the centre is a friar holding a monstrance in his right hand and
a book in his left, intended for the great Franciscan, St Bona-
venture on the one side is another friar with a long-stemmed
;
cross in his right hand and a book in his left, probably intended
for another Franciscan, St Peter of Alcantara ; on the other side
is the Blessed Virgin (the church is dedicated to St Mary), with
two figures, male and female, kneeling before her, which were
'
probably intended for the donors of the pulpit.
Another old stone pulpit in this county, at Okeford
Fitzpaine, met with an unparalleled adventure. Amuddle-
headed rector, about one hundred and twenty years ago, took it
into his head to remove the upper part, and to change it into a1
font! Common sense and decorum came to the rescue in 1865,

when it reverted to its original use.
Here, too, it may be mentioned that the stone pulpit of
Fordington is dated 1592, the only known instance of an
Elizabethan pulpit in that material.
It is not surprising to find that GLOUCESTERSHIRE possesses
a considerable number of old stone pulpits, for right through the
Cotswold range and its offshoots there is a continuous run of
oolite limestone near to the surface and easily worked. The
cruciform church of Staunton, near Coleford, of late Norman
foundation, shows that the chancel was widened, and rood-stairs
inserted in the angle to the north-west of the chancel arch during
the fifteenth century. The stone stairway, which gave access
to the rood-loft, and above that to the belfry, was also so con-
structed that it served as an entrance to the simple corbel-shaped
stone pulpit shown in the illustration (29). The magnificent
church of Cirencester has a remarkable and graceful stone pulpit
affixed to a north pier of the nave at the entrance to the chancel.
1
See Dollman, PL xvi
-

Its five richly crocketed compartments are perforated, thus
giving a singular lightness to the whole. When Dollman,
who dates it c. 1450, wrote about it in 1849, it was obscured
by " an unsightly mass of masonry " which had been added at
the top, and formed the then existing pulpit, but this disfigure-
ment has long ago been removed (39).
At North Cerney there is a delightful and interesting stone
pulpit now standing in the north transept. When Dollman
wrote about it (PL xi.) seventy-five years ago, this pulpit was
affixed to the north jamb of the chancel arch. The graceful
stem (now replaced) had been removed owing to its supposed
insecurity ;happily, however, it had not been destroyed, but
was resting in a corner of the chancel. Dollman is approxi-
mately right in assigning to it the date c. 1460. The details of
the five compartments are exceedingly good. The most remark-

able features are the two flowing bands of the lily ornament the

one under the cornice and the other at the base which have a
striking resemblance to the like ornament which is of frequent
occurrence at Magdalen College, Oxford. A third stone pulpit
of this county is also figured by Dollman (PI. xiii.), which
occurs in the large late parish church of Winchcombe. This
church was begun to be built in 1490. The octagonal pulpit
is of plain panelled design with an embattled top.
Other fifteenth-century designs are extant at Ampney
Crucis, St Briavels, Chedworth, Chipping Sudbury, Coin Rogers,
Cowley, Elmstone, Hawkesbury, Naunton, Northleach, and
Thornbury. The best of these are the richly crocketed example
at Chedworth, the larger one at Northleach, and the later
instance at Ampney Crucis.
Hampshire, including the Isle of Wight, possesses two
mediaeval stone pulpits and the remains of a third, but of no
special merit. The stone pulpit of East Meon is of fifteenth-
century style. The pulpit of the interesting church of Shor-
well (Isle of Wight) is of stone, and quite obviously of the
same date as the fifteenth-century (c. 1440) north arcade of
the nave the pier immediately behind it is built in two sections,
;
with a space between for the entrance steps to the pulpit from
the aisle. To this pulpit was added a good Jacobean canopy,
dated 1620; it corresponds in style with the pyramidal font-
cover both were probably the gifts of Sir John Leigh (41).
;
Mr Percy Stone, in his noble volumes on the Architectural

Antiquities of the Isle of Wight, pointed out that in the rectory
garden of Chale lies a carved block of stone, which in 1845 stood
in the church against the north wall of the nave, evidently
forming at one time the corbelling of a stone pulpit similar to
o
Ajo PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
the one at Shorwell. It is somewhat highly ornamented with
panel work, and belongs to the latter part of the fifteenth century.
Oxfordshire has two examples of mediaeval pulpits of stone,
in addition to the external pulpit of Magdalen College, to which
allusion has already been made, namely, in the parish churches
of Coombe and Black Bourton. Coombe church was begun to be
rebuilt on a higher site in the year 1395 the pulpit appears to
;

be of that period it is of hexagonal plan and the panels have
rich crocketed moulding, and the cornice is embattled. Black
Bourton has good panels of Perpendicular tracery, c. 1450. 1
The county of Somerset can boast of at least a score of late
mediaeval stone pulpits. Shepton Mallet, both from its beauty
and its date, deserves to be mentioned first. Mr Hutton, in his
recently issued Highways and Byways of this county, does right
in describing it as " very lovely." Its unique design, sculptured
with a number of niches with crocketed canopies covering
alternate designs of fruit and foliage, rising from an octagonal
band of quatrefoils, can best be studied from Dr Allen's excellent
photograph. The date appears to be c. 1460, or at all events of
the third quarter of the fifteenth century (7). About the same
date is the handsome octagonal pulpit of Loxton, with each
of its divisions divided into two traceried panels beneath an
ogee crocketed canopy it rests upon a corbel in the form of a
;
man (43).
In the north-west of the county, within a circle of some ten
or twelve miles of Banwell, as Mr Dollman points out, there are
many churches where the stone pulpits are almost similar in
design and execution, and date about 1480. He instances those
of Banwell, Compton Bishop, Kewstoke, Worle, Wick St
Lawrence, Brockley, Hutton, Locking, and Loxton but he ;
only gives plates of Banwell (PI. xxii., xxiii.). All of these are
elaborate examples of good Perpendicular stonework, and of
octagonal plan. The five which are almost identical with
Banwell, and must have been executed by the same craftsman,
are those of Bleadon, Compton Bishop, Hutton, Locking, and
Wick St Lawrence. In each of these six instances the panels
are divided into two-light blind windows, with a quatrefoil head
and carved spandrels on either side immediately above is a
;
band of quatrefoil, whilst the cornice is of two members, the one a

curious kind of four-leafed ornament, and the other a more usual
leaf terminal. Immediately below is a well-executed vine and
1
The stone pulpit of St Peter in the East, Oxford, has been more than
once described as medifeval, but it was designed by Mr Jackson, R.A., in
1882.
Worcester Cathedral
!

grape trail, exactly like what is usually found in screen woodwork
of this period. Worle pulpit has the lower vine and grape trail,
but lacks the upper quatrefoil band. The fine pulpit of Locking
is of the same general character, but in this instance the grape
and vine trail forms the cornice, with the quatrefoil band
immediately below it. The brightly coloured fine pulpit of
Cheddar differs much in design, as will be seen from the illustra-
tion above the slender octagonal stem or shaft are eight shields
;
bearing demi-angels, supporting, as it were, the spring of the

pulpit (9, 43, 45, 43, 45).
The
stone pulpits of Nailsea and of St Benedict, Glastonbury,
are plainer Perpendicular examples, c. 1 500 they are both ;
figured by Dollman (PI. xiv., xviii.).

Other old stone pulpits in Somerset can be found at
Charlecombe (massive), Kingsbury Episcopi, Meare (very fine),
Stogumber (five-sided), and Wrington.
The pulpit of Wells Cathedral is due to Bishop Knight
(1541-47)-
Staffordshire has only one mediaeval pulpit, but the one
that it the most notable stone example throughout the
possesses is
kingdom. This elaborately enriched pulpit, sometimes falsely
stated to be constructed out of a single huge block of stone, is
attached to the pier nearest to east on the south side of the nave
of the great church of St Peter, Wolverhampton. 1 It is of the
same date as the central tower and the font, c. 1475. The plan is
octagonal, and it includes the panelled enclosure of the stairs,
twelve in number, on the west side. Across the coping at the
foot of the staircase is the large seated figure of a somewhat
grotesque lion with a speaking countenance. Each face is
divided into two panels, having cinquefoiled crested heads.
Below them, at the crown of the shafted pedestal, is a boldly
sculptured vine trail. Above them are quatrefoils with cinque-
foil central flowers immediately under the cornice is a foliage
;
trail of ivy-like leaves and small cinquefoil flowers (27). 2

Sussex retains two stone mediaeval pulpits, both of late
fourteenth-century date, at Arundel and Climping the former ;
is of much grace and has a good stone canopy (21).
Dollman, PL xix., xx.

1
2
Preaching from this pulpit one Lent evening in the eighties, when it
was the use to bring the choir-boys into the nave nearly facing the pulpit,
I noticed a youthful pair of choristers, as my sermon drew to a close, leaning
forward and staring most earnestly at the lion on the stairway below me.
On subsequent inquiry I was told that it was the custom of the senior
choristers to " green " the novices by assuring them that the lion opened its
mouth and yawned if the preacher exceeded half-an-hour
Halberton, Devon
5<0 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

Warwickshire. Attached to the south-east pier of the
central tower of Holy Trinity, Coventry, is the singularly fine
stone pulpit, c. 1470. Up to 1833, when restored by Rickman, it
had been hidden from sight by certain obtrusive woodwork,
including the clerk's seat. The lower part is boldly corbelled
out, and the junction of the octagon with the pier shafts is
well managed, but the upper open-panelled part is rather too
definitely cut off from the lower by the battlemented cornice. 1
In the church of Brough there is a stone pulpit dated 1624;
but this date must denote repair or reconstruction the lower ;
part is at least a century older.

Wiltshire has two examples of stone pulpits, both of the
fifteenth century. The stone pulpit of Limpley Stoke is attached
to an arched recess in the wall, and has only two projecting
sides of Perpendicular work; when visited in 1905 it had not
been used for some considerable time. The other stone pulpit
is at Bewick St James.
At WORCESTER there was formerly a stone cross in the church-

yard, which was a usual preaching place, as at St Paul's, London.
In 1458 Bishop Carpenter granted to the Prior and Convent
of Worcester certain premises for the use of the sacrist, who
was to provide a chaplain to read a public moral lecture from
the Old or New Testament once or twice a week, and to preach
in the cathedral or at the cross in the churchyard on Easter
Eve, and on other special festivals. During the civil wars the
cross was demolished, and after the Restoration the preaching
of the city sermons was transferred to the nave. The old stone
pulpit of fifteenth-century date then stood on the north side of
the nave against the second pillar from the west. During con-
siderable alterations in 1748 this pulpit was transferred to its
present position on the north side of the choir (47).
The great county of York has but one single old pulpit of
stone extant. It stands in the north transept of Ripon Minster,
and is of good Perpendicular design ;it is a pentagon with
richly panelled sides ; there is a base but no stem, and only

three steps.
1
Woodhouse's Churches of Coventry (1909), p. 73.
MEDIAEVAL STONE PULPITS SI
;
52
CHAPTER IV
MEDIAEVAL WOODEN PULPITS

As will be seen from the following county lists, the pre-
Reformation pulpits of oak number a hundred, or two-thirds
more than those of stone. But it must be remembered that
this total includes about a score of cases in which old panelling
has been used in the repair or reconstruction of pulpits. Such
instances chiefly occur in Devon and Cornwall. Norfolk is the
county which has the greatest number of bona fide mediaeval
pulpits it is followed fairly closely by Devon.
; The great
majority of these oak pulpits are fifteenth-century, but in six
cases the date is unmistakably fourteenth-century. The ones
of early date occur at Mellor, Derbyshire Fulbourn, Cambs.
;
;
Upper Winchendon, Bucks. Stanton, Gloucestershire; Dummer,

;
Hants and Hannington, Northants.

;
Bedfordshire has a few pulpits that date from late,

mediaeval days. Hampsford has an effectively carved and well-
preserved example of a fifteenth-century octagonal pulpit.
The nature of the tracery work, with double quatrefoils at the
base of each panel, seems to point to c. 1430. Yeldon is in part
late fifteenth-century, having traceried heads to the panels.
Shelton has a late fifteenth or early sixteenth century pulpit.
The small church of Lower Gravenhurst has a composite pulpit
made up of some fifteenth-century panels.

Berkshire. The strikingly handsome church of East
Hagbourne has a good Perpendicular pulpit, c. 1425 (31). It is of
pentagonal plan, attached to the south jamb of the chancel arch
the panels have cinquefoiled heads with wide tracery above,
whilst there is a row of small quatrefoils at the base the shallow ;
buttresses between the panels have crocketed summits, and there

is an elaborately carved band below the cornice. The peculiarity
of this pulpit is the five steps by which it is approached they ;
have no protecting rail, but between the three posts, by which

they are supported, are heads of pierced tracery. Aston Tirrold
also claims to have a Perpendicular pulpit. 1 Finchampstead
1
Brabant's Little Guide to Berkshire, p. 64.
"
MEDIEVAL WOODEN PULPITS S3
has part of a fifteenth-century screen worked up into the pulpit.

Charney Bassett has a good little pulpit with three panels of
undoubted Perpendicular tracery, a fifteenth-century moulding
above and below it stands on a small base and is ascended by
;
three steps. Mr Brabant says that "some authorities consider

!
it Jacobean
Buckinghamshire has some interesting remnants of
J. F. H.
Edlesborough, Bucks.
mediaeval pulpits. At Upper Winchendon there is a half-hexagon

pulpit carved in three panels out of a single block of oak. The
tracery on the squared panels, in two stages, is undoubtedly of
the second quarter of the fourteenth century, c. 1340. The
upper edge or rim is somewhat rudely embattled, and is destitute
of" any cornice.
The richly carved oak pulpit of Ibstone forms four sides
of a hexagon ; on each side are double traceried panels with
cinquefoi'l - headed, ogee - crocketed canopies it is of early
;
fifteenth-century date, but the top and base are modern. The
pulpit of Bow Brickhill is also fifteenth-century, but it has been
considerably restored and repainted it is hexagonal in plan,
;
and the crocketed heads of the double panels much resemble

those of Ibstone." The arched opening of the rood-loft stairway
at the east end of the nave of Chilton church may very possibly
have led to a pulpit. At Edlesborough there is a much restored
fifteenth-century pulpit to the north of the chancel arch, of
" wine-glass shape." The elaborate tabernacled canopy is fourteen
feet high.
Cambridgeshire has several good mediaeval pulpits of
wood. Marston has a plain panelled octagonal pulpit on a
shaft ; it appears to be towards the close of the fourteenth
century. Elsworth, Fen Ditton, and Hannington are good

examples of Perpendicular work Haslingfield is late in the
;
style, c. 1 500. The pentagonal pulpit of Willingham is a

beautiful piece of work, about the middle of the fifteenth century ;
the panels are finely carved it stands on an octagonal shaft.

;
But there are two other pulpits which call for more particular
description. Landbeach has a striking-looking Perpendicular
pulpit rising from a graceful corbelled pedestal the panels ;
have finely carved tracery work with crocketed finials. This

pulpit is, however, a clever make-up the panels came from
;
Jesus College chapel, Cambridge. The pulpit of Fulbourn

retains its long-asserted claim to be the oldest of our wooden
pulpits, and is probably earlier than the rude one at Mellor,
Derbyshire. It is most likely immediately prior to the Black
Death of 1348-49. The plan used to be rather curious, having
two panels almost level on each side, and three projecting in an
oriel in front. A
mischievous restoration has much spoilt this
pulpit the panels have been taken out, but the curious spandrel
;
carvings at the sides of the crocketed heads remain, and also the
buttresses. The spandrels are all different and delightfully
natural in treatment, such as a pair of birds and hairbells. 1
There is a fair abundance of old wooden pulpits, or pulpits con-
structed of old materials, left in CORNWALL. The pulpit of Bodmin
was contracted for by the wardens of the rebuilt church in 1491 ;
it was to follow the pattern of one in the church of Morton
Hampstead its six panels are beautifully carved with crocketed

;
and cusped ogee tracery the square base is made up of eight

;
interesting old panels robbed from different parts of the church

during a blundering restoration. At Camborne, Laneast,
1
See plan and two plates in Bury's Eccl. Woodwork (1847).
MEDIEVAL WOODEN TULPITS 55
Kenton, Devon
and Launceston St Thomas are plain late fifteenth-century

pulpits. The early sixteenth-century pulpit of Padstow is
richly carved with emblems of the Passion. The church of St
Mary Magdalene, Launceston, which was consecrated in 1524,
has been ruthlessly stripped of all its old woodwork, with the
exception of the very richly carved octagonal pulpit. At the
little church or chapel of St Michael, Porthilly, there is a pulpit,
c. 1525, with linen-fold panels. The octagonal pulpit of St Ives
is a remarkable piece of carving, c. 1540, wherein late Gothic
and Renaissance work are curiously blended (51).
The grievous mischief done to the beautiful and most
interesting woodwork of the large majority of Cornish churches
by the " restorers " of the Victorian age, especially by one architect
who bore the name of an old family of the duchy, cannot be
exaggerated. It is, however, some slight mitigation of these
offences that certain portions of this late mediaeval carving were
worked up again into pulpits. The pulpit of St Cuby is made
up of bench-ends and fragments of the old rood-screen. The
Parochial History of Cornwall (1870) says of St Stephen-in-
Brannel that, " The pulpit and desk are tastefully panelled with
a neat carving preserved from the screen and bench-ends." The
pulpit of St Ruan-Langhorne is formed of late fifteenth-century
panelling from the backs of old seats. Five bench-ends have been
worked up into the pulpitof StGwinear, including a double-necked
swan on a wreath and a merman. The pulpit of Phillack is partly
constructed of fragments of a destroyed rood-screen. Old bench-
ends have also been used in the reconstruction of the pulpits of St
Cubert, St Sampson, and Jacobstow. The Falmouth church of
King Charles the Martyr, built in 1662-63, has a pulpit constructed
of old pieces of carving chiefly brought from the Continent
about i860, but including pieces of English screen cornices,
which had doubtlessly been ejected from certain Cornish
churches.
Derbyshire possesses a single mediaeval wooden pulpit.
It is of a remarkable character and one of the oldest in Chris-
tendom (17). The ancient pulpit of Mellor is a unique example
of an ancient pulpit hewn out of a solid block of oak or section
of a great tree. It is 4 ft. 8 in. high, and 7 ft. 8 in. in diameter
at the top. The plan is hexagonal, with one side cut out to
form a narrow entrance. One of the five panels is plain and
smooth, showing where it stood against the wall, but the other
four have tracery carved at the top and foliage work at the
base which assign it to the middle of the fourteenth century "(c.
1 3 50-60). The central band has the appearance of being fifteenth-
century work, but it at one time showed traces of having been
MEDIEVAL WOODEN PULPITS 57
Ipplepen, Devon
clumsily recut. When I first saw this church as a young man

the whole building was in a scandalous and filthy state this
pulpit stood under the tower, and formed the receptacle for the
grave-diggers' tools, and the sexton said he had leave to chop
"the old thing up, but it were too hard." Some years later
leave was granted me to scrub and clean it before it was
photographed and drawn. It was then found to have remains
of two coats of paint and gilding, one fourteenth-century, and
the other late fifteenth. When at last restored to use, it was
unfortunately repaired with poor, soft wood, and an unsightly
and unsuitable cornice added at the top.
At Breadsall a pulpit was of recent years constructed out
of early sixteenth-century bench-ends but it fell a victim,
;
with the rest of the church, to the criminal lunacy of militant

suffragists in June 1914.
DEVONSHIRE, which shows so much beauty and variety in
the carving of its rich rood-screens, is also well to the front
in the woodwork of its fifteenth and early sixteenth century
pulpits. Halberton claims first notice both in date and in
perfection of treatment. The different and effective designs of
the two tiers of recessed panels are shown clearly in the illustra-
tion (49). This pulpit is obviously coeval with the screen they
;
are both c. 1420. The painted and gilded pulpit of Tor Bryan
is also coeval with its screen they may both be c. 1420.
;
Second only in importance and richness of carving to the famed

rood-screen of Kenton is the coloured and gilded pulpit, with
its vine trails in cornice and base. It stands close in front of
the screen on the north side. Their date is about 1430 it is ;
quite unnecessary to suppose Flemish treatment in either of

them. The pulpit, as well as the screen, has painted panels of
saints. Of this striking piece of church furniture, Mr Baring-
Gould has a sorry tale to tell " It was wantonly ejected by
:
the architect who 'restored' (1S66) the church; but happily

the greater part of the ornamentation was preserved in a cup-
board of the school, among dusters, chalk, and slates. Its
place was supplied by a bit of trumpery machine made carving
now gone to limbo as it deserved. Happily, of late years,
this superb pulpit, so ignominiously treated, has been replaced
and restored." The paintings on the panels represent Saints
Boniface, Walburga, Aldhelm, Sidwell, and Petrock, all specially
connected with Devon (55).
At Coleridge there is an octagonal pulpit of early fifteenth-
century design, with singularly beautiful tracery work at the head
of the canopies in each panel but it has suffered from restoration,
;
being removed from its former shaft, and is shut in by pillars (3).
MEDI/EVAL WOODEN PULPITS 59
F. R. P. S,
Chivelstone, Devon
Bigbury has a finely carved late fifteenth-century pulpit to
which a story is attached. The authorities of Ashburton church
sold their old pulpit and eagle to Bigsbury in 1777 for eleven
guineas the curious tale with regard to the " eagle " is told in
;
the subsequent account of lecterns.

Ipplepen is a further example of a fine and somewhat
elaborate piece of carving of bold fifteenth-century work, as will
be seen from the illustration it has four small canopied niches,
;
but the figures are gone (57). Nor must Chivelstone be over-
looked, which retains a fair amount of the old colouring ; it
is remarkable for being hollowed out of a single block of oak.
It affords yet another instance of a well-carved desk pulpit

contemporary with the screen they were reconstructed between
;
the years 1504 and 1514. It is of octagonal plan each panel

;
has elaborately crocketed ogee canopies, and beneath them

large heraldic shields. The arms include those of Buckfast
Abbey, Lacy, and Bourchier impaling Hanford. William
Bourchier married Thomasin, daughter and heiress of Sir
Richard Hanford (59). North Molton has an interesting old
pulpit with canopied niches containing painted saints beneath
them, and Cockington, as will be seen from the illustration, has
a curiously panelled pulpit of late design it has been over-
;
restored, and seems tobe formed from various fifteenth and

early sixteenth century fragments. This pulpit was brought
here in 1837 from Tor Mahon, the old parish church of Torquay.
The carved oak screen and pulpit of East Allington are of
historical interest, as they mark the revival of the unreformed
faith in Queen Mary's days ; they were completed in 1557 (61).
There are other post- Reformation oak pulpits at Bridford,
Cornwood, Dartington, Pinhoe, Thurlestone, Holne, and St
Sidwell, Exeter (63, 65).
The pulpit and prayer desk of Kingsbridge are made up
out of the lower panels of a fifteenth-century rood-screen. The
pulpits of Buckland Brewer, Lancross, and Newton St Petrock
are constructed out of old bench-ends. At Monkleigh the
pulpit is a reconstruction from parts of an old one of fifteenth-
century date.
There are a few instances in Dorset of the survival of
pre-Reformation oak pulpits. At Little Cheney the pulpit is
formed of panels with Perpendicular tracery. At Winterborne
Whitchurch there is a fine pulpit which was removed here
from the old parish church of Milton Abbas. The old carved
pulpit of Cranborne bears the initials of Thomas Parker, abbot
of Tewkesbury, who died in 142 1 there was here a small
;
Benedictine priory, which was a cell of Tewkesbury.

MEDIEVAL WOODEN PULPITS 6l
East Allington, Devon

;;
The pulpit of Affpuddle may be mentioned here, for it was

erected just about the time of Henry VIII.'s death, 28th
January 1546-47. Both manor and church formerly belonged
to Cerne Abbey. At the Dissolution, one Thomas Lyllyngton,
a monk of Cerne, who was "honest and conformable," obtained
this vicarage. In 1547 he erected this fine oak pulpit after a
Renaissance style it has curiously carved figures in mediaeval
;
costumes, which are supposed to be intended for St John Baptist

and the evangelists.
Durham county possesses a single mediaeval pulpit of oak
at Heighington it is of early fifteenth-century date, is a fine
;

example, and bears the inscription " Orate pro animabus Alex-
andri Flettcher et Agnetis uxors ejus."
At Witton Gilbert there is the shaft of the mediaeval pulpit.
Essex possesses six pulpits of the Perpendicular period
they used to number seven, but the parish of Heydon was
transferred to Cambridgeshire in 1895.
The remarkable pulpit of Wendens Ambo cannot be later
than 1450, and is probably a decade or two earlier (34). It is
of octagonal plan, and without a base, whilst the buttresses,
prolonged by about a foot, have square posts to raise it
slightly from the floor. No great elevation was required, for
the church (formerly that of Great Ambo) is quite small. The
pulpit slightly tapers in shape, obviously following the lines of
the great oak from which it was cut. The panels are carved
with cinquefoil heads, and have tall crocketed finials to quasi
canopies, which terminate in cinquefoil roundels. The two
panels forming the door differ from the rest in having two of
these cinquefoils at the base, one below the other. Rickling
is a fairly early Perpendicular example, but not fourteenth-
century as sometimes stated Leaden Roothing is later. Sandon
;
has a good octagonal pulpit with linen-fold panels, temp.

Henry VII. Layer Marney church was rebuilt in 1520. The
finely carved pulpit is of that date, or slightly later ; it is of
hexagonal plan, with two tiers of linen-fold panels on each face
the cornice is enriched Renaissance the hexagonal canopy, etc.,
;
with pendants, is elaborately treated, and is of much beauty.

Gloucestershire has a few interesting mediaeval pulpits of
oak. The fourth extant example of a fourteenth-century pulpit
is the little known instance at Stanton in this county. In this
church there is a fairly good late seventeenth-century panelled
pulpit, with a canopy affixed to the wall high above it. Strange
to say, within this pulpit stands another one of some three
centuries older date it came to light when the church was being
;
restored about 1900. The tracery of the panelling and the lines
MEDI/EVAL WOODEN PULPITS 63
Dartington, Devon
of quatrefoils show it to be of the close of the Decorated period,
c-
375, or, at any rate, of the reign of Richard II.
1 This highly
interesting relic of mediaeval preaching, so remarkably preserved,
1
is 4 ft. 9 in. in height.
St Mary de Lode, Gloucester, the old mother-church of the

city, retains some carved benches and a pulpit as survivals of the
Perpendicular period. It is of hexagonal plan and effective
design. The squared panels have trefoiled heads, and the
carvings of the spandrels are varied in each case superimposed ;
on the panels are richly crocketed ogee designs of two divisions ;
at the base is a band of slight carving with diminutive quatre-

foils. The date is about 1475. Cold Ashton has a wooden pulpit
with four panels of somewhat similar design it stands on a ;
stone base, and has over it a stone groined canopy with crocketed
finials. It was for some time disused in favour of a modern
substitute, but was considerably restored in 1848. The entrance
into it, as at Staunton, is by the rood-loft stairs. Its date is
c. 1 500. Bishop Latimer is said to have occupied this pulpit on
several occasions, but this is only a matter of conjecture, based
on the idea that he would pass through Cold Ashton on his way
to Bristol from the benefice which he sometime held at West
Kingston, Wilts. At Brockworth, halfway between Gloucester
and Cheltenham, occurs a third pre-Reformation wooden pulpit,
though it is probably of early sixteenth-century date. It is of
hexagonal plan, and the five panels are well covered with late
tracery the base and the lowest divisions of the panels are
;
modern. 2 The pulpit of Micheldean is also good Perpendicular,

and has been richly' painted, whilst Elmstone pulpit has four
good panels with later Perpendicular tracery. At Didhurst the
lectern is constructed out of an old fifteenth-century pulpit.
At Taynton there is an amalgam pulpit which came here
from Holy Trinity, Gloucester, when that church was demolished.
It is partly fourteenth-century, and has a panel temp. Henry VII.,
whilst the front and cornice are Jacobean, with an iron hour-
glass frame.
Hampshire possesses a good instance of a mediaeval pulpit
in the little but highly interesting church of Dummer. It is of
half-octagon form, and stands in the north-east angle of the nave
on a plain low base. The cinquefoil-headed tracery of the
four panels plainly points to the latter part of the fourteenth
century, c. 1380. The oak pulpit at Hambledon has some
good Perpendicular work of the fifteenth century. Prior
1
Illustrated and described in Reliq. and Illust. Arch. (1907), vol. xiii. 60.
2
Those pulpits are illustrated by Dollman, PL xvii., xxiv., xxx.
MEDI/KVAL WOODEN PULPITS 65
F. S.
Holne, Devon
Silkstead (1498- 1522) is responsible for the beautiful pulpit of
Winchester Cathedral (5).
The pre- Reformation pulpits of Hertfordshire are of no
great importance. Graveley is modern, but it incorporates some
fourteenth-century tracery. The pulpit of Hitchin is early
sixteenth-century, but it has been much restored. Much
Hadham is partly made up of fifteenth-century panelling.
Lilley has a pulpit made up of old linen-fold panels with traceried
heads, but they have been brought here from St John's College,
Cambridge. Royston pulpit is a curious amalgam. It has a
stone base constructed out of an old table-tomb the pulpit itself,
;
as well as two reading seats, is made up from a fine fifteenth-

century parclose screen on the south side, which was mutilated
for the purpose last century. The pulpit of Bygrave is of
modern construction, but has some fifteenth-century traceried
panels incorporated with it. The octagonal pulpit of Walkern
has plain panelling of early sixteenth-century date.
Huntingdonshire has two fifteenth-century pulpits,
namely, at Cotworth and Fenstanton. The former is described
by Parker, in 1 851, as "a tolerable Perpendicular pulpit," but
it merits kinder words ; it is of octagonal plan, with plain but
vigorous tracery, and is embattled at the base until its restora-

;
tion by a later rector, it showed considerable traces of fairly vivid

colouring. Fenstanton pulpit, described by Parker as " rather
late," has some fifteenth-century work in its construction, but
has been made up at a subsequent date.
KENT, notwithstanding its large number of old parish
churches, is but little distinguished for the age or^ beauty of its
pulpits. There are hardly any of pre-Reformation date.
Hollingbourne is a good example of the earlier half of the
sixteenth century. It was for this pulpit and the altar table
that velvet hangings, still extant, were embroidered by the
Ladies Culpepper during the Commonwealth, and presented to
the church at the Restoration. The pulpits of Royton Malherbe
and Sutton-at-Hone have linen-fold panels.
So far as we know, there is only one pulpit in Lancashire
prior to the Reformation. Bolton-le-Moors pulpit is a good
sixteenth-century pre-Reformation example, with linen-fold
panels, and an embattled cornice it stands upon a stem, and
;
is semi-octagonal in plan.
Leicestershire is not rich in mediaeval pulpits. There are

none of stone. The one to which most interest attaches is that
of Lutterworth (25). It was for a long time claimed to be that
from which the reformer Wycliff had preached, but on exami-
nation this statement proves to be an equal blunder with the
PC
X
rest of his so-called relics, in this church. Wycliff was rector
here from 1374 until hisêath in 1384. This pulpit is of
advanced Perpendicular style it cannot be earlier than 1450,
;
and is quite possibly- a whole century later than the reformer's

days. It is of hexagonal plan, and has been restored of recent
years. The panels, which have ogee-crocketed heads, are filled
with tracery the embattled transom across the centre of each
;
panel, and the nature of the filling-in of the spandrels of the

head, make it impossible that it is otherwise than late fifteenth-
century carving. Other panelled examples of fifteenth-century
pulpits within the county include the well-wrought hexagonal
example of All Saints, Leicester, and those of Saxelby Thorpe
Langton, and Tugby.
There is not much left in Lincolnshire in the way of
mediaeval pulpits. At Claypole, however, there is a very good
example of Perpendicular carving in the pulpit closely adjoining
the rood-screen against the north jamb of the chancel arch,
with which it is probably coeval, c. 1430. At a later period,
after about a century had elapsed, a hexagonal canopy was
made for the pulpit, together with a book-desk, from parts of
the pulled-down rood-loft, and the desk, strange to say, is sup-
ported by the stem of a late processional cross, as shown in the
illustration {67). At Cotes-by-Stow the Perpendicular panels
were rescued from a barn in 1884 and restored to the church.
The pulpit at Tattershall is early sixteenth-century ; it is
enriched with good carving at the base.
The panels of the pulpit of Lea came from Stixwold Priory
church.
At Ingoldmells there used to be two good Decorated
parclose screens at the east ends of the aisles. A scandalous
"restoration" of 1865 swept these two fine screens away.
However, the restorers had the decency to work up some parts
of this screenwork into a fairly comely pulpit. What was our
disgust when visiting this church in 1910 to find that this pulpit,
which told of the past, had been ejected to a dark corner under
the tower, to make way for one of cold freestone, cheaply
modelled after the fashion appropriately known as "wine-coolers."
There used to be a traceried Perpendicular pulpit at Partney,
but, unfortunately, it gave way to a new stone successor in 1862.
Middlesex. Not only did London lose some eighty
churches in the Great Fire, but so many of the county churches
have been rebuilt, that we believe there is only one pre-
Reformation pulpit within the bounds of Middlesex. In the
nave of Westminster Abbey is a good oak pulpit with linen-
fold panels (c. 1 507), removed here from Henry VI I.'s chapel.
Norfolk, with its vast number of old churches (upwards
of six hundred and fifty), retains twenty-four instances of pre-
Reformation pulpits, all of timber. They occur at Beeston,
Bessingham, Brisley, Burlingham St Edmund, Burnham Norton,
Castleacre, Catton, Cawston, South Creyke, Dersingham, Filby,
Horsham, Irstead, Litcham, Neatishead, Norwich (St Mary
Coslany), Seaming, Snettisham, West Somerton, Great Spar-
ham, Thorning, North Walsham, and New Walsingham.
Four of these retain much of their original painting. The
one that deserves the first place is the notable example in the
small church of Burlingham St Edmund. It is of early fifteenth
century, and delicately painted. The eight panels, alternately
red and green, are powdered with stars and flowers. The panels
are set in crocketed tracery work. The top of the pulpit is
embattled, and round the base is a series of quatrefoils. The
upper part has the following legend in black letters " Inter natos
:
mulierum non surrexit major Johanne Baptista." The pulpit

is not improved by the addition of a seventeenth-century canopy
or sounding-board another addition of the same century is an
;
iron hour-glass stand. The special feature of the church of Burn-

ham Norton is the beautifully painted but small pulpit, c. 1475 ;
it has been restored, but after a most Careful and limited fashion
(23). The panels bear the four Latin doctors of the Church,
and also the kneeling figures of John Goldale and Catherine
his wife, the donors, for whose souls the prayers of the faithful
are invited. This highly interesting mediaeval pulpit has also
been marred by the introduction of an early seventeenth-century
tester or backpiece. The pulpit of Castleacre has also painted
panels of the four Latin doctors, but these panels and others
of the reading desk have been taken from discarded parcloses of
the aisles. The fourth painted pulpit is that of Horsham, The
panels are painted with figures of the Blessed Virgin and Child,
and of Saints John Baptist, John, Andrew, Stephen, Christopher,
Benedict, Thomas of Canterbury, and Faith. There is also
a shield of arms of Fordley impaling Bradley. Round the base
is an inscription, but it is illegible with the exception of the date,
which is 1480. Snettisham pre-Reformation pulpit has been
repainted.
Of the remainder, the pulpit of St Mary Coslany, Norwich,
appears to be of the same date (1477) as the rebuilding of the
church. The hexagonal pulpits of Bressingham, Brisley, Filby,
and Litcham are c. 1500. Breston, Irstead, and Neatishead
have linen-fold panels. The panels of the Seaming pulpit
exactly correspond with the base panels of the fine early
sixteenth-century screen.
Fotheringay
Northamptonshire has a fair number of pre-Reformation
pulpits of oak extant.
still The oldest of these is at Hannington,
where the small but well-carved pulpit appears to be coeval
with the screen, and is of advanced Decorated work of the latter
half of the fourteenth century (67).
The hexagonal pulpit in the nave of the former collegiate
church of Fotheringay is of beautiful detail. It is set against a
pier of the north arcade, arid has a small canopy of fan-vaulting,
also hexagonal. The panelled back or standard bears the royal
arms of Edward IV., with a lion and bull as supporters, and a
bull and a boar in panels on either side. The body of the pulpit
has two tiers of panels, the upper tier having cinquefoiled heads
with carved spandrels, but the lower ones are of plain linen-fold
design. By a curious conceit, a second seventeenth-century
canopy has been placed above the older one, carved with
arabesques and having pendants of acorn shape 1 (71).
Both in the pulpit and reading desk of King's Cliff are some
fifteenth-century traceried panels, but they were brought here,,
with other woodwork, from Fotheringay. At King's Sutton
the pulpit panels have Perpendicular tracery. The old collegiate
church of Irthlingborough has a pulpit dating c. 1485. There is
also fifteenth-century work in the pulpits of Brigstock, Middleton
Cheney, Rushden, Warmington, and Woodford.
The only complete pre-Reformation pulpit extant in NOT-
TINGHAMSHIRE is a panelled one of oak, c. 1400, in the church
of Wysall. An egregious restoration of 1873 discarded this pulpit
to be used as a clerk's desk, its place being taken by a common-
place modern stone tub. The old pulpit was, however, happily
again honoured in 1909; when clearied it was found to have had
painted figures on the panels, but they could not be preserved.
The pulpit of Strelley bears tracery similar to that of the fifteenth-
century rood-screen, but the base and canopy are Jacobean.
Oxfordshire supplies one or two instances of good
medijeval pulpits of oak. The magnificent church of Burford
has a delightful octagonal pulpit, c. 1425 it has the elaborately
;
traceried panels divided by slight crocketed buttresses it has ;
been somewhat, but carefully, restored and repaired; it now stands

on a stone base. The well-carved pulpit of Handborough has
also elaborate Perpendicular tracery, c. 1460. The little
Decorated church of Widford, fast going to ruin, possessed a
pulpit with Perpendicular panels when last we saw it (1904).
VVolvercot, until comparatively recent years, had a wonder-
fully good fifteenth-century pulpit with beautiful traceried
1
See plates 9 and 10, Dollman's Pulpits.
F. H. C.
Monksilver, Somerset
10
panels and vine-trail cornice ; but a restoration swept it away,
substituting a commonplace modern one of stone. 1 Three or
four other Oxfordshire pulpits lay doubtful claim, in whole or
in part, to old Perpendicular panelling, but there is much doubt
about them, for one of the chief objects of Victorian restorers
in this county seems to have been to reduce ancient and modern
work to a common level.
The only mediaeval church pulpit of SHROPSHIRE is the
oak example at Onibury, which is clearly of Perpendicular
origin, but it has been a good deal spoilt by Jacobean additions.
The pulpits of Eaton-under-Heywood (erected in 1670), as
well as the more modern one of Llan-y-blodwell, Middleton
Scriven, and Quatford have mediaeval carving incorporated in
their construction.
Somersetshire is not so renowned for old pulpits of wood
as it is for those of stone. It possesses, however, one superbly
carved fifteenth-century oak pulpit, which is superior in design
and interest to any other throughout the kingdom. allude We
to the fascinating pulpit of Trull, near Taunton. It can boast
of five large statuettes, representing St John with chalice and
dove, and the four Latin doctors: Pope Gregory the Great, St
Jerome in cardinal's robes, St Ambrose of Milan, and St
Augustine of Hippo. These figures stand on pedestals beneath
crocketed canopies, and behind each of the pinnacles of the
canopies stands an angel, holding the top pair of crockets in
his hands. On each of the pilasters or buttresses, between the
large figures, are two other tiny niches all supplied with minute
figures of other saints. In the days of church spoliation, under
the boy king, Edward VI., the larger statues were taken down,
and underwent temporary burial for safety's sake. The church
is dedicated to All Saints, and this was probably the motive of
this craftsman in oak (75).
Another county pulpit, which may fairly be described as
magnificent, as restored in 1868, is that of Long Sutton. It is
of late date, c. 1530. The plan below is an octagon, but the
upper part forms a sixteen-sided figure. An unusual peculiarity
is that the interior of the pulpit is panelled with trefoil-headed
tracery. The crockets of the canopies of the small panels are of

an unusual diameter. The initial letters, W., S., and M., are
among the corbel mouldings which support the pulpit. good A
deal of the original colouring and gilding remained when Mr
Dollman made his drawings (PI. xxv., xxvi.). Dollman
1
So perfect was this pulpit that it was selected as the one illustration of
an oak pulpit in Packer's three-vol. ed. of Glossary of Gothic Architecture.
MEDIAEVAL WOODEN PULPITS 75
Trull, Somerset
(PI. xxx.) also supplies drawings of the good Perpendicular
pulpit of North Petherton, c. 1 500 the elaborate traceried
;
panels are divided into two parts by embattled transoms. The

little church of Withycombe, near Dunster, has a pulpit panelled
with curious tracery designs of early sixteenth-century date. 1
Monksilver has an interesting pulpit the tall, squared panels are
;
filled with exceptional tracery (73). The churches of Castle

Cary and Queen's Camel have good pulpits of about the time
of Henry VII. To the same period belong the seven panels of
the pulpit of Selworthy. The four panels of the small church
of Treborough with cinquefoil heads are late fifteenth-century.
Notes of the present writer on Combe Flory church, taken
hurriedly in 1903, assign that pulpit to c. 1450, or at all events
older than the benches. Bridgwater has a fine example of a
pulpit in black oak, usually considered to date from 1480.
Though on the verge of the Reformation, the highly interest-
ing pulpit of Wells Cathedral may find a place, though of stone.
In the ninth bay of the nave on the south side, gained by steps
from the west side of Hugh Sugar's chantry, is the stone pulpit
built by Bishop Knight (1541-47). It is of low construction,
and fronted with panelled pilasters, and is surmounted by an
entablature. In front are the bishop's arms, and on the frieze
is the inscription " Preach thou the worde befarvent in season and
:
ovt of season reprove, rebvke, exhorte w' all longe sufferyng of

doctryne ( Tim. 2)."
Suffolk has three wooden pre-Reformation pulpits of some
celebrity, namely, those of Southwold, Sudbury, and Hawstead,
as well as various other fifteenth-century examples. The
octagonal pulpit of Southwold is coeval with the present fine
church, which was rebuilt between 1470 and 1490 (25). It is an
excellent piece of work, each panel enriched with cusped tracery ;
it is handsomely painted the colour and diapering are said to

:
be reproductions of the original colouring. The fine old oak

pulpit of All Saints, Sudbury, came to light in 1847, having
been concealed for centuries by deal boards and a superfluity
of paint. 2 It is octagonal in form, beautifully proportioned,
richly carved in the upper parts of the panels, and of late
fifteenth-century date. When discovered the tracery was as
perfect as on the day when it was cut, and it underwent but
slight restoration. This pulpit, c. 1500, forms the subject of one
of Dollman's plates (PI. xxviii.).
1
See plate, p. 134, of English Church Furniture. The tracery of one bay
of the fine rood-screen of this church was removed in order to enable a recent
stout incumbent to proceed straight to this pulpit from his stall in the choir.
2
Journal Arch. Assoc, iv. 69.
J. F. H.
Ivinghoe, Bucks.
The third of these good pulpits is that of Hawstead ; it is
distinctly late in the Perpendicular style, and is considered by
Dollman (PI. xxix.) to date c. 1540. Each of the eight panels
is divided into three squared compartments ; the lowest has the
linen-fold design, the centre one rather clumsily cusped tracery,
whilst the uppermost has the Tudor badges of the pomegranate,
portcullis, and rose, and the arms of Drury impaling Calthorpe.
Sir Robert Drury (ob. 1535) married for his first wife Anne,
daughter of Sir William Calthorpe; she died in 1513, and was
buried at St Mary's, Bury St Edmunds, where there is a table-
tomb with effigies to her and her husband. Other pre- Reforma-
tion Perpendicular pulpits are Tuddenham St Martin (early),
Gazeley, Horham, and the later hexagonal one of Theberton.
The pulpit of Thwaite is considered almost exactly like the
so-called " Wycliffe " pulpit at Lutterworth, and is therefore
popularly assigned to the fourteenth century. It has, however,
been long ago admitted that the Lutterworth pulpit actually
dates a full century after the reformer's days. Lakenheath,
Monks Eleigh, and Walberswick have also pulpits of Perpen-
dicular work. Cockfield has a fifteenth-century base, but is
otherwise Jacobean.
The Benedictine priory of Stoke-by-Clare was turned into
a collegiate church in 141 5. Matthew Parker (Archbishop of
Canterbury under Elizabeth) was the last dean of this college
at the time of its dissolution in 1553. He restored the nave and
erected the present pulpit, which usually goes by his name.
SURREY has two or three pulpits which may possibly date
from the days of the dawn of the Reformation movement, but
they will be found mentioned in a subsequent chapter.
If the Reformation date is held to begin with Edward VI.,
Sussex can claim to have two pulpits which date near the dawn
of that event (<r. 1 540) at Goring and Rye they both have linen-
;
fold panels. There is, however, a true late mediaeval pulpit at

Midhurst, where there is a beautiful example of delicate pierced
tracery (c. 1 500).
There are four WARWICKSHIRE wooden pulpits of mediaeval
date, Aston Cantlow, Wootton Wawen, Henley-in-Arden, and
Southam. They all show fifteenth-century panelling, but are in
no way remarkable the two last are probably reconstructions
;
of old material.

WILTSHIRE. A particular interest is attached to the
oak pulpit of West Kingston. Bishop Latimer held this rectory
from 1530 to IS3S, and the present old oak pulpit is said to have
been the one from which he preached.
Potterne, whose church is so celebrated for its inscribed Saxon
MEDI'/EVAL WOODEN PULPITS 79
Over, Cambridgeshire
font, also possesses an ancient hexagonal pulpit, which displays
some good Perpendicular carving.
The few WORCESTERSHIRE pre-Reformation pulpits are
not of much importance, but there is a good one of early
Perpendicular date (c. 1400) at Evenlode, a parish almost
surrounded by Gloucestershire. The next most interesting is at
Wickhamford. " The pulpit is octagonal, and appears to retain,
within a later casing, a fifteenth or sixteenth century pulpit of
which the inside -only can now be Seen; of very solid con-
struction, with panels framed into arch posts. The outer casing
has carving in high relief in panels of cherub's heads and standing
figures of saints, seventeenth century work, and perhaps Flemish.
The clerk's desk has six panels of sixteenth-century English
work." 1
The pulpit of Middle Littleton is a half octagon with
fifteenth-century panels, and the like is the case with the pulpit
of South Littleton. The Badsey pulpit is octagonal on a stone
base the linen-fold panels are of early sixteenth-century work.
;
The date is suggested by an entry in the churchwardens' accounts

for 1529: " Resuyd for y K old pylpet iiijd." Overbury has a
sixteenth-century pulpit with lineri-fold panels.
The pulpits of Grafton Flyford and Lutley also show certain
pre-Reformation work.
Yorkshire, notwithstanding its great extent, and its famed
multiplicity of woodland, has, so far as we know, but a single
surviving instance of a pre-Reformation pulpit of oak. Ros-
sington (W.R.) is the possessor of one of the finest examples
of a fifteenth-century pulpit it is supposed to have come from
;
the destroyed church Of St Mary Magdalene, Doncaster. Round

the top is the inscription " Orate pro aia Ricardi Stansall et
:
uxoris ejus" Perhaps, however, the Tudor pulpit of Sprot-

borough (W.R.) should be added, for it has been recently
almost conclusively proved that it was erected in Queen Mary's
reign (c. 1555).
1
Vict. Co. Hist. Worcestershire, ii. 429.
Daresbury, Cheshire
*
82
CHAPTER V
POST-REFORMATION PREACHING
The popular notion that with the Reformation came a flood of
preaching is a complete fallacy. The exact contrary is the case.
In the later mediaeval days it is true that preachers, preaching
elsewhere than in their own parish, required a licence, but the
beneficed parish priest was at all times permitted, nay, expected,
to preach to his own people. Edward VI.'s Council enjoined a
strict system of licensing, but ordered that eight sermons a year
were to be preached in every parish church, but four of these
were to be against Papacy, and in support of the royal
supremacy. The licences of that reign were almost purely
political.
The Princess Elizabeth, in 1550, wrote to William Cecil,
when atteading upon Protector Somerset, commending the
bearer, Hugh Goodacar, in strong terms for a preacher's licence,
a favour which Cecil had obtained at her request " for dyverse
other honest men."
This Goodacar was afterwards chaplain, together with John
Bale, to Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, and then transferred to
the Archbishopric of Armagh.
The Elizabethan injunctions of 1559 imply that a licensed
preacher should preach in every parish church four times a year,
and that on other Sundays a homily should be read. One of
the immediate effects of the Reformation was to materially
lower the learning of the secular clergy, as is conclusively shown
by a variety of archidiaconal records. Thus in the year 1563,
out of the 116 priests of the archdeaconry of London, 42 were
ignorant of Latin, 13 had received no classical learning whatever,
and 4 were in every way indocti. Thirty-one of the remaining
57 were classed in the archdeacon's register as la tine mediocriter
intell, and only 3 had any knowledge of the Greek tongue.
1
Hist. MSS. Com., xiii. 2, 7.
POST-REFORMATION PREACHING
F. S.
Cockington, Devon
Strype, in his Annals of the Reformation,, states that the
custom of ordaining unscholarly candidates speedily passed away
as soon as the urgent necessity had come to an end, and implies
that the choice of graduates only was the rule after 1575. But
this statement can be flatly disproved by various documents,
more especially by a complete clergy list of 1602, at the very
close of Elizabeths reign, in the possession of the Lichfield
chapter. 1
In this valuable Lichfield diocesan list there is one column
for the degree, and another for entry if a preacher, and by whom
licensed.
The number of benefices and chapelries enumerated in
total
this list 461, and the total of clergy 433.
is Out of this total of

the clergy, only about one-fourth- were graduates viz., 1 10, and
those who were licensed to preach were lessthan a fifth, viz., 82.
The rest are emphatically entered as " no preacher," and one is
rebuked for preaching in his own cure though he held no licence.
Fifty-one of the clergy held a licence direct from their own
bishop, 17 from the Archbishop of Canterbury, 6 from the
Archbishop of York, 1 each from the Bishops of Lincoln, Ely,
and Norwich, and 1 from two doctors during the vacancy of
the Lichfield See. One held a preacher's licence from the
University of Oxford, and 2 from the University of Cambridge.
There can be no doubt that there was far less preaching
during Elizabeth's long reign than during any other reign from
the Conqueror down to the present day. The Government were
so nervous as to the assaults of Rome on the one hand, and
Geneva on the other, that the vast majority of the clergy were
sternly prohibited from preaching. Never, too, has there been
a period when the pulpit was prostituted to such avowedly
political use, and that of the worst type, as in the reign of the
Virgin Queen. Thus in 1585, when William Parry, who had
acted for some time as a Government spy, was executed for
high treason and an alleged attempt to assassinate the queen, an
order of prayer and thanksgiving was issued for the preservation
of her life. This order is prefaced by an extract from Parry's
" voluntary confession," written to the queen from the Tower, and
the minister is commanded, in the directions preceding the order,
at the end of the sermon or homily on the next Sunday, to read
this confession, and how he was "animated thereto by the Pope
and his Cardinals." It is eminently discreditable to Burghley
and the rest of Elizabeth's Council that they spread this " con-
1
The present writer printed a complete annotated copy of this document
in 1884. See vol. vi. of Derbyshire Archceological Journal, pp. 157-180.
POST-REFORMATION PREACHING 85
Brancepeth, Devon
fession,"under the guise of religion, from every pulpit in the
land, when they knew perfectly well that Parry had "deliberately
retracted this confession on his trial, asserting it was altogether
untrue, and extorted from him by threats and bribes, a declara-
tion in which he persisted when on the scaffold. Again in
1598, when the Government had obtained from one Edward
Squire, a private soldier, after five hours on the rack, an ex-
travagant confession, subsequently denied in every detail, and
now universally admitted to be apocryphal, the Council adopted
the policy of preparing a form of prayer, with a long and
elaborate statement, to be read from the pulpits, which they
must surely at that time have known to be untrue, and the
main assertions of which have long ago been laughed out of
court. This was the fable of the subtle poison obtained from a
Jesuit, wherewith Squire was to rub the pommel of the queen's

saddle and the seat of the Earl of Essex's chair "a confection
so strong," says the Admonition to this Form, "that the very
smell thereof did presently strike dead a dog upon which he
first tried it."
This paucity of sermons helps to explain the expression

"sermon bell" often found in parish accounts. and inventories of
this period it was the custom on those rare occasions to ring
;
one of the smaller bells when a sermon was about to be preached.

A change came about soon after the accession of James I,
The number of licensed preachers was greatly increased.
According to the Canons of 1603, every beneficed preacher was
to preach in his own cure or in some other adjoining church
"one sermon every Sunday of the year"; every beneficed minister
not licensed was to procure sermons to be preached, "one in
every month at the least " and the churchwardens, at the
;
common charge of the parish, were to provide in every church

" a comely and decent pulpit to be set in a convenient place
within the same."

It is usually supposed that with the Restoration the habit of
preaching extemporarily died out, but Anthony Wood tells us
that both Universities forbade the use of written sermons in
the very days in question.
" Nathaniel Vincent of Cambridge, preached before the
King at Newmarkett with a long periwige and Holland sleeve as
the fashion is. Which giving great distast to the King, told the
Duke of Monmouth, Chancellor of Cambridge, that he caused
it to be remedied. Wherefor he sent his letter to Cambridge
that they put the statute in execution concerning decency in
habit, and that they have their sermons memoriter. This being
done, the like order was put in execution at Oxford by the
POST-REFORMATION PREACHING 87
Newport, Isle of Wight

Vice-Chancellor, 24 Nov. 1674, and his proclamatyn stuck up

1
in all colleges and halls."
Nathaniel Vincent, D.D., was a chaplain-in-ordinary to
Charles II., and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. The
Oxford order insisted on all sermons before the University,
whether in Latin or English, being delivered memoriter and not
from manuscript.
1
Wood's Life and Times, ii. 297.
East Brent, Somerset

89
CHAPTER VI
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS
There are very few pulpits of the reign of Edward VI. The
pulpit of Affpuddle, Dorset, is dated 1547, and that of Chedzoy,
Somerset, 1551 (103).
The number of Elizabethan pulpits is not large. The
following aresome of the dated examples Bungay, Suffolk, :
1558; Knebworth, Herts., 1567; Lenham, Kent, 1574; Worth,

Sussex, 1577 and Rothersthorpe, Northants, 1579.
; At
Fordington, Dorset, the stone pulpit is dated 1 592.
It is best to confine the term Jacobean, as applied to pulpits,
to the reign of James I., and to use the term Carolean for the
reign of Charles I. The Laudian revival of comeliness of worship
brought about a variety of well-carved handsome -pulpits both ;
in number as well as in beauty of detail the Carolean examples

generally surpass the Jacobean. It will be seen from the
following county lists that a great many pulpits of both these
periods are to be found in certain counties, such as Northants and
Notts., whilst several northern shires are nearly destitute of
pulpits of these reigns.
The material used for our seventeenth-century pulpits is
almost exclusively oak, but stone examples are to be found at
Dinder (1621), Somerset, Yaxley, Suffolk, and Swarby, Lincoln-
shire. The mediaeval stone pulpit of Brough, Westmoreland,
was considerably restored in 1634.
Parish accounts yield occasional particulars as to these later
pulpits. Here are just a few entries relative to the repair or
purchase of pulpits during the long reign of Elizabeth :
1578-79 (St Thomas, Sarum). Mychell Joynes for a cover

over the powlpete 10 10
1583-84 (St Matthew, Friday Street). To the joiner for
makinge the pulpitt iij li. xv s.
To the carpenter for a planck and for makinge the

way to the pulpitt - viij s. iij d.
To the Smyth for Iron Work about the pulpitt vj s.
CX) PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
1584-85. For a candelstyck for the pullpyt viij s.
1578 (Mortlake, Surrey). Payd for the pulpet to the

joiners xxxiij s. iiij d.
Payd to the waterman for the carriage of the same xij d.
The references to pulpit constructions and repairs during the

seventeenth century are so numerous, that it must suffice to cite
a single case. An order was given in 163 1 to Hugh ap Robert of
Rythin, joiner, " to make and set up in the cathedral church of
St Asaph, a pulpit of wainscot of 4 ft. in height and breadth, with
a desk on three sides and a botom of boards upon 4 ft. in
heighth."
The Puritan element which objected so strongly to bright
colours in vestments, altar cloths, and even to painted glass, and
desired to reduce the House of God to a dreary greyness,
apparently found it impossible to' reduce everything to neutral
tints, and gave way in the case of pulpit hangings and cushions.
It was the easier to do this as the pulpit exalted preaching,
the most human part of the service. Bishop Stubbs, when
writing about seventeenth-century pulpits, says, with satirical
humour, " the cushion of which seems to have been an object of
special devotion." The most absurd sums were not infrequently
paid for this decking of the pulpit, and matters even went so
far as to make the neglect of this adornment an ecclesiastical
offence.
d
1593 (St Martins-in-the Fields). P for the olde Church-
warden beinge presented before M r
DoctorStanhope
for not having a pulpett cloth x s.
hs
1594. P for iij yardes and iij q"
cl
of blacke velvett for a
cloth for y e pulpett and for frindge and Buckeram iiij li.
For y e flowres theron ymbrodered xxiiij s.
160304 (St Martin, Leicester). Payd to Coldwest for Worke

abowte the pulpitt vj s.
Item for paintinge of it v s.
1605-06. For halfe a yarde and a reale of grene carsie for a

cushione for the pulpitt iij s.
For j read skyne and white skyne for the same xvij d.
For vij and a halfe of fether fringe and Crewell for
the same iiij s. iiij d.
1634-35 (St Oswald, Durham). For 5 yeardes of Padua Serge
togither with Silke for making the pulpitt cloth and
cushion
For making the pulpitt cloth and cushion -
321
7 o
For workinge the fringe for the pulpitt cloth and
cushion and for fethers and a ledd 11 o
l6 35"3 6 (& Edmund, Sarum). Stuffe and fringe for y e Pulpit
Cusheon t 1 a
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS 91
i
r*>>
G. G. B.
Abbey Dore, Herefordshire


1646-47. Eleven yardes and a quarter of velvett at i5d. the
yard for the Pulpitt cloth and Pulpitt Cusheon 389
Eleven ounces of fringe ingraine and 3 quarters at
2s. 6d. per ounce 191
Foure" Tassells for the Cusheon 8 o
Embroydering the figures on y Cloth 12 o
Buckrum and silke and making up the Pulpitt Cloth
and Cusheon - 140 o
More to B. Beckham for woorke don, as by his bill - 2 10
No wonder that the more sober-minded of Salisbury became

disturbed at the gaudiness of the pulpit as testified by the next
entry :
1652. The pulpit Cloth bee forborne to bee layd because

the Color is offensive to the sight of some of the
parish. The laying of the Pulpit cloth to be

. . .
left to the discrecion of the C.W.
Heavy payments continued elsewhere for smart pulpits during

the Commonwealth. Thus at Bishop Stortford, in 1658, when
a new pulpit cost 5, the cushion for the same amounted to
1. 18s. 6d.
At Prestbury, Cheshire, pulpit adornments formed a serious
charge on the accounts throughout the century :
1625. Paid for the Communion andTablecloth fringe

furnishinge the pulpitt -iiij. iiij s. xj d.
1660. Paid for the pullpitt cloth and furniture o o 8

1660. Pd for a new Pulpit Clothe Cushion and
vallence 15 05 00
1660. Pd for the 'Carriage of these from London to
Prestbury 10 06 06
Out of a large number of post-Restoration entries relative to

the gorgeous and expensive characters of those cushions, St
Martin's, Leicester, may claim to hold the record, for in 1678-79
occur these entries in the parish books :
For a new cover for the pullpit and the coveringe
it xxj s. vj d.
For a pullpitt cloth of velvet and a cushion of
the same xvjli xviij s. viij d.
For two yardes of fine cotton at xvj d. the yard

for a case for the velvet cushion ij s. viij d.
be seen from the following county lists that a fair

It will
number of the seventeenth-century pulpits retain their well-
carved testers or canopies, and those of later date the flat
sounding-boards others have been stupidly despoiled of these
;
All Sainls, Hereford

accompaniments and some appear never to have possessed
;

them. When complete pulpit, tester, and pedestal they often
form an imposing ensemble. In nearly all cases they were
designed as a single composition. Many a foolish parson has
pulled down the sounding-board to use it as a vestry table. We
have noticed this use in about a score of vestries up and down
the country in one case we have seen it serve as a table in the
;
vicarage study and still worse is the instance in which this portion
;
of a pulpit, beautifully inlaid and cunningly wrought, has been

pulled out of the church to which it was given, and how does
duty as the rectory dinner table ! Parsons and architects have
also frequently combined to ruin the effect of an old Jacobean
or Carolean pulpit by placing it on a white stone base.
Mahogany hardly came into general use in England till well
on in the eighteenth century. St Margaret's, Lynn, possesses
a fine classical mahogany pulpit of 1742, but the base and
stairs are new (142). Another mahogany pulpit occurs at
Kinoulton, Notts., erected in 1793. At Hucknall; Bucks., both
pulpit and reading desk are of finely carved mahogany. But
the most striking pulpit in this wood is the well-carved nave
pulpit of Lincoln Cathedral, of the end of the eighteenth century.
" Three-Deckers "

The church of Morden, Surrey, retains a good example of
early eighteenth century; it bears the date 1720, and the initials
of the donor, Elizabeth Gardiner. This lady also gave the
altar cloth of crimson velvet with a border of gold braid. She
was the daughter of George Garth, a lady of the manor, and
founder of a free school.
Sail, Norfolk, is a good early example of a three-decker, with
canopy and standard. The old-fashioned little church of Min-
stead, Hants, has a genuine three-decker with hexagonal canopy,
but it has been somewhat rebuilt and Newton St Gyres, Devon,
;
isanother canopied example. Others can be noted at Downham

St Leonard, Lancashire, Icklingham, Suffolk, and Ronaldkirk,
Teesdale. At the last of these there is a curious little churching
pew below. At Thornaby, Yorks., and Brancaster, Norfolk, good
three-deckers have of late years disappeared (99, 97).
Nearly all churches built or rebuilt between about 1700 and
1830 had their pulpits placed centrally, obscuring or completely
hiding the altar. Sir Stephen Glynne, writing in 1845 of
Weaverham church, Cheshire, says " The pulpit bestrides the
:
avenue of the nave, and hides the view of the altar." This
Sefton, Lancashire
;
g6 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

odious arrangement disappeared almost everywhere before the
advance of the Catholic revival of last century.
Bedfordshire. The church of Cockayne - Hatley is
elaborately furnished with old woodwork of different periods,
brought here from the Continent. The pulpit was obtained from
St Andrew's church, Antwerp, and is dated 1559. It is of
hexagonal shape, and on each side is a carved panel, four of
which bear figures of the Evangelists.
Wymington is a good example of a true Jacobean pulpit
it is hexagonal with squared panels, well carved in the upper
part ; there is a hexagonal table with pendants, supported by

a standard. Coulton and Caddington also possess good plain
Jacobean pulpits. The pulpit of Sutton is dated 1628 it is a;
good Carolean specimen. Bolnhurst, Chellington, Stadden,

Odell, and Whipsnade are further instances of seventeenth-
century date. Astwick church retains an eighteenth-century
pulpit, with reading desk and clerk's seat.
Berkshire is well supplied with pulpits of post-Reformation
date. Those of Shallingford, Stanford-in-the-Vale, and Sunning-
well are Elizabethan. The last of these, though suffering from
modern repairs, is of interest as having been frequently occupied
by Bishop Jewel (Salisbury, i559-70> who was rector here about
1551, until he had to flee in Queen Mary's time.
The pulpit of Newbury, with two tiers of arcaded panels, is
early Jacobean, dated 1607 when last seen by the writer (J 899)
;
it was painted dark green, relieved by gold it now stands on a

;
stone base. The pulpit of Boxford, finely carved, is dated 1618,

and that of Waltham St Lawrence, 1619. The following pulpits
of this county are conventionally termed. Jacobean, though
probably fully half are Carolean :

Ardington, Baulking, Great
Coxwell, Drayton, East Garston, East Isley, East Lockiilge,
Longcot, Lyford, Pangbourne (beautiful arabesque carving),
-
Ruscombe, Steventon, Wargrave, Long Wittenham, and

Yettendon. East Lockinge is, however, distinctly early
'
Jacobean the panels are divided into three, the centre having
;
arcaded work it is one of those numerous instances in which

;
its effect has been spoilt by being placed on a modern stone

base. The hexagonal Jacobean pulpit of Cumnor, which stands
against the south jamb of the chancel arch, has a large coeval
reading pew, handsomely panelled close at hand, whilst im-
;
mediately to the south of the pulpit, is a desk bearing a fine

example of a chained Bible of much interest. This Bible, dated
161 1 (probable date of the pulpit or pew), was used by the
Oxford University Press in 1832-33 for producing an exact
reprint of the authorised version (196).
Brancaster, Norfolk
13
There are several dated Carolean pulpits (153). The one at
Binfield, with good sounding-board, bears the year 1635, whilst
the well-carved pulpit of Hurst is about the same date. 1
Archbishop Laud, as we gather from his diary, preached more
than once at Hurst, when he was the guest of Sir Francis
Windebank, Secretary of State, at Haines Hill. The pulpit of
St Helen, Abingdon, is dated 1634, and bears on its panels the
appropriate motto, "Ad haec idoneus guts" At St Lawrence,
Reading, a large sum was given for a new pulpit of good
Renaissance design in 1639 it was sold in 1741 for four guineas
;
to Aldworth in this county, where it may now be seen. 2 The

handsome pulpit of East Hendred, with sounding-board, has the
carved head of Charles I. The West Hanney pulpit is dated
1649. At Bucklebury there is a three-decker from which Dean
Swift is said to have preached.
Buckinghamshire has a considerable number of seven-
teenth-century pulpits for so small a county they number ;
about forty. The octagonal plan is usual for pulpits of this

period in most parts of the country, but in Buckinghamshire
they are generally hexagonal. The pulpits of Boveney,
Cheddington, Chesham, Dinton, Dorton, Grendon Underwood,
Ivinghoe, Langley Marish, Lavendon, Lillingstone Lovell,
Middle Clayden, Pitstone, Stantonbury, Towersey, and Twyford
appear to be true Jacobean, that is of James I. days. Ivinghoe
is a notable and beautiful example it is of hexagonal plan,
;
with elaborate mitred panels and richly carved cornice the ;
standard at the back is carved in relief with the Resurrection ;
the pierced hexagonal canopy, with its pinnacles and pendants,

is well shown in the illustration (77). Langley Marish is an early
example; it was given by Sir John Kidderminster in 1609.
Lavendon and Lillingstone Lovell are both panelled in two
tiers. of round-headed arches. Pitstone has elaborately moulded,
mitred panels, with egg-shaped bosses the standard is panelled,
;
and the sounding-board has turned pendants. Towersey, of

hexagonal plan, has each panel in two tiers, the upper one of
conventional foliage, and the lower arcaded.
Carolean instances occur at Dorney, Hitcham, Lower
Winchendon, Shabbington (dated 1626), Steeple Clayden,
Weston Turville, Wing, and Winslow. Dorney has two tiers of
panelling in inlaid work, c. 1630; this pulpit was placed here of
late years
it is said to have come from Somerset. Hitcham
1
As to the very remarkable hour-glass stands of these two churches, the
later dated 1636, see p. 155.
2
See illustration in Cox's Churchwardens' Accounts, p. 157.
Thornaby, Yorkshire
and Lower Winchendon have both good canopies. Winslow is
richly carved the bookshelf is supported by bird brackets.
;
Post-Restoration instances occur at Bearstall, Ickford, Iver,

Princes Risborough, Radnage, Ravenstone, Wavendon, Willen,
and Wraysbury. Ickford has a canopy enriched with guilloche
ornament. Ravenstone has moulded panels and a flat sounding,
board. Wavendon, of hexagonal plan, is of classical design,
with cherubs' heads, fruit, and flowers in high relief; it is said to
be the work of Grinling Gibbons, and was brought here from the
city church of St Dunstan-in-the-West. The sounding-board of
Iver church is in the vestry that of Wraysbury is in use at the
;
vicarage as a dining-table.
As to the Cambridgeshire post- Reformation pulpits, the
one at Chattisham is probably Elizabethan. The^church of
Over has a most effective Jacobean pulpit, with tall single
arcades on the panels a similarly arcaded panel of a larger
;
size serves as standard or backpiece to a beautiful octagonal

canopy, with lofty pyramidal cover. The pedestal, which is
good late fourteenth century, doubtless served for a former
mediaeval pulpit (79). The pulpits of Barrington, Brinkley, Croy-
don, Great Eversden, Grantchester, Harlton, Kingston (a fine
example), Newton, Rampton (good with sounding-board), and
Trumpington are all usually called, with customary vagueness,
" Jacobean," 1 though two or three are Carolean, and at least one
Commonwealth. Dated Carolean instances occur at Little

Shelford (1633), Barton (1635), and Great Shelford (1636).
With consummate bad taste, Cherry Hinton turned out its good
seventeenth-century pulpit it was given shelter at Taversham.
;
The pulpit of Brinkley is possessed of an absurdly foolish

adjunct. " At the back is placed, resplendent in gold and
colours, a constable's staff, dated 1734."

So many of the churches of Cheshire have been entirely
rebuilt or modernised that there are but few remains of
seventeenth-century pulpits. The octagonal pulpit of Prestbury
is dated 1607; it bears the Latin legend

" Attendite Dominus
Alloq'it'r" At Daresbury there is a remarkable but distinctly
unattractive hexagonal pulpit, which appears to be quite early
Jacobean (81). The panels are in two tiers; the upper one
arched, the arch being formed by cherubs' wings the lower ones
;
have strap work and a central boss the large brackets to support
;
the cornice are repulsive human grotesques. The pulpit of the

timber church of Marton is c. 1620. Siddington pulpit bears
E.M. 1633. At the third timber church of Warburton the plain
1
As in Rev. Evelyn White's Churches of Cambridgeshire.
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS IOI
fQ
<
K"T*2 j
pulpit is usually considered early Jacobean, but it may be late
Elizabethan and coeval with the font cover, which is dated 1 595-
At Shotwick there is a canopied churchwardens' pew with the
date 1673 this may also be the year of a quaint high pulpit.
;
Cornwall affords various good examples of post-Reforma-

tion pulpits. The one in the beautiful and picturesquely-
situated church of Mawgan-in-Pyder is of special interest,
for it is known to have been constructed in 1553 during the
Marian revival the six panels bear emblems of the Passion.
;
Five pulpits, namely, those of Fowey, Lanreath, St Kew, St

Mylor, and St Winnow.can be identified with the later Elizabethan
days. Of these Lanreath is specially well carved the central
;
panel bears a double-headed eagle St Winnow and St Kew

;
have good arabesque designs and the hexagonal pulpit of

;
Fowey is dated 1601. The pulpits of Boconnoc, St Mellion,

and Stratton are Jacobean. Those of Blisland, St Teath, South
Petherwin (163 1) and Liskeard (1636) are Carolean. In the
churchwardens' accounts of Liskeard for 1636 occur the follow-
ing entries :

" Pd Peter Shorte the joyner for makinge the New
Pulpitt, 10.00.10 For making the Pulpitt stayres for borde and
;
nayles, 00.09.06." The pulpit of St Teath, dated 1630, is of

singular interest. It displays the arms, crest, and supporters of
the family of Carminow a younger branch of this most ancient
;
Cornish family held the manor of Trehannick in this parish the ;
family became extinct in 1645. The arms are : Az., a bend or,
a label of three points gu. the crest, a dolphin embowed or the
; ;
supporters griffins. As the label has been left gules (red), it seems
a pity that the other colours of this well-carved coat have not
been reproduced. As it is, the pulpit presents a patchy appear-
ance, a good deal of new work of a poor kind having been
introduced at a comparatively recent restoration. But by far
the most interesting feature of the pulpit remains to be noted.

The motto below the arms is in the old Cornish tongue " Cala :

rag: whetlow" "a straw for a talebearer." We are inclined to
think this is the only church in the county where the old Celtic
language appears. The language was rapidly decaying at the
time when this pulpit was set up; but in 1640 the vicar of St
Feock was obliged to administer the Blessed Sacrament in Cornish
to his older parishioners. The last sermon in Cornish was preached
in Landewednack church in 1678. Lawhitton pulpit is dated
1655, and Marham church is about the same period. The pulpit
of St Ive is 1700; it is covered with debased carvings (51).
The church of St Mary, Truro, now encompassed by the new
cathedral church, has a polygonal inlaid pulpit of Chippendale
work.
B
o
JZ
L)
io4 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
We have during different years, now rather remote, visited
every old church or chapel in CUMBERLAND, and have no
recollection of any old pulpit of either mediaeval or post-Refor-
G. G. B.
All Saints, Pavement, York Abbotsbury, Dorset
mation date, save for one unimportant exception. At St John-

the-Vale, a chapelry of Crosthwaite, which was rebuilt in 1546,
the old oak pulpit, with sounding-board from the former chapel,
was in use.
;
Derbyshire has but few old post-Reformation pulpits.

At Weston-on-Trent there is a good Jacobean example dated
161 1, and bearing the initials C.T., I.R. The parish church of
Chesterfield possesses an exceptionally good Jacobean pulpit,
with small classical columns at the angles, but it has been con-
siderably repaired. 1 An entry in the registers under 1788 states
that " the pulpit and desk were decorated anew, the old ornaments
having been up thirty-seven years."
There are Carolean pulpits at Breaston and Sawley, 2 the
former dated 1625, and the latter 1636.
Considering the size of Devon, the number of post- Reforma-
tion pulpits of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is not
large. The elaborate carving, heraldic and symbolic, of the
pulpit at Alvington, has not at present been satisfactorily
.
dated, but it is somewhere near the centre of the sixteenth

century. The pulpit in the little church of Welcombe is clearly
Elizabethan, and so too is the discarded one of Renaissance
design at Sutcombe.
The fine church of Hartland has a pretentiously carved but
ineffective modern pulpit in the nave this replaced a really
;
fine Jacobean pulpit at the time of its' restoration, about 1830.

Five well-carved panels of this pulpit can still be seen behind
the organ, bearing the words, "God save King James Fines."
What the word on the last panel means is a puzzle. It is
possibly some forgotten family name, perhaps that of the donor
of the pulpit. Ines is a surname not unknown in the West
.
the carved letters are all capitals could they have meant
;
Frederick] Ihes?
Some old churchwarden accounts of this parish contain the
following entries. James I. died 27th March 1625. Can it be
that the word Fines, by mistake for Finis, was added after his
death ?
1609-10. Paid for a new pulpite xxxiij s. iiij d.
For bringing the same pulpit from Bideford - xv d.
1624-25. Paid William Maze for setting up the King's
name on the pulpit ij s. vj d.
Ashton, a square pulpit, with standard and square tester, is

probably early Jacobean and so too are those of Stockleigh,
:
Pomeroy, and Bradworthy. The fine pulpit of Bradworthy was

for a time occupied by a marvellous scamp of a vicar, William
Lang, in the days of Charles I. According to Mr Baring-Gould,
1
Described and illustrated in Gotch's Early Renaissance in England,
p. 221.
2
Illustrated in Building News, 12th June 1885.
14
"

this man, who began life as a sand-carrier, was vicar of this
parish, and sheriff's bailiff at the same time. After forging
several warrants, he fled to Ireland, but on obtaining the bishop's
forgiveness he returned to Bradworthy, became a solicitor, and
alarmed his flock by threats of action. The next step was to
turn the vicarage into a public house, and worse than that, " he
!
sent his daughter into the pulpit to catechise the children
This is said to be the only Church of England pulpit that has
ever been occupied by a woman. Eventually Lang found his
way to prison in London.
There are three instances of dated pulpits of the Carolean
period, namely Axminster (1633), Clovelly (1634), and Braunton
(1636). Both Axminster and Braunton are good specimens of
fine carving ; the panels have double tiers of round-headed
arcading.
The pulpit of South Tawton is exceptional the dark oak
;
has inlaid figures of lighter wood within the square panels. The
coeval stairs are guarded by twisted balustrades, pointing to
the pulpit being of post- Restoration date.
Dorsetshire has various good pulpits of the seventeenth
century. Abbotsbury has a very good Jacobean hexagonal
pulpit with double tiers of arcading on the panels it has been
;
unhappily and ignorantly disfigured by the removal of its effective

canopy or sounding-board. Two small holes in this pulpit are
said to have been caused by Parliamentarian soldiers firing
through the windows (104). At Upwey there is a good Jacobean
pulpit for a long time there were affixed to the base of this
;
pulpit three large oak figures of the Apostles St Peter, St Philip,

and St James, which were supposed to have been taken down
from the old rood-loft however, in 1891 they were removed from
;
their unwarrantable position and transferred to the chancel. The

Jacobean pulpit of Broadwinsor is the one which was used for
some years by Fuller he was presented to this living in 1634,
;
suspended during the Civil Wars, but returned with the Re-
storation. The pulpit is polygonal, with rows of panels divided
by Gothic buttresses. The pulpits of Dorchester St Peter,
Netherbury, Portisham, and Frome Vauchurch are usually
described as Jacobean without knowing their precise date.
Of these the good octagonal pulpit of Dorchester is undoubtedly
early Jacobean it stands on an octagonal panelled shaft the
; ;
pulpit panels have two tiers of arcaded work (107). Lyme Regis
has a fine Jacobean pulpit with sounding-board, on the soffit of
which is inscribed" To God's Glory, Richard Harvey of London
mercer and merchant Adventurer built this anno 161 3. Faith is
by hearing"
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS I07
I08 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
The simple but elegant pulpit of Todbere is of the days of
Charles and so also is that of West Chickerell, dated 1630.
I.,
The pulpit of Cerne Abbas is a really beautiful example of

Carolean work it is of octagonal plan, and the two tiers of
;
panels are both arcaded the fine octagonal canopy bears the
;
date 1640, and the supporting standard has an arcaded panel

over a conventional thistle. At Cheriton Marshall there is an
unusually lofty pulpit, with canopy over it, crowned by a gilded
pelican ; it is probably of the same date as the rebuilding of the
church, namely 1718.
Durham. Brancepeth is celebrated for the singularly fine
woodwork bestowed upon this church by the great Bishop
Cosin, who was rector from 1626 to 1644 (85). The pulpit is a
noble piece of craftsmanship. It is of oblong plan, with circular-
headed classical panelling and elaborately carved cornice. The
noble standard, panelled with a lozenge moulding, supports a fine
but possibly overwrought canopy or tester, with pendants at the
angles and a profusion of towering pinnacle work above. The
pulpit, together with the reading desk and oak stalls, of
Haughton-le-Skerne, are all about the end of the seventeenth
century. At Egglescliffe there is a somewhat curious eighteenth-
century pulpit with sounding-board.

ESSEX. In the fine church of Thaxted, on the south side of
the nave, is a dignified seventeenth-century pulpit of hexagonal
plan, with a corresponding sounding-board it stands on a tall
;
central shaft. The Jacobean pulpits of Aveley and Matching are

dated respectively 1621 and 1624. The former is well carved
and has a sounding-board. Parts of the pulpit of Woodham
Mortimer are Jacobean.

There are two dated Carolean pulpits the one (1630) is at
Stondon Massey, and the other (1639) at Great Baddow the ;
latter is a fine example with a tester. At Feering the pulpit

has well-carved scenes from the Passion it is of modern con-
;
struction, but the figures are old.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE has a fair share of interesting post-
Reformation pulpits. The one at Winchurch is undoubtedly
late Elizabethan. The imposing church of Chipping Campden
has a finely carved Jacobean pulpit, dated 1612, the gift of the
munificent Sir Baptist Hicks, who died as Viscount Campden
in 1639. This pulpit is figured in the Architectural Sketch Book,
vol. x., 3rd series (169). At Elkstone there is an earlier and good
example dated 1604. The carefully repaired and most interest-
ing church of Oddington has a beautiful instance of Jacobean
work with a fine canopy. Iron Acton has also a canopy. The
Jacobean panels of an old pulpit behind the poor modern sub-
T3
V
u
4)
X
a
'3
10
1 10 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
stitute might easily escape attention. The pulpits of Stoke
Orchard and Duntsbourne Rous are either late Jacobean or
early Carolean. The well-carved pulpit of Rodborough was the
gift and bears the arms of Jasper Escourte the donor died in
;
1624. Maismore has a good Carolean pulpit dated 1636. The

church of Taynton was burnt down by the Royalists in 1643, and
rebuilt by order of Parliament in 1648 the well-carved oak
;
pulpit came from Holy Trinity, Gloucester, on its demolition ;
it retains an hour-glass frame. The Brimpsfield pulpit is one

of the few Commonwealth examples; it is dated 1659. At
Farmington there is an early eighteenth-century pulpit.
The Bristol churches retain several pulpits of Renaissance
style and date, but in no case do they remain in an unaltered
condition. They are to be found at St Stephen, St Mary-le
Port, Christchurch, and St Thomas. The pulpit at St Thomas's
is noteworthy, as it is a most unusual combination of two woods,
walnut and oak in this case the base of the pulpit appears to
;
have been utilised as a reading desk. 1

There are a number of well-carved pulpits of different periods
of the seventeenth century here and there throughout Hamp-
shire. The church of Bishop's Waltham has been so
extensively and frequently restored that it has lost almost
all antiquarian interest, but it still retains an exceptionally
handsome panelled pulpit with enriched tester of late
Elizabethan, or possibly early seventeenth-century date.
The hexagonal pulpit of Kingsclere is an elaborate example
of early Jacobean work it has two tiers of panels, which are
;
crowned with shallow arabesque patterns. Fawley has an

octagonal early Jacobean pulpit, with arcaded panels and
a projecting book-board. The pulpit of Basing is hexagonal,
dated 1622, and of good workmanship the panels, both arched
;
and square, are elaborately carved with strap ornaments and

other designs. It was brought here from the church of
Basingstoke. At Sopley there is an early Jacobean pulpit with
strapwork carving it is probably of the same year as a chair
;
dated 1604. The Dursley pulpit is a good Carolean example ;
it has two tiers of panelling, the upper with arabesque designs,
and the lower arcaded the octagonal tester is inscribed " A.W.,
;
E.D., T.C., 1630."

Odiham has an elaborately carved pulpit it closely resembles
;
that of Winchfield, which is dated 1634. The latter has panels

in two ranges the upper contains small grotesques and the
;
lower palms in pots and other floral designs. At Silchester
1
See Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch. Trans., vol. xxxii.
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS III


the pulpit is hexagonal, and over it is an octagonal canopy
inscribed " The guift of James Hore, gent, 1639." This effective
canopy has a domed top surmounted by a dove, whilst the
cornice, enriched with carving, has similar arches and pendant
fleurs-de-lis. Durley pulpit is a good octagonal specimen with
two tiers of panels, the upper with arabesque ornament, and the
lower arcaded the octagonal tester bears on its panelled soffit
;
" A.W., E.D., T.C., 1630." At Finsbury there is a seventeenth-

century pulpit and clerk's desk with arcaded panels, and the
inscription
" Wo is unto me if I preach not y Gospel, 1 Cor.
e
ix. 16." Alton has a particularly fine pulpit of late Carolean

work, but undated, with detached pillars at the angles. There
are two in the county erected in the Commonwealth period.
The pulpit at Tadley, with a panelled sounding-board, is dated
1658. The pulpit of Monk Sherborne has panels of flat arabesque
work, and was set up by William Dobson, rector, ob. 16.54.
There is a decidedly good pulpit at North Badderley, with
inlaid panels and an octagonal tester. It is probably late
Elizabethan, for the adjacent screen is dated 1682. The plain
octagonal late, seventeenth-century pulpit of Upper Clatford has
an octagonal sounding-board. On the pulpit of the parish
church of Portsmouth there is a hanging of red velvet, with a
silver fringe, and the date 1694. Finally, some notice must be
taken of the Jacobean pulpit in the nave of Winchester Cathedral,
a good example of its kind. It was ejected from New College
chapel, Oxford, and given to Dr Mayo, a former fellow, and
presented by his family to the cathedral in memory of his sister,
who died in 1884.
The Isle of Wight has, for its size, so many good seven-
teenth-century pulpits that it is as well to group them together.
At Whitwell there is a well-carved, arcaded Jacobean pulpit,
dated 1623, which only cost the churchwardens \. The
church of Wootton has a good pulpit much earlier in the reign
of James I. The gracefully wrought tester added to the stone
pulpit of Shorwell has been already named it was doubtless
;
among the benefactions of Sir James Leigh, and is probably of

the year 1617, which is the date piercing the tail of the weather-
cock surmounting the spire of his reconstruction. Shalfleet
pulpit is a rather good example of early Jacobean work* though
of simple design. There is a fairly good -Jacobean pulpit at the
drastically, restored old church of Mottiston, but its effect is
considerably damaged by a new stone base. In the much-
falsified church of Brightstone there is yet another good Jacobean
pulpit, which cost the churchwardens 5 it was, however, a
;
good deal spoilt during restoration in the middle of last century.

POST-REFORMATION PULPITS "3
W. F.
Oxford Cathedral
Northwood supplies an example of an excellent seventeenth-
century pulpit, with tester and canopy over it, which we believe
to be of Carolean date. Yarmouth used to possess a singularly
effective Carolean pulpit, dated 1636 (which the writer more
than once admired in bygone years), but the Goths of 1875
ejected it in favour of a poor modern "Gothic" substitute of
stone ; this discarded pulpit has now found a home on the other
side of the Atlantic.
Newport rejoices in by far the most beautiful pulpit of the
seventeenth century throughout the kingdom. The fine old
church, though in substantial repair, was destroyed in favour of
a showy successor in 1854. Fortunately the singularly good
Carolean pulpit, with its wealth of carving and its noble tester,
escaped destruction when the fabric was swept away. It was
the gift of one Stephen Marsh in 1636 ; his crest (an arm
couped grasping a battleaxe) is on a panel at the back. The
elaborate carving with which the whole structure was enriched
was the work of Thomas Caper, whose family device, a goat,
may also be seen at the back. The cresting of the tester
includes figures of Justice and Mercy, supported by trumpet-
bearing angels, whilst below on the soffit is inscribed " Cry aloud
:
and spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet" The pulpit itself
is divided into fourteen panels in two tiers. The upper row
has carved figures of the three theological virtues, Faith, Hope,
and Charity, and of the four cardinal virtues, Justice, Prudence,
Temperance, and Fortitude. In the lower row are the seven

liberal sciences, with their names on scrolls beneath Grammatica,
Dialectica, Rhetorica, Musica, Arithmetica, Geometria, and
Astronomia (87).
The panelled pulpit of the mutilated church of Carisbrooke,
with tester or sounding-board, is a good Commonwealth example,
dated 1659.
The pulpit of Newchurch, with a great clumsy canopy
surmounted by a figure, probably dates from 1725.
Herefordshire has some good examples of seventeenth-
century pulpits. The pulpit of All Saints, Hereford, is a striking
instance of late Jacobean, dated 162 1 (169). It is of hexagonal
plan and is full of details, as will be seen from the illustration.
The panels, divided by classical pilasters, are arcaded below, but
are squared with mouldings. Below the cornice is a strip of strap-
work, and in the centre of each panel is a short piece of vine
trail. The handsome hexagonal tester is not supported by any
backpiece or standard connected with the pulpit, but is simply
attached to the wall its soffit bears the following in plain
lettering
;
" Howe beautyful are the feete of them that bring glad
Croscombe, Somerset
;
Il6 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

tidings of peace? It adds to the interest of this pulpit to find
that the churchwarden accounts supply the price :
1621. Item payed the Asyners for their Tymber and

workmen their labour the Pulpit vii jQ
There is another good hexagonal pulpit of almost like date
at Abbey Dore, close to the bold Jacobean screen with which
it harmonises (91). There is considerable resemblance in this
to the much larger and more remarkable display at Croscombe,
Somerset. The tester in this case, with its elaborate cresting,
is supported by a standard with a double arcaded panel like
those of the pulpit itself (115, 117). Winforton has a Jacobean
pulpit with the date 161 3, and the name of the donor, Thomas
Higgins, on the panels.
The Carolean pulpit and reading desk of Stoke Bliss, dated
1635, strictly speaking, comes under Worcestershire, as the parish
was transferred to that county in 1897.
The panels of the pulpit of Bosbury have four remarkable
sacred carvings, which are doubtless of Flemish origin: (1) The
Virgin and Child, (2) the Offering of the Wise Men, (3) the
Agony in the Garden, and (4) the Crucifixion. The third of
these crowds together a variety of incidents.
Hertfordshire is well supplied with pulpits of the seven-
teenth century, The pulpit of Knebworth is of richly carved
Flemish panelling, made up in the sixteenth century. One of
the panels is dated 1567. Stanstead Abbotts has a Jacobean
pulpit a sixteenth-century tester, formerly over the pulpit, has
;
been made up into a tower-arch screen. Great Munden has a

hexagonal early Jacobean pulpit, with two tiers of arcading, and
Sandon is another good example.
There is a distinctly good early Jacobean pulpit at Bushey
it is of octagonal design, surmounted by a tester ;the projecting
book-rest is supported by scrolled brackets. The hexagonal
pulpit of King's Langley is an interesting example, with tester, of
early Jacobean work, though repaired in modern days. Still
better workmanship is shown in the hexagonal pulpit of North
Mimms, which is usually spoken of as "early Jacobean," but
the squared design of the panelling is more likely to be late
Elizabethan, c. 1 590 there is a deep band of carving above the
;
panels both cornice and base are modern. There can be no

;
mistake about the hexagonal Puttenham pulpit being early

seventeenth-century it has the two characteristic tiers of panels,
;
the upper carved with scaly, fish-like figures, and the latter with
a lozenge pattern. The pulpit of Long Marston is also Jacobean,
with two tiers of panels, but of simpler character than the last
POST- REFORMATION PULPITS 117
Croscombe, Somerset
Il8 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS'
named. Codicote also is distinctly plain Jacobean the upper
;
tier of panels is arcaded, whilst the lower have lozenges in the

centre. Moreton hexagonal pulpit is another instance with back-
piece and tester the moulded panels show it to be quite early
;
in the seventeenth century. Bishop Latimer is said to have

preached " several times " in the pulpit of Hunsdon, and another
account asserts that it was Bishop Ridley this is curious, for
;
it is dated 1620, and both bishops died in 1555! This pulpit

has two tiers of plainly-modelled panels and a canopy.
Two of the most exceptional of Hertfordshire pulpits of this
century yet remain to be briefly noted, namely those of Sarratt
and St Michael, St Albans. The former is hexagonal, with a
square tester supported by a standard or backpiece there are ;
two tiers of square panels, with curious perpendicular lines of

mouldings, which almost give the "effect of the linen-fold pattern ;
they are divided at the angles by double slender shafts turned

like balusters ;the whole speaks of the dawn of the seventeenth
century, almost Elizabethan. It is said that Richard Baxter
used this pulpit on several occasions. The octagonal pulpit of
St Michael's church is a singularly fine specimen of quite early
Jacobean, with a good tester and headpiece the central squared
;
panels of formal moulding have richly carved bands above and

below the widely projected book-board is supported by pierced
;
brackets. To the west side is fastened a tall iron hour-glass

stand (158).
There are two dated pulpits of Carolean work, namely
Ash well, dated 1627, which is a really fine piece of work, and
Aston Bury, with octagonal panelling, which is dated 1634.
Bishop's Stortford retains a panelled Commonwealth pulpit
dated 1658 it is of hexagonal plan, and stands on a hexagonal
;
shaft supported by carved brackets.

Watford parish church possesses a good pulpit of post-
Restoration date, c. 1675 it is hexagonal, with a carved cornice,
;
inlaid panels, and garlands at the angles in single relief. The

pulpit of Ware is of late seventeenth-century date it is hex- ;
agonal, with raised lozenge-shaped panels. Great Anwell has

an octagonal pulpit with lozenge-shaped panels the cornice
;
is dated 1696 it came

; originally from the archiepiscopal
chapel at Croydon.
There are also seventeenth-century pulpits to be seen at
the churches of Albury, Little Hadham, Puttenham, Ridge,
Sawbridgeworth, Totteridge, Wheathampstead, and Wormley.
Huntingdonshire has a finely carved octagonal
Elizabethan pulpit with canopy at Orton Waterville the panels
;
are bordered with foliage.

WT
St Decuman's, Somerset
In 1625, when the church of Little Gidding was put in order
throughout, " the pulpit was fixed on the north, and the reading
desk over against it on the south side of the church, and both
on the same level, it being thought improper that a higher place
should be appointed for preaching than that which was allotted
1
for prayer."
With regard to KENT, the pulpit at Smeeth is probably
Elizabethan, and the one at Lenham, which has a canopy, is
dated 1574. St Nicholas-at-Wade, in the Isle of Thanet, has
an exceptionally good pulpit of early Jacobean date it is most ;
likely one of those which were ordered in obedience to the

Canon of 1603. The five panels have three divisions, the central
one carved with a round-headed arch the rail to the stairs is
;
coeval. Cowden has a good pulpit, dated 1620. The pulpits of

Lower Halstead (with a canopy), Sutton-by-Dover, Monkton,
Seal, Dartford, Teynham, and TJpchurch are all either Jacobean
or Carolean. 2 Sevenoaks is certainly Carolean, and is dated
1636. This good pulpit is said to have come here from Wrotham.
Cliffe-at-Hoo is another well-carved example of that reign,
standing on a modern stone pedestal it is dated 1634, and has
;
an hour glass as well as stand attached. The pulpit of St

Nicholas, Deptford, is of the year 1697 it is good for the date. s
;
Lancashire retains^ a single Elizabethan pulpit and a few

of the seventeenth century. The pulpit of Deane is of black
oak it is of late Elizabethan date, with much Renaissance
;
detail there is also a backpiece or standard supporting a tester.

;
Standish possesses a beautifully enriched Jacobean pulpit.

It is octagonal, and each panel is divided into three divisions.
It stands on a low, well-moulded stem, and under the cornice
"
is this inscription on six sides Necessitas mihi incumbit vae
:
mihi si non evangelizavero, exsumptibus W. Leigh Rec. 1616."

On the remaining side, one being open, is "W. Leigh Red.
Donum Ded. Deo. 1616." The pulpit of St Mary, Lancaster, is
dated 16 19.
.At Radcliffe, in Salford Hundred, there are two seats at the
west end composed of portions of the seventeenth-century
pulpit and reading desk. The seat on the south side of the
tower arch has the date 1606, the Assheton crest, and various
initials. On the seat on the north side are the initials of Charles
Beswick, rector, the date 1665, and the inscription: "All my
1
MS. of Nicholas Ferrar, cited in Hierurgia Anglicana, i. 72.
2
In Dr Grayling's two little volumes on Kent Churches, they are all
somewhat vaguely termed " seventeenth-century."

3
Arch. Assoc. Sketch Book, 1898.
Bishop's Lydeard, Somerset

"

words that I speak unto thee, receive into thy heart with thine ears.
Ezekiel in., chap, x?
The Jacobean pulpit of Hoole was much spoilt in the last
century, when some small Gothic panels were introduced the ;
backpiece and canopy are original they were taken down and
;
cleaned in 1859.
There is a somewhat fine example of a Carolean pulpit, dated
1635, in the Lancashire church of Sefton. It is octagonal, with
pilasters at the angles, and has two tiers of panels worked in
arabesque in low relief. It rests on a tall octagonal shaft, and is
crowned with an octagonal tester with a panelled soffit and
pendants at the angles. Round the tester is the inscription :
" My sonne feare thou the Lorde and the Kinge and medle not with
them that are given to change there is another incomplete
;
inscription round the cornice of the body of the pulpit " He :
that covereth his sinne shall not prosper, but whoso confesseth and
forsaketh them shall have mercie; happy is the in ." This
. .
pulpit has of late years been moved from the middle pier on the
north side, and, with singularly bad taste, been set against the
wood screen on the north side of the entrance to the chapel (95).
The oak pulpit of Garstang is a good piece of late Carolean
work, dated 1 646, with square moulded panels the stem and ;
top moulding are new.

The old church of Walton-le-Dale was pulled down in 1905
to make way for a successor. Sir Stephen Glynne tells us that
the old church was. remarkable for its two lofty pulpits, one on
each side of the chancel arch, each with a conspicuous iron
staircase.
Leicestershire has two good pulpits, c 1600, which are
possibly Elizabethan, but more probably Jacobean, namely
those of Bottesford and Loddington. The latter is sometimes
said to have come from Launde Abbey, but this is, of course,
a blunder. Peatling Magna pulpit is Jacobean, with an elaborate
and unusual canopy. The seventeenth-century enriched pulpit
of Shepsted now stands in the vestry. Another example is to
be noted at Great Easton.
An interesting Carolean pulpit occurs at Muston. This
pulpit, together with the screen, was erected in 1640 by the
then rector, Robert Saunderson, who was afterwards Bishop
of Lincoln from 1660 to 1663.
At Thornton there is an early Renaissance pulpit. Long
Whatton gives shelter to the old pulpit of Colston Bassett,
Notts., when that highly interesting old church was so
scandalously gutted and left to go to ruin in 1892.
The great county of LINCOLN has a fair number of post-
POST-REFORMATFON PULPITS 123
Rodney Stoke, Somerset


Reformation pulpits extant of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. The pulpits of Navenby and Wrangle are clearly of
Elizabethan days. The good Elizabethan pulpit of Skirbeck
has a desk supported by three birds. Of the Jacobean pulpits,
one of the best is at Alford other undated examples occur at
;
the churches of Hanningham, Kirkby Underwood, Knaith,

Saltfleetby All Saints, Silk Willoughby, and Wigtoft. The
most interesting and best example, with a tester over it, is
the pulpit erected at Croft in 1615, by Dr Worship, vicar there
from 1599 to 1625, to the memory of his wife. A brass to her
memory in the south aisle is thus inscribed :
" Here lyeth the bodie of Agnes Worship, a woman machles
both for wisdom and godlynes. She was the wife of William
Worship, Doctor of Divinitie and minister of Croft, and departed
this life the 6th daie of Maye, Ano. 1615."
Another dated Jacobean example occurs in the grand church
of Boston ; it bears the year 1620. The Jacobean pulpit at
Frampton came from Bourne Abbey church. The fine pulpit of
Burgh is dated 1623. >
Helpringham pulpit undoubtedly somewhat later, and

is
entitled to be called Carolean. Another interesting and excep-
tional Carolean pulpit occurs at Skidbrook it has a tester and
;
supporting backpiece or standard on the latter is carved. " R.

;
1628," and the lion and unicorn facing each other, but lacking
the royal arms. Surely this is a unique arrangement (109).
At Friskney there is also a well-carved seventeenth-century
pulpit with a tester, but this is a Commonwealth example. It
bears the date 1659, and the initials, " W. P., W. C." At Whaplode
a Carolean pulpit has been pulled to pieces to form a small
screen in the transept.
The seventeenth-century pulpit at Utterby bears the inscrip-
tion of a man of reverent and humble mind " Quoties conscendo,
:
animo contimesco."
At Swarby the pulpit bears the following couplet :
" O God my Saviour be my sped

To preach thy word men's soulls to fed."
Lutton has an inlaid pulpit and canopy dated 1702. They

were provided by a bequest from the celebrated Dr Busby of
Westminster School, who was born in this parish.

Middlesex. Only seven London churches are now left of
those that were standing before the Great Fire of 1666. Of
these All Hallows, Barking, has a handsomely carved pulpit
given by John Burnell in 1613. In 1638 the vestry requested
the wardens to " take care that a new pulpitt hedde be made in
Stoke St Gregory Somerset

;

regard the old one is too small "
; the new head bears the motto
" Xpm pudicum Crucifixum." St Giles, Cripplegate, has a beauti-
fully carved pulpit of the year 1704 it had originally a sounding-
;
board. St Helen's, Bishopsgate, pulpit is a fine piece of seven-

teenth-century carving. St Katherine Cree has a well-carved
pulpit of cedar, the gift of John Dyke, as mentioned by Strype.
The church of St Olave, Hart Street, was demolished in 1568
the handsome pulpit, assigned to Grinling Gibbons, was moved
to St Benet, Gracechurch Street, but has been much spoilt by
being mounted on an incongruous white stone base.
Of the fifty and odd new churches designed by Wren,
less than a score retain the generally fine and richly carved
pulpits with which they were originally furnished. Nine pre-
serve the canopies or sounding-boards with which they were
invariably supplied. Several of these sounding-boards have
been foolishly removed during recent years, and this was also
done at St Katherine Cree, in 1874, where the sounding-board
now serves as a vestry table. The best examples of Wren's
pulpits are to be seen at St Mildred, Bread Street, and at
Christ Church, Newgate Street.

Monmouth. The pulpit at Caerwent bears the date 1632 ;
a rough representation of Llandaff Cathedral on the central

panel the arms of Sir Charles Williams of Llangibby, and the
;
inscription:
" Woe is unto me if I preach not the Gospel." At
Trelleck the reading desk is dated 1634, and the pulpit 1640.
The pulpit of Llangibby is early Hanoverian, and has a
sounding-board.
Considering the vast number of its churches, the old post-
Reformation pulpits of Norfolk are not numerous. The carved
work of the Wickhampton pulpit proves it to be Elizabethan,
and this is also the case with that at Ranworth.
The sounding-board of the old pulpit of Fincham, now a
vestry table, bears this inscription : Gregory Watson servant to
"''
the Right Worshipful Sir Francis Gawdy, Knight, made this at his
own charge. Anno Dni. 1604." The well-carved pulpit at Cley
is dated 161 r. The undated pulpits of Caston, Merton, Tacolnes-
ton (unusually large), Tibenham, and Griston, the last two with
testers, are usually styled Jacobean, but are quite as likely
Carolean.
North Elmham pulpit, dated 1626, is inscribed " Verbum Dei
manel in aeternumP Other dated Carolean pulpits are Thornham
and Wiggenhall St Germans (163 1), Tuttington (1639), and
Necton (1636). The old pulpit of Kingham bore the text,
" Necessity is laid upon me, yea woe is me if I speak not the Gospel?
It was of interest as having been used by Robert Peck, rector,
j
" a man of very violent schismatical spirit." In 1636 he plucked
up the altar rails, levelled the altar, and lowered the chancel
by a foot. For this he was prosecuted by Bishop Wren, when
he fled the country with some of his parishioners, and founded
the town of Kingham in New England. Ten years later, when
bishops were abolished by Parliament, Peck returned, regained
the living, and died here in 1656.
Northamptonshire possesses, for its size, an unusual
'
number of old post- Reformation pulpits, several of them of

considerable merit. Possibly this may have arisen from the
fact that Northamptonshire was essentially the home among
all other shires where Puritanism of an extreme type and of
foreign origin took root, and several of whose ministers made
not the slightest scruple in receiving episcopal ordination and
accepting Church benefices, whilst they deliberately repudiated
the main episcopal doctrines and practices. Among such as
these the exaltation of preaching at the expense of the sacra-
ments was the very essence of their creed. 1
There used to be an Elizabethan pulpit at Kelmarsh in ;
1 559 William Humphrey bequeathed I2d. "towards the making
of the pulpitt" in this church. Rothersthorpe pulpit is Eliza-

bethan, inscribed " 1579 F. S." Francis Somervell was at that
;
time patron of the living.

It is rather difficult to decide, even after repeated examina-
tion, the true date of the fine painted pulpit of Oundle, with
traceried panels curiously bedecked with gilded leaden stars. So
good an authority as the late Mr Brereton considered it fifteenth-
century but Whellan and others state that it is of the year
;
1554, and that it used to be known as "the Reformation pulpit."..

This was probably the date of its reconstruction, mainly from
old material. Upton, near Peterborough, has the best of the
early Jacobean pulpits, with canopy and panelled standard.
Castor has also a good pulpit with arcaded panels, and a tester
or canopy over it. At Nassington the pulpit is Jacobean, with
the base of an hour-glass stand attached. Barnwell St Andrew
and Kingsthorpe have good arcaded panels of this style. The
pulpits at Chelveston, Creaton, Polebrook, Pytchley, Tansor, and
Wilbarston may be pronounced, with a certain vagueness, as
Jacobean. Glapthorne, Towcester, and Warmington are made
up of Jacobean panelling. It is almost incredible to have to
chronicle the sacrilegious. maltreatment of the once fine Jacobean
pulpit of Marholm, noticed by Paley in 1859. recent rector, A
1
See Vict. County Hist, of Northants, vol. ii. pp. 43-83 and Rev. R. M.
;
Serjeantson's All Saints, Northampton, pp. 101-121, and St Giles, North-

ampton, pp. 37-61.
17
:
t36 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGAN$

a canon of the Church, had the audacity to cut it up into a
sideboard for the rectory dining-room, and there it is, we are
assured, at the present day !
Ashby St Ledgers pulpit was put up by Mr Janson, who

purchased the property in 1612; it is exactly similar in style
to the woodwork in the Hall. Earl's Barton has a remarkably
good early Jacobean pulpit the panels are of two tiers the
; ;
lower ones are arcaded, enclosing a conventional rose of ten

petals the imitation Gothic vine trail on the cornice is note-
;
worthy. Dallington is another example of double-tiered

panelling the upper row is arcaded and the lower one bears
;
roses.
The Carolean pulpit of Alderton is dated 163 1. It is inscribed
" / the Lord will meet thee in this place and tell thee what thou
shalt say to Ex. xxv. 22."
the people, It has arcaded work
in the lower panels and strapwork above. On the lower
side of the sounding-board
most stupidly removed during
recent years but still in the church are cherubs' heads.
Pakenham pulpit is Carolean the panels bear rose, thistle,
;
and harp. It is inscribed " Despise not prophesyng.

fleur-de-lis, :
Crie aloud spare not li/t up thy voice like a trumpet." The
pulpits of St Giles, Northampton, and Catesby are also Carolean.
At Harringworth is a seventeenth-century pulpit, which was
given shelter there when ejected from Barrowden, Rutland, as
a consequence of an 1875 restoration. The very beautifully
carved pulpit of Abington was given to the church c. 1700.
The following extract occurs in the parish register of
Denford :
" A parochial visitation Dentford church June ye 3 d 1718.

was held in
Wherein according to order of court y r is to be a new pulpit w ch they
thought they should have sliped, but they could not, for w ch I'm glad off."
Nottinghamshire has a variety of old post-Reformation

pulpits. The church of Markham Clinton, in an odious and
scandalous condition (191 1), contains a noteworthy Elizabethan
pulpit fast going to decay. There are two Jacobean pulpits

with inscriptions Laneham, " Soli Deo honor et gloria" and
Wheatley (1604), " Wo unto me except I preach the Gospel"
Eakring has a small good Jacobean pulpit with tester and
backpiece. Headon is also early Jacobean with a tester.
Egmanton, Weston-on-Trent, and Winkburn seem also to
be true Jacobean. Barton-in-Fabis has a Jacobean framework,
but the panels have been renewed. There are two of Carolean
date, namely Gran by, 1627, and Syerston, 1636 the latter is ;
an exceptionally good and perfect example with a tester.

Stratford-sub-Castle, Wiltshire
Walkingham and Maplebeck are later in the seventeenth
century.

Oxfordshire. There are a fair number of seventeenth-
century pulpits in Oxfordshire. Two of these, usually termed
Jacobean, are more likely late Elizabethan, namely Bucknell
and Kidlington. Two can be proved genuine Jacobean, as
they are dated, namely Stadhampton 1611, and Charlton-on-
Otmoor, 1 616. The pulpit of Christ Church Cathedral is a fine
and beautiful piece of workmanship it is of pentagonal plan,
;
and the centre of each panel has double arcading the standard, ;
of unusual width, and also doubly arcaded, supports an elaborate

pentagonal canopy, crowned by curved ribs carrying a pelican.
But the illustration conveys a far better idea of its construction
than any description in words (113). The work is known to
be Carolean, of Dean Duppa's days (1629-38).
A great contrast .to this elaborate piece of work, but equally
Carolean, is the small village pulpit of Merton (101), with
its simple pedestal and four unrailed steps. The pulpits of
Chalgrove, Chastleton, Cropredy, Great Milton, Stonisfield,
Stratton Audley, and Water Eaton are usually described by
the generic term "Jacobean," but two or three of them are
probably Carolean, and were erected under Laudian influence.
At Fringford some old panels from a house at Hardwicke have
been used in the forming of a pulpit.
In the church of All Saints, Oxford, which was reconstructed
throughout on classical lines 1706-8, there is a good pulpit
with sounding-board.
The little county of Rutland has nothing to offer us in
the way of mediaeval pulpits, and but little of the seventeenth
century. Under a disastrous restoration of 1875, Barrowden
turned out its Jacobean pulpit it is now to be found at
;
Harringworth, Northamptonshire. But some few remnants of

it were left behind these were put together to help to form
;
another pulpit, during a much happier restoration of 1885. The

pulpit of North Luffenham is either Jacobean or Carolean. The
pulpit of Uffingham is of repute, though unhappily somewhat
spoilt by alterations, for there is no doubt that it was frequently
occupied by Jeremy Taylor, who was instituted to this rectory
in 1638.
Perhaps the exceedingly curious church of Teigh, the whole
of which was rebuilt, except the tower, in 1781, should be
named. "The seats," writes Mr Crowther-Beynon, "for the
congregation are arranged in ascending tiers, facing north
and south, like those of a college chapel. At the west end of
the nave, against a kind of screen, are three boxes serving for
Wilby, Suffolk
the pulpit (centre) and desk for parson and clerk, these being
approached by a staircase behind the screen."
Staffordshire possesses no instance of Elizabethan pulpits,
but there are several good examples of the seventeenth century.
The earliest is the excellent one at Wednesbury, dated 1611 ;
but probably that of Bitley is about the same year, for the
chancel of the church was rebuilt by Sir Ralph Egerton in
1610-1 1, and the pulpit appears to have been of like date. The
splendidly carved pulpit and sounding-board at Sandon, the
simpler one at Aldridge, as well as the good seventeenth-century
example at the interesting old timber church of Rushton, are
probably all strictly Jacobean. Staffordshire, however, has some
notable Carolean woodwork indicative of the genuine church
revival of Laudian days. At Mayfield the altar rails of the
chancel are really beautiful work of 1633. The pews, pulpit, and
reading desk are thoroughly good, and dated 1637 and 1639;
the pulpit bears a quaintly abbreviated inscription " Be faithful,
:
&c, and I will give thee a crown, &c." The good pulpit of
Alrewas bears the date 1639, and the inscription, " fesus Christ
and Him Crucified."
There a Commonwealth pulpit at King's Bromley dated
is
1659. Thepulpit and sounding-board, excellent for their date,

bear the year 1 702.
There are a large number of so-called "Jacobean" pulpits in
Shropshire, but a fair number are modern make-ups of panels
intended for other purposes. As a single set-off against this, it
may be mentioned that at Church Stretton the panelling near
the font forms part of a discarded pulpit.
At the disused church of Sutton, the Elizabethan pulpit is
of the year 1588. The chancel of Shipton was ''re-edified and
builded of newe at the charges of John Lutwick" in 1589, and
there is no reason to doubt that that is the age of the pulpit.
Shawbury is the earliest of the dated Jacobean examples, where
the pulpit and reading desk are of the year 1612. At Easthope
there is good carving on the oak pews, with this inscription :
" Edward Ball of London gave this pulpit andpewes to this parish
wheare he was borne June 28 Anno Domini 1623." Lydbury

North is dated 1634.
The dated Carolean pulpits are more numerous they include
;
Tasley (1628), Tong and Quatt (1629), Bitterley (1630), Ashley

Abbots (1633), Cressage and Petton (1635), Wroxeter (1637),
Hope-Bowdler and Clee St Margaret (1639), an d Church Preen,
with reading desk (1646). The octagonal panelled pulpit of
Cressage is inscribed along the base, Houmfry Dalle the elder
''
made this for John Dalle, which I pray God. dies unto his end.
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS 1 35
Amen: 1635." Petton pulpit, of the same year, was brought

there from Wrexham. Albrighton-by-Shifnal, Kenley, and
Pitchford have seventeenth-century pulpits with canopies.
The pulpit of Clun is c. 1650. At Easton-under-Heywood
the richly carved pulpit has a canopy dated 1670. Minsterley,
with a sounding-board, is c. 1689. At Halston there is an inlaid
sounding-board of the year 1719. The sounding-boards of both
Hordley and Whitchurch have been turned into vestry tables.
At Stapleton there is a pulpit antependium, " said " to have
been worked by Mary Queen of Scots.
Oswestry possesses the pulpit once occupied by John Howe,
the friend of Milton, and chaplain of Oliver Cromwell. It now
stands in the vestry of the Congregational church.
The extensive county of Somerset has a large number of
post-Reformation pulpits, but there are only one or two of
Elizabethan date. Chedzoy, with long linen-fold panels, is early
in the queen's reign, and it is probable that Rimpton is about
the close of the same reign (103). The true Jacobean, i.e., of
the reign of James I., are numerous among them may be
;
named those of Barwick, Charlton Adam, Luccombe, Lydiard

St Laurence, Tintinhull, Stoke-sub-Hamdon, and Weston-in-
Gordano. Three pulpits bear the rose and the thistle con-
ventionally treated under arcading, namely those of Bishop's
Lydiard, Tintinhull, and Wedmore the last of these, together
;
with the reading desk, shows some of the finest Jacobean

carving in Somerset. Of dated examples the pulpit of Hill
Farrance bears the date 161 1, Somerton 1615, whilst the three
pulpits of Kittisford, West Pennard, and Pilton are all dated
1618. The grand pulpit of Croscombe, in harmony with the
magnificent Jacobean screen, is known to have been the gift
of Bishop Lake in 1616, the first year of his episcopate it bears ;
the arms of the see and of two other benefactors, Sir William
Palton and Hugh Fortiscue, then lord of the manor beneath ;
the cornice run the words " Blessed are they that hear the Word
:
of God and keep it" 1 (117). The lovely little church of Brean has
an effectively carved pulpit, which bears, at the top of the central
panel, " George Gvdrid gave this, 1620." Rodney Stoke possesses
an interesting screen and pulpit, both of which were given to
1
It is curious how differently educated people regard this fine display
of Jacobean carving. The Rev. G. W. Wade, D.D., and the Rev. J. H.
Wade, M.A., who recently wrote a Little Guide to Somerset, were so steeped
in Gothicism that they style this pulpit "barbaric," and the screen " fearful
and wonderful" !Whilst Mr Hutton, himself a Roman Catholic, in High-
ways and Byways, considers them both " very lovely."
;

the church by Sir Edward Rodney in 1624 the pulpit has
;
two tiers of arcading on the panels (123).

There are also a number of Carolean pulpits. The earliest
of these which are dated is that of Huish Episcopi, 1625.
Elworthy pulpit is of the same date as the screen, 1632 it is ;
approached by the rood staircase. St James's, Taunton, has a

pulpit dated 1633, East Brent 1634, and Ubley 1637 (107). The
pulpits of Stoke St Gregory, Thurleston (1634), and North
Newton (1637) are remarkable, as they all bear figures under
the arcading Stoke St Gregory has five figures in relief, namely
:
the Blessed Virgin and Child, Faith, Hope, Charity, and Time
Thurleston has Faith, Hope, Charity, and a fourth figure ; and the
same is the case at North Newton (125). The striking Renais-
sance pulpit of St Cuthbert, Wells, was erected in 1636. It is of
hexagonal plan, and is frankly pagan throughout, as will be seen
from the illustration. The panels are separated by double
columns perhaps the best features are the bird brackets sup-
;
porting the cornice (127).

Suffolk is well supplied with a considerable number of
good seventeenth-century pulpits. The earliest dated example
occurs at Monk Soham, where the pulpit bears the year 1604.
Other dated instances of the reign of James I. are Stonham
Aspall 1616, Great Ashfield 1619, and Occold, with a sounding-
board, 1620. Great Ashfield, which is four-sided, is an excep-
tionally beautiful example with tester and back panelling.
Laxfield pulpit (see illustration) is of a singularly tasteful but
simple design it is raised on a series of turned shafts (129).
;
Kelsale is undoubtedly early Jacobean, and a good example the ;
panels are divided into three, the central ones are arcaded, those
at the top are carved with grotesque animals, whilst the lower
ones have intricate strapwork. The peculiar feature is that
the pilasters between the panels have a touch of Gothic in their
crocketed finials. Halesworth, which is said to be 161 1, offers
a distinct contrast to Kelsale (129). Others which are more or
less vaguely termed Jacobean, include Little Bealings, Great
Blakenham, Burgh St Andrew, Felixstowe, Plympton, Hadleigh,
Knoddishall, Rattlesden, Somerton, Little Waldingfield, Wen-
haston, Westhall, Witnesham, Worlingworth, and Yoxford. 1
Of dated Carolean examples the county possesses four of
unusual merit. The pulpits of Chediston and Rumburgh are
dated 1637; they both are of an exceptionally refined pattern,
and are clearly the work of the same craftsman. By an egregious
display of bad taste, a restoration of the church of Cookley in
1
See Bryant's County Churches of Suffolk, 1912.
v. M. J.
Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey
18
I38 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
1894 brought about the ejection of the 1637 pulpit, when it was
happily saved by the church authorities of Chediston. Another
Carolean pulpit is to be found at Aldeburgh, dated 1638.
This octagonal pulpit has a wide bookshelf, rising from a slight,
well-carved cornice, resting on elaborate pierced brackets. It has
the panels carved in three-squared divisions, with arcades in the
central compartments. Blythburgh has a handsome octagonal
pulpit of the year 1670; each division has two squared panels
carved with bold designs ; the brackets supporting the wide
book-rest are unusually large (m).
The pulpit and reading desk of Wangford afford fine
examples of Flemish inlaid work of the seventeenth century.
These two pieces of church furniture are constructed out of
the large pulpit which used to stand in the private chapel of
Henham Hall it was burnt down in 1773.
;
The lack of good pre-Reformation pulpits in the SURREY

churches is somewhat remarkable, as the supply of timber was
abundant in most parts of the county* Possibly two or three
of these mentioned below are of Henry VIII. days.
At Crowhurst the pulpit is formed of linen-fold panels of
fairly early sixteenth-century date. The same is the case with
the pulpit of Beddington and the hexagonal pulpit of Nutfield,
where the panels are in a double tier. The octagonal pulpit
of Charlwood is a curious amalgam of sixteenth-century linen-
fold panels and of other carved cartouche panels with painted
texts of late Jacobean date. The large square pulpit of Tatsfield
is made up of traceried panels taken from a rood-screen, which
was destroyed in the first half of the nineteenth century. The

pulpit of Cranleigh, during an egregious restoration of 1845,
was made up out of some rich traceried panels and parts of
a cornice pertaining to a fifteenth-century parclose screen
then destroyed. Woking is more likely late Elizabethan
than early Jacobean the panels have tall, simple arcades.
;
The pulpit of Godalming parish church has certain features

in the handsome panels which enable us to describe it as
Elizabethan rather than Jacobean. Banstead is Elizabethan
with linen-fold panels. The pulpit and reading desk of Chipstead
are of late Elizabethan date with moulded panels and pilasters.
Alfold pulpit is quite early Jacobean, with a sound-board held up
by a scrolled iron rod. Stoke D'Abernon pulpit is a handsome
and remarkable example of early Jacobean date (1 36). It is seven-
sided, and supported by a central shaft with elaborately carved
brackets. At the angles are fantastic Ionic pilasters surmounted
by grotesques. The faces have carved and inlaid panels with
enriched mouldings, and the crown mould and book-rest are
Holy Trinity, Guildford

:

elaborately ornamented. At the back is a carved standard of
similar detail, with an heraldic shield charged with the Vincent
arms and quarterings. Above is a large sounding-board or tester,
with a carved central panel of grotesque design, angle pendants,
and carved cornice, held up by a pair of elaborately scrolled
wrought-iron stays. 1 The pulpit bears the words " hides ex :
auditu."
Compton has an elaborately carved early Jacobean pulpit
with tester, as well as various other fittings of the same date,
including a screen now foolishly moved to the west end. The
octagonal pulpit of Ewhurst is a good example of early Jacobean
with two stages of panelling. Woking has a good pulpit dated
1673. The Newdigate example is of Charles I.'s reign, and is
dated 1637. The upper part of the hexagonal pulpit of St
Leonard, Streatham, Carolean (c. 1640), and is richly carved
is
after a classical fashion. In the upper panel on the south-west
side are the arms of Howland impaling Suzan, and above the
shield are two crests and mantling. Sir John Howland, of the
manor of Tooting Bee, in this parish, married Cecily Suzan they ;
sold the manor in 1648. The Commonwealth pulpit of Chaldon

is a good piece of work, inscribed "Patience Lambert, 1657."
Patience was the widow of William Lambert, of Tollesworth
Manor, whose grave slab is in the nave he died in 1656. The
;
cornice shelf is supported by iron brackets.

Gatton church has a certain celebrity on account of the
considerable amount of continental woodwork gathered together
and placed here about 1834. The pulpit came from Nuremberg,
and is boldly carved with the Descent from the Cross in three
panels.
SUSSEX possesses two examples of Elizabethan date, namely,
at Worth and Newtimber, the latter late in the sixteenth
century. The elaborate pulpit at Worth, dated 1577, has
classical columns at the angles of both pulpit and its base,
whilst the panels have niched figures of the Evangelists, and
the frieze above has a Dutch inscription. Kington-on-Sea is
early Jacobean, dated 1608, and Wilmington is of much the
same date. Arlington, Botolphs, Buxted, West Chiltington,
Poynings, Rotherfield, Southwick, Tortington, and Twineham
are all undated oak pulpits of the seventeenth century, more
or less vaguely termed Jacobean. The pulpit of St Anne,
Lewes, is handsomely carved, and bears this inscription
" Harbar Springat Gentelman made this pulpit in the yeare
of our Lord 1620." Herbert Springett, the younger brother of
:
Vict, County Hist, of Surrey, iii. 460.

Sir Thomas Springett, was

a lawyer of some eminence he died ;
in The East Dean

162 1. pulpit is dated 1624. Lamberhurst
is undoubtedly Carolean, for it bears the year 1630.
Warwickshire has two dated Jacobean pulpits, namely
Bourton on-Dunsmore, 1607, and Salford Priors, 1616. There
are also two of the Carolean period, namely Butlers Marston,
1632, and Willoughby.

Westmoreland. At Burton-in-Kendal both pulpit and
reading board are well carved and bear the date 1607. The
pulpit at Kirkby Lonsdale is dated 1612. The little church of
Martindale was rebuilt on the site of a much older fabric in
1633. The well carved but simple pulpit is dated 1634, and
other Carolean fittings remain.
Wiltshire has a few good pulpits of sixteenth and
seventeenth century date.
Odstock has a famous if not notorious Elizabethan pulpit,
on which appears the equivocal distich :
" God bless our royalQueen,

The lyke on earth was never seen."
Another pulpit of some celebrity is in the small church of

Monkton Farleigh of either late Elizabethan or quite
; it is
early Jacobean date. The manor used to pertain to the
bishopric of Sarum, and here Bishop Jewel not infrequently,
retired, where he doubtless made use of this pulpit. He
died here in 1 57 1, shortly after preaching his last sermon in the
neighbouring church of Lacock. The pulpit is inscribed with
the following text " Blessed are they yt heave ye word of God
:
and kepe it."

Edington has an exceptional pulpit, which Mr Gotch aptly
describes as "simple and elegant"; it stands on a stout post,
from the upper part of which supporting brackets project. 1
The finest example of a Jacobean pulpit in the county
occurs at Stratford-sub-Castle. It is of hexagonal plan, and
delicately carved throughout the panels have upper square
;
compartments filled with conventional designs, whilst below

them are larger round-headed arcades, with jambs formed of
a series of bosses the standard or backpiece is of similar
;
designs to the panels, and carries a hexagonal canopy delight-

fully carved, and having a large centre pendant, and smaller
ones at the angles. Close at hand, affixed to the wall-plate of
the chancel, is the hour glass and stand (131). There is a good
Jacobean pulpit at Durnford, dated 1619. At Brinkworth is
1
Early Renaissance in England,-?. 221, with plate of measured drawings,
another of these pulpits with a sounding-board, and a further
example at Paulshot. At Winterbourne Basset there are
fifteen good Jacobean pews, and a pulpit which is a striking
example of what Mr Ponting terms the "Anglo-Italian Re-
naissance "; it has large panels with carved borders, and the
Lynn St Margaret
door remains there are two similar panels on the reading desk.
;
The work might almost be taken for Elizabethan, but on part

of the tracery of one panel is the date 1611, with the initials
"G. A."
Clyffe Pypard has an exceptionally fine instance of a pulpit
of the time of the Laudian revival, with sounding-board it is
;
inscribed: "Ex dono foam's Kingston Gen, Anno Dot, 1627";

:
attached to it is a projecting gridiron desk with two iron

brackets, a most exceptional feature. 1 At Boscombe there is
another Carolean pulpit dated 1633 tne sounding-board is
>
later.
Monkton Deverill pulpit has four panels quaintly carved
with (1) Adam in deep sleep; (2) the Woman formed from his
rib ; (3) the Temptation at the Tree of Knowledge and (4) ;
the Expulsion of Adam and Eve out of Eden. They do not

seem to have been originally intended for a pulpit ; they appear
to be rather late in the seventeenth century. The panels of the
pulpit at Bishopstone are of early wood carving, bronzed they ;
were brought here from Spain. The church of Furley was

rebuilt throughout in 1688. The good coeval fittings of the
chancel were of much interest ; but an unhappy restoration of
1 874 played much mischief, and the pulpit lost its sounding-board.
Worcestershire has several interesting post-Reformation

pulpits. There is a fine octagonal Jacobean pulpit at Bel-
broughton with arcaded panels above these is a cornice of
;
carved dragons, whilst grotesque corbels support the projecting

book-board. The Jacobean pulpit of Tredington, with back-
piece and tester, is a good example the panels have two tiers
;
of arcading. At Suckley the tester of the pulpit bears the text

" Blessed are they that hear the Word
of God and keepe it"
Broadwas is a fair instance of an octagonal Carolean pulpit.
The two tiers of panels are well carved, and above them is
inscribed: "Anno Dom 1632 William Noxon, Robert Prince,
Churchwardens." On the tester is the same text, similarly spelt,
which appears at Suckley. Stoke Bliss has a pulpit and sound-
ing-board dated 1635. There is a Commonwealth example at
Teddington, where the pulpit, with sounding-board, is dated
1653. The pulpit of St Swithun, Worcester, is richly carved,
and has a sounding-board surmounted by a pelican in her piety.
Yorkshire possesses a good many interesting pulpits of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
The most interesting of all the Elizabethan pulpits in its
associations, though of somewhat clumsy and probably local
carving, is that of Marr, near Doncaster. It has a coat of
arms and the initials " C.B." These stand for Christopher Barker,
printer to Queen Elizabeth. He was born at Marr vicarage in
1529, and died in 1599. Dodsworth tells us that he "made the
best pewes in the church, pavyd the allyes, and builded the
pulpitt."
1
There are three plates of this pulpit and desk in the Wilts. Arch. Soc.
Mag., vol. xxxvii.
The pulpit of Braithwell (W.R.) bears the following long
inscription in incised letters filled in with some composition ;
it is dated 1 Blessed is God in al his giftes and holy in al

574 :
"
his workes. Your helpe is in the name of the Lorde who hath made
both heaven and earth. Blessed be the name of the Lord from,
henceforth world without ende. Amen"
At Hutton Rudby (N.R.) there is a most unusual Elizabethan
pulpit, the panels of which are inlaid with English marquetry.
It was the gift of Thomas Milner, who died in 1594, and bears
his arms.
There are various dated Jacobean pulpits, three of thep in
the East Riding, namely Patrington 1612, Rous 1613, and
Swine 1619. Swine is an excellent characteristic example, in
good preservation. Dent (W.R ; ) is also dated 1614. Among
the undated Jacobean pulpits special mention may be made of
Leconfield, Walkington, and Kilnwick-on-the- Wolds of the East
Riding, Kirklington, Marrick Priory, Oswaldkirk, and Stonegrave
of the North Riding, and of Long Preston, Arksey (with
sounding-board), Woodkirk, and Wistow of the West Riding.
The Jacobean pulpit in the nave of Ripon has a curious shell
sounding-board. The Jacobean pulpit of Bolton , Priory has
been turned into a reading desk. The fine Perpendicular church
of Rotherham has a very handsome Jacobean pulpit, with a
later sounding-board.
The. pulpit of Aldborough (W.R.) is a composite affair, but
includes several sixteenth -century panels. Surmounting the
pulpit is a canopy bearing the words, " Pasce oves pasce agnos."
There are some remarkably good examples of Carolean date.
The justly celebrated and much esteemed church of St John's,
Leeds, erected ill 1631-34, includes amongst its sumptuous fittings
a noble pulpit, with a sounding-board, on the north side of the
nave. At Crayke (N.R.) there is a distinctly beautiful pulpit,
with sounding-board, dated 1637, and inscribed " Shew me thy :
waes, O Lord, and teach me thy paths? At Huntington (N.R.)

there is a magnificent old pulpit, probably Carolean, with
arabesque work round the base runs the inscription: " Where
:
there is no vision the people perish, Prov. xix. 18." Alne (W.R.)
has the earliest dated pulpit of this reign, 1625. Halsham (E.R.)
is dated 1634. This, too, is the date of the remarkable and
elaborate, pulpit of All Saints, Pavement, York, which was
moved here from St Crux on the coalition of that parish with
All Saints in 1885. "It is hexagonal in plan and has a good
canopy, both richly carved below the cornice of the pulpitis
;
inscribed part of 2 Tim. iv. 2; and on the soffit of the canopy

part of 1 Cor. i. 21. The panels of the pulpit with cinquefoil
POST-REFORMATION PULPITS H5
St Clement Danes, London

19
tracery heads, and the slight buttresses which divide them, are
debased imitation of Gothic treatment (104). The pulpit of
St Martin's, Middlegate, is almost identical and bears the same
text, but there is no canopy. When Allen wrote his History of
York, in 1829, there was a "sounding-board."
As to post- Restoration pulpits, Giggleswick (W.R.) has a fine
example with sounding-board, marked "G.W. 1680." George
Winskip was patron of the living. Carlton Husthwaite (E.R.)
has a pulpit with sounding-board, dated 1678, and inscribed
'
Feed my Lambes." Winestead (E.R.), with a sounding-board,
is late seventeenth -century. Wintringham (E.R.) has a re-
markably interesting pulpit, with coeval reading desk, pews, alms-
box, and old altar table, all probably of the year 1685.
Brodsworth (W.R.) pulpit is dated 1696 it is enriched with
;
foliage and cherubs' heads.

147
CHAPTER VII
HOUR GLASSES
The hour glass, sand glass, or sermon glass came into general
use in the Church of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, for the purpose of regulating the length of the
discourse. Hence it was commonly attached to the pulpit or to
the adjacent wall, within easy reach of the preacher. A good
many hour-glass stands, as well as the glasses themselves, were
destroyed during the heedless restoration of the earlier Victorian
period. Nevertheless, the subjoined list shows that there are
about a hundred stands still surviving, as well as at least a dozen
of the actual glasses, though in the latter case two or three of
them are modern reproductions. It is a mistake to suppose
that their use was brought in by either the Reformers or the
Puritans. In Allen's History of Lambeth it is stated that when
a new pulpit was introduced into the parish church in 1522 an
hour glass was attached. In the churchwardens' accounts of
that parish there are two subsequent references to this time
measurer; in 1579 is. 4d. was paid "for the frame in which the
hower standeth," and in 161 5 6s. 8d. was "payd for an iron for
the hour glass."
The frontispiece of the " Bishop's Bible," of 1 569, represents
Archbishop Parker with an hour glass on his right hand.
Holbein on two occasions introduced pulpit hour glasses into
his paintings, and Hogarth, at a much later date, in his " Sleeping
Congregation," placed the sand glass on the left-hand side of the
preacher. Old parish accounts prove how common was their
church use in the Relays of Elizabeth, and that they prevailed
with still greater frequency in the first half of the seventeenth
century. With the .Restoration the custom began to wane, but
as late as the close of the century new hour glasses, or frames
for them, were occasionally purchased, especially in town
churches.
An early Elizabethan instance of the purchase of an hour
glass occurs in the parish accounts of St Peter Cheap for 1 563,

I4& PtJLPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
Note. I. Kirkwall. 2. Creeting All Saints, Suffolk. 3. Odell, Beds. 4. East

Stonham, Suffolk. 5. Luther's pocket hour glass.
when it cost a shilling, which was a stiff price for those days ;
a like sum was given for a successor in the following year. The
accounts for the same city parish, under 1584, have the following
entries :
Payde for the hower glasse the xxij th of October xij d.
Payde the same daie to the Turner for the foote for hower
glasse to stand uppon xij d.

HOUR GLASSES 149
Wiggenhall St Mary, Norfolk Bloxworth, Dorset
The following extracts are taken from a score or two of

entries elsewhere during the same reign
:
156 1 (All Hallows, Staining). An houre glasse xij d.
A deske to sett the hower glasse on the pulpitt - x d.

1572 {Barnstaple). Paid to John Blackmore for hour glass
for the Preacher 4d.
1575 (St Martin, Leicester). Payd for an houre glase iiij d.
1598 (Ludlow). For makinge of the frame for the houre
glasse xx d.
For oyling and coloringe yt ij d.
The following must serve as specimens of the hundreds that

,
could be supplied from seventeenth-century accounts :

;

1612 {St Edmund, Sarum). Makeinge the foote to holde
the hower glasse standing on the Pulpitt 1 2d.
An Hower glasseand the Cadge to sett him on i4d.
1622-23. Frame for the Oure glasse standinge uppon the Byble
deske 3s. 2d.
1648-49. An Houre glasse 8d.

161 1 (Berkhampstead). Payed for an hour glasse x d.
Payed for the Irone that the houre glasse standeth in xviij d.
1629 (St Mary, Devizes). Pd. to John Bennett, Cutler,

for a branch to carry the hour glass in the
church - ij s. vj d.
1673-74. (St Edmund, Sarum). Frame for the Ower glasse

standinge upon the Byble deske 3s. 2d.
1672 (Prestbury, Cheshire). Pd. for the Houre Glasse,

Houre Glasse Case, and the guildinge and the
upp the same
setting 170
A further proof of the more frequent use of church hour
glasses in the seventeenth century is the general fall in their
price as compared with Elizabethan accounts. An hour glass
at Seal cost 8d. in 1639; one at Bletchingley (where the stand
is preserved) yd. in 1643 one at Chippenham yd. in 1657
; ;
whilst at Church Pulverbatch the hour glass of 1653 cost I2d.,

and another in 1683, gd.
An entry in the parish book of St Katharine, Aldgate, under
1 564, is worth citing to show that sand glasses to guide the
preacher were then a novelty, otherwise the scribe would not
have thought it worth while to explain its purpose.
Payde for an houre glasse that hangeth by the pulpitt

where the preacher dothe make a sermon, that
he may knowe how the houre passeth awaye xij d
It is a mistake to suppose that their use was confined to

Protestants. This is illustrated in a tract called Fatal Vespers
relative to an incident that occurred at a gathering of Papists
at Blackfriars in 1623: "About three o'clock the expected
preacher came in . . . attended by a man that brought after
him his book and hour glass."
Regulation of the length of sermons seems sometimes to
have been badly needed. The author of a tract of 1648, entitled
Independancy stript and whipt, observes that " the Independents
could pray, or rather prate by the spirit, two hours at least
against the state." In the frontispiece of England's Shame
or, A Relation of the Life and Death of Hugh Peters, 1663, that
worthy is represented holding an hour glass in his left hand,
HOUR GLASSES 151
ffl
a.

a
.c
o
eg
o
O
and in the act of saying, " I know you are good fellows so let's ;
have another glass."

Churchmen were no better a tall story is told of Dr Isaac
;
Brown to the effect that, when preaching before the Lord

Mayor and Corporation on charity, he continued for three hours
and a half, and that at the end the congregation had dwindled
to a single apprentice ! More credible stories as to long-
winded pulpit eloquence could easily be adduced it was not,
;
however, very long sermons to which the laity of those days

objected, but those that were both long and poor. For instance,
Macaulay tells us of Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, that " he was
often interrupted by the deep hum of his audience and when, ;
after preaching out the hour glass, he held it in his hands, the
congregation clamorously encouraged him to go on till the
sand had run off once more."
It need not, however, be supposed from the frequency with
which pulpits were supplied with hour glasses, that the sixteenth
and seventeenth century sermons were necessarily to be of
an hour's duration. It can readily be proved from the length
of some of those which have been printed that they could not
have lasted longer than half an hour or twenty minutes. The
sand glass of sixty minutes was probably regarded as a limit
beyond which no self-respecting preacher could expect to retain
his hearers' attention. " The parson," says George Herbert,
" exceeds not an hour in preaching, because all ages have
thought that a competency, and he that profits not in that time
will belike afterwards, the same affections which made him not
to profit before making him then weary, and so he grows from
not relishing to loathing."
In fact, the church sand glass was not always confined to
the orthodox hour. In 1632 the wardens of All Saints, New-
castle-bn-Tyne, purchased " one whole hour-glasse and one halfe-
hour-glasse." At Pleasley, in Derbyshire, a half-hour glass
was bought in 1637 for 8d., and a similar one for St John's,
Southampton, in 1634. In the parish chest of East Stonham,
Suffolk, a case was found containing three sand glasses timed
to run respectively for an hour, for thirty minutes, and for
fifteen minutes (148). Coming down to modern times, it is
stated that an eighteen-minute sand glass was provided for the
Chapel Royal in the Savoy, as an expression of Queen Victoria's
rooted objection to long sermons.
The constructors of hour glasses were not always careful in
their sand measurements. An old hour glass, which used to be
in an East Anglian pulpit, has been repeatedly tested and always
chronicles forty -eight minutes.
HOUR GLASSES 153
\V. M.
Binfield Berkshire


The glass is fixed between two thin wooden discs, held
together by slender turned shafts, usually four in number, as at
Burlingham, Stoke-sub-Hamdon, or Hurst. The average height
is nine inches.
The hour glass was occasionally supported by an upright

iron bar affixed to the side of the pulpit, and terminating in
a more or less ornamental circular holder with a raised rim of
ironwork within which rested the glass and frame (158). At St
Michael's, St Albans, there is a beautiful and ornate support
of this character, and one of a far simpler nature at Wiggenhall
St Mary, Norfolk (149). See also the illustration of the one on
the fine early Jacobean pulpit of Wiggenhall St Germans, and
the straight iron supports of the one at Bloxworth, Dorset (156,
149). The more usual method was to attach an iron bracket to
the pulpit, or occasionally to the adjacent wall, and on some of
these supports considerable skill in ironwork was sometimes
expended. Perhaps the most ingenious of these brackets is the
one attached to the pulpit of Compton Bassett, Wilts. a large ;
fleur-de-lis rises from the centre of the iron bar, which serves as
a handle to enable the preacher to reverse the glass and stand ;
it will be noticed in the illustration that each end of the iron-
work frame is treated after a similar ornamental fashion (151).

The most elaborate and intricate ironwork connected with
an hour-glass bracket occurs at Binfield, Berks., attached to a
pulpit dated 1625 it is painted and enriched with numerous
;
small branches of oak leaves and acorns, some of which support

the arms of the Farriers and of the Smiths there is also the ;
legend, "Watch and pray that ye enternot into temptation" (153).

In the same county at Hurst there is another ornate instance
of hour-glass ironwork with sprigs of oak leaves and acorns,
painted and gilded, with date 1636. 1 But in this instance the
stand, though close to the pulpit, is attached to the adjacent
pillar. Affixed to the pillar is also a scroll inscribed :
"As this glasse runneth,

So man's life passethe."
The ironwork of the bracket at Salhouse, Norfolk, though

simpler, is also of considerable grace.
Pilton, North Devon, has a unique hour-glass support springing
out from its fifteenth-century stone pulpit it assumes the form of
;
a man's arm cut out of sheet iron and gilded (13). It is said that
there used to be a similar arm at Tavistock, North Devon. At
Cliffe, on the Kentish coast, there is a pulpit dated 1634, but there
1
It is engraved in Shaw's work on Dress and Decoration.
HOUR GLASSES 155
Hurst, Berkshire
i S 6 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
c
o
c
u
o
HKiLTttk.'" 'hJ' ^~ ^^BfrWv 'J^^^n

-
HOUR GLASSES 157
isattached to it a wooden bracket with low hour-glass, stand which

bears upon a shield in front the year 1636. At Stoke D'Abernon,
Surrey, there is some fine scrolled ironwork supporting the
squared hour-glass stand. The ironwork around the hour
glass of St John Baptist, Bristol, is an exceptionally fine bit
of smith's craftsmanship (151). Other good work is at Cowden,
Kent.
Edingthorpe, Norfolk, and Chelvey, Somerset, have simple
P. B. B.
Chelvey, Somerset Cowden, Kent
iron brackets attached to the pulpit, whilst those of Chilton,

Bucks., and Puxton, Somerset, cling to the walls (158).
This is not the place wherein to dilate on the history of sand
glasses as measurers of time apart from their use in church, but
it may be well to briefly chronicle a few facts. The ancient
astronomers made use of them in their observations of stars and
planets. They are said to have been in use in the days of
St Jerome (331-420). A
mediaeval time glass is represented in a
picture of St Jerome painted by Antonio del Fiore in 1436. The
sand glass was frequently used in measuring the " log " or speed
of a ship from the early seventeenth century to well on in the
last century. It was at last abandoned for this purpose on
account of its inaccuracy, the sand being much affected by
dampness or change of climate. Small sand glasses were
frequently carried by Edinburgh doctors late in the eighteenth
century for measuring the pulse of their patients. In at least one
instance, in Cornwall, the pulpit hour glass was removed to the
parsonage kitchen to aid in regulating the baking of meats, and
its kitchen use still survives in the three-and-a-half minute glass
for the orthodox boiling of eggs.
Chilton, Bucks. St Michael's, St Albans
By a natural symbolism the hour glass became the symbol

of time. Sir Thomas More makes Time declare " I whom :
thou seest, with horologe in hand, am named Time, the lord

of every hour." The hour glass was a favourite emblem, as is
shown by its being sculptured on hundreds of gravestones and
monuments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Strange
to say, it appears as the sign of two public houses in Walworth
and Upper Thames Street.
The poets have not failed to add the hour glass to their
imagery. It is not only mentioned by Shakespeare in the
" Merchant of Venice " and in the prologue to " Henry V.,"
;
HOUR GLASSES 159
but Gay's pastoral lover of a much later date prettily

sings :
" He said that heaven would take her soul no doubt,

And spoke the hour glass in her praise right out" ;
whilst Dryden, in striking lines, writes :
" Shake not his hour glass, when his hasty sand
Is ebbing to the last."
g. c. B.
Yaxley, Suffolk
The use of the sand glass in the pulpit and elsewhere was
doubtless dispelled by the multiplicity and cheapness of effective
watches. As to the measuring of time within churches, prior
to the introduction of the hour glass, it should be remembered
that the mediaeval use of clocks with dials, inside the churches,
can be shown to have been of common and early occurrence
outer dials on the towers were of later introduction. 1
1
Cox's Churchwardens' Accounts, pp. 228-31.
i6o PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
A List of Extant Hour-Glass Stands

St Albans, St Michael Ingworth, Norfolk
Alvescote, Oxon. Ivinghoe, Bucks.
Amberley, Sussex Kedington, Suffolk
Ashby-Folville, Leicestershire Keyingham, East Riding, Yorks.
Bamadiston, Suffolk Langley, East, Kent
Baltonsborough, Somerset Leasingham, Lines.
Barningham Norwood, Norfolk Leigh, Kent
Bassenthwaite, Cumberland Lessingham, Norfolk
Beckley, Oxon. Ledham, Norfolk
Belton, Lincolnshire Lezant, Cornwall
Billingford, Norfolk Loddington, Northants
Binfield, Berks. London St Alban's, Wood St.
Bishampton, Worcestershire (glass)
Bledington, Gloucestershire Longparish, Hants (glass)
Bletchingley, Surrey Lower Gravenhurst, Beds.
Bloxworth (glass), Dorset Marlingford, Norfolk (glass)
Boarhurst, Hants Merton, Norfolk
Boultham, Lines, (glass) Nassington, Northants
Bracebridge, Lines. Noke, Oxon.
Bradeston, Norfolk Norton Subcourse, Norfolk
Bristol, St John Baptist (glass) Norwich, St Mary Coslaney
Brooke, Norfolk (glass)
Burlingham St Edmund, Norfolk Oddingley, Worcester
(broken glass) Odell, Beds.
Bygrave, Herts. Offenham, Worcester
Capel, Surrey Pilton, Devon (glass)
Catfield, Norfolk Pitney, Somerset
Chelney, Somerset Polebrook, Northants
Chesham Bois, Bucks. Puxton, Somerset
Chilton, Bucks. Rudford, Gloucester
Cliffe, Kent, 1636 Rushton, Northants
Cowden, Kent (glass) Sacombe, Herts., in. vestry
Compton Bassett, Wilts, (glass) Salhouse, Norfolk
Easthope, Salop (glass) Sandford St Martin, Oxon.
East Langdon, Kent Sapperton, Lines.
Edingthorpe, Norfolk Scalby, North Riding, Yorks.
Edlesborough, Bucks. Selworthy, Somerset
Grately, Hants Shelsley Beauchamp, Worcester
Great Doddington, Northants Shorwell, Isle of Wight (glass)
Hameringham, Lines. Shouldham, Norfolk
Hammoon, Dorset (glass) Stalham, Norfolk
Henley, Oxon. Stifford, Essex, 16 11
Houghton, Sussex Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey
Hurst, Bucks., 1636 Stoke-sub-Hamdon, Somerset
Ingatestone, Essex (glass)
Inglesham, Wilts Strixton, Northants
HOUR GLASSES l6l
Sutton, Norfolk Wiggenhall St Germans (glass)

Taynton, Gloucester Wiggenhall St Mary, Norfolk
Thurlton, Norfolk Wisley, Surrey
Tytherleye, Beds. Wolvercot, Oxon.
Walpole St Andrew, Norfolk Wyverstone, Suffolk (hour glass
Warburton, Cheshire only)
Warnham, Sussex Yarmouth, Isle of Wight (glass)
Weston Favell, Northants Yaxley, Suffolk (glass)
Bibliography
Cox, J. Charles, Church Furniture (1907), 156-59.
Churchwardens' Accounts (1913), 132-33.
Chambers' Book of Days, vol. ii. pp. 713-15.
Fairholt, F. W., in British Arch. Assoc, iii. 301.
Cuming, H. Syer, in British Arch. Assoc, xxix. 130.
Allen, J. Romilly, in Cutts' Dictionary of the Church of England,
33-
Bloxam, M. H., in Gothic Architecture, iii. 132.
Andrews, W., Curiosities of the Church, 100.
Parker's Glossary, Text, p. 255.
1 62 PULPITS, LECTEKNS, AND ORGANS
Monksilver, Somerset
163
CHAPTER VIII
LECTERNS OF BRASS AND STONE

In the Early Christian churches a conspicuous feature of the
choir was the marble ambo or ambos many ancient examples ;
remain at Rome, Ravenna, and elsewhere. Even in mediaeval

churches these ambos or elevated desks were sometimes re-
tained e.g., in
; Perugia, Italy and in Zamora, Seville, and
;
Toledo, Spain, where they are still used for singing the epistle
and gospel. Far more often the big marble ambo dwindled
down to a lectern or book-rest of comparatively moderate
dimensions, taking the form either of a simple desk or of an
eagle or pelican with expanded wings on a pedestal. Till the
Reformation, the lectern of English churches retained its
original and proper position in the choir. Afterwards, when
it was employed to carry a Bible, it was moved in the smaller
churches from the choir to the east end of the nave. curious A
transitional treatment may be seen in some Devonshire churches,
e.g., Lapford and Swimbridge, where the oak eagle lectern
remains in the choir, but the mullions of the screen are cut
away so as to leave a square aperture through which the reader's
voice reaches the congregation in the nave. Careful scrutiny
of old rood-screens in village churches will occasionally show
that there has been similar treatment up and down the country,
whereby the expense of either a reading desk or a lectern was
saved, a simple book-rest being attached to the opening in the
screen. There are those living who can recollect this being the
arrangement on the south side of the elaborate Elizabethan
screen of Holdenby, Northamptonshire, previous to its
mutilation. 1 With this may be compared the arrangement at
Monksilver, Somerset (162).
The greater mediaeval churches possessed several lecterns ;
- ' This was first pointed out to me by Mr Micklethwaite, and on inquiry

of some of the older inhabitants this surmise was amply confirmed,
Wolborough, Devon
LECTERNS OF BRASS AND STONE 165
those of Durham are fully described in the often cited Rites of

Durham :

"At the north end of the High Altar there was a goodly fine Letteron
of brass . with a gilt pelican on the top of it, finely gilded, pulling
. .
her blood out her breast to her young ones, and wings spread abroad,
whereon did lie the book that they did sing the epistle and the gospel.
It was thought to be the goodliest letteron of brass that was in all this
country. Also there was low down in the quire another Letteron of
brass, not so curiously wrought, standing in the midst, against the stalls,
a marvellous fair one, with an Eagle on the height of it, and her wings
spread abroad, whereon the monks did lay their books, when they sung
their legends at mattins or at other times of service."
The inventories of King's College, Aberdeen, include three

brass lecterns " unus pro evangelio cantando ; alter pro epistola ;
;
et tertius pro legenda? The inventories of several other large

churches, such as Great St Mary, Cambridge, make mention
of two or more lecterns, though not so nicely defining their
objects as at Aberdeen.
As formerly at Durham, so still in Norwich Cathedral, the
brass lectern, of late Decorated character, c. 1375, is surmounted
by a pelican in her piety round the shaft which supports it,
;
rising from the base, are three small figures (bishop, priest, and
deacon), which by no means improve its appearance they were ;
added as recently as 1845. A

pelican lectern in oak also occurs
at Middleton, Hants.
The was the favourite choice right through
eagle, however,
the Middle Ages, as an emblem wherewith to crown the lectern
used for gospel-reading purposes. Some of the Fathers regarded
it as typical of the resurrection (Ps. ciii. 5) but the eagle is
;
the special symbol of St John the Divine, as it soars up heaven-

ward to the sun, for the Evangelist dwells specially in his
Gospel and the Revelation on the divine discourses and on the
glory of the Sun of Righteousness. Strange to say, it did not
excite the ire of ignorant vandal Protestants, as did the sight
of cross or crucifix, and when the monks flung their valuable
brass eagles into the nearest pond, as they did in several
instances, it was for the righteous object of cheating the covetous
king's looting commissioners of some of their spoil, and not
through fear of their being mutilated or destroyed. There was
a revival of their use in the seventeenth century, but more
especially after the Restoration of Church and king. The
extant eagles are chiefly of the fifteenth and early sixteenth
centuries the earlier ones, except a few of the fourteenth
;
century, whether of metal or wood, seem to have perished. At

Salisbury in 12 14 there was " tuellia una ad lectricum aquila"
'

In the Luttrell Psalter, written c. 1300, an eagle lectern is
represented. The third dressing of the Islip Roll, 1366, the
eagle lectern, from which the gospel was read, is shown on the
north of the altar.
The finely worked brass eagle at Southwell Minster was
presented to the church in 1 805 by Sir Richard Kay, Prebendary
of Durham, and subsequently Dean of Durham. It is inscribed
:
Oundle
" Orate pro an'"a Radulphi Savage et pro ani" abus Omn
'
Fidelium Defunctorum." It originally belonged to Newstead

Priory. At the Dissolution, the canons concealed some
documents inside the ball on which the eagle stands, and threw
it into the adjacent lake or pool. Thence it was dredged in
the eighteenth century, and passed into the hands of a
Nottingham dealer. In Washington Irving's account of his visit
to Newstead, it is stated that one of the documents was "'a
plenary pardon assured in advance for all kinds of crimes,"

It is scarcely necessary to say that it was nothing of the kind,

but was simply a royal general pardon by Henry V. of a usual
kind to raise money for the French war.
Another fine brass eagle which pretty closely resembles the
one at Southwell is in the Cambridgeshire church of Isleham.
There have been a number of more or less vague stories afloat
as to this lectern having been flung into a pond, or swamp of
the fens, and thence rescued, but the version given in Highways
and Byways of Cambridgeshire (1910) as to its having been dug
up " some half-century ago between Isleham and Soham," and
that both parishes lay claim to it, can be readily disproved. We
see no reason to doubt that this eagle is the " one lecturne of
lattyn " entered as part of the church goods of Isleham by
Edward VI.'s commissioners, and that it was flung into some
adjacent water or swamp to hide it from the avaricious agents
of the youthful king's Council. Edward VI. went one better
than his father, Henry VIII., who pillaged the monasteries it was ;
reserved for his son to pillage the parish churches. The Isleham
eagle has, on a moulding of the ball which supports the bird, a
diminutive shield of arms, and what looks at first sight like a
brief scroll inscription but it is far too much rubbed to be easily
;
deciphered. The coat of arms has at present eluded all

attempts at identification. It bears that commonest of all charges,
a chevron, apparently between three sets of five bezants or
roundles, and the apparent " inscription " resolves itself into
1
little groups of tiny roundels.
Peterborough Cathedral has a fine specimen of late fifteenth-
century work in the brass eagle lectern given by Abbot William
Ramsey (1471-96) and Prior Maiden. There are the remains
of an inscription, which when perfect (Gunton's History) ran :
" Haec tibi lectrina dant petre metallica Una

"
Jokes Maldon prior et Wills de Ramiseya.
The chief feature of St Gregory's, Norwich, is the fifteenth-
century brass eagle which bears the inscription " Orate pro :
animabus Willim Welbrok Rose et Johe uxor' ejus, A. Dni.

MCCCCLXXXXVH'
In some other cases inscriptions add to the interest in these
imperishable lecterns. The brass eagle of St Stephen's,
St Albans, bears the inscription " Georgius Creightown Episcopus
:
Dunkeldensis." It formed part of the plunder of Holyrood, and

was brought here by Sir Richard Lee. George, Bishop of
Dunkeld, ruled from 1527-30.
1
We have to thank the vicar, the Rev. H. Wilson Robinson, for sending
us a rubbing of the -shield.
:

At Oxburgh
church, Norfolk, is a fine brass eagle, six feet
high, with the base supported by the usual three lions.
Blomfield gives the inscription " Orate pro anima Thome Kyppyng
:
quondam tectoris de Narburgh." Thomas Kyppyng was rector of

Narburgh from 146 1 until his death in 1489; he also held a
chantry at Oxburgh.
The brass eagle of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was
presented by John Claymond, who was president from 15 16 to
1 537. It bears no date, but simply the words, "Joannes Claymond
Primus Praeses." This eagle, together with all the other ornaments
and vestments of the chapel, was carefully secreted during the
reign of Edward VI., but was
immediately forthcoming on
the accession of Queen Mary,
and all were in their place
when it was visited by Bishop
Gardiner.
One of the most interest-
ing survivals from the grievous
midnight fire which destroyed
the great parish church of
Croydon on 5th January 1867,
is the fifteenth-century brass
lectern eagle. The stem,
which has been much but
carefully restored, follows the
usual plan, being circular with
bands of projecting mould-
ings, but the lower part is
octagonal ; it rests on a
widely-spread circular base,
Redenhall, Norfolk supported on the backs of
three lions sejant. The stem
terminates in a sphere surmounted by an eagle with outspread
wings of the usual conventional type.
Newton Abbot, Devon, has a good brass eagle, which was
dug up at Bovey Heathfield, where it had been buried for safety
during the Commonwealth wars.
In the comely decking of the small church of Little Gedding,
Hunts., by Nicholas Ferrar in 1625, we read in his own MS.
that he provided " a pillar and eagle of brass for the Bible."
The eagle of the renewed St Paul's is the largest and finest
in England it measures 8 ft. 6 in. in height, and the breadth
;
across the wings is 3 ft. 3 in. The maker was Jacob Sutton
he was paid for it ^241. 15s. Four years later 477. 6s. was
69
Chipping Campden, Gloucester
22
:
IJO PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

paid for the brass fence round it, together with the desk at
which two minor canons used to chant the Litany. This great
lectern stood in the centre of the choir, but in 1871-72, when the
dome was made available for congregational purposes, it was
placed to the west of the choir steps, and at a later period
again moved to the north-eastern pier. It is not only of fine
design, but is so constructed this is often not so
as to be at an
angle convenient to the reader and not to require a supplementary
desk. In the St Paul's eagle the treatment is naturalistic the ;
conventional design of the mediaeval eagles was more often

followed in later days. In those the plumage was never more
than distantly and stiffly indicated, even on the wings and tail
while the surface of the body was simply scored with leaf-shaped
lines, to suggest rather than to imitate the small feathdrs. If
regarded closely it will be found that the actual eagles of the
fifteenth century differ slightly in the pose of their heads, in the
width and outline of their wings, and in the grip and length
of their talons. The eagle, indeed, of Redenhall, Norfolk, is
unique, for it is double-headed (168). But in the case of the stems
or shafts, rising from a circular base supported on three small
lions, they all follow a similar scheme, being circular, with bands
of widely projecting mouldings. Several of them have been
probably cast in the same mould. If the shafts of eagles are
compared, the distinctions between them are very slight. Even
that of Chipping Campden, a full century later, follows the same
plan as that of Bovey Tracey (169).
St Michael's, Coventry, had a brass eagle sold in 1645 at
5d. per lb. for $. 3s. 6d. it therefore weighed 392 lbs.
; The
neighbouring eagle, a fine example, at Holy Trinity, Coventry,
had a narrow escape from the like fate. In 1560 there was
y egle & candell stykes iod. & for mending
" pd for skouring d
d
of y egle's tayle i6d."
The eagle at Southwell has a sufficiently open beak to admit
of a coin being dropped in, and there is a kind of small trap-
door under the tail to permit of the withdrawal of the money.
This is also the case of the eagle at Woolpit, and, we believe, in
one other instance. This curious contrivance was doubtless
made for the reception of special offerings, probably on particular
occasions. Various remarks might be made with regard to
several of the other old brass eagles, but reasons of space prevent
any more being given, and we must be content with supplying a
list of such eagles, amounting to nearly fifty,
1
which we hope is
very nearly complete and correct.
1
A recently published ecclesiological dictionary has stated that the old
brass eagles in English churches are nearly a score in number !
LECTERNS OF BRASS AND STONE i;i
Bovey Tracey, Devon

Brass Eagle Lecterns, Including those of the

Seventeenth Century
Bovey Tracey, Devon Oxford, Corpus Christi College
Bristol, St Mary-le-Port, 1683, Wadham College, 1641
from the Cathedral Oundle, from Fotheringhay
Bristol, St Mary Redcliffe College
St Nicholas Oxburgh, Norfolk
Canterbury, 15 n Peterborough Cathedral, 1472
Cavendish, Suffolk Ramsey, Hunts.
Chipping Campden, Gloucester- Redenhall, Norfolk
shire, 1618 Salisbury Cathedral, 1719
Clare, Suffolk St Martin's
Coventry, Holy Trinity St Albans, St Peter's
Croft, Lincolnshire St Stephen
Cropredy, Oxon. St Paul's, 16
Croydon, Surrey Southampton, St Michael, c. 1450
Edenham, Lincolnshire Southwell Cathedral
Elm, Cambridgeshire Long Sutton, Lincolnshire
Little Gidding, Hunts., 1625 Upwell, St Peter's, Norfolk, c.
2
Huish Champfleurs, Somerset 13.80
Isleham, Cambridgeshire Wellington, Salop
Lowestoft, Suffolk Wells Cathedral, 1660
Lynn, St Margaret, Suffolk Wiggenhall St Mary's, Norfolk
St Nicholas, Wimborne, Dorset, 1633
Lincoln Cathedral, 1667 Wolborough, Devon
Newton Abbot, Devon Woolpit, Suffolk
Norwich, St Gregory, 1496 York Cathedral, 1686
There are a few mediaeval brass lecterns, with shafts or

stems like the eagles, but surmounted by double sloping desks.
The double-desked brass lectern of Yeovil bears the following
ungrammatical inscription in four lines :
" Precibus nunc precor cernuis

hinc eya rogate
Frater Martinus Forester
vita vigilet que beate."
The seems to be c. 1400. 3 On each side is the

lettering
demi effigy of a man. The lectern in Eton College chapel
of latten has a double book-desk with pierced cusped circles
containing shields with the arms of Eton and it is also engraved
;
1
2
3
Journ. Arch. Assoc, ix. 75, 76.
with the Evangelistic symbols. The circular stem, with

moulded necking and capital, terminates in a heavily moulded
circular base supported on four small lions. The date is
M75 (174)-
The beautiful brass lectern in the centre of the choir of
Eton College Chapel
King's College chapel, Cambridge, was given by Provost

Hacomblen (1509-28) ; it issurmounted by a brass statuette of
King Henry VI., who laid the foundation of the chapel in 1446.
In the chapel of Merton College, Oxford, is a beautifully
finished double-desked brass lectern, the gift of John Martock,
fellow. He formally bequeathed it, with other benefactions, by will
of 1503, but it had been in the chapel for many years previously.
It bears the inscription, " Orate pro anima magistri Johannis
Martok." The dolphin of Fitzjames occurs on each side.
Richard Fitzjames was warden from. 1483 to 1507. Here, as at
Yeovil, the widened circular base of the shaft rests on four small
lions.
The lectern of Wells Cathedral, which stands near the pulpit
on the north side of the nave, is a massive double desk of brass
Eton College Chapel
surmounted by ornamental work, including the arms of the see.

It rests upon a ball, and turned stem and base, all of brass.
Bishop Creyghton (1670-72), made dean in 1660, inscribed his
arms and this legend on each desk " Dr Robert Creyghton, upon
:
his returne from fifteen years' exile, wi'" our Sovereigne Lord
King Charles y 2 d made Dean of Wells in y' year 1660,
, gave
this Brazen Deske, with God's holy worde thereon, to the saide
Cathedral Church."
; ;

In the choir of St George's, Windsor, stands a beautiful
gilt latten lectern of Perpendicular design. The double desks
are pierced with a charming pattern, and the ridge is embattled
candle brackets project from each end. It is now used for
reading the lessons, but " anciently by the chanters where the
choir was ruled j" 1 as at S. Pietro, Bologna (175).
In connection with metal lecterns, it may be mentioned
that there is a lightly-framed double desk of iron, which seems
to be mediaeval, at Chippenham,
Cambs. In the wardens' accounts of
Mortlake, Surrey, there is an entry of
4s. " payd to the Smithe for the yron
desk for the Byble."
There are also a few examples
to be found of lecterns of stone or
marble.
There is a good stone reading
desk at Wenlock Priory, which pro-
bably came from the Chapter House. 2
It is boldly carved with twisted
conventional foliage, and is of late
twelfth-century or quite early thir-
teenth-century date. 3
The parish church of Crowle,
Worcestershire, has a remarkable
survival in the old lectern carved out
of a block of blue-grey limestone,
sunk to receive the book. The front
and sides are sculptured with a con-
ventional vine springing from inverted
lions' heads. In the centre of the
front is a beardless figure with bent
Chippenham, Cambs. knees, holding on to the vine with
both hands. Below the desk are a
central and four angle shafts with foliated capitals, but the
actual shafts are modern 4 they were supplied during " a
judicious restoration" of 1845. Previous to this the stone
had lain in the churchyard for many a long year. possible A
1
Sir W. John Hope's magnificent work on Windsor Castle, p. 448.
St
2
The Wenlock, Crowle, and Norton are fully described and
lecterns at
illustrated by Mr F. T. S. Houghton in the Proceedings of the Midland.
Institute for 13th January 1913.
3
Illustrated in Journ. Arch. Assoc, iii. 130.
4
Vict. Co. Hist. Wore, iii. 335.
LECTERNS OE BRASS AND STONE 177
Crowle, Worcester
23
178 PULPITS, LECTERNS AND ORGANS
tradition says that it was brought here from Pershore Abbey.

Its date is after 1200.
The church of Norton, near Evesham, has a lectern of white
limestone of the greatest possible interest. It is in the form of
a sloping desk, with a sunk face and projecting rim to hold the
book it; now rests on a modern shaft and capital. The
vertical sides are carved with foliage scrolls in high relief a ;
beast's head projects from the foliage on the north and south
sides, whilst two human heads with close curled hair show on
the east side. In the middle of the west face is the figure of
a fully vested bishop, or more likely abbot, with crosier in left
hand, and right hand raised in benediction. At the upper
F. t. s. H.
Norton, Worcester
angles on the west face are pinholes, probably for candle

brackets. This lectern was dug up on the site of Evesham
Abbey in 181 3, and described and illustrated in the Archceologia}
Mr Rudge, the writer, tried to identify it with lectricium retro-
chorum made by Thomas de Marlebenge in 12 17- 18, when he
was sacrist. In this he was clearly wrong, the style of work
is fully fifty years earlier. It may very possibly be the lectri-
cium capituli made by Abbot Adam (1 160-91), provided he
accomplished this work near the beginning of his rule. 2
At Gloucester Cathedral is a stone desk opposite to the
tomb of the murdered Edward II.; it is said that it was used
for the book from whence addresses were given to the pilgrims
to that shrine.
2
1
Vol. xvii. 278. See Vict. Co. Hist. Wore, vol. ii. 195, 419.
Etwall, Derbyshire
i8o PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
G. H. W.
Mickleover Spondon
Crich Chaddesden
LECTERNS OF BRASS AND STONE l8l
Occasionally a small stone of a simple character obtrudes

from the north chancel wall close to the high altar, where it
doubtless served as a gospel lectern. This seems to be to
some extent a local custom, as it occurs mostly in Derbyshire,
but probably for no better cause than the instinct of similarity.
In Derbyshire this gospel lectern is to be found, in the same
position, in the six churches of Chaddesden, Crich, Etwall,
Mickleover, Taddington, and Spondon. They also occur at
Paull (broken), Pocklington, Ottrington, and Rous, East Riding
Yorks. ; at Chipping Warden, Northants ; and at Walsoken,
Norfolk.
Stone desks are also recorded at South Burlingham, Norfolk,
and Chesterblade, Somerset.
At the west end of Beckley church, Oxon., there is a curious
stone desk attached to one of the piers, near the font, which may
have been intended to support the mediaeval Manual during
the baptismal office.
182
CHAPTER IX
LECTERNS OF WOOD
The emblem of the eagle in wood, in use for lecterns, was
probably commoner in England's mediaeval days than those in
brass. At the present time the extant number of old wooden
eagles is about twenty, as compared with fifty in brass. But it
must be remembered how perishable is wood as compared with
brass, and how readily the former could be destroyed. In
examining wooden eagles, it is readily seen how much easier
the plumage can be reproduced in wood than in metal. It
would also be a far less expensive material for the ordinary
parish church. Although the shafts or stems of the oak eagle
lecterns are much more varied than those in brass, it is curious
to note how in several of them, as at Redenhall, Norfolk, and
Holy Rood, Southampton, some attempt has been made to repro-
ducethe stiff circular mouldings of their fellowsinbrass. The shafts
of St Cross, Winchester, and of Holy Rood, Southampton, are
much more in accord with what we should expect in Perpen-
dicular woodwork the shaft of Leighton Buzzard is remarkably
;
simple and plain, whilst the base of the fine eagle at Astbury,
Cheshire, is strange and massive but effective (185). Redenhall
church, Norfolk, is as eccentric in its wooden eagle as we have
already shown it to be in its double-headed eagle of brass the;
tips of the inner wings rise up, and by joining their tips to the
head of the eagle, on a line with its eyes, two almost circular
openings are found on each side of the eagle's neck, whether it
is regarded from the front or back (184). The worker in wood
could far more easily produce unexpected effects than his brother
craftsman in metal. At the great church of St Cross, Winchester,
there is a somewhat remarkable wooden eagle which has attained
the name of " the parrot eagle " from the stunted form of its
beak. It is quite obviously intended for an eagle, and the beak
and head are about as much like an eagle as a true parrot. The
malformation very possibly arose from some flaw in the wood
which the sculptor was not able to overcome. But the name
LECTERNS OF WOOD 183
it, and on the occasion of two visits we overheard the

clings to
bedesman verger telling two totally different yarns, both equally
untrue, to gaping visitors, in order to account for this pseudo
name (195).
Leighton Buzzard Redenhall, Norfolk
The fine fourteenth-century eagle at Holy Rood, Southampton,

holds a dragon with upturned head beneath its claws.
In the south aisle of Bledlow, Bucks., is a wooden eagle
with head looking backwards. The eagle is pre-Reformation,
but the shaft and base are modern. The wooden eagle of
Monksilver, Somerset, has lost the lower part of its stand, and is
attached to the chancel screen (162).
In Stoke D'Abernon church there is a wooden eagle lectern
of foreign design it is said to have come from Belgium and to
:
have been placed here in the first half of the last century. The
lectern at St Thomas's, Exeter, came from the cathedral, and in
1847 was supplied with feathers; originally it was featherless,
like the eagle at Ottery St Mary.
Redenhall, Norfolk
The following is an attempt at a complete list of the surviving

old wooden eagles :
Astbury, Cheshire Ottery St Mary, Devon
Bledlow, Bucks. Phillack, Cornwall
Bigbury, Devon Redenhall, Norfolk
East Brent, Somerset Southampton, Holy Rood (four-
Exeter, St Thomas teenth century)
Keddington, Lincolnshire Sparsholt, Berks, (fourteenth
Lapford, Devon century)
Laughton-en-Ie-Morthen, West Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey
Riding, Yorks. Swimbridge, Devon
Leighton Buzzard, Beds. Wheathamstead, Herts.
Leverington, Cambs. Winchester Cathedral Choir
Monksilver, Somerset St Cross
Astbury, Cheshire
T. M. G. I.
Detling, Kent
LECTERNS OF WOOD I8 7
More often the wooden lectern is desk-shaped it may com- ;
prise only a single desk, as at Bury, Hunts. frequently two ;
desks, as at Shipdham, Norfolk or even four desks, as at

;
Detling, Kent. Sometimes the desk revolves, as at Wood

Newton, Northants. In Bristol Cathedral is a desk on wheels
with a cupboard in the middle. Painted lecterns occur at
Littlebury, Essex, and Ranworth, Norfolk whilst several others
;
of the fifteenth century show traces of former colouring and

gilding. Ranworth's plain desk is unique, for it retains painted
T. M. G. L.
-Detling, Kent
on it a versicle, with the old musical notation ; this desk used

to stand on the rood-loft (188).
Several lecterns have of late years been made up of old
fragments of mediasval carving or panelling, and are apt to
deceive the unwary as to their age, notably at Bodmin, Cornwall,
and at Edith Weston, Rutland.
Bury, 1 Hunts., has the oldest of such lecterns, dating from
early in the Decorated period. Not far behind comes the striking
four-sided lectern of Detling with beautiful decorated carving,
c. 1320. Each of the desks is carved with different geometrical
1
Engraved in Parker's Glossary, ii. PI. 21.
traceried designs. There is an effective cresting, in the centre
of which is the pedestal intended, we presume, for candlestick
arms. This desk would be used for antiphonal singing, and it
has been suggested that it may have been brought here from
the neighbouring abbey of Leeds or Boxley.
;
fourteenth century. It is thus described by Mr Peers in the

Victoria History of the county (ii. 521): " The old revolving desk
is unfortunately lost, but the wooden stem, composed of eight
slender filleted shafts with moulded capitals and base, is in fairly
good condition, and stands on an original moulded stone base,
an octagon set diagonally on a square. Traces of red paint
remain on the wood." When visiting this church in the 'seventies
of last century, the present writer was told by an old man that
he well remembered "the swinging top," as he called it it was ;
broken off and much damaged by the fall of a ladder during

some repairs to the roof.
Ran worth, Norfolk
Shipdham, Norfolk, is probably the finest example of wooden

lecterns now surviving. It isof fifteenth-century date, c. 1470
the design is of much beauty and merit. This lectern is
constructed with a triangular shaft consisting of three but-
tresses, the angles between them being ornamented with lines
of small quatrefoils from top to bottom. This 'shaft rests on
a base of three members extended in triangular form, and
each supported by a lion sejant. At the top there is an
embattled capital, which supports a double desk of the usual
form ; the sides of the desk are richly carved with circular
designs, two on each, of varied tracery. The ends are also
filled with quatrefoils and foliage, whilst a cresting of leaves
forms the ridge. The actual desk underwent a slight and most
careful restoration in 1856, but the rest is quite original.
J. T. L.
Shipdham, Norfolk
In the nave of Ivinghoe, Berks., is a wooden fifteenth-century

lectern on a hexagonal stem with a wide moulded base.
East Harling, Norfolk, used to be possessed of a singularly
interesting wooden lectern of Decorated style. It consisted of
LECTERNS OF WOOD IQI
Ramsey, Hunts.
All Saints, Pavement, York

a lozenge-shaped shaft, rising from a plain cross-bar base, but

having a circular moulded capital. The double desk had an
embattled top, and the ends were well carved with cinquefoil
cusping and diaper work. 1 On inquiring for this desk four or
five years ago, the present writer was informed that, through
some gross carelessness, it was "lost or stolen" during a restora-
tion of 1878-79. Rumour has it that it was secretly purchased
by some unprincipled American, and that it is now in an episcopal
church near Boston.
Scole, near Diss, possesses a simple
but most effective example of a wooden
lectern of the fifteenth century. It
consists of an octagonal stem or shaft
without any capital, but is supported on
a graduated moulded base terminating
in a square, having a boldly carved open
single oak leaf at each angle. The desk
2
is of'a plain double character.
Ramsey, Hunts., has a singularly

good double-desked lectern, c. 1450,
doubtless used in the old abbey, and
now bearing a sixteenth-century chained
Bible the ridge is embattled, but the
;
chief feature is the shaft supported by

three widely projecting buttresses with
pierced tracery, and each crowned with a
diminutive figure ( 1 9 1 ). Another double-
desked fifteenth-century lectern with a
buttressed shaft, and four small figures
between them, is that of All Saints,
Pavement, York it is supposed to have
;
been brought here from the church of

St Crux (192). The good eighteenth-
century double-desked lectern of Blyth-
burgh, Suffolk.with the end pierced by East Hendred, Berks,
open quatrefoils, has often been illus-
trated (188). Two other good but fairly plain double lecterns
of the fifteenth century occur at Lingfieldj Surrey, and at St
Michael-at-Thorn, Norwich. 3
In his Little Guide to Berkshire, Mr Brabant states that
1
Illustrated in Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, PL xx., 1st Series (1847) ; also
in Norfolk Arch., vii. 123.
2 Illustrated on PL 2 of Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, 1st Series, 1847.
3 Illustrated in Dr Cox's Norfolk Churches, ii. 185.
25
A. E.
St Michael's, College Hill, London

;
LECTERNS OF WOOt) 195
the lectern of East Hendred

pre-Reformation and curious "
is "
;
it certainly is single-desked simple lectern is

curious, for this
supported on a shaft which terminates in a human foot there is ;
also a projection for a lower book-rest (193). Buckinghamshire

has four seventeenth-century wooden lecterns. At Swanbourne is
an oak lectern with turned shaft, resting on four feet with scrolled
braces ;at Long Crendon is a wood lectern, with a circular
shaft, late seventeenth century; in the south aisle of Quainton
church, resting on an altar-
table, is an oak desk with
carved ornaments, bearing
the names of the church-
wardens and date 1682 in ;
the gallery at Cublington is

a revolving hexagonal desk,
with turned post and curved
feet, given, as inscribed, by
Joseph Neale, 1675.
Other wooden lecterns
not hitherto mentioned in-
clude Littlebury, Little
Horkesly, Newport, and
Shalford (all Perpendicu-
lar), Essex ; Lyme Regis
(double), seventeenth cen-
tury, Dorset; Maisey-
Hampton, 1623 (with book-
chain), Gloucestershire ;
Aldbury (double), Herts. ;
Lenham, Kent Epworth ;
J. F. E.
and Swaton, Lincolnshire ;
St Cross, Winchester
Bitterley, Salop ; Cheddar,
Chedzoy (double, revolving,
painted), 1618 ; High Ham (curious design), Wedmore,
Somerset Wednesbury, Staffordshire Hawkstead, Hopton-by-
; ;
Lowestoft, and Lavenham, Suffolk East Coulston, Wilts. ;
Harthill and Kirkheaton x (double), Yorkshire.

At Boscombe, Wilts., there is an oblong deal stand with
sloping desk round which the church band used to gather its use ;
is remembered by several of the older inhabitants.

Some of the London city churches possess examples of post-
Restoration lecterns ; e.g., St Michael's, College Hill.
1
Temp. Charles II., Arch. Assoc. Sketch Book, 1808.
ig6 pulpits, lecterns, and organs

Cumnor, Berks.
;
197
CHAPTER X
READING DESKS
" This abomination," as the hand-book of the old Cambridge
Camden Society unkindly describes it, " was first devised in the
beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Till that time, of
course, the priest said the service nowhere but in the choir
the only seat which he ought to use is his stall in the choir."
It is curious to note how the use of a reading-desk at the
east end of the nave has died out in nine-tenths of English
churches during the last half-century the old custom of reading
;
matins and evensong from a choir-stall is now everywhere

prevalent.
As the Reformation gradually developed, the use of a special
desk or pew gained ground, but there was much diversity of
practice in the earlier years of Elizabeth, and much depended
upon the caprice of particular bishops.
In a paper found among Secretary Cecil's MSS., it is noted
that in that year some ministers performed Divine service in the
chancel, others in the nave, and some in a seat made in the
church.
In 1569 Bishop Parkhurst of Norwich ordered that "in all
smaller churches there be some convenient seat outside the
chancel door . . where the minister may say the whole of the
.
Divine service, that all the congregation may hear and be edified
therewith." In 1571 Archbishop Grindal of York gave the follow-
ing precise directions " That the people may the better hear the
:
morning and evening prayer when the same by the minister is

said, and be the more edified thereby, we do enjoin that the
churchwardens of every parish, at the charges of the parish,
shall procure a decent low pulpit to be erected and made in the
body of the church out of hand, wherein the minister shall stand
with his face toward the people when he readeth morning and
evening prayer provided always that where the churches are
;
very small, it shall suffice that the minister stand in his

accustomed stall in the choir, so that a convenient desk or
lectern, with room to turn his face towards the people, be there
provided," etc.
At St Peter Cheap, London, there was "paid for 2 matts
for the pewe wherein Mr Parson saithe the service, the Xth daie
of November, 1 568 vj d." ;
Clevedon, Somerset
In the accounts of 1577 for St Mary, Shrewsbury, is an item

for " colouring the curates deske."
At last it was definitely made obligatory by the Canons of
1603 "that a convenient seat be made for the minister to read
service in."
But very few examples are extant of the ministers' pews of
Elizabethan date. In the little disused church of Sutton, near
Shrewsbury, the reading desk is carved, " Richard Atkys, Schdle-

READING DESKS I99
master, 1582." At Barwick, Somerset, the letters " W. H." are on

the reading desk door they are said to be the initials of William
;
Hope, who was patron of the church in early Elizabethan days.

Harleston, Northants, is dated 1591.
Sometimes the reading pew had double desks, so that the
minister could face either west or south the first position for the
;
lessons, and the latter for the rest of the service. But as a rule
they were set with their backs severely to the altar. Old double
desks of this description may be noted at Clevedon, Somerset
(198), East Ilsley, Berks., and Woodford, Northants good ex- ;
amples of seventeenth-century reading desks may be noted at

Salford Prior, Warwickshire (1616), Chedzoy, Somerset, with
double arcading (1620), and Mayfield, Staffordshire, inscribed
in raised letters, " Mr William Barton, Vicar of Mafield, entred
March 10,1630." That great trophy of Jacobean carving erected
at Croscombe, Somerset, by Bishop Lake in 1616, included a fine
reading desk. Cumnor, Berks., is a singularly large and hand-
some example another is seen at Tawstock, Devon (196).
;
George Herbert made his pulpit and reading desk equal in

height " so as to be of equal honour and estimation, and agree
like brethren."
But this idea also occurred to another devout churchman of
the same period, for Nicholas Ferrar, when embellishing the small
church of Little Gidding, Hunts., in 1625, placed both pulpit and
reading desk on the same level opposite each other, " it being
thought improper that a higher place should be appointed for
preaching than that which was allotted for prayer."
It is worth noticing that no mention of the new desk was
introduced into the Prayer Book till 1661, since which time the
Preface to the Commination Service directs "After Morning
Prayer . the Priest shall, in the Reading Pew or Pulpit,
. .
say," etc.
A
synonym for " reading desk " was " reader's pew." Thus
Christopher Harvey sings :
"But, if my pulpit-hopes shall all prove vain,

I'll back unto the reading pue again."

200
CHAPTER XI
DESKS FOR CHAINED BOOKS

There isanother kind of desk, or lectern, or stand for books
which yet number of our churches, though not
tarries in a fair
connected, except in the case of Bibles, with public worship.
These were the desks upon which rested chained books for the
use of private readers.
As printing gained ground, and books obtained admission
to even the humblest of homes, a chained book became an
anachronism, and no wonder that the stands to which they were
attached became so much useless lumber, especially as such
stands rarely if ever consisted of ornamental or carved wood-
work. As early as 1622, an enlightened benefactor left a
number of books to be stored in the parish church of Repton,
Derbyshire, provided they were not chained, but lent according
to the discretion of the minister and wardens. By the close of
the seventeenth century the custom of chaining books came
almost to an end.
It is a great mistake to imagine that the chaining of books
in churches came in with the Reformation. Lyndwood's will
of 1443 provides for the chaining of his Provinciate in a chapel
of Westminster Abbey. Sir Thomas Lyttleton bequeathed
several works to the abbey of Hales Owen, in 1481, "to be
bounden with an yron chayn so that all priests and others may
se and rede when it plesyth them." Thomas, Earl of Ormond,
directed in 1514 that his glossed Psalter (doubtless in English)
be fastened with a chain to his tomb in the city church of St
Thomas Aeon.
The wardens' accounts of St Michael's, Cornhill, for 1475
contain the following entry :
For lengyng of an yron cheyne and making it to serve to

the glosed sawter in our Lady Chappell ij d.
The following highly interesting set of books were chained

in the Lady chapel of All Saints, Derby, according to an entry,
c. 1525, in the parish books :

DESKS FOR CHAINED BOOKS 201
These be the bokes in our lady Chapell tyed with chenes y' were
gyffen to Alhaloes Church in Derby.
In primis one Boke called summa summarum.
Item A boke called Summa Raumundi.
Item Anoyer called pupilla occuli.
Item Anoyer called the Sexte.
Item A boke called Hugucyon.
Item A boke called Vitas patrum.
Item Anoyer boke called pauls pistols (English).
Item A boke called Januensis super evangeliis dominicalibus.
Item A greete portuose.
Item Anoyer boke called legenda Aurea (probably printed). 1
In 1590 Thomas Iken left to the Shropshire church of

Hodnet, "tenn shillinges in monye to buye a deske and a
chaine" for the preservation of Erasmus' Paraphrase, Foxe's
Martyrs, and Jewel's Apology.
The books that remain chained are but few, and are chiefly
confined to the three just mentioned, with an occasional Bible,
but the number of churches which retain a book or books that
show they have been chained is certainly upwards of one
hundred and fifty they are often stowed away in chests or
;
cupboards. 2 The
stands of diverse kinds that are yet extant are
probably under forty. It seems only necessary to give two
illustrations, namely a single stand at Sherborne St John, Hants,
and a later double stand, for several volumes, at Breadsall,
Derbyshire the latter was reduced to ashes in June 191 4, when
;
the ancient church of Breadsall was burnt by militant suffragists.

The following is a list of some of the more important stands that
are still (or until recently) extant (202) :
Appleby, Westmoreland. Stand with 3 vols, of Foxe, west end of south

1632.
aisle,
Breadsall, Derbyshire, Double reading desk with folding lids, 4 vols.
each side.
Bristol, St Mary Redcliffe. Desk for chained Bible.
Cavendish, Suffolk. Double desk, with Jewel and Homilies.
Bromsgrove, Wore. Desk with chained Jewel.
Cirencester, Glouc. Desk for chained book.
Cumnor, Berks. Desk for 161 1 Bible.
1
Soon after Dr Cox discovered these early parish books and restored
them to the church, Mr Henry Bradshaw, University Librarian, Cambridge,
supplied a valuable series of notes on them to the Chronicles of All Saints,
pp. 175-77-
2
Upwards of one hundred are named in the first edition of Church
Furniture (1907), pp. 336-40, and many entries have been since added.
26
202 PULPITS, LECTERNS. AND ORGANS
c
X
C
O
o
XI

DESKS FOR CHAINED BOOKS 203
Fairford, Glouc. Lectern with chained early edition of Calvin's

Institutesand Whole Duty of Man, 1725.
Frampton Cotterell, Glouc. Chained Jewel on an old lectern
Hodnet, Salop. Chained books on a Jacobean stand.
Kinver, Staff. Desk 7 feet long, Foxe (1581), Jewel (1609), and two
others.
Kingston, Devon. Bible (1617) on stand.
Lingfield, Surrey.Bible and Jewel, chained on a double desk.
Northampton, St Giles. Desk in north chancel chapel, Calvin (1609),
Homilies (1676).
Sherborne St John, Hants. A triple desk, with the three vols, of
Foxe's Martyrs.
Towcester, Northants. Desk, south aisle, Bible, Homilies, and Foxe.
Wiggenhall, Norfolk. Bible, Foxe, Jewel, and Homilies, chained to a
desk.
Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire. Calvin (1573), Jewel (161 1), and ten
other vols, chained to a curiously planned desk given by George
Dunscombe, vicar, ob. 1652.
York, All Saints, Pavement. Jewel on an old lectern.

204
CHAPTER XII
ORGANS AND ORGAN CASES

There is no necessity in these limited pages to enter into
questions of the rise and origin of organs, or of their gradual
development and accessories all this can be found set forth
;
with precision and detail in the authoritative pages of Messrs

Hopkins' and Rimbault's several editions of The Organ, and in
Sir George Grove's Dictionary of Music. Much is to be learnt
from the delightful pages of the Rev. F. W. Galpin's English
Instruments of Music (1910). Our only concern is with a few
preliminary words as to the early use of organs in England, and
notices of the more remarkable of the older cases. These old
organ cases are for various reasons of considerably less interest
in England than in Switzerland, France, Germany, or Spain.
Church organs were introduced into England at least as
early as the dawn of the eighth century. St Aldhelm, who died
in 709, states that native workmen ornamented the front pipes
of their organs with gilding. He is supposed to have erected
the first organ at Malmesbury, of which he was abbot from 680
to 705, and that it was this organ which inspired his graphic
description. Fanitius describes an organ erected by St Dunstan
in the tenth century at this same abbey of Malmesbury, and
says that he saw the following distich on a brass plate attached
to the instrument :
" Organa do Sancto Praesul Duns tans Adelmo

Perdat hie aeternum qui vult hinc tollere regnum."
Dunstan also erected organs for the abbeys of Glastonbury

and Abingdon. In 951 Elphege, Bishop of Winchester, built
one for that minster, which is said to have required several men
to set the keys in motion, and fill the four hundred tubes with
air. From this date onwards the large minster or abbey churches
became speedily supplied with organs, and by the thirteenth
century the larger parish churches were equally well equipped.
They multiplied exceedingly during the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, so that it was, we believe, difficult to find any church
ORGANS AND ORGAN CASES 205
4s? i-
L~
F. H. S. F. H. S.
Old Radnor, Wales Old Radnor

of decent proportion destitute of such an instrument. At all
events, so far as they have been investigated, there is not a
single extant set of pre-Reformation churchwardens' accounts
which does not abound with items relative to the repair or
supply of organs. 1 It would be quite an easy matter to fill
at least fifty pages of this size with such extracts we must ;
be content with a few items from two or three of the more

interesting.
The accounts of St Petrock, Exeter, show that a rood-loft
was erected in 1458-59. In 1472-73 a seat was made at a cost
of 7s. for use when playing on the organs in the rood-loft about ;
this date the clerk of the church received 6s. 8d. a year for
playing the organs. In 15 19 new organs were purchased for
10 and "the olde pair sold."
1455 (St Margaret, Southward). For a peyre of newe
Organes -
v li. vj s. viij d.
For a pleyer to pley upon the same Organes hyred
in Chepe xiij s. iiij d.
To Mychell upon the organes

for pleying xij s.
1457. To John Fychelle Organ pleyer - xl s.
15 1 3 (St Mary, Cambridge). Payed to a blak Fryer in Estir

holidaies for to pley atte Orgaynes xvj d.
1526. For a skynne ledir to amend the organs ix d.
1527. For a new handell makyng for the orgayne to keylle ij d.
P d for a quartt off Suett wyne to the orgyn makyr for ys
relabor iiij d.
1537. Payed for ij lokkes and iij Jemens (hinges) for the
Organnys xiiij d.
Payd for a staffe for the Belowes of the said Organnys iiij d.
1543. Item of Thomas Canam for xliiij li. of tynne comyng
of the old orgayne pypes xj s.
1557. Payd to Dyall for playeng of our orgaynes from the
xij
th
of May to the iiij" 1 of June ij s. viij d.
1559. For a booke called a grayle for the organys iij s. iiij d.
For byndyng of the booke for the orgayns viij d.
The numerousparish accounts of the city churches abound

in organ The earliest of them is for 1433, when
entries.
St Peter Cheap paid 6s. 8d. " for ye Organs mendyng."
There were two organs at the church of St Mary-at-Hill, the
smaller one in the choir and the larger one probably on the
rood-loft. The inventory of 1496 names "ij peyre of old
organs," whilst the inventory of 1553 mentions "ij paire of
Organs y one gretter yen y other." The accounts for the
1
See Dr Cox's Churchwarden? Accounts (1913), pp. 196-204.
2o8 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
latter year enter 5 s. 6d. " for mending the great organs and
mendynge the bellowes and for mendynge the lytell organs."
In 1477 one Walter Pleasance was paid 6d. " for playing at the
organs " on St Barnabas' day.
1519-20. For Bryngyng of the Orgons from Seint Andrewys

to our chirche agent Seint Barnabas Eve ij d.
For the beryng home of the Orgon to Seint
Andrewys iij d.
1521-22. To the Orgonmaker for the Orgons in money
besidse that was gaderid and for bryngyng home
of the same orgons x s. viij d.
To the Orgonmaker as aperith by Identure for the

oversight of the orgons for certen yeris, yerely
to now xij d.
1523-24. To John Northfolke for a Rewarde for kepyng the

Quere and the Orgons all the xij days in Cristemas vj s. viij d.
Paid for brede and Drynk spent uppon the Orgon-
maker and other of the parisshe in the tyme
of the Amendyng of the Orgons xj d.
1524-25. To the Orgonmaker for mendyng the Orgons

accordyng to the Mynde of M r
Northfolke and
at his devyse ij s.
To the iij Almesmen, to every of them ij d. for

theyre weke when they do blaw the orgons
when ther weke comyth - viij s. viij d.
The organ used always to be described as organs in the

plural, and usually as "
a pair of organs." This latter term, often
erroneously interpreted, is simply an equivalent to the word " set,"
and means an instrument of more pipes than one. " pair ofA
"
beads used to be an equally common expression, meaning a
set and not two. Nearly a score of like examples of this use of
the word " pair " in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries could
be adduced. We
still speak or write of a pair of steps or stairs

"two pair back" when a flight of several steps is intended.
An amusing instance is still common enough among humbler
folk in the West of England and elsewhere, when pair of drawers
is said or written, implying a chest of drawers.
"
The parish accounts but rarely mention the small " regals
or portable organs which could even be carried and played at
the same time, for they had gone much out of fashion in the
days during which these accounts survive. They occur, however,
at St Peter Cheap, when Howe, the organ-maker, usually called
Father Howe, was paid 3s. in 1555 for repairs to "doble regalls,"
and 2s. in the following year " for ij new pypes for the organs,
and basse to the regalls." But there are various references to
ORGANS AND ORGAN CASKS 209
Framlingham, Suffolk
27
2IO PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS
the comparatively small primitive organs, which, though played
from a stand, could be moved about as required from one part of
the building to the other, or even carried on special occasions to
another church, as we have already seen in the accounts of
St Mary-at-Hill.
English church organs of this period usually stood on the
rood-loft, though occasionally on a special loft of their own. An
additional smaller pair of organs often stood in the choir or the
Lady chapel of the larger churches.
Objections to the use of organs were strongly urged by the

more puritanical of the reformers "those poor withered souls,"
as Sir W. Richmond aptly calls them of the sixteenth century.
On 13th February 1562, among articles put down for discussion
by the Geneva element in the Lower House of Convocation was
one to the effect " That the use of Organs be removed." There
were 117 votes recorded, and organs were only saved by a
majority of one ! In 1561 Bishops Grindal and Home wrote to
their continental supporters that they disapproved of the use of
organs. It is no wonder, then, that various parishes got rid of
their organs about the middle of Elizabeth's fickle reign,
anticipating that they would shortly be seized by the Crown or
by Church officials. This is the explanation of an entry
previously cited from the accounts of St Peter Cheap." The
attack on organs was renewed some ten years later, and certain
parishes, like St Laurence, Reading, avowedly sold their
instruments lest they should be " forfeited into the hands of the
organ-takers."
In 1644, ordinances of the Lords and Commons of 9th May
enjoined that " all organs and the frames and cases in which they
stand, in all churches and chappels shall be taken away and
utterly defaced, and none other hereafter set up in their places."
Nevertheless some escaped, but chiefly in cathedral or collegiate
churches.
After the Restoration organs came in again apace. English-
men had practically lost the art of organ-making. Bernard
Smith (usually known as Father Smith), a German, and Thomas
and Rene Harris, Frenchmen, were the chief craftsmen to supply
the demand.
As to organ cases, they do not appear to have been known
till towards the close of the fourteenth century. Apart from the
Continent, the oldest organ case is that of Old Radnor, which
stands on the north side of the chancel. This handsome and
curious case is a blending of Renaissance work with a distinct
survival of Gothic feeling. The linen-fold panelling is elaborate,
and distinctly good it is repeated at the sides up to the total
;
ORGANS AND ORGAN CASKS 211
height of eighteen feet. The date is clearly late Tudor, and not
Jacobean as sometimes stated. It seems to us more likely to be
quite late Henry VIII. than Marian or Elizabethan. The case
has been most carefully restored, and fitted to a new instrument.
Another beautiful organ case is that at Framlingham, in
Suffolk ;it dates from 1674, and was brought here from Pem-
broke College, Cambridge. The organist is screened off by

scroll work of exquisite Renaissance design. The natural notes
of the keyboard are black, whilst the short keys or semi-tones
are white.
Good organs and their cases seem to have acquired a habit
Framlingham, Suffolk
of migrating. For instance, the fine organ front of St Peter

Mancroft, Norwich, was purchased about 1875, and now stands
in the south chancel aisle of St Nicholas, Yarmouth. As there
are manifold and marvellous stories about the splendid organ
of Yarmouth, it may be well to state that this fine instrument
was built by Abraham Jorden, in 1733, for this church, and was
erected at the west end of the south aisle. In 1869 it was
removed to the north transept. In 1875 it was again removed,
divided into two sections, and placed in the two chancel aisles.
The St Peter Mancroft organ front harmonised so nearly with the
old case, now in the north aisle, that arrangements were made
for its acquisition. When the imposing new chapel of St
John's College, Cambridge, was built, 1862-69, the good front
of the old organ was moved to the church of Bilton, near Rugby.
But the strangest case of migration remains to be told in
connection with "the Milton organ," as it is usually termed
at Tewkesbury Abbey. Magdalen College, Oxford, obtained a
new organ in 1637. When organs were prohibited for worship
by the Commonwealth, Protector Cromwell had it removed to
Hampton Court, where the poet Milton is reputed to have played
on it. At the Restoration this instrument was restored to
Magdalen College, who had it re-erected in the chapel, and
repaired by Dallam. In 1737 the college disposed of it to
Tewkesbury, and it stood on the screen there until 1875. It
is now in the chancel. There is also a fine organ case at the
most interesting church of Stanford, Northamptonshire. To
this a story of migration is attached, which as usually told and
printed cannot be possible. It appears to be true that it came
from old Whitehall Palace, but that it was transhipped there
-
from Magdalen College chapel must be wrong.

There is a beautiful organ of much merit and chaste design
at St Margaret's, Lynn (211). It bears :
" Jflhannes Suetzlar Londini fecit 1754."

Among other fine cases of some age are those of the
cathedral churches of Worcester, Gloucester, Norwich, St Paul's,
Southwell, and Manchester; Christ's College (1636) and Pem-
broke College (1664), Cambridge; 1 and the parish churches
of Finedon, Northants, and Abingdon (1666), Berks. 2 All
Hallows, Lombard Street, has one of the best organs of the
Wren churches. 3
In the basement of the new London Museum, at Stafford

House, in a bad light it is worthy of a better place is the
well-finished case of a small choir organ of the Grinling Gibbons
type, which was originally made for Westminster Abbey in 1660,
and held an instrument of Father Schmidt's. After its ejection
it was stored for some time in the tower of St Margaret's, West-
minster, and afterwards given to Bransbury chapel, demolished

in 1705.
The old organs of St George's, Windsor, seem to have been
destroyed in early Reformation days. In 1609 Thomas Dallam
of London, a well-known organ-maker, was instructed to build
new organs, and payments connected with their construction
appear for several years. In Ashmole's Order of the Garter there
1
2
3
Illustrated in Archit. Review, March 1903.
is a plate by Hollar giving a west view of the organ screen and

organ. The case is a beautiful Renaissance design, with angels
blowing trumpets on the tops of the side towers. Charles II.'s
arms make it clear that this is not the 1609 organ, which was
destroyed during the interregnum, but the one ordered by the
Chapter in 1660 of " Mr Dallame," for which he was to receive
;6oo. During the considerable works done in the chapel 1782-
92, " The king presented a magnificent Organ made by Green
(the old one was by his Majesty's desire given to the Parish
Church). The Case of the Organ was made from the design and
under the direction of Mr Emlyn." The new organ cost 1,010.
The case is elaborately decorated, and the principal divisions are
carried as pinnacled turrets, of which there are four on each
side. 1
1
Sir W. St John Hope's- splendid work on Windsor Castle, pp. 447-49.
St Stephen's, Walbrook
217
INDEX LOCORUM
The page number is printed in Clarendon type where there is an illustration.
ABBEY DORE, 91, 116 Barnswell St Andrew, 128

Abbotsbury, 104, 106 Barnstaple, 149
Aberdeen, 165 Barrington, 100
Abingdon, 97, 204, 214 Barrowden, 120, 132
Abington, 130 Barton, 100
Affpuddle, 33, 62, 89 Barton-in-Fabis, 130
Albrighton-by-Shifnal, 135 Barwick, 135, 198
Albury, 118 Basing, no
Aldborough, 144 Basingstoke, no
Aldbury, 195 Baulking, 96
Aldeburgh, 138 Bearstall, 100
Alderton, 130 Beaulieu, 76
Aldridge, 134 Beckley, 181
Aldworth, 98 Beddingfield, 138
Alfold, 138 Belbroughton, 143
Alford, 124 Berkhamsted, 150
Alne, 144 Bessingham, 70
Aire was, 134 Bewick St James, 50
Alton, 112 Bigbury, 66
Alvington, 105 Bilton, 214
Ampney Crucis, 44 Binfield, 153, 154
Antwerp, 96 Bishop Stortford, 92, 118
Appleby, 201 Bishop's Lydeard, 121, 135
Ardington, 96, 101 Bishop's Waltham, no
Arlington, 33, 146 Bishopstone, 143
Arundel, 21, 48 Bisley, 134
Ashburton, 60 Bitterley, 134, 195
Ashby St Ledgers, 130 Black Bourton, 46
Ashley Abbots, 134 Bleadon, 41
Ashwell, 118 Bledlow, 183
Ashton, 105 Bletchingley, 150
Astbury, 185 Blisworth, 102
Aston Bury, 118 Bloxworth, 149
Aston Cantlow, 78 Blythburgh, in, 138, 183, 193
Aston Tirrold, 52 Boconnoc, 102
Astwick, 96 Bodmin, 54, 187
Aveley, 108 Bolnhurst, 96
Axminster, 106 Bolton-le-Moors, 66
Bolton Percy, 144
Bologna, 175, 176
BADSEY, 80 Bosbury, 116
Banstead, 138 Boscombe, 143, 195
Banwell, 9, 46 Boston, 124
28
2l8 INDEX LOCORUM
Botolphs, 140 Canterbury, 30

Bottesford, 122 Carisbrooke, 114
Bourne Abbey, 124 Carlisle, 36
Bourton-on-Dunsmore, 141 Carlton Husthwaite, 146
Boveney, 98 Castleacre, 70
Bovey Tracey, 11, 40, 170, 171 Caston, 126
Bow Brickhill, 54 Catesby, 130
Boxford, 96 Catton, 70
Boyton Malherbe, 66 Cavendish, 201
Bradworthy, 105 Cawston, 69, 70
Braithwell, 143 Cerne Abbas, 108
Brancaster, 94, 97 Chaddesden, 180, 181
Brancepeth, 85, 108 Chaldon, 140
Braunton, 106 Chale, 44
Breadsall, 58, 201, 202 Chalgrove, 132
Brean, 135 Charlecombe, 48
Breaston, 105 Charlton-on-Otmoor, 132
Bridford, 60 Charlton Adam, 135
Bridgwater, 76 Charlwood, 138
Brightstone, 112 Charney Bassett, 53
Brigstock, 72 Chastleton, 132
Brinckley, 100 Cheddar, 32, 45, 48, 195
Brinkworth, 141, 142 Cheddington, 98
Brimpsfield, no Chediston, 136
Brisley, 70 Chedworth, 44
Bristol, no, 151, 157, 187, 201 Chedzoy, 89, 103, 135, 195, 199
Broadwinsor, 106 Chellington, 96
Brockworth, 32, 64 Chelveston, 128
Broad was, 143 Chelvey, 157
Brockley, 46 Cheriton Marshall, 108
Brads worth, 146 Cherry Hinton, 100
Bromsgrove, 201 Chesham, 98
Brough, 50, 69 Chester, 36
Buckfast Abbey, 60 Chesterblade, 181
Buckland Brewer, 60 Chesterfield, 105
Bucknell, 132 Childrey, 38
Bungay, 89 Chilton, 54, 158
Burford, 32 Chippenham, 150, 176
Burgh, 124 Chipping Campden, 108, 169
Burgh St Andrew, 136 Chipping Sudbury, 32
Burlingham St Andrew, 32 Chipping Warden, 181
Burlingham St Edmund, 70 Chipstead, 138
Burnham Norton, 23, 32, 70 Chittlehampton, 40
Burton-in-Kendal, 141 Chivelstone, 59, 60
Bury, 187 Church Preen, 134
Bury St Edmunds, 30 Church Pulverbatch, 150
Butlers Marston, 141 Church Stretton, 134
Buxted, 140 Cirencester, 39, 42, 211
Bygrave, 66 Claypole, 67, 68
Clee St Margaret, 134
Clevedon, 198, 199
CADDINGTON, 96 Cley, 126
Caerwent, 126 Cliffe-at-Hoo, 120, 154, 156
Camborne, 54 Climping, 48
Cambridge, 30, 54, 66, 165, 172, Clovelly, 1 06
214 Clun, 135
INDEX LOCORUM 219
Clyffe Pypard, 142 Dorney, 98

Cockayne- Hatley, 96 Dorton, 98
Cockington, 83 Downham St Leonard, 94
Codicote, 113 Drayton, 96
Cold Ashton, 32, 64 Durley, 112
Coleridge, 50
3, Durnford, 141
Coin Rogers, 44 Dursley, 1 10
Colston Bassett, 122 Dummer, 52, 64
Combe Flory, 76 Duntsbourne Rous, no
Compton, 141 Durham, 30, 90, 165
Compton Bassett, 151
Compton Bishop, 40
Coombe, 46 EAKRING, 130
Cornwood, 60 Earl's Barton, 130
Cotes-by-Stow, 68 East Allington, 60, 61
Cotworth, 66 East Brent, 88, 136
Coulton, 96 East Coulston, 195
Coventry, 50, 170 East Dean, 141
Cowden, 120, 157 East Garston, 96
Cowley, 44 East Hagbourne, 31, 33, 57
Cranborne, 60 East Harling, 190
Cranleigh, 138 East Hendred, 98, 193
Crayke, 144 Easthope, 134
Creaton, 128 East Ilsley, 199
Creeting All Saints, 148 East Isley, 96
Cressage, 134 East Lockinge, 96
Crich, 180, 181 East Stonham, 148, 152
Croft, 124 East Meon, 44
Cropredy, 132 Easton-under-Heywood, 133
Croscombe, 115, 117, 135 Eaton-under-Heywood, 74
Crowhurst, 138 Edington, 144
Crowle, 176, 177 Edith Weston, 187
Croydon, 100, 118, 168 Edlesborough, 53, 54
Cublington, 195 Egglescliffe, 108
Cumnor, 96, 196, 201 Egloshayle, 38
Egmanton, 130
Elkstone, 108
DALLINGTON, 230 Elmstone, 44, 64
Daresbury, 81, 100 Elsworth, 54
Dartford, 120 Elworthy, 136
Dartington, 60, 63 Epworth, 197
Dartmouth, 40 Eton, 172, 173, 174
Deane, 120 Etwall, 179
Denford, 130 Evenlode, 80
Dent, 144 Ewhurst, 140
Deptford, 120 Exeter, 60, 184, 206
Derby, 200, 201
Derningham, 70
Detling, 186, 187 FAIRFORD, 203
Devizes, 150 Falmouth, 56
Didhurst, 64 Farmington, 1 10
Dinder, 89 Fawley, no
Dinton, 96 Feering, 108
Dittisham, 36, 42 Felixstowe, 136
Doncaster, 80 Fen Ditton, 54
Dorchester, 106, 107 Fenstanton, 66
220 INDEX LOCORUM
Filby, 70 Handborough, 72
Fincham, 126 Hanningham, 124
Finchampstead, 52, 53 Hannington, 33, 52, 54, 66, 72
Finedon, 214 Harberton, 15, 42
Finsbury, 112 Harleston, 190
Fordington, 42, 89 Harringworth, 130, 132
Fotheringay, 71, 72 Harthill, 195
Fowey, 102, 103 Hartland, 105
Framlingham, 209, 211, 212 Haslingfield, 54
Frampton, 39, 124 Haughton-le-Skerne, 108
Frampton-on-the-Frome, 42 Hawkesbury, 44
Frampton Cotterell, 203 Hawkstead, 195
Fringford, 132 Hawstead, 76, 78
Friskney, 124 Headon, 130
Frome Vauchurch, 106 Heighington, 62
Fulbourne, 52 Helmsley, 30
Furley, 143 Helpringham, 124
Henham Hall, 130
Henley-in-Arden, 78
GARSTANG, 122 Hereford, 30, 93, 109, 1
14
Gatton, 140 Heydon, 62
Gazeley, 78 High Ham, 195
Giggleswick, 146 Hill Farrance, 135
Glapthorne, 128 Hitchin, 66
Glastonbury, 48, 204 Hodnet, 201, 203
Gloucester, 64, no, 178, 214 Hollingbourne, 66
Godalming, 138 Holne, 6o, 65
Goring, 78 Holton, 32
Grafton Flyford, 80 Holyrood, 167
Granby, 130 Hoole, 122
Grantchester, 30, 100 Hope-Bowdler, 134
Graveley, 66 Hopton-by-Lowestoft, 195
Great Anwell, 118 Hordley, 135
Great Ashfield, 136 Horham, 78
Great Baddow, 108 Horsham, 70
Great Blakenham, 136 Huish Episcopi, 136
Great Coxwell, 96 Hunsdon, 118
Great Easton, 122 Huntington, 144
Great Eversden, 100 Hurst, 154, 155
Great Milton, 132 Hutton, 45
Great Munden, 116
Great Shelford, 100
Great Walsingham, 68 TBSTONE, 53
Grendon Underwood, 98 1 Ickford, 100
Guildford, 139 Icklingham, 94
Ingoldmells, 68
Ipplepen, 57, 60
HADHalberton,
LEIGH, 136
48, 58
Iron Acton, 108
Irstead, 70
Halesworth, 134, 136 Isleham, 167
Halsham, 144 Iver, 100
Halston, 135 Ivinghoe, 77, 98, 190
Hambledon, 64
Hamdon, 135
Hampsford, 52 ACOBSTOW, 56
Hampton Court, 214

INDEX LOCORUM 221
KELMARSH, 128 Limpley Stoke, 50

Kelsale, 136 Lincoln, 94
Kenley, 135 Lingfield, 193, 203
Kenton, 55, 58 Liskeard, 102
Kewstoke, 46 Llangibby, 126
Kidlington, 132 Llan-y-Blodwell, 74
Kilnwick, 144 Litcham, 70
Kingham, 126 Little Bealings, 136
King's Bromley, 134 Little Cheney, 60
Kingsbury Episcopi, 48 Little Gidding, 120, 168
Kingsclere, no Little Hadham, 118
King's Cliff, 72 Little Horkesly, 195
King's Langley, 116 Little Shelford, 100
King's Sutton, 72 Little Waldingfield, 136
Kingsthorpe, 128 Littlebury, 187, 195
Kingston, 100, 203 Lockinge, 46
Kingston-on-Sea, 140 Loddington, 122
Kinoulton, 94
Kirkby Lonsdale, 141
Loddon,
London
m
Kirkby Underwood, 124 All Hallows, Barking, 124
Kirkheaton, 195 All Hallows, Lombard Street, 214
Kirklington, 144 All Hallows, Staining, 149
Kirkwall, 148 St Benet, Gracechurch Street, 126
Knaith, 124 Christ Church, Newgate Street, 126
Knebworth, 89, 116 St Dunstan's-in-the-West, 100
Knoddishall, 136 St Giles, Cripplegate, 126
St Helen's, Bishopsgate, 126
St James, Piccadilly, 30
LACOCK, 141
Lakenheath, 78
St Katherine, Aldgate, 1 50
St Katherine Cree, 126
Lamberhurst, 141 St Margaret, Southwark, 206
Lancaster, 120 St Martin's-in-the-Fields, 90
Lancross, 60 St Mary-at-Hill, 20, 33, 206
Landbeach, 34, 54 St Mary, Whitechapel, 30
Landewednack, 102 St Matthew, Friday Street, 89
Laneast, 54 St Michael's, College Hill, 195
Laneham, 130. St Michael's, Cornhill, 22, 200
Langley Marish, 98 St Mildred, Bread Street, 126
Lanreath, 102 St Olave, Hart Street, 126
Laon, 30 St Peter Cheap, 198, 206, 208
Lapford, 163 St Stephen's, Walbrook, 215
Launceston, 56 Longcot, 96
Launde Abbey, 122 Long Crendon, 195
Lavendon, 98 Long Marston, 116
Lavenham, 195 Long Preston, 144
Lawhitton, 102 Long Sutton, 74
Laxfield, 129, 136 Long Whatton, 122
Layer Marney, 62 Lower Gravenhurst, 52
Leaden Roothing, 62 Lower Halstead, 120, 199
Leconfield, 144 Lower Winchendon, 98
Leeds, 144 Loxton, 43, 46
Leicester, 68, 90, 149 Luccombe, 135
Leighton Buzzard, 183 Ludlow, 149
Lenham, 89, 120, 195 Lutley, 80
Lewes, 140 Lutterworth, 25, 33, 66, 78
Lillingstone Lovell, 98 Lutton, 124
2
222 INDEX LOCORUM
Lydiard St Laurence, 135 Necton, 126

Lyford, 96 Netherbury, 106
Lyme Regis, 106, 195 Newbury, 96
Lynn, 94, 143, 211, 214 Newchurch, 114
Newdigate, 140
Newport, 87, 114, 195
MAISEY-HAMPTON, 193 Newstead, 167
Maismore, no Newtimber, 140
Malmesbury, 204 Newton, 100
Manchester, 214 Newton Abbot, 168
Marholm, 128 Newton St Cyres, 94
Marham, 102 Newton St Petrock, 60
Markham Clinton, 130 New Walsingham, 70
Marr, 143 North Badderley, 112
Marrick Priory, 144 North Cerney, 44
Marston, 54 North Luffenham, 132
Martindale, 141 North Mimms, 116
Marton, 100 North Newton, 136
Matching, 108 North Petherton, 76
Mawgan-in-Pyder, 102 North Walsham, 70
Mayfield, 134, 199 Northampton, 130, 203
Meare, 48 Northleach, 44
Mellor, 17, 24, 26, 54, 56 Northwood, 114
Merton, 101, 132 Norton, 178
Micheldean, 64 Norwich, 30, 70, 165, 167, 193, 212, 214
Mickleover, 180, 181 Nutley, 138
Midhurst, 78
Middle Claydon, 98
Middle Littleton, 80 OCCOLD, 136
Middleton, 165 Odell, 96, 148
Middleton Cheney, 72 Odiham, no
Middleton Scriven, 74 Oddington, 108
Milton Abbas, 60 Okefbrd Fitzpaine, 42, 132
Minstead, 94 Old Radnor, 205, 207, 210
Minsterley, 135 Old Shoreham, 188
Monkleigh, 60 Onibury, 74
Monks Eleigh, 78 Orton Waterville, n 8*
Monk Sherbourne, 1 1 Oswaldkirk, 144
Monksilver, 73, 76, 162, 163, 184 Oswestry, 135
Monk Soham, 136 Otford, 14, 112, 113, 168, 173, 214
Monkton, 120 Ottery St Mary, 184
Monkton Deverill, 143 Ottrington, 18 [
Monkton Farleigh, 141 Oundle, 128, 166
Morden, 94 Over, 79
Mortlake, 90 Overbury, 80
Morton Hampstead, 54 Oxburgh, 168
Mottiston, 112 Oxford, 168, 173
Much Lilley, 66 Oxford, Magdalen College, 21, 30, 44,
Muston, 122 46
NAILSEA, 32 PAIGNTON, 40
Nantwich, 19, 28, 38 Pangbourne, 96
Nassington, 128 Partney, 68
Naunton, 44 Patrington, 144
Neatishead, 70 Paull, 181
INDEX LOCORUM 223
Paulshot, 142 ALBANS,

ST St 1 54, 167
Peakirk, 187, 188 Asaph, 90
Peatling Magna, 122 St Cuby, 56
Perugia, 30 St Gwinear, 56
Peterborough, 167 St Ive, 102
Petton, 134, 135 St Ives, 33, 50, 56
Pilton, 13, 135, 154 St John-in-the-Vale, 104
Pinhoe, 60 St Kew, 102
Pitchford, 135 St Leonard, 14
Pitstone, 96 St Lo, 30
Pleasley, 152 St Mellion, 102
Plympton, 131 St Mylor, 102
Pocklington, 181 St Nicholas-at-Wade, 120
Polebrook, 128 St Paul's, 168, 169
Pomeroy, 105 St Ruan-Langhorne, 56
Porthilly, 56 St Sampson, 56
Portisham, 106 St Teath, 102
Portsmouth, 112, 213 St Winnow, 102
Poynings, 146 Salford Prior, 199
Prestbury, 92, 100, 150 Salisbury, 20, 89, 90-92
Princes Risborough, 100 Sail, 94
Puttenham, 116, 1 18 Saltfleetby All Saints, 124
Puxton, 157, 158 Sandon, 116
Pytchley, 128 Savoy Chapel, 152
Smoley, 105
Saxelby, 68
QUAINTON, 195 Seaming, 70
Quatford, 74 Scole, 193
Seal, 120, 150
Quatt, 134
Selworthy, 76
Queen's Camel, 76
Sefton, 95, 122
Sevenoaks, 120
Shabbington, 98
RAUCLIFFE, 120 Shalford, 195
Radnage, 100 Shelston, 52
Rampton, 100 Shepsted, 122
Ramsey, 191, 193 Shepton Mallet, 7, 46
Ranworth, 126, 187, 188, 189 Shawbury, 134
Rattlesden, 136 Sherborne St John, 202,
Ravenstone, 100 Shipdham, 187, 189, 190
Redenhall, 168, 170, 182, 183, 18 Shipton, 134
Ripon, 50, 144 Shorwell, 41, 44, 112
Rickling, 62 Shotwick, 102
Rodborough, 110 Shrewsbury, 36, 198
Rodney Stoke, 123, 135 Siddington, 100
Ronaldkirk, 94 Silchester, no
Rossington, 80 Silk Willoughby, 124
Rotherfield, 140 Skidbrook, 109, 124
Rotherham, 144 Snettisham, 70
Rothersthorpe, 89, 128 Somerton, 136
Rous, 181 Sopley, no
Royston, 66 South Burlingham, 181
Rumburgh, 136 South Creyke, 70
Ruscombe, 96 South Littleton, 80
Rushden, 72 South Molton, 40
Rye, 78 South Petherton, 102
224 INDEX LOCORUM
South Tawton, 106 Teddington, 143

Southam, 70 Teigh, 132
Southampton, 152, 182, 188 Tewkesbury, 60, 21
Southwell, 166, 170, 214 Teynham, 120
Southwick, 140 Thaxted, 108
Southwold, 25, 32, 76 Thornaby, 94, 99
Sparham, 50 Thornbury, 44
Spondon, 180, 181 Thornham, 126
Stadhampton, 132 Thorpe Langton, 68
Stafford House, 214 Thurlestone, 60
Standish, 120 Tibenham, 126
Stanford, 214 Tintinhull, 20, 135
Stanstead Abbotts, 1 16 Todbere, 108
Stanton, 52, 62 Tong, 134
Stantonbury, 98 Tor Bryan, 58
Staunton, 29, 32, 42, 64 Tor Mahon 60
Steeple Clayden, 98 Tortington, 140
Steventon, 96 Totnes, 40
Stockleigh, 105 Towcester, 128, 203
Stogumber, 48 Towersey, 98
Stoke d'Abernon, 137, 138, 156, 157, Treborough, 76
184 Tredington, 113
Stoke Bliss, 116, 143 Trull, 74, 75
Stoke Orchard, no Trumpington, 100
Stoke St Gregory, 125, 136 Truro, 38
Stondon Massey, 108 Tuddenham St Martin, 78
Stonegrave, 144 Tugby, 68
Stonham Aspall, 136 Tuttington, 126
Stonisfield, 132 Twineham, 140
Strasburg, 30 Twyford, 98
Stratford-sub-Castle, 131, 141
Stratton, 102
Stratton Audley, 1 32 UBLEY, 136
Strelley, 72 Uffingham, 132
Suckley, 143 Upchurch, 120
Sudbury, 76 Upper Clatford, 112
Sutcombe, 115 Upper Winchendon, 52, 53
Sutton, 134, 198 Upton, 128
Sutton-at-Hone, 66 Utterby, 124
Sutton-by-Dover, 120
Swanbourne, 195
Swarby, 89
Swaton, 195 V7TTRE, 30
Swimbridge, 42, 163
Syerston, 130
WALBERSWICK, 78
Walton-le-Dale, 122
TACOLNESTON, 126 Walkington, 144
Taddington, 181 Walpole St Andrew, 21, 32
Tadley, 112 Walsoken, 181
Tanson, 128 Waltham St Lawrence, 96
Tasley, 134 Wangford, 138
Tattershall, 68 Warburton, 100
Taunton, 107, 136 Wargrave, 96
Tawstock, 199 Warmington, 72, 128
Taynton, 64, no Water Eaton, 132
INDEX LOCORUM 225
Wavendon, 100 Winchurch, 108

Weaverham, 94 Windsor, 175, 214
Wedmore, 195 Winestead, 146
Wednesbury, 195 Winforton, 116
Welcombe, 105 Wing, 98
Wells, 76, 127, 175 Winslow, 98
Wendens Ambo, 33, 34, 62 Winterborne Whitchurch, 60
Wenlock, 176 Winterbourne Bassett, 142
West Chickerell, 108 Wintringham, 146
West Kingston, 78 Wistow, 144
West Pennard, 135 Witcham, 38
West Soinerton, 70 Witheridge, 40
Weston-in-Gordano, 29, 135 Withycombe, 76
Weston-on-Trent, 105, 130 Witnesham, 13
Weston Turville, 98 Wolborough, 164
Westhall, 136 Wolverhampton, 27, 32, 48
Westminster, 33, 68, 201, 214 Woodford, 199
Wheatley, 130 Woodham Mortimer, 108
Whaplode, 124 Wood Newton, 187
Whipsnade, 96 Woolpit, 170
Whitchurch, 135 Wootton, 112
Whit well,112 Wootton Wawen, 78, 203
Wilbarston, 128 Worcester, 30, 47, 50, 143, 214
Wilby, 132 Worlingworth, 136
Wickhamford, 80 Worstead, 31, 33
Wick St Lawrence, 46 Wraysbury, 100
Wickhampton, 126 Wrexham, 135
Widford, 72 Wroxeter, 134
Wiggenhall, 203 Wymington, 96
Wiggenhall St Germans, 126, 154, Wysell, 72
Wiggenhall St Mary, 149, 1 54

Wigtoft, 124 YARMOUTH, 1, 114,212
Willen, 100 Yatton, 33
Willingham, 54 Yaxley, 89, 154, 159
Willoughby, 141 Yeldon, 52
Winchcombe, 44 Yeovil, 172
Winchester, 5, 66, 112, 182, 195, 214 York, 104, 144, 145, 146, 192
Winchfield, no Yoxford, 136
; ;
226
INDEX RERUM
DERBYSHIRE
A MBO, 28, 163
Aries, Council of, 12 post-Reformation, 105
57 ;
Desks for chained books, 200-203

pulpits, wood, 56,
Devonshire pulpits, wood, 58-60 post- ;
BEDE ROLL, 18-22

wood, 52
Reformation, 105, 106
Bedfordshire pulpits, Dives et Pauper, 16-18
post-Reformation, 96-98 Dollman's Pulpits, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46,
Bell, sermon, 86 48, 64, 76
Berkshire pulpits, stone, 38 wood, 52-; Dorsetshire pulpits, stone, 42 ; wood,
53 ; post-Reformation, 96 60-62 post-Reformation, 106, 107
;
Bible, chained, 96 Durham wood, 62

pulpits, post- ;
Black Death, 24 Reformation, 108

Brass eagles, 165-172
Brass lectern desk, 172-176
Buckinghamshire pulpits, wood, 53, EAGLES of brass, 165-172 ; list of
54; post-Reformation, 98-100 extant old eagles, 172
Bury's Ecclesiastical Woodwork, 54 Eagles of wood, 182-184
Edward VI. pulpits, 89
Elizabethan pulpits, 89
CAMBRIDGESHIRE pulpits, Essex pulpits, wood, 62 post-Reforma- ;
stone,
38 wood, 54
; post- ; tion, 108
Reformation, 100 Extemporary sermons, 84-86
Canons of Edgar, 2
Canons of 1603, 120, 198
Canopies of pulpits, mediaeval, 54, f^LOSSAR Y of Gothic Architecture,
64, 72 ; post-Reformation, 92-94,
\JT
74
98 Gloucestershire pulpits, stone, 42-44 ;
Carolean pulpits, 89 wood, 62, 63 post- Reformation,

;
Chained Bible, 96 108-110

Chained books on desks, 200-203 Gothic Architecture in Spain, 31
Cheshire pulpits, stone, 38 ;
post- Gospel lecterns, 181
Reformation, 100-104 Grinling Gibbons, work of, 100, 126
Churching pew, 94
Concealment of brass eagles, 166-
168 HAMPSHIRE pulpits, stone, 44;
Cornwall pulpits, stone, 38-42 wood, ;
wood, 64-66 post- Reformation,
;
54 post-Reformation, 102
;
110-114
Council of Aries, 12 Hertfordshire pulpits, wood, 66 post- ;
Council of Carthage, 12 Reformation, 118

Council of Cloveshoe, 12 Higden's Polychronicon, 12-14
Council of Mayence, 12 Hour glasses, 98, 128, 141, 147-161 ;
Cox's Churchwardens' Accounts, 98, bibliography of, 161 list of extant ;
159, 206 examples, 160, 161 cost of, 147- ;
Cumberland pulpits, 104 151 divers uses of, 157

;
Cutts' Parish Priests and their People, Huntingdonshire pulpits, wood, 66

18 post- Reformation, 118, 119
; ;;
INDEX RERUM 227
INDULGENCES,
1 Injunctions of
22
Êlfric of Canterbury, 12
o RGAN cases, 204-215
Oxfordshire pulpits, stone, 46
wood, 72-74 ; post-Reforma-
;
jElfric of York, 12 tion, 132

Grosseteste, 2
Peckham, 2, 14, 16
Queen Elizabeth, 82 PELICAN lecterns, 163, 165
Veysey, 18 Post Reformation pulpits, 89-
-
Wulfstan, 12 146 a few of stone, 89

;
Inscriptions on pulpits, passim, chiefly Preaching in Latin, 1-26

post-Reformation Preaching in vulgar tongue, 1-26
Institution of a Christian Matt, 18 Preaching in post-Reformation days,
Islip Roll, 166 82-88
Pulpits
Canopies (mediaeval), 54, 64, 72
[ACOBEAN pulpits, 89 post-Reformation, 92-96
'
Joceline's Chronicle, 2-4 Coloured, 32, 66, 70, 72, 76
Conventual, 36
Figures on, 41, 42, 70, 74, 8o, 100,
K ENT pulpits, wood, 136, 143

66; post-
Frequent, 23, 33-35
Reformation, 120
Hangings, 66, 96-98, 112
Iron, 30
Out of a single block of oak, 55, 56
LANCASHIRE pulpits, wood, 66; Political use in Elizabethan days, 69
post-Reformation, 120-122
Post-Reformation, 84-146
Latin Doctors, the Four, 70, 74
Reconstructed, 52, 56, 60, 74
Laudian revival, 89 Repaired, 33, 89, 90
Lecterns of brass, 163-176 of stone, ;
Secondary use of, 18-26
176-181 ; of wood, 182-196; of
Stone, 30, 32, 36-50
iron, 176
Wooden, 30, 5280
Leicestershire pulpits, wood, 66-68 ;
Pulpitum, 28
post-Reformation, 122
Licences for preaching, 82
Lincolnshire pulpits, wood, 68 post-
Reformation, 123, 124
;
READING DESK, 96, 116, 134,
146, 197
Luttrell Psalter, 166
Refectory, pulpits in, 36
Rites of Durham, 12, 30, 165, 199
Rutland pulpits, post-Reformation, 132-
MAHOGANY pulpits, 90 134
Mediaeval sermons, value of,
16-18
Middlesex pulpits, wood, 68 post- ; SERMONS, frequency of mediaeval,
Reformation, 124-126 7-18 rare in Elizabeth's days,
;
Monmouth pulpits, post-Reformation, 84-86; length of, 151, 152 extem- ;
126 porary, 86-88

Myrrour of the Church, 16 Sermon bell, 80
Somersetshire pulpits, stone, 46-48
wood, 74-76 post-Reformation,
;
NEALE'S Mediaval Preaching, 10 135. 136

Norfolk pulpits, wood, 70 ;
post- Sounding-boards, 92, 108, no, 112,
Reformation, 127-129 114, 116, 118, etc. used as vestry;
Northamptonshire pulpitsj wood, 72 ;

tables, or dining-tables, 94, 126,
post- Reformation, 128, 129 130, 135-138
Nottinghamshire pulpits, wood, 72 Shropshire pulpits, wood, 74 post- ;'.
post-Reformation, 130-132 Reformation, 1 34^135

;
228 INDEX RERUM
Staffordshire pulpits, post-Reforma- WARWICKSHIRE pulpits, stone,

tion,
134 50 ; wood, 78 ;
post-Reforma-
Stairs to the pulpit, 33 tion, 141
Suffolk pulpits, wood, 76-78 post- ;
Westmorland pulpits, post-Reforma-
Reformation, 136-138 tion, 141
Surrey pulpits, wood, 78 post- ;
Wiltshire pulpits, stone, 50 wood, ;
Reformation, 138-140 78-80 post-Reformation, 141-143

;
Sussex pulpits, post-Reformation, 140, Wolverhampton pulpit, legend of, 48

141 Woman in the pulpit, 106
Synod of Ely, 14 Wood's Life and Times, 84-86
Synod of Oxford, 2, 22 Worcestershire pulpits, stone, 50
Synod of York, 16 wood, 80 post-Reformation, 143
;
Work for Householders, 16

Wycliff relics, so-called, 66-68
TESTER see Canopy and Sound-

ing-Board
" Three-Deckers,"
YORKSHIRE pulpits, stone, 50;
94 wood, 80 ;
post - Reformation,
Truro pulpit, mystery of, 38 143-146
Printed at The Darien Press, Edinburgh

Church Art in England
A Series of Books edited by
FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S., Hon. A.R.I.B.A.
Now Ready
Screens and Galleries in English Churches. By Francis
Bond 2,3
Fonts and Font Covers. By Francis Bond - 4,5
Wood Carvings in English Churches. By Francis Bond
I. Misericords 6,7
II. Stalls and Tabernacle Work, Bishops' Thrones, and
Chancel Chairs -
Westminster Abbey. By Francis Bond 9

Visitors' Guide to Westminster Abbey. By Francis Bond io
Dedications and Patron Saints of English Churches.
By Francis Bond ii
Church Bells of England. By H. B. Walters 12
Introduction to English Church Architecture. By
Francis Bond 14, IS
Pulpits, Lecterns, and Organs in English Churches. By
Rev. Dr Cox.
Forthcoming
English Church Plate. By Rev. J. T. Evans 16
Church Chests, Doors, etc. By P. M. Johnston 16
The English Chancel. By Francis Bond 16
Tombs and Monuments in English Churches. By F. E.
Howard 16
Now Ready, uniform with the above

Military Architecture in England during the Middle
Ages. By A. Hamilton Thomson 13
HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO, MELBOURNE, & BOMBAY
SCREENS AND GALLERIES IN
ENGLISH CHURCHES
Demy 8vo, containing 204 pages, with 152 Illustrations reproduced
from Photographs and Drawings. Strongly bound in cloth. Price
6s. net ($2.40).
3
u
be
.S
'5
u
SOME PRESS NOTICES

New York Nation. " It is not easy to praise too highly the simple and effective
presentation of the subject and the interest of the book to all persons who care for
ecclesiology or for decorative art."
Daily Graphic. " Mr Bond has produced a work on our ecclesiastical screens
and galleries which, like his largerwork on the Gothic Architecture of England,' is
' 1
"
Screen in Holbeton Church
His knowledge of his subject, exact and comprehensive,

in the first degree masterly.
iscompressed into a minimum amount of space, and illustrated by a series of photo-
graphs and measured drawings which render the work of permanent value."
Bulletin Monumental. " Apres avoir analyse, aussi exactement que possible,
l'inteVessant 6tade de M. Bond, nous devons le feliciter de nous avoir donne ce
complement si utile a son grand ouvrage."
3
FONTS & FONT COVERS
from Photographs and Measured Drawings. Strongly bound in
cloth. Price 12s. net ($4.80).
PRESS NOTICE
Church Quarterly Review. "It is most delightful, not only to indulge in a
serious perusal of this volume, but to turn over its pages again and again, always sure
to find within half a minute some beautiful illustration or some illuminating remark."
Font at Bodmin
Wood Carvings in English Churches
I. Misericords
Demy with 241 Illustrations reproduced
8vo, containing 257 pages,
cloth. Price 7s. fid. net ($3.00).
"
SOME PRESS NOTICES

New York Herald. " One of the quaintest, most fascinating, and at the rame
time most learned volumes that a reader would happen upon in a lifetime."
Antiquary. " An authoritative, and at the same time delightful and instructive
volume."
Church Times. " An indispensable guide to the subject. The illustrations are
worthy of all praise."
Yorkshire Post. "Another of the valuable series of monographs on Church Art
in England, and the most entertaining of all."
Misericord at Worcester
Misericord at Beverley Minster
Liverpool Courier.' Another of the admirably written and illustrated art hand-
books for which the author is famous.
Birmingham Post. "This well illustrated volume is not only a valuable technical
monograph, but also an important contribution to the history of social life and thought
in the Middle Ages. Mr Bond's treatment of the subject is exceptionally charming
and successful."
Outlook." Many there must be to whom Mr Bond's new book will be welcome.
Into all the details of this varied and most puzzling subject he goes with thoroughness
and a pleasant humour. The bibliography and indices, as in all the volumes in this
series, are admirable."
Wood Carvings in English Churches
II. Stalls and Tabernacle Work, Bishops'
Thrones, and Chancel Chairs
4-
in
PRESS NOTICE
La Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosity.
" Une illustration copieuse tablie avec
des soins tout documentaires ; des index ; une table par ordre chronologique, une
autre par noms des lieux, viennent faciliter les recherches et permettre au lecteur de
tirer benefice des vastes resources d'une Erudition informee et sure."
BY FRANCIS BOND
WESTMINSTER ABBEY
Fan Vault of Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey

9
VISITORS' GUIDE TO WESTMINSTER ABBEY
93 pages of text, abridged from the larger work on "Westminster Abbey."
Fcap 8vo, with 15 Plans and Drawing's and 32 Photographic Illustrations.
Price is. net (40 c.)-
Chapter House at Westminster

BY FRANCTS BOND
Dedications and Patron Saints of English
Churches. Calendars. Ecclesiastical
Symbolism. Saints and their Emblems

Demy 8vo, containing 359 pages, with 252 Illustrations.
Strongly bound in cloth. Price 7s. 6d. net ($3.00).
THE main object of the book

cations of the English churches, and to
is to inquire into the dedi-
show the curious
ways which led to the popularity, or it may be the
unpopularity, of the various saints. To aid in the identi-
fication of the saints represented in mediaeval art very numerous
illustrations have been reproduced from stained glass, statuary
in wood, stone, and alabaster, ivories, brasses, bench ends,

wall paintings, illuminated manuscripts, and painted rood-
screens. At the end will be found an alphabetical list,
with dates and emblems, of the saints commemorated in
English dedications, and another alphabetical list of the

emblems of the saints ; these two lists will be found of service
in visiting the picture galleries and stained glass of England
and the Continent.
SOME PRESS NOTICES

Morning Post.
"Mr Bond's indefatigable industry and gift of flair in ecclesi-
astical matters have found a wide scope in this fascinating field we have had as ;
much pleasure in reading it as he had in writing it. It is the work of a true

enthusiast, and will greatly help the diffusion of a keener and more intelligent
interest in the visible and invisible antiquities of our innumerable ancient churches."
Yorkshire Observer. "Out of the fulness of his learning the writer has made
thisvolume a most curious revelation of the wit, wisdom, superstition and romance of
the Middle Ages."
Times Literary Supplement. "Mr Bond's previous works have dealt with
English ecclesiastical architecture and carving, with an elaboration of illustration and
description for which students a century hence will be profoundly grateful. Headers
of the present book should be many, for it contains much that is delightful."
11
Church Bells of England
Demy 8vo, containing 420 pages, with 170 Illustrations
reproduced from Photographs and Drawings. Strongly
bound in cloth. Price 7s. 6d. net ($3.00).
Times. "It is by far the most complete work 01 its kind in existence and the
most accurate. . a treatise as readable as it is erudite."
isilip'i^
"
Uniform with the preceding Volumes of the English Church Art Series
Military Architecture in England

During the Middle Ages
By A. Hamilton Thomson, M.A., F.S.A.

from Photographs, Drawings, and Plans. Strongly bound in
cloth.
Price 7s. 6d. net ($3.00).
Bodiam : North Front and Gatehouse
SOME PRESS NOTICES

Church Times. "Not only those who are specially interested in military archi-
tecture, but also everyone who desires, on visiting an ancient castle, to view it with
intelligent appreciation, must needs add this work to his library."

Guardian. " This volume at once steps into the position of a classic ; it will be
long before it is superseded.
English Historical Review.
"This monograph is compressed into about four
hundred pages, and copiously illustrated, yet it contains a wealth of detail that could
easily have been expanded into a much longer work. Its author is not writing a
. . .
guide to castles, but a history of military architecture yet the work might usefully be
;
taken as a guide to many of the castles described in it."

Country Life.
"The book could scarcely be bettered as a concise survey of a
difficult and complex subject."
Journal des Savants. "' Le livre de M.

Thompson sera . le bienvenu. II
. .
le sera d'autant plus qu'il donne un aper9u tres complet des transformations de ['archi-
tecture militaire outre-Manche depuis les temps les plus anciens. Ce n'est pas . . .
seulement au point de vue anglais, c'est egalement a notre point de vue fran9ais que
ce livre offre un reel interSt."
13
Two Volumes, Demy Quarto; 1000 Pages; 1400 Illustrations
Price Two Guineas net ($16.75).
An Introduction to
English Church Architecture
From the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Century
By FRANCIS BOND
SOME PRESS NOTICES

Athcnaum. "These volumes form a worthy sequel to the important work on
'Gothic Architecture in England,' l>y the same author, published in 1905. They
represent a vast amount of orderly labour, and show an astonishingly wide grasp
of a great subject. It is a big undertaking ; 1000 quarto pages, with 1400 illus-
trations. One of the pleasant features of the work is the sparing use of exceptional
or technical terms, the exact meaning of which is grasped as a rule only by a
professed architect. For the use of the unlearned, the first volume opens with a
tersely-written glossary of terms, and this is followed by a most useful explanatory
list of French words and phrases of an architectural character. But for the most
part there is a breezy freshness about Mr Bond's phrases which at once rivets the
attention."
Westminster Gazette. "We
know Mr Bond as a careful student, of sound
scholarship, but if we had no other evidence, this ' Introduction ' of his would mark
him also as a writer of imagination who has not allowed the infinite detail of his
subject to obscure his sight of the. building. '
It is good for those who are to be
introduced to medieval church architecture,' he writes in his preface, ' to know not
only how a church was built, but why it was built, who built it, who served in it,

who worshipped in it, and what manner of worship was theirs Ancient or Modern.'
Already we are beginning to regard such an attitude as perfectly natural, forgetting
that the text-books of the last century took no more account of the human impulse
than a treatise on trigonometry takes of the private life of Euclid. . .The book
.
is magnificently illustrated." <
Yorkshire Observer. " Mx Bond shows, step by step, how the church varied
from age to age, structure following need, so that an ancient parish church as we
see it now is not a mere bit of ingenious or clumsy designing, plain or beautiful by
caprice, but a living organism reflecting the lives, the faith, and indeed the material
fortunes of the people who built and used it. It is in the realisation of this soul of a
building more than in anything else that the difference lies between the old guide-
book antiquarianism and the new archeology which Mr Bond represents. ... If
it were not so easy and lucid to read, one might compare it
with Darwin's Origin
'
of Species.'"
Connoisseur. "An unrivalled record of English ecclesiastical architecture. It
is difficult to speak in too high praise of the
work. Mr Bond has explored his subject
from end to end."
14
SOME PRESS NOTICES (continued)
Western Mail. "Splendidly bound and well printed, with a glossary of terms
which will prove most useful to the lay reader, it is a. work of the greatest value to
all who are in any way interested in the construction, details, and uses of our ancient
and beautiful churches."

Antiquary. "The student or the general reader who wishes to have an
intelligent grasp of principles and of their illustration and exemplification in the
Vault of Choir of Gloucester Cathedral
details of construction has here provided for him an ideal book. Mr Bond's pages
are likely, however, to fascinate the expert as well as the beginner. . . For this
.
valuable book the author will receive the grateful thanks of students, not only those
of the present time but those of many a day to come. . . Every chapter and every
.
section is lavishly illustrated, not at random, but by a carefully chosen set of examples
closely related to the text ; the wealth of illustration is so great that a full half of
the thousand pages of the two volumes is occupied by pictures."
Uniform with the above Volumes of the English Church Art Series
ENGLISH CHURCH PLATE

By Rev. J. T. EVANS, M.A.
Editor of" Church Plate of Gloucestershire, Cardiganshire, Pembroke," etc.
CHURCH CHESTS, DOORS, COLLECTING AND

POOR BOXES, PRESSES, ETC.
By PHILIP MAINWARING JOHNSTON
F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Author of numerous Papers in the "Surrey and Sussex Archaeological Collections,"

and in the " Archaeological Journal."
THE ENGLISH CHANCEL

The Altar, Reredos, Communion Table, Altar
Rails, Piscina, Sedilia, Easter Sepulchre, etc.
By FRANCIS BOND
Author of " English Church Architecture," etc.
TOMBS AND MONUMENTS IN

ENGLISH CHURCHES
By F. E. HOWARD
Author ofpapers on " Fan Vaulting," " English Chantry Chapels,''
" Devon Churches,'' etc.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

16

Pulpits Lecterns and Organs in English Churches

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What is the book about?

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pulpits, Iiceteras

The original of this book is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 5346525

3 1924 015 346 525 ...

J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.

WITH 155 ILLUSTRATIONS

London, New York, Toronto, Melbourne, and Bombay

The Rev. Dr GEE

as a small token of the author's friendship,

to his arrangement, advice, and corrections.

characteristic is the thorough and almost intuitive knowledge

annually in every parish church, but four of these were to attack

in the inventories of Church Goods, temp. Edward VI., are never

fourmes and pulpits were necessarily left in every parish churche

of Somerset, Gloucester, and Devon. Mediaeval pulpits of wood

number includes several cases wherein old panelling has been

of cases with which the writer, in the course of a long life,

To the long account of pulpits, a briefer one follows, which is

are distinguished by the initials of the owner of the photograph

II. The Pulpit Proper 28

III. Mediaeval Stone Pulpits 36

IV. Mediaeval Wooden Pulpits 52

VI. Post-Reformation Pulpits 89

VII. Hour Glasses 147

VIII. Lecterns and Eagles of Brass and Stone and

IX. Lecterns and Eagles of Wood 182

XI. Desks for Chained Books 200

XII. Organs and Organ Cases 204

Index Locorum 217

Index Rerum 226

PREACHING AND PULPITS

is abundantly convincing. The reforming canons of King

of Friars were authorised to preach in the churchyard, and

4 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

Edmunds, was wont to preach to the people in the nave of the

munication, common to all the European nations, in fact a sort

8 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

words, the chaplain gravely suggested that Te was governed by

state the case, or decline the word dementissime, or explain

nowadays irreverently, not to say profanely, call them. The

that they should quote otherwise than according to analogy. 1

doubtless the early preaching in the vulgar tongue would be in

ye pens, both public and private."

Bovey Tracey, Devon

12 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

year, lays special stress on preaching in the vernacular.

done by a system of relays.

countrymen wishing to be like them, that so they may appear

Archbishop Peckham's Constitution was at once undertaken, as

Mellor, Derbyshire S-*-c fa-rs J~tf,

3 U**t tr*st if) * XyM.'i 04t. TSM

1 PULPITS, LECTERNS, AND ORGANS

preaching of God's Word ought to be more discharged and

3 U**t trst if) XyM.'i 04t. TSM