Aymara para Angloparlantes

Beginning Aymara
Course for English Speakers
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TABT4 OF CONTENTS
Editorq Foreword p.
Lesson A. Inve:Tryzfa;Ay-mae=01: xiv
Lesson I. of vowels; stress.
Rositampi Susanampi (-01-; 707; ra.227; -ma-3
711.47) 1
Lesson II. Personal pronouns; possessive pronouns; possessive
pronominal suffixes.
114. voluntariampi ma 'rokaliampi (-sti; -raoui-;
-sa; -cama-; -tea; 12
Lesson III.
eisn
aaa;edrompi (-D27; imperative; -ri) 23
Lesson IV. Aspect and tense: punctual and durrtive verbs;
-(a)ncaria/ -(a)ncascatia;sazTBrisa; relative
clauses; location suffix
Juancits2 Marianompiw jiquisiWe (-pta-;
-cama-) 35
Lesson V. cunans.
cawouins; rah it ins
4a voluntaria ma tiendaru sari (-naca-) 48
Lesson VI. Durative conjugation (positive); objective case;
verbs of motion izith -1117; -ri- with.. infinitive
stems; -12217; cawcs; sims; -217; aspect and
tense; -ita-; -wa.
59
Lesson VII. Punctual
usut (71.1i7; -requi-;
c-orla:118-:::::217:::::;);* 74
Lesson VIII . Durative conjugation (negative)* 84
Lesson IX. Punctual conjugation (negative).
Davidamp faaginsmi(-waya-; -quima-.1 -A.21.7;
-cama-) 86
Lesson X. Future conjugation (positive); indefinite article.
Mama E21102. mama Teresampiw parlapila (cOmparative
suffix -Yri-) 94
Lesson XI. Numerals: cardinal and ordinal.; animate and
inanimate subjects; 721.1:17; -cama-; -naca-; kawkhas
possessive -na-.
Ma voluntaria4i 1.rhathun alac46 muni.
Mama Lositam Mama MariErmi 103
Lesson XII. Future conjugation (negative).
gpma Rositamplmq voluntariami 115
Lesson XIII. Necessity/ ability (positive); elision of
vowels (adverbs).
Mama PMariamp mama Welk-Tata Earl Barg. maakii9.
(imperative)
wiAp.E mama RosAtsmpiw parlasat
mama Mars
;imperative) 125

Lesson XIV. Necessity/ ability (negative); -si-.
Tata Joseajj essc)stp_mimarkarli (-ni-; -Agfi7).
Tata Joseajj ut pichail mama Mariar yatichi
(-1221117; -cha,; -ta; 137
Lesson XV. Impersonal constructions (positive); -ta-.
Andresalai 148
Lesson XVI. Impersonal constructions (negative); ucat jan.
Tata Marcosamp tata Lucasampeij kotancullewa.
Tata Marcosamp tata kollu patan
parlapjie (-tata-, -si-; -ta-' -ni-;
-rapi-) 159
Lesson XVII. Adverbs of time (summary); -ni-.
mama .1.9e1ARE mama Teresampiw parlap (-ni-;
- rani -; 711-).
Tata Fal31oli tata Carlosar visitiriw sari (camisas-
walig.gssga; camachana/ camacharaullai.
negative imperative; -sa...-sa; -2.17; niya,;
-viitgaal/ 170
Lesson XVIII. -tagui-; -na- for possession and location.
Patriciomp Pascuilampeji vacs khathuncapjlewa
cha; -qui-; -chi=) 179
Lesson XIX: dubitative future (positive).
Tata ....1osarm tata thaouin
(positive conditional clauses with -Ctellia).
Ma voluntariomp tata Jacintompiw .... 189
Lesson XX. Future dubitative necessitative (positive); future
necessitative (positive).
Mama Justinamp tata Davidampiw Darlapjje.
Mama Justinamp tata Davidampeii "1.3m mittat
Haym'j.p.t parlapii! (passive participles in -ta;=
-ijata; -ta-; sem; -2acha-;
-sa; -ri) 201
Lesson XXI. Dubitative future (negative).
Mama Juanajj ma voluntariampiw /mai (-ta; -chi-;
-raqui-; 212
Lesson XXII. Dubitative future necessitative (negative).
Car1osan nani.p.atu!suta (-sa; 721; -ta; positive
conditional clauses with -ija; Lamy, -raqui -sti;
-ta) 221
Lesson XXIII. Imperfect tense (positive); -taqui-; -t(a)!
-cama(wa).
Tata IRasmatatLjnizatlamii parlapjjewa.
Tata tata Llis.uelampejj
-raqui-...-sti; -2217; -nta-;--pacha; -pini-; -ta-;
-waya-, -sa, -ma) 232

Lesson XXIV. Necessitative past; -ni-; -ya-.
Tata LtjcaEail amippan utan sari (-lama-, -ru-;
-pini-; -t'a-; 245
Lesson XXV. Imperfect tense (negative), -ta; -ri.
Martaji ma waicha vokallat mamapar avisi (lar...tark;
-2acha7, -pini-; -ta; -puni-; -ta-;
-ri) 255
Lesson XXVI. navrakat...ucat; subordinate clauses; -Lam;
- ce-; -raqui-.
T_ ata Andresaji machak calarnin alani.
Tata Andresajj machak ut utachi ( -ea-;
passive participles) 266
Lesson XXVII. camUchala and dubitative future; -oui-; -raqui-,
cunarac; -sti.
Joseaii laniw escUel ut utachanar yanapasin
munquiti (camsafia; conditional clauses with
- (te)jja; - pini -; 'regarding'; -sa-: -ta;
-ka-; -Lama- 'possibility/ opportutity',
-,lja-; seta, -nija; -va-; passive participles;
-VcV- (acHca, etc.) -sa) 279
Lesson XXVIII. Potential/ conditional (positive); optative mood;
passive participles.
Cr_ istinamp Tomasampeji Todos Santos fiestjjat
parlapjje (passive participles; 714-, -pacha-;
-puni-; 0 7; -sa; -ni-) 292
Lesson XXIX. Potential/ conditional (negative); -ta; lanti:
- cucha; review of 'when...then' clauses; -chafia.
ligvolunil estancia lakenacampla parli (-ta-:
=iaqui-: -iama-z -ta; -camas -ti; -ijata) 306
Lesson XXX. ,
Past potential/ .conditional (positive and negative),
'but' (-wa.::-.110.; -pini-; unmarked 'if' clauses;
-nta-;
Mama IREtiampt,mal Carolinampeji kapurlitat
parlapjje (-11_7) 320
Lesson XXXI. Conditional clauses; -Vwi-; -pini-;
-Vca: -rara.,
Tata Pablojj estanciapatac nod yatichir thake
(-P4cha-N .332
Lesson XXXII. Pronominal objects with punctual verbs (positive) ;

-va-.
Hanusloij anatan tl-okoriatanuiw waruichasi ( -c12-t' ja;
- sa? -Rai: relative clauses, nevtive it
345
Lesson XXXII'. Pronominal objects with punctual verbs (negativa);
-sa; igp. with positive verbs.
Tiu7oteo.j j agar clasenquiwa.
Tata Jos aye' kallunac chhakayi ( -ni -; plu-
perfect; -t'a-; 359

Lesson XXXIV. Pronominal objects with the future tense (positive/
negative).
Mg Nagui_silarpiii,olie ch'ok satafitalparlapile
-nta-) 372
Lesson XXXV, Pronominal objects with the imperfect tense
(positive/ negative).
Tata Marataii tata Carlosaruw kollk mayeatayna
(-sa-) 385
Lesson XXXVI. Pronominal objects with the potential/ conditional
verb (positive/ negative).
MU voluntarioti tata Juanaruw cebad lawkerk
Lanai (ucatarac; -jama-; -sU) 399
Lesson XXXVII. Pronominal objects with dubitative present
verbs (positive/ negative); -liata;
-naI 71021; -quiri-; -sisa.
Tata Lucasajj parli 412
Lesson XXXVIII. Pronominal objects with future dubitative verbs
(positive/ negative); -iri; -Vwi.
ma doctoraii mU chhtdchliu usun j keruwkolli
(-sa...-sa; passive participles; -cha; -pt-;
- Oa-) 427
Lesson XXXIX. Permissive mood; ucatarac; optative (positive/
negative); -quipan; -charm; -nucu-; 7iiasi;
- ra-; -quipa-.
Wallatamp tiwulampi (-sina; -su-;
-cjja-) 441
Lesson XL. Optative (positive/ negative); -cha.
Thokor Igsslimmuniimufit'at waynanacampi 459
Aymara folk songs 471
Supplements 473
Glossary: Aymara - English 477

APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES
IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM
MONO OM. ONNIO ONO 411111116
5XPAN4E oF AYMARA
INDIGRT5j ILLATION OF
URU AND ci-OPNA SPEAKER.'
(bAseo opt CARmitkro 1943)

BOLIVIA.
co.uA
a
4
4.
ARGENTINA 411.0 MI. *WWI ApkoximAre SouNDARte

op
AYMAR11/4 UtitsIGUAGS
(According to J. Harris)

"La iergua Airnara despues de la
Quichua es de las mas generales
y principales..., la qual se
habla en muchas Prouincias, en
district) de mas de 400. legeas...:
esta lengua tambien es elegante."
(Antonio Vgzquez de Espinosa,
Prinleraartnecylio
descriecion de las Indies oci-
dentales, 1630 [no place].
Part I, p. 23.)
Editor's Foreword
I. Scone of the present work. This volume is the product of preliminary

The first field
research conducted on two continents by a number of persons.
1966 by James Connors, language
work was undertaken in Seattle in the spring of
Vincente
coordinator of Peace Corps programs at the th.tiversity of Washington.
informant. Subse-
Quispe, a young bilingual speaker from La Paz, served as
Harris continued the field work
quently, in the summer and fall of 1966, Jimmy
second young bilingual
in Bolivia with the help of Vincente Quispe and a
speaker, Eugenio Poma. Finally, the material underwent considerable revision
training program for Bolivia
in the winter of 1966-67 during the Peace Corps
de. Vega, a
held here in Seattle. I completed the field work with Sra. Neliy
the material in its
former teacher from Achacachi, Bolivia, and rewrote
Bustamante for his translation of the
preseat format. Thanks go to Leonardo
foreword into Spanish.
much to the intelligent
It should be noted that the present format owes
in the Aymara program
criticism of the following trainees who participated
Gershman,
during the fall and winter of 1966 -'67: Panda Echevarria, Harold
Sulleatrop, Dona Walls and lichael Whiee.
Glenn Greenberg, Daniel Le Roy, Frances
and contributions of many people,
While the work represents the collective ideas
of the volume and welcomes
the editor alone is responsible for the present state
and linguists who may plan eo
the criticism and suggestions of future trainees
utilize this material.
definitive grammar and text
The editor does not look upoa this work as a
description of the rudiments of
boa. of Aymara 1-ut rather as a preliminary
the field is a prerequisite to a co.aplete
Aymara grammar. Much further work in
lin3uistic
description of Aymara according to modern structural principles of
Garcia 1917, Rudimentns
research. Previous publications consulted, such PS

ii
de gramgtica aware 1963 (Canadian Baptist Mission), Ebbing 1965 (titles

below in VI. Bibliography), are useful sources of raw data but suffer from
atomistic and apriori descriptions and a lack of effective drill materials.
It must also be remembered that the material in this volume was gleaned entirely
from educated urban speakers who are bilingual in Spanish. While it may be
true that large segments of the Aymara-speaking population has either a passive
or active knowledge of Spanish, many puzzling questions in our description
could benefit from field work conducted among rural monolingual speakers.
A word of general character about the format of the lessons/ Most lessons
comprise the following sections: (1) vocabulary, (2) grammatical analysis,

(3) substitution drills, (4) completion drills, (5) questions and answers, and
(6) one or more dialogues. (Description of intonational conto,-s is omitted
from the text because the lessons have been recorded on tape; furthermore, an
analysis of intonational contours would require much more data and research.)
The dialogues serve two purposes: to utilize vocabulary just introduced into
the lesson in a more natural framework, and to present useful conversational
phrases. New grammatical constructions and vocabulary are treated in the
notes accompanying each dialogue. The student should memorize the basic
sentence patterns given in each lesson and the conversational phrases presented
in the dialogues.
It was necessary first to record the material systematically in paradig-
matic form. Dialogues were then selected for each chapter to match the content
of substitution and completion drills. In many cases, new grammatical
categories and new vocabulary were introduced at the same time. In the future,
given greater familiarity with the material, we might wish to drastically

shorten the substitution and completion exercises and to reorder the material
more imaginatively. Ultimately, it might prove preferable to write chapters
containing only related conversational phrases, which would illustrate the
rules of the grammar presented in each chapter. This task must, however, be
left to subsequent revisions.
II. External history of the language. Within the borders of Bolivia, repre-
sentatives of at least three independent language families are spoken:

Indo-European (Spanish), Andean-Equatorial Iacro-Phylum (Aymara and Quechua)
and the Penutian Phylum with members spoken in Bolivia, Mexico and Mesoamerica
(the languages of the Urus and Chipayas). For the names of other languages
spoken in Bolivia, cf. C.F. and F.F. Voegelin, vol. 7, and Rivet 1951, pp. xv-
xviii.
Aymara speakers number today approximately 600,000 in Bolivia and Peru.
According to A. and Ii. Cohen, Aymara is spoken today in Peru in two
provinces of the department of Puno (along the southwest bank of Lake
Titicaca), in the departments of Arequipa and Moquegua, and also by monolingual
groups in the department of Lima (in the villages of Tupe, Euaquis and Laraos
and in the provinces of Huarochiri and Canta). (A recent Ph.D. dissertation
on Peruvian Aymara by Martha Hardman at Stanford University in 1962 was unfor-
tunately not available to us.) In Bolivia, Aymara is spoken throughout the
department of La Paz (which includes the provinces of En ecas, Omasuyu, Pacejes
Sicasica9 Inquisivi, Larecaja, Chulumani, Apolobamba) and a section of the
department of Oruro, encompassing in the east a part of the province of
Chayanta, and in the south the region around Lake Poop6.
In comparison with earlier times, the Aymara speech areas have dwindled
considerably. Historical documents reveal that in 1795 some 13,000 Aymara
speakers resided in the province of Arica - a province now administered by
Chile and free of any Aymara-speaking population. The chief loss to Aymara has
been the assimilation of speakers to Quechua, which became the administrative
language of the Inca. Empire after the 16th century (for details, cf. J. Jij6n
y CaamaZio, pp. 601 ff; heillet and Cohen; C.Y. and F.M. Voegelin, vol. 79 no.7,
October 19659 pp. 78-9).
In the views of many linguists, Aymara and Quechua are genetically
related. Aymara has been grouped together with Quechua to constitute the
Andean division of the Andean-Equitorial Macro-Phylum (this is the view, for
example, of Joseph Greenberg of Stanford University). As far back as 18%,
V. Steinthal coined the term cechuamaran (or Rechumaran) phylum of languages
('Das Verhaltniss das wvischen dem Ketscnua und Aymara besteht," VII qmpai
International des ArAricanistes, Berlin 1890, pp. 462-5). (For other
references, cf. J. Jijtin y Caama4).)

While Aymara historically has lost ground to Quechua, it currently
threatens to absorb two other languages indigenous to Bolivia - Uru and
Chipaya (sometimes refered to as Puouina). Both languages are strongly
influenced by Aymara. Chipaya nutters about 800 speakers on the southern

end of the Bolivian Altiplano while Uru, spoken near Lakes Titicaca and
Poop6, has been reduced to approximately 100 speakers only (cf. U.S. Armv
Handbook for Bolivia, p. 69 and C.F. and F.IA. Voegelin, vol. 7, no. 7, Oct.
1965, p. 11).

iv
According to the U.S. ArTy Handbook, the year 1952 marks a significant
change in the attitude of local speakers towards Aymara which may signal an
improved status for the language. Since 1952, Aymara (along with Quechua)
has been studied as a tangible link with the national heritage. Recent years
have seen attempts to institute primary school instruction in the native

language. A law of 1955 marked the beginning of literacy campaigns in rural
areas and the creation of alphabets for Quechua and Aymara. The alphabets
follow Spanish orthographical norms. Aymara also serves as a medium of radio

broadcasts and political tractates (cf. e.g. the LikEttilailltialma which
disseminates communist propaganda in the native languages). Interest in these
languages is no doubt propelled by the sudden introduction of the Indian

population into more active political life. Curiously, Spanish colonial
policy also contributed indirectly to the preservation of the native languages

by keeping the Indians from learning Spanish. According to C.F. and F.M.
Voegelin (vol. 6, no. 6, June 1964), some 36% of Spanish speakers in the
Highlands have some knowledge of either Quechua or Aymara.
In recent years, interest in Aymara is growing both at home and abroad -
among native speakers themselves and non-native observers. We do not yet
witness in Bolivia the elevation of any Indian language to the level of

officlal administrative and educational medium, parallel to the position of
Guarani in Paraguay, but such a development is not entirely unrealistic.
Aymara at one time served as an administrative language alongside Spanish.
During the 17th 19th centuries, official documents were issued in Aymara,
Quechua and Spanish (cf. examples in Rivet). Early Spanish settlers,
especially clerics, set about to translate religious tractates into the local
languages. The first grammatical description of Aymara was apparently the 350
page work of Ludovico Bertonio, Arte y orammItica mu' copiosa de la lengua
&Tara, Rome 1603. (It is interesting that Forbes, p. 79, a visitor to Bolivia
from 1859-63, talks of meetings of Aymaras in La Paz for the purpose of keeping
up the study of the language and discussing the purity of the pronunciation.)
To those sceptical observers who see the Indian tongues of South America
doomed to gradual extinction with the spread of education in Spanish, we
would only call to mind similar prognoses for new national languages in
Europe in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Nevertheless, the
number of national languages in Europe has rapidly proliferated within the

the last century and a half. With the rise of new nation states in the 19th
and 20th centuries, new national languages took their place on the linguistic
map of Europe, despite predictions of failures Norwegian, Icelandic,
Lithuanian, gig.0/4' Ukrainian, Belorussian are some examples.
III. Research possibilities. The study of Aymara offers the student of

bilingualism and language contact a rice laboratory for research. It is
not unexpected to find that some 400 years of contact with Spanish and Quechua
have left a strollg imprint on Aymara vocabulary and grammar. It is
immediately apparent to the most casual observer that a large stock of

vocabulary is shared by Aymara and Quechua . (Osborne, p. 10 claims 30%
common vocabulary). Detailed historical studies gill reveal to what extent

the similarities in lexicon and grammar are the result of relatively recent
borrowings from Quechua to Aymara or proof of an older genetic relationship.
The influence of Spanish on Aymara vocabulary is also significant (e.g., the
days of the week, proper names, technical vocabulary, etc. are all Spanish).
IV. Problems. To some extent in this material we have had occasion to

postulate the inroadd of bilingualism as the motivation of some instances of
divergent grammatical norms. Uumerous other grammatical problems, whose
descriptions necessarily remain' incomplete here, probably also reflect the
effects of Spanish influence on Aymara syntax. The wide use of a durative
negative tense (e.g. jani:' serascti 'I am not going') in the speech of one
bilingual informant(but not ,4t 411 attested in the speech of other bilingual
informants), seems clearly the result of the Spanish positive-negative model
(estoy.yendo/ no estov vendo). Other unresolved problems, such as the
apparently chaotic distribution of the -wa and -ja suffixes, leads one to
suspect that a once important grammatical category in the language may be
undergoing functional reshaping under the impact of Spanish. Finally, the
aspect distinction which characterizes verbs formed from verbal roots con
trasts sharply with the weakened aspect distinction of verbs formed from
non-verbal roots, such as in the aspect pair camsminca_A.7(to be) where
(right now)'/ crwquincasca a '(to be) where (in gereral)' where the Spanish
equivalent is the adverb donda with the verb eetar 4t8 .be% Thee
and many other problems are inadequately treated in previous grammars, we are
also sorely hampered by a lack of dialect studies, linguistically sound

vi
grammatical descriptions and historical studies. A comparison with older

records and with the speech of monolinguals could be expected to point the
way to reasonable solutions. The influence of Spanish on Aymara is, moreover,
paralleled by the influence of Aymara on the Spanish speech of bilinguals.
V. Orthography. The material is presented in the orthography adopted by

current literacy campaigns, in which Spanish loan words retain their original
spelling and Roman letters have the same value in Aymara as in Spanish.
For example, the proper name Pablo retains its orthography in Aymara though
it may be pronounced Pablu or Pawru, depending on the speaker's education and
knowledge of Spanish. The native pronunciation of Spanish loans will always
be indicated. Punctuation follows English norms.
VI. Selected-b-Wiealanhydp
Canadian Baptist Mission, La Paz: Rudimentoslesmaltiamam. La Paz,

1963.
catgloces usuales de Aymara (con la correspondencia en castellano
y quechua). La Paz 1963.
J..an Enrique Ebbing: Gramgtica y diccionario aimara. La Paz 1965,
(translated in part by Andrew D. Cohen: An Aymara Grammar, La Paz, 1966).
David Forbes: On the Aymara Indians of Bolivia and Peru. London 1870.
P. Juan Antonio Garcia, S.J.: GramgticaArnara (sabre la base de una ediciOn

antigua). La Paz, 1917.
J. Jij6n y Caameio: "Las lenguas del sur de Centro America," Fl Ecuador
Interandino y Occidental (antes de la Conquista Castellana). Quito 1943;
vol. 3, pp. 601-661.
Weston La Barre: "Aymara Folk Tales," International Journal of American
Linguistics, 1950, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 40-5.
The Aymara Indian of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia (=American
Anthropologist, 1948, No. 1, part 2).
Jose Toribio Medina: Bibliografia de las lenguas quechua y aymarg, New
York, 1930. (=Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, vol. VII, no. 7.)
A. I4eillet and M. Cohen (editors): Les langues du monde. Paris, 1952;
pp. 1109-10.
Harold Osborne: Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1952.
Paul Rivet and Georges de Crequi-Montfort: Bibliographie des langues
aymarg et kicua, vol. 1-4. Paris 1951-6. (=Travaux et Memoires de
l'Institut d'ethnographie, no. LI.)

vii
Thomas Sebeok: "Aymara 'Little T'ed Ridinghood' with Morphological

Analysis," 1951, vol. 3, fascicule 1,
pp. 53-69.
"Material for an Aymara Dictionary," Journal de la Societe des
Amgricanistes, vol. XL [n.s.], 1951, pp. 89-151.
Harry Tschopik, Jr.: "Aymara Texts: Lupaca Dialect," International
Journal of American Linguistics, 1948, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 108-114.
Antonio Tovar: Catglo o de las lenguas de America del sur. Buenos Aires
1961.
U.S. Army Area Handbook for Bolivia (prepared by Foreign Areas Studies
Division). Washington, 1963.
German G. Villamor: Aoderno vocabularlo del kechua y aytnara (con su
correspondencia en castellano). La Paz, 1940.
C.F. 7=leteela:111: twiojan=ronoolotaloLlitui:at11:evft71:ano. 6,

June, 1964; vol. 7, no. 7, October, 1965). Bloomington, Indiana.
"La lengua Aimara despues de la

Qichua es de las mas generates
y principales..., la qual se
habla en muchas Prouincias, en
distrito de mas de 400. leguas...:
esta lengua tambien es elegante."
(Antonio Vgzquez de Espinosa,
Primeraparte del compendio v
descri cion de las Indias oci-
dentales, 1630 [no place].
Part I; p. 23.)
PrOlogo del editor
I. Alcarce de esta obra. Este volumen es el producto de investigaciones

preliminares Ilevadas a cabo por varias personas en dos continentes.
James Connors, coordinador de idioms de los programas del Cuerpo de Paz
en la Universidad de Washington, emprendi6 los primeros trabajos prgc-
ticos. Vicente Quispe, joven hablante bilingUe de La Paz, sirvi6 como
informante. Subsecuentemente, en el verano y otofio de 1966, Jimmy
Harris continuo' el trabajo prgctico en Bolivia con la ayuda de Vicente

Quispe y de otro joven bilingte, Eugenio Poma. Finalmente, en el
invierno de 1966-67 durante el programa de entrenamiento en Seattle de

un contingent:: del Cuerpo de Paz para Bolivia, se someti6 el material a

viii
considerable revision. Completamos entonces el trabajo prgctico con la
senora Welly de Vega, antigua maestra de Achacachi, Bolivia, como infor-

mante, y escribimos nuevamente el material en su presente tamafio.
Debemos anotar que el presente tamano de la obra se debe en gran
parte a la inteligente critica de los siguientes entrenandos que
participaron en el programa de aimara durante el otono e invierno de
1966-67: Wanda Echevarria, Darold Gershman, Glenn Greenberg, Daniel
It Roy, Frances Sullentrop, Dona Walls, :47: Michael White. Si bien la
obra representa ideas y contribuciones de muchas personas, solamente

el editor se responsabiliza por el estado presegte del volumen y acepta
gustoso cualquier critica y sugerencias por parte de futuros entrenandos,
o de lingUistas que proyecten utilizar este material.
El editor no considera esta obra una gramgtica definitiva ni un
libro de texto de aimara, sino mgs bien una descripciem preliminar de
los rudimentos de la gramgtica aimara. Para hacer una descripci6n
complete del aimara de acuerdo a los principios estructurales de investi-

gaciOn lingUistica se requiere mucho mgs trabajo prgctico adicional.
Publicaciones anteriores que hemos consultado, como Garcia 1917,
Rudhnentos de zramgtica aimara 1963 (Canadian Baptist Mission), Ebbing
(Titulos indicalos en VI, la bibliografla, pp. vi vii.), son
1965
fuente ail de datos generales pero adolecen de descripciones atomisticas
Debe recor-
y a priori, y de falta de ejercicios eficaces de prgctica.
darse que el material en este volumen se espigii por entero de hablantes
urbanos y cultos, bilingiles en castellano. Si bien es verdad que grander
segmentos de la poblaciiin de habla aimara tienen conocimientos pasivos

o activos de castellano, muchas cuestiones perplejas en nuestra descrip-
ciOn podrian beneficiarse mediante trabajo prgctico hecho con gente
rural monolingUe.
Una indicacitm de cargctnr general acerca del tamafio de las
lecciones. La mayoria de las lecciones comprenden las siguientes
secciones: (1) vocabulario, (2) anglisis gramatical, (3) prgcticas de
substituciOn, (4) prgcticas de completamiento, (5) preguntas y

respuestas, y (6) uno o ings diglogos. (demos omitido del texto la
descripci8n de contornos de entonaci6n, porque las lecciones vienen ,11
anglisis tat
tambign grabadas en cintas magnetoftinicas y ademgs porque un

ix
requerirla mucho mgs datos e investigaci6n.) Los diglogos sirven dos
prop6sitos: utilizer el vocabulario recign presentado en la 2.cciOn

dentro de estructuras mgs naturales, y presentar frases Utiles de
conversaci6n. Las notes que acompanan cada diglago t.ratan de construe-
clones gramaticales y vocabulario nuevos. El estudiante deberg aprender
de memoria las frases patr6n bgsicas que aparecen en cada lecci6n, asf
como las oracicnes de conversaci6n que se presentan en los diglogos.
Primer() hubo que grabar el material sistemIticamente en forma paradig-
mgtica. Luego seleccionamos para cada capttulo diglogos que casen con
En
el contenido cie los ejercicios de coipletamiento y substituciOn.
wuchos casos, presentamos al mismo tiempo categorlas gramaticales'y
vocabulario nuevos. En lo porvenir, dada mayor familiariead con el
material, quiz querramos acortar drgsticamente los ejercicios de

completamiento y substituci6n, asi como reordenar dicho material mgs
preferible escribir
imaginativamente. Finalmente, puede que resulte
capttulos que contengan solamente frases relacionadas de conversaciOn
Este
que ilustren las reglas gramaticales presentadas en los mismos.
tarea, sin embargo, debe quedar para revisiones subr.:ecuentes.
II. historis externa del idioma. Dentro de las fronteras de Bolivia,
se habla representantes de por lo menos tres families independientes

filo andino ecuatorial
de idiowes: indo-europeo (castellano), el macro
(aimara y quecbua) y el filo "penuto" con miembros clue se hablan en
Bolivia, Mgjico y Yesoamerica (las lenguas de los urus y chipayas).
Vase los nombres de otras lenguas de Bolivia en C.F. y F.1. Voegelin,
vol. 7, y Rivet 1951, pp. xv-xviii.
Bolivia y en
Hay actualmente unos 600.000 hablantes de aimara en
el Peril. De acuerdo a A. y H. Cohen, el aimara se habla en
el Per hoy en dta en dos provincias del departameato de Puno (a lo

largo de la orilla occidental del lago Titicaca), en los departamentos
monoliugtles en el
de Arequipa y Moquegua, y tambien lo hablan grupos
departamento de Lima (en las aldeas de Tupe, ruaquis y Laraos, y en las
provincias de Huarochiri y Ceuta). (Desafortnnadalaente no estuvo dis-
wnible rare nuestro use una reciente lis?ztaci6n doctoral sobre el

de Stanford en 19G2.)
aimara peruana par Martha Hardman en la Universidad

En Bolivia, el aimara se habla en todo el departamento de
La Paz (que
incluye las provincias de Mufiecas, Omasuyu, Pacejes,
Sicasica, Inquisivi,
Larecaja, Chulumani y Apolobamba) y en una secci6n del departamento
de
Oruro, que abarca hacia el oriente una parte de la provincia de Chayanta,
y hacia el sur los alrededores del lago Poop6.
En comparaci6n con tiempos de antafio, las zonas de habla aimara han
mermado considerablemente. Documentos histOricos revelan que en 1795,
13.000 residentes de Arica eran de habla aimara (esta provincia pertenece
a Chile ahora y no tiene poblaci6n de este idioma). La pgrdida principal
del aimara ha sido la absorci6n de sus hablantes por el quechua, que
lleg6 a sex el idioma administrativo del imperio de los Incas despues del
siglo 16 (vgase detalles, J. Jij6n y Caamafio, pp. 601 a c; Meillet y
Cohen; C.F. y F.M. Voegelin, vol. 7, no. 7, octubre 1965, pp. 78-9).
Al parecer de muchos lingilistas, el aimara y el quechua son gengtica-
mente relacionados. Se le ha puesto al aimara en un mismo grupo con el
quedhua para constituir la divici6n andina del macro-filo andino ecuator-
ial (este es el parecer, por ejemplo, de Joseph Greenberg de la Universi-
dad de Stanford). Ya hacia 1890 H. Steinthal forj6 el Vermin() filo de
lenguas quechumaraes (o Kechumaran) ("Das Verhaltniss das zwischen dem
Ketschua and Aimara besteht," VII Conotes International des Americanistes
Berlin 1890, pp. 462-5). (Vgase otras referencias, J. Jij6n y Caamafio.)
Aunque histOricamente el aimara ha perdido terreno con respecto al
quechua, actualmente amenaza absorber otros dos lenguajes indigenas de
Bolivia, el uru, y el chipaya, llamado a veces puquina, que sufren hoy
en dia fuerte influencia aimara. Unas 800 personas hablan chipaya en el
extremo sur del altiplano boliviano mientras que el uru, hablado en los
K.
alrededores de los lagos Titicaca y Poop6, se ha reducido a apenas unos

100 hablantes (vgase U.S. Army 'Handbook for Bolivia, p. 89 y C.F. y F.M.
Voegelin, vol. 7, no. 7, oct. 1965, p. 11).
De acuerdo a la guia para el ejgrcito de los EE.UU. (U.S. Army
Handbook), el an de 1952 inicia entre los estudiosos locales una postura
para con el aimara que biers puede significar una mejora en posici6n para
este lenguaje. Desde 1952 se le ha estudiado al aimara (tambien al
quechua) como a tangible eslab6n del pattimonio nacional, y se ha tratado
de instituir el use de esta, su lengua natal, en la instruccition de

xi
escolares primarios. Una ley de 1955 da comienzo a c4impanas de alfabeti-

zaci6n en zonas rurales y a la creaci6n de alfabetos para el quechua y
aimara, alfabetos que siguen las normas ortogrgficas dercastallano.
Sirve tambien el aimara como medio de comunicaci6n de
radiodifusiones y tratados politicos (vgase e.g. la Libreria Altiplano
que disemina propaganda comunista en las lenguas natales). La saita
presencia de la poblaci6n India en una vida politica mgs activa ha dado
sin duda mayor impulso al inters en estos idiomas, y es curioso que la
politica colonial espafiola tambign contribuy6 a la preservaci6n de los
mismos, al impedir que los indios aprendieran castellano. De acuerdo a
C.F. y Voegelin (vol. 6, no. 6, junio de 1964), un 36% de pobladores

hispanos de la sierra sabe algo o de quechua, o de aimara.
En afios recientes, el inters en el aimara ha venido creciendo
tanto en Bolivia como en el extranjero, entre los mismos hablantes
nativos y tambi& entre observadores no nativos. TodaVia no se puede
notar en Bolivia la exaltaci6n de ningrin idioma Indio al nivel de medio

oficial administrativo y educativo paralela a la del guarani en el
Paraguay, peno tal eventualidad no debe descartarse. El aimara sirvi6
en un tiempo, a la par que el Castellano, como idioma administrativo.

Durante los siglos 17 - 19, los documentos oficiales se promulgaban en
aimara, quechua y castellano (cf. ejemplos en Rivet). Los prirneros
colonos espaiioles, especiaImente del ciero, se pusieron a traducir

tratados religiosos a los idiomas locales. La primera descripcion
gramatical del aimara parece ser la obra de 350 pgginas escrita por
Ludovico
Roma 1603. (Es interesante que seem Forbes, p. 793 que visit's Bolivia
de 1859-63, los aimaraes se reunian en La Paz con el propOsito de
mantener vivo el estudio de su lengua y de discutir la pureza de su
pronunciaci6n.)
A aquellos observadores escepticos que creen que debido a la
difusi6n de la ensefianza en castellano los idiomas indios de Sud
America estgn predestinados a gradual desaparici6n, nos gustaria
recordar pron6sticos similares respecto a los idiomas nacionales de los
nuevos to'aises de Europa hechos en el transcurso de los siglos 19 y 20.
A pesar de ellos el n6mero de lenguas nacionales en Europa ha aumentado

xii
rgpidamente durante el ultimo siglo y medio con el surgir de nuevos

estados, y los nuevos idiomas nacionales respectivos han tornado su lugar
en el mapa lingUistico de Europa, pese a las predicciones de fracaso.
Tales son por ejemplo el noruego, el islandgs, el lituano, el checo
el ukranio, o el beloruso.
III. posibaidadescleirla. El estudio del aimara le ofrece

al estudiante de bilingualismo y contacto idiomgtico un amplio labora-
torio de investigaci6n. No es nada inesperado encontrar que 400 afios
de contacto con el castellano y el quechua han dejado en el vocabulario
y is gramgtica aimaraes una marcada huella. Ante el obsg-vador mgs
fortuito se pone de inmediata evidencia que el aimara y el quechua
comparten una gran parte de su vocabulario (Osborne, p. 10, afirma 30%
vocabulario comgn). Estudios historicos detallados podrian revelar hasty
qug punto las similitudes en lexico y gramgtica son el resultado de
prgstamos relativamente recientes del quechua al aimara, o prueba de un
parentesco gengtico mgs antiguo. La influencia del castellano en el
vocabulario aimara es tambign significativa (e.g., los dias de la semana,
nombres propios, vocabulario tgcnico, etc. son todos castellanos).
IV. Dificultades. En este material hemos tenido ocasign en cierta

medida, de postular las incursiones del bilingualismo como la motivation
de algunos casos de normas gramaticales divergentes. Otros problemas
gramaticales numerosos, cuya descripcign necesariamente queda incomplete
aqui, tambign reflejan probablemente los efectos de la influencia del
castellano en la sintaxis aimara. El use extenso de un tiempo durativo
en negativo (e.g. laniw sarascti 'no estoy yendo') en el habla de un
informante bilingile, pero oque.noexs.tmt:. en la de otros, parece clara-
mente resultado del modelo positivo negativo castellano (estoy yendo/ no
estoy yendo). Otros asuntos no resueltos, como la aparente distribuci5n
ca6tica de los sufijos -way -jia, hate sospechar que si fug esta una
vez categoria gramatical importante de la lengua, quizg esta sufriendo
hoy reformas funcionales bajo el impact del castellano. Finalmente,
la distinci6n de aspecto que caracteriza los verbos formados de raices
verbales contrasta marcadamente con aquella debilitada de los verbos
r
formados de raices no verbales, como en el aspecto par cawquincafia

'(estar) donde (ahora mismo)' /cawquincascana '(estar) donde (en general)'
mientras el equivalente castellano donde (estar) funciona como adverbio
m5s el verbo 'estar'. Estas y muchas otras cuestiones se tratan inadec.:a-
damente en gramlticas anteriores; nosotros estamos tambi6n lamertai;1L-
mente impedidos por la falta de estudios de dialectos, descripciones
gramaticales lingasticamente vglidas Testudios histeiricos. Es de
esperarse que una comparaci6n con docutnentos antiguos y con el habla
de monolinglies pueda indicar el camino hacia soluciones'tazonables. La

influencia del castellano en el aimara es, adem5s, paralela a la del
aimara en el habla castellana de los bilingUes.
V. Ortografia. Presentamos el material con la ortografia adoptada por

las actuates campanas contra el analfabetismo, en la cual las palabras
castellanas guardan su ortografia original y las Tetras romanas tienen
el mismo valor en aimara como en castellano. Por ejemplo, el nombre
propio Pablo conserva su ortografia en aimara pese a que puede pronun-
ciarse Pablu o Pawru, dependiendo esto de la cultura del locutor y sus
conocimientos de castellano. La pronunciacitin aimara de vocablos
castellanos ester siempre indicada. Las normas inglesas rigen la
puntuacitin.
Paul Wexler
Language Coordinator,
Peace Corps Training Programs,
University of Washington and
Department of. Linguistics,
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington.
Seattle, Spring l %7

xiv
LESSON A. INVENTORY OF AYMARA SOUNDS

Consonants
bilabial dental prepalatal* postpalatal postvelar
tops
simple p t ch
aspirated ph th chh qh kh
glotallized p' t' ch' c' k'
* The prepalatal stops are characterized by a fricative release.

Nasals m n fi
Liquids
trill
continuous 1 11
Fricatives s j jj
Voiced stops b,d,,E occur only in foreign loans.
Vowels
Syllabic i
e o
a
Non-syllabic
y w
Next to postvelar stops and fricatives, i and .0 in native words
are replaced by e and o respectively:
e.g. warmi 'woman' / Ewartila 'my wpman' (and not *Hanniii2).
Spanish e and o, on the other hand, are frequently replaced by

i and u respectively in Aymara; Spanish Voicedtstopsate frequently
ftpladet,by'yoicele-ss fricatives in Aymara:
e.g. regalo 'gift! /rilalu
Spanish words are written in their standard orthography, with the
omission of the accent mark: e.g. Jose, Maria. Spanish loans which
end in a consonant are spelled in Aymara with final -6a: e.g. Spanish
martes 'Tuesday' becomes martesa.lheAymara pronunciation of Spanis:
loans is given in parentheses next to the Spanisl spelling: e.g.
martesa ( martisa). The orthography follows that adopted by
Rudimentos de gramgtica aymara and the ComisieIn de alfabetizaciOn
yliteratura en Amara (La Paz) and others. In this orthography,
Spanish symbols are used to represent similar Aymara sounds (a, t,
ch, etc.); where Spanish lacks an appropriate symbol for an Aymara
sound, a combination of familiar symbols is proposed (ph, th, etc.);
in addition, new symbols are introduced (EL, t', etc.).

The following diagram indicates the relative position of the
prepalatal, postpalatal and postvelar series. The English "k" sounds
are also included for orientation.
front of the mouth baCk'of the mouth
1111.111......M.Magn.m.
1. Aymara 11, fi, ch,

chh, .MONMON
ch'
2. Aymara c(a,u)/ ga(i)i c'(a,u)/ L1(L).
2119 ..i.
English "k" of keel cat, cool

3. Aymara k, kh, k',
N.B. In the production of (1), the tip of the tongue touches the back
of the lower front teeth. The English "k" sounds are not found in
aymara. In the production of (3), the back of the tongue approaches (in
the production of jj) or makes ef:rect' contact (k, kh, k') with the
back region of the soft palate.
Pronunciation Drill - Arsuga

(1) pa (2) to (3) cha (4) ca (5) ka (6) ja (7) la
pha tha chha qha kha jja* ila
p'a t'a ch'a c'a k'a

(8) pi (9) ti (10) chi (11) qui (12) lei (13) ji (14) li
phi thi chhi qhi khi iii* lli
p'i t'i ch'i q'i k'i

(15) pu (16) tu (17) chu (18) cu (19) ku (20) ju (21) lu
4 iu* flu
phu thu chhu qhu khu .J.J
pvu t'u ch'u Ct U k'u

(22) apa (23) ata (24) acha (25) aca (26) aka (27) aja (28) ala
apha atha achha aqha akha aija alla
ap'a et'a achha ac'a ak'a

(29) ipi (30) iti (31) ichi (32) iql..i (33) iki (34) iji
iphi ithi ichhi ighi ikhi iiii

ip'i i'ti ichhi iq'i iki
* Sounds ma:ked with * don't occur in initial position in Aymara;

they are included here only for drill rurposes.
xvi
(35) ili (36) upu (37) utu (38) uchu (39) ucu (40) uku
illi uphu uthu uchhu , uqhu ukhu
up'u ut'u uch'u uc'u uk'u
(41) uju (42) ulu (43) papa (44) papa (45) phapa (46) p'apa
uj j u ullu phapha papha phapha p'apha
p'ap'a papa phapha p'ap'a
(47) tata (48) tata (49) thata (50) t'ata (51) chacha
thatha tatha thatha t'atha chhachha
eat'a tat'a that'a eat'a ch'ach'a
(52) chacha (53) chhacha (54) ch'acha (55) caca (56) caca
chachha chhachha ch'achha cihaqha caqha
chach'a chhach'a ch'ach'a 1
c ac 1 a cac 1 a
(57) qhaca (58) c'aca (59) kaka (60) kaca (61) jaja (62) lala
qhaqha c'aqha khakha khaqha jajja lalla
qhac'a c'ac'a k'ak'a k'ac'a jajj llalla

LESSON I - Navranquir lecciona
Vocabulary - Arunaca_
c umara sano healthy
chacha hombre, esposo, marido man, husband
ch'iqhi inteligente intelligent
David (Tawit) David
Elena (Ilina) Elena
Enrique (Inriqui) Enrique
imilla ni.a girl
jach'a grande big
jach'a tansa alto tall
jake persona, gente person, man
jayra flojo lazy
jisa si yes
jisc'a pequerio small::

.
jiscia tansa bajo short
Jose (Jusiya) Jose
khoru malo, bad
k'apha activo active
liq'i gordo fat
Maria (Mariya) Maria
Pablo (Pawlu) Pablo
pisi cbuyna tonto stupid

pisi less, lacking
eluyma heart
Posita (Rusita) Ropita
buenp, silopetico good

soma
Susana Scsana.
estatura stature
tansa
la jcven young woMan

tawako

LESSON I - Vocabulary
eugha flaco thin
usuta enfermo sick
warmi mujer, esposa woman, wife
wayna el joven young man
yokalla niuo boy
Grammar - Suma aYtanata ui
I. Mariaiisumatawakowa. 'Haria is a nice girl'

(literally 'M.-jj nice girl - is.')
Davidajj suma waynawa. 'David is a nice young man.'
Josegiisuma chachawa. 'Jose is a nice man.'
Aymara has an optional 'subject-object' marker (the term is tentative)
which, may be attached to the subject of the sentence (nouns, pronouns,
adjectives) or to the object of a verb phrase. Thus ?aria suma
tawakowa is also possible. The precise function of the optional
marker is presently unclear. Possibly it is a stylistic device which
does not signal any difference in referential meaning. Words ending
in a vowel take the marker in the form -jj (Maria + jia), words
ending in a consonant or -e (in Spanish words) take the marker in the
form -ajja (David + aija, Jose + adia). (On the loss of the final
vowel, cf section III below.) When the subject of the sentence
comprises a modified noun, the marker is added to the last component
of the subject:
Jisc'a tansa waynajj. 'The short boy (4. ji)'
The same marker may also be attached to adverbs and verbs; in the
case of the latter, the function appears to be grammatical rather than
stylistic. These other uses will be discussed in later chapters.
Aymara has a predicate marker -wa, which, when attached to an adjective

or noun, conveys the meaning 'to be.' The marker -wa can also occur with

3
LESSON I - Grammar
other parts of speech; these diverse functions are treated in later

lessons. The marker -wa can appear, 2E1LaoseinLamlfTse; more-
over, -wa in the function of predicate marker or when attached
to verbs is restricted to positive declarative sentences. The
different functions of (optional) -jje and (obligatory) -wa are

shown in the following sentences:
Acaj utawa. 'This is the house.' (Literally 'This -(subject)
the house
Acaw '(This) house is the (this) one'.
tansati? 'Is Maria short ?'
Enriqueij Ougha waned? 'Is Enrique a thin young man?'
The suffix -ti replaces the predicate marker -wa in interrogative

sentences. Interrogative markers are always stressed. The suffix
-ti may be attached to different components of the sentence,

depending on desired emphasis:
Normal order: Acan utjtati? 'Do you live here?'
Emphasis: Acanti utita? 'Do you live here?'
III. Rules of elision: the last vowel of an adjective with more than
two syllables may be dropped in sentence-medial position the vowel
of the last word of a clause can never be dropped:
e.g. palkcjjILEiggasayj. 'Pablo is a healthy boy.'
(full form: eumara)

In the vocabulary,items are listed in their full form. In Pabloji
REELEalEna, suma cannot be contracted to sum because it has only

two syllables. (Where suma functions as an adverb ('well'), it
may be contracted to sum.)
IV.. Rules of stress: most native Aymara words are stressed on tha
last syllable. The stress remains fixed regardless of elision.
e.g. c'umgra / c'umar
The only exceptioas to this rule are the interrogative markers
(e.g. -ti) which bear the strese.
V. Aymara words are not marked for gender.

4
LESSONI
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscufia
M. Enriquejj eugha waynawa
E. Enriquejj eugha waynawa
M. Joseajj
E. Joseajj eugha waynawa
M. jayra
E. Joseajj jayra waynawa
M. jakewa
E. Joseajj jayra jakewa
M. ch'iqhi
E. Joseajj ch'iqhi jakewa.
M. Pablojj
E. Pablojj ch'ighi jakewa
M. jisc'a tansa
E. Pablojj jisea tansa jakewa
M. chachawa
E. Pablojj jisc'a tansa chachawa
M. khoru
E. Pablojj khoru chachawa
M. suma
E. Pablojj suma chachawa
M. k'apha
E. Pablojj k'apha chachawa
M. pisi chuyma
E. Pablojj pisi chuyma chachawa
M. Davidajj
E . Davidajj pisi chuyme chnchawa

5
LESSON I
Substitution
M. Davidajj pisi chuyma chachawa
E. Davidajj pisi chuyma chachawa
M. clumar
L. Davidajj c'umar chachawa
M. yokallawa
E. Davidajj eumar yokallawa
M. liq'i
E. Davidajj yokallawa
M. jach'a tansa
E. Davidajj jachla tansa yokallawa
M. Enriquejj
E. Enriquejj jach'a tansa yokallawa
M. usut
E. Enriquejj usut yokallawa
M. waynawa
E. Enriauejj usut waynawa
N. t'uqba
E. Enriquejj tlugha waynawa
M. klapha
E. Enriquejj k'apha waynawa
M. Joseajj
E. Joseajj k'apha waynawa
M. j akewa
E. Joseajj k'apha jaketia
M. jiscla tansa
E. Joseajj jisc'a tansa jakewa

6
LESSON I
Substitution Drill
M. Mariajj ch'iqhi warmiwa
E. Mariajj ch'ighi warmiwa
M. liq'i
E. Mariajj liq'i warmiwa
M. jisc'a tansa
E. Mariajj jisc'a tansa warmiwa
M. khoru
E. Mariajj khoru warmiwa
M. Elenajj
E. Elenajj khoru warmiwa
M. c'umar
E. Elenajj c'umar warmiwa
M. eugha
E. Elenajj eugha warmiwa
M. tawakowa
E. Elenajj eugha tawakowa
M. Rositajj
E. Rositajj eugha tawakowa
M. jach'a tansa
E. Rositajj jach'a tansa tawakowa
M. usut
E. Rositajj usut tawakowa
M. pisi chuyma
E. Rositajj pisi chuymattawakowa
M. k'apha
E. Rositajj k'apha tawakowa

7
LESSCN I
Substitution Drill
M. Rositajj k'apha tawakowa
E. Rositajj k'apha tawakowa
M. liq'i
E. Rositajj tawakowa
M. usut
E. Rositajj usut tawakowa
M. jakewa
E. Rositajj usut jakewa
M. Susanajj
E. Susanajj usut jakewa
M. suma
E. Susanajj suma jakewa
M. jayra
E. Susanajj jayra jakewa
M. imillawa
E. Susanajj jayra imillawa
M. k'apha
E. Susanajj k'apha imillawa
M. pisi chuyma
E. Susanaji pisi eauyma immilawa
N. jisc'a tansa
E. Susanajj jisc'a tansa imillawa
M. Mariajj
E. Mariajj jisea tansa imillawa
M. khoru
E. Mariajj khoru imillawa

8
LESSON I
Questions and Answers -
Affirmative - Chekanaca
M. Enriquejj t'ugha waynati?
E. J!fsa, Enriquejj tiugha waynawa.
M. Pablojj jaketi?
E. Jisa, Pablojj ch'ighi jakewa.
M. Mariajj jisc'a tansa tawakoti?
E. J!sa, Mariajj jisc'a tansa tawakowa.
H. Elenajj jach'a tansa tawakoti?
E. JYsa, Elenajj jach'a tansa tawakowa.
M. Pablojj pisi chuyma waynati?
E. J!sa, Pablojj pisi chuyma waynawa.
M. Joseajj euqha jaketi?
E. Jisa, Joseajj eugha jakewa.
M. Davidajj khoru yokallati?
E. J5Isa, Davidajj khoru yokallawa.
M. Rositajj c'umar imillati?
E. Jisa, Rositajj c'umar imillawa.
M. Susanajj liq'i warmiti?
E. Jisa, Susanajj warmiwa.
N. Pablojj usut waynati?
E. Jisa, Pablojj usut waynawa.
M. Enriquejj k'apha chachati?
E. Jisa, Enriquejj k'apha chachawa.
Rositajj suma warmiti?
E. Jisa, Rositajj suma warmiwa.

9
LESSON 1 - Questions and Answers - Affirmative
1. Mariajj jisc'a tansati?
E. nsa, Mariajj jisc'a tansawa.
M. Joseajj eughati?
E. JMsa, Joseajj eughawa.
Pronunciation - Arsufia
Pronunciation Review:
(1) papha, phapa, papha, phapa
(2) phapha, phapa, papha, papa
(3) papa, phapha, papa, phapha
(4) papha, phapa,.papha, phapa
(5) papta,. phap'a, papta,.phap'a

' . .
(6) p'apha, papa, p'ap'a, p'apha

.
(7) phap'a, papa, p'ap'a, p'apha
(8) '0 phapha, papha

I .
(9) tatha, thata, tatha, thata
(10) tata, thatha, tata, thatha

.
(11) tat'a, eatha, eata, that'd
(12) that'a, thata, thatha, eanthiL
(13) eatha, that'a, eatha, that'a
(14) caca, kaka, caka, kaca
(15) kakha, caqha, khaka, qhaca
(16) k'ak'a, c'akta,-k'acta, c'ac'a
(17) khakha.,:qhaCiha., k'aqha, qhak'a
lo.

10
LESSON I
Dialogue - Cuento
Rositampi Susanampi
R. Susana, Francisca k'apha tawakoti?
S. JMs, mama Rosa, Francisca k'apha tawakowa.
R. Marian imillapa usutati?2
S. JMsa, Marian imillapa usutawa.
R. Juman chachana3 jisc'a tansati?
S. JMsa, chachajja4 jisc'a tansawa.
NOTES:
1 -1221 'with, and'. Repeated with both components joined by
the conjunction: Rositampi Susanampi 'Rosa and Susana'
2 'Is Maria's daughter ill?' (Literally 'Is Maria's her daughter ill?)
-na possessive suffix:
Marian 'Maria's'
-21 3rd person possessive suffix^
imillata 'her (his) daughter'
3 'your husband.'
-ma 2nd person possessive . suffix:
chachama 'your husband' Possession must he marked

in both pronoun and noun. The pronoun may be omitted.
4 a 1st person possessive suffix:
chachaiia 'my husband'

The possessive marker -.at, in contrast with the synonymous optional
subject marker, cannot be contracted in sentence medial position:
ciaclati would mean 'a, the husband'. The subject liarker may be added
to the possessive suffix: chachaliaii(a) 'my husband.'

11
Lii,SSON II - 1,,ccionp
Vocabulary - Arunaca
achila, aeaeila abuelo :.

grandfather
amigo (amiju) amigo friend
Andres (Antrisa) Andres :

Andres
anu perro :
=
.= -- dog
asno (asnu) asno donkey
awicha abuela.,. grandmother
cullaca hermana 'sister
jila hermano brother
jiwasa nosotros (tu y yo) we (you sg. and I)
jiwasanaca nosotros (inclusivo) we (ycu pl. and I)
juma tu you (sg.)
jumanaca tttedes Yo0
jupa el, ella 'hi, she

:1 :
jupanaca ellos they
kawra llama. llama
mama mama mother
nanaca nosotros (exclusivo) we (exclusive)
naya yo
oveja (iwija) oveja sheep
Pedro (?itru) Pedro Pedro
phucha hija daughter
tata papa father'
tia (tiya, tiyala) tia aunt
do (tiwu, tiwula) do uncle
vaca (waca) vaca cow
wali muy very

wawa guagua baby
yoka hijo son

12
LESSON II
Grammar - Suma parlanataqui
I. Nayan amigojjajj wali suma jakewa. 'My friend is a very nice man.'
Possession is expressed by the addition of a suffix to the noun.
The possessive personal pronoun may also be added to distinguish
singular and plural possession.
e.g. Amigopajj ch'ighiwa. 'His (her) friend is intelligent:'
II It
'Their
Ambiguity is removed by the addition of the possessive
pronoun: jupan 'his (her)' /jupanacan 'their'
There are 8 pronominal forms, distinguished by number but not by
gender. There are 4 numbers which are formally marked: singular,
dual, dual plural, and plural.
1. The dual form includes the speaker and one interlocutor (I and you)
2. The plural of the dual indicates the speaker and more than one
interlocutor (you plural and I)
3. The plural form 'we' does not distinguish the participants referred
to by the speaker.
Possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the possessive
suffir -na if the preceding word ends in a vowel or -ana if the
preceding word ends in a consonant (e.g. proper and foreign names):
Pedrona 'Pedro's'/Juanana 'Juan's'
The word following a pronoun or noun with -na must have a pronominal
suffix attached to it:
nayan amigoljaji 'my friend7ny'
N.B. The pronominal suffix cannot be contracted when the subject-
object marker -.11a is not present: e.f. amigo-Ha:Ma) 'my friend'
amigojja
Contraction of amigojja 'my friend'resulfs in the form amigojj 'the
friend' (with subject-object marker).
(Possibly ...ii serves the function of the definite article in Aymara:
e.g. amigo '(a) friend'
saissji(a) 'the friend'
amigojjati(a) 'my friend'
This may be the case in many examples, but the use of -list in this
function is not consistent.

13
LESSON II - Grammar
Possessive _pronominal suffixes
Singular Dual Plural
1 'my'
I
-sa 'our' -sa 'our'
('I and you' sing.). CI and you' plur.)
11=11.1.
Plural
-jig. (! we') 'our'
2 -ma 'your' -ma 'your'
3 -na 'his, her' -2a. 'their'
-na '(Jchn)'s -na s
Personal massa
1 nava 11.2294. 'we' ikaalla 'we'
nanaca 'we'
2 juma 'you' jumanaca 'you'
3 jupa 'he, she' jupanaca 'they'
Possessive pronouns
1 navana my *iwaz_A4na
,,,
'our' jiwasanacana 'our'
nanacana 'our'
2 Lima 'your' jumanacana 'ypur'
3 junana 'his, her' jupanacana 'their'
Verb paradigms rill be presented in the above format.
I .1
14
LESSON II
Substitution Drill- Wasa arunac uscuila
M. Nayan jilajjajj wali suma jakewa
E. Nayan jilajjajj wali suma jakewa
M. liq'iwa
E. Nayan jilajjajj wali liceiwa
M. pisi chuymawa
E. Nayan jilajjajj pisi chuymawa
M. cullacajjajj
E. Nayan cullacajjajj pisi chuymawa
M. wali k'aphawa
E. Nayan cullacajjajj wali k'aphawa
ch'icihiwa
E. Nayan cullacajjajj wali ch'icihiwa
M. jayrawa
E. Nayan cullacajjajj wali jayrawa
M. jach'a tansawa
E. Nayan cullacajjajj wali jach'a tansawa
M. khoruwa
E. Nayan cullacajjajj wali khoruwa
M. mamajjajj
E. Nayan mamajjajj wali khoruwa
M. eughawa
E. Nayan mamajjajj wall eughawa
M. eugha warmiwa
E. Nayan mamajjajj wali euctha warmiwa
N. ch'icihi
E. Nayan mamajjajj wali varmiwa

15
LESSON II - Substitution Drill
M. Juman tatamajj jisc'a tansa chachawa
E. Juman tatamajj jisc'a tansa chachawa
M. khoru
E. Juman tatamajj khoru chachawa
M. wall k'apha
E. Juman tatamajj wall k'apha chachawa
M.
E. Juman tatamajj wali ch'ighi chachawa.
M. jakewa
E. Juman tatamajj wall ch'ighi jakewa
M. achilamajj
E. Juman achilamajj wall ch'ighi jakewa
M. usut
E. Juman achilamajj wall usut jakewa
M. pisi chuyma . 1
E. Juman achilamajj wall pisi chuyma jakewa
M. tatawa
E. Juman achilamajj wall pisi chuyma tatawa
M. jupan
E. Jupan achilapajj wall pisi chuyma tatawa
M. yokapajj
E. Jupan yokapajj wall pisi chuyma tatawa
M. khoru
E. Jupan yokapajj wall khoru tatawa
M. imillapajj c'umarawa
E. Jupan imillapajj wall c'umarawa

16
LESSOW1I - Substitution Drill
M. Jupan tiopajj wali khoru chachawa
E. Jupan tiopajj wali khoru chachawa
M. k'apha
E. Jupan tiopajj wali k'apha chachawa
M. jayra
E. J'tpan tiopajj wali jayra chachawa
M. waynawa
E. Jupan tiopajj wali jayra waynawa
M. jach'a tansa
E. Jupan tiopajj wali jach'a tansa waynawa
M. Jiwasan
E. Jiwasan tiosajj wali jach'a tansa waynawa
M. khoru
E. Jiwasan tiosajj wali khoru waynawa
M. usut
E. Jiwasan tiosajj wali usut waynawa
cullacasajj wali usut tawakowa
E. Jiwasan cullacasajj wall usut tawakowa
N. eugha
E. Jiwasan cullacasajj wall eugha tawakowa
M. pisi chuyma
E. Jiwasan cullacasajj wall pisi chuyma tawakowa
M. suma jakewa
F. Jiwasan cullacasajj wall suma jakewa
N. leapha
E. Jiwasan cullacasajj wnli k'apha jakewa

17
LESSON III:- Substitution Drill
M. Enriquen amigopan warmipajj ch'ighi warmiwa
E. Enriquen amigopan warmipajj ch'ighi warmiwa
M. jisc'a tansa
E. Enriquen amigopan warmipajj jisea tansa warmiwa
M. khoru
E. Enriquen amigopan warmipajj khoru warmiwa
M. cullacapajj
E. Enriquen amigopan cullacapajj khoru warmiwa
M. tawakowa
E. Enriquen amigopan cullacapajj khoru tawakowa
M. c'umar
E. Enriquen amigopan cullacapajj c'umar tawakowa
M. tiojjan phuchapan imillapajj
E. Tiojjan phuchapan imillapajj c'umar tawakowa
M. jach'a tansa imillawa
E. Tiojjan phuchapan imillapajj jachia tansa imillawa
e
M. wali k'apha
E. Tiojjan phuchapan imillapajj wali k'apha imillawa
M. jayra
E. Tiojjan phuchapan imillapajj wali jayra imillawa
M. amigojjan cullacapan wawapajj
E. Amigojjan cullacapan wawapajj wali jayra imillawa
M. pisi chuyma wawawa
E. Amigojjan cullacapan wawapcdj wali pisi chuyma wawawa
M. eugha
E. Amigojjan cullacapan wawapajj wali t ugha wawawa

18
LESSON II - Substitution Drill
N. Jiwtsanacan jilasajj wall suma jakewa
E. Jiwasanacan jilasajj wall suma jakewa
M. usim
E. Jiwasanacan jilasajj wall usut jakewa
M. Jumanacan
E. Jumanacan jilamajj wall usut jakewa
M. Jupanacan
E. Jupanacan jilapajj wali usut jakewa
MO.01.00.111.01.1110.00 ..... OIMO ..
Questions and Answers - 4isct'afianacampi iyaw saitanacampi
Affirmative - Chekanaca
U. (Juman) jilamajj jisc'a tansa waynati?
E. Jisa, nayan jilajjajj jisc'a tansa wayngwa.
M. Juman mamamajj jach'a tansa warmiti?
E. JYsa, nayan mamajjajj jach'a tansa warmiwa.
M. Juman cullacapajj wall khoru tawakoti?
E. JYsa, nayan cullacajjajj wall khoru tawakowa.
Nayan achilajjajj wall khoru chachati?
E. JYsa, juman achilamajj wall khoru chachawa.
M. Nayan yokajjajj wall liq'i waynati?
E. JYsa, juman yokamajj wall liq'i waynawa.
U. Nayan jisc'a tansa yokallajjajj wali jayrati?
E. JMsa, juman jisc'a tansa yokallamajj wall jayrawa.
M. Jupan cullacapajj k'aphati?
E. JYsa, jupan cullacapajj k'aphawa.

19
LESSON II - Questions and Answers

Affirmative
M. Pablon jach'a tansa warmipajj evqhati?
E. nsa, Pablon jach'a tansa warmip6h.eughawa.
M. Enriquen liq'i imillapajj usutad?'
E. Jisa, Enriquen liq'i imillapajj usutawa;
M. Nayan achilajjajj c'umarati?

;11
E. 3Msa, juman achilamajj c'umarawa.
Juman eugha jilamajj jayrati?
E. J!sa, nayan eugha jilajjajj jayrawa.
Nayan cullacajjajj wall kiaphati?' "
E. Jisa, juman cullacamajj wali kvaphaiga.-
Juman awichamajj usutati?
E. Jisa, nayan awichajjajj usutawa.

.
M. Awichamajj usutati?
E. Jisa, awichajjajj usutawa.
V. Cullacajjajj wali k'aphati?
E. Jisa, cullacamajj k'aphawa.
M. T'ugha cullacamajj jayrati?
E. Jisa, eugha cullacajjajj jayrawa.
N. Pablon liq'i imillapajj usutati?
E. Jisa, liq'i imillapajj usutawa.
M. Josean achilapajj c'umarati?
E. Jisa, achilapajj c'umarawa.

20
LESSON II
Pronunciation Drill - Arsuna
(1) k'ac'a, c'ak'a, k'aea, c'ak'a
(2) khak'a, qhak'a, khac'a, qhak'a
(3) jaja, jajja, jaja, jajja
(4) jala, jalla, jala, jalla
(5) lala, lalla, laia, lalla
(6) pata, paka, papa, paca
(7) tapa, kapa, papa, capa
(8) thapha, thapa, thap'a, thatha
(9) that'a, thap'a, thac'a, thap'a
(10) t'apa, eats, eapha, eatha
(11) p'apa, p'ata, p'aca, p'aq'a
(13) phapha, phapa, papha, papa
(14) papa, phapha, papa, phapa
(16) pap'a, phap'a, pap'a, phap'a
(17) p'apha, p'apa, p'ap'a, p'apha
(18) tad:, thata, tatha, thatha
Dialogue - Cuento
Ma voluntariampi and yokallampi

1
V. Dios asqui ur churgtam, yokalla.
2
Y. Dios asqui ur churatam, voluntaria. Camisaqui ?
V. Waliqui3, jumasti4?
Y. Nayajj ukhamaraqui.5

21
LESSON II - Dialogue
V. Cunas sutimajja?6
Y. Sutijjajj Juancit:uwa.
V. Ichwkha maranYtasa?7
Y. Nayajj pakallk maranituwa.8
V. AwquinacanYtati?'
Y. nsa, awquinacanYtu.
10
V. Escuelanctati?
Y. nsa, nayajj escuelanctuwa.
V. Cuna sutinis anumajja?

1
Y. Anujja Dix satawa, jumansti?1
V. Nayan top satawa.
Y. Topcito khoruti?
V. nsa, khoruwa.
12
Y. Waliquiw, seliorita, uHjasificama.
V. Ufijasificamay.
NOTES:
1 'Hello'. Literally 'May God give you a good day.'
2 glow are yuu?'
3 'Fine'.
4 'and you?" -sti is an interrogative suffix which may be attached

to nouns, pronouns and adjectives.
5 'likewise.' Ukhama 'so' + racui 'also.'
6 'What is your name?'

cuna 'what'; -s(a)question suffix attached to interrogative
phrases introduced by a question word.
suti 'name'; -ma 'your'; subject suffix. In interrogative

sentences, the suffix -dia. receives the stress if it is in
utterance final position.

22
LESSON II - Dialogue
NOTES (continued)
7 'How old are you?' Literally 'How many years do you have?'
m_ ara 'year': maranifia 'to be old' (literally 'have years')
All infinitives end in The infix -ni- indicates possessor.
--sa question suffix.
8 'I am 7 years old.' maranYt(u)wa 'I have years.'

maranMtawa 'You have years.'
khawkha maranYtasa 'How many years do you have?'
9 'Do you have parents?'

awqui, 'father'; awquinaca 'parents' (literally the plural of
'father'; cf. Spanish padre 'father' -palms 'parents c)
question suffix. cf. Lesson I above.
10 'Are you in school?'

-n- location marker -
-S7 verbalizer
escuelancafia 'to be in school'
escuelanct(u)wa 'I am in school'
escuelanctawa 'You are in school.'
11 'My dog's name is Dix.' Literally 'My dog is called Dix.'

iumanqi 'and yours?'. cf above, note #4.
12 'I'll be seeing you.'

ufi'aila. 'to see'
uidasifia 'to see one another'
-cama- 'until'
-1(a) 'then'
-si- 'one another'

23
LESSON III - Quimsanir lecciona
aca este, esta this
anti rosado pink
azula azul blue
chawlla pez fish
colora (culura) color color

.
cuna qug what
ch'iyara negrb black
ch'ojjzia verde green
janiwa no no, not
jank'o blanco white
koka firbol tree
k'ellu amarillo yellow
libro (liwru) libro book
machaka nuevo new
merk'e 'casi viejo almost old (onlyalfg)
mesa (misa) mesa table
morko medio use half used (on' i Ai)
nuwala (or nugala) cafe brown

(cf. Spanish nogal 'walnut tree')
oke plomo grey
puncu puerta door
qhaya aquel that over there
qhiti quign who
qhuri mag ally way over there
silla silla. chair
viejo old (only for things)

thantha
esa, ese that

uca
uta casa house
wila rojo red

24
LESSON III
Grammar - Sumaparlahataqui
I. The interrogative suffix -sa is attached to the last word of a question

phrase. e.g.,'what? what color?' The presence of -sa precludes the
use of -tl. In interrogative sentences, the subject marker takes
the stress if it appears in utterance final position.
(a) The addition of -sa to question word:

Cunaslasajik 'What is this?' (alternate word order: Ace' cunasg?
cu, nas in the first position is
most usual.)
Acajj utawa. 'This is a house.'
Cunas ucajjg? 'What is that?'
Ucajj jach'a utawa. 'That is a big house.'
Cunas phayajjg? 'What is this (over there)?'
Qhayajj jach'a kokawa. 'This (over there) is a
Cunas qhurejjg? 'What is that (over there)?'
Qhurejj jach'a merk'e utawa. 'That (over there) is a big house.'
Cunas qhayajjg? 'What is this (over there)?'
(i) Qhayajj uta puncuwa. 'That (over there) is the door of
the small house.' Lit. 'small house door - is'.
(ii) Qhayajj jisc'a utan puncuwa. Lit. 'small house's door - is.'
glemjittqa. 'That (over there) is the

Qhayajj utan jisc'a puncupawa. small door of the house.'
tansa 'Who is that small man
er there); ?'
ghayaiisc'a tansalattama. 'That small man (over
there) is my father.'
(b) The addition of -sa to a phrase introduced by a question word:

Cuna coloras aca utajjg? 'What color is this house?'
(alternate word order: Aca utaji cuna colorasg?)
Aca utajj k'elluwa. 'This house is yellow.'
China coloras qhaya utan puncupajjg? 'What color is the door of
that house (over there) ?'
Qhaya utan puncupajj jank'owa. 'The door of that house (over there)
is white.'

25
LESSON III - Grammar
II. Negative sentences: Subject is followed by the negative janiw, the

final vowel of the predicate is.lgngthened and the negative suffix
(qui)ti added: janiw...Vquiti / janiw...Vti. (V = indicates the
repetition of the preceding vowel; the resulting combination of two
vowels yields one long vowel, indipated by 1!).
Mariaid_jisc'a tansa warmitf? 'Is Aaria a short woman?'
Janiwa MasiadijALLIE!iisea tansa waTagaiti. No, Maria is not
JaiiwatiarianSa warmYti.. a.short woman.'
N.B. The interrogative -suffix-t1 is always stressed.

The negative suffix -ti is always unstressed.
In negative statements, the suffix -LriAl is attached'
to the negative word iani to., become janiwa.

26
LESSON III
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac usculla
Nayan utajjajj machak k'ellu utawa
E. Nayan utajjajj machak k'ellu utawa
M. merk'e
E. Nayan utajjajj merk'e k'ellu utawa
M. tiojjan
E. Tiojjan utapajj merk'e k'ellu utawa
M. anupajj ch'iy &rawa
E. Tiojjan anupajj ch'iyarawa
M. okLaa
E. Tiojjan anupajj okewa
M. qhaya
E. Qhaya tiojjan anupajj okewa
M. asnopajj
E. Qhaya tiojjan asnopajj okewa
M. uca tatamaix
E. Uca tataman asnopajj okewa
M. ch'iArawa
E. Uca tataman asnopajj ch'iyirawa
M. jank'owa
E. Uca tataman asnopajj jank'owa
M. ovejapajj
E. Uca tataman ovejapajj jank'owa
M. qhuri warmin
E. Qhuri warmin ovejapajj jank'owa
M. qhaya puncojj
Qhaya puncojj jank'ova
A.M. 4,1 -.**+*411Y

LESSON III - Substitution Drill
M. Tata Pablon yokapan vacapajj okewa
E. Tata Pablon yokapan vacapajj okewa

!
M. utapan puncupajj
E. Tata Pablon yokapan utapan puacupajj okewa
M. azulawa
E. Tata Pablon yokapan utapan puncupajj azulawa
M. awichajjan utapan
E. Awichajjan utapan puncupajj azulawa
M. emerk'ewa
E. Awichajjan utapan puncupajj merk'ewa
M. juman
E. Juman utaman puncupajj merk'ewa
M. ch'ojjfawa
E. Juman utaman puncupajj ch'ojji-kawa
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan utasan puncupajj chlojjicawa
M. wilawa
E. Jiwasan utasan puncupajj wilawa
M. mesasnjj
E. Jiwasan masasajj wilawa
M. cillaya warmin
E. Qhaya warmin mesapajj wilawa
N. wali morkowa
E. Qhaya warmin mesapajj wall morkowa
M. merk'ewa
E. Qhaya warmin mesapajj wall merk'ewa
M. nayan warmejjan
E. Mayan warmejjan mesapajj wall merk'ewa

28
M. Qhaya liq'i waynajj nayan jilajjawa
E. Qhaya liq'i waynajj nayan jilajjawa
M. t'ugha
E. Qhaya t'ugha waynajj nayan jilajjawa
M. tata Andresan
E. Qhaya t'ugha waynajj tata Andresan jilapawa
M. jiwasan
E. Qhaya t'ugha waynajj jiwasan jilasawa
M. chachajj
E. Qhaya t'ugha chachajj jiwasan jilasawa
M. tatasawa
E. Qhaya t'ugha chachajj jiwasan tatasawa
M. Pablon
E. Qhaya t'ugha chachajj Pablon tatapawa
M. qhuri jisc'a tansa waynajj
E. Qhuri jisc'a tansa waynajj Pableu tatapawa
M. juman
E. Qhuri jisc'a tansa waynajj juman tAtamawa
M. yokamawa
E. Qhuri jisc'a tansa waynajj juman yokamawa
pisi chuyma
E. Qhuri pisi chuyma waynajj juman yokamawa
M. Pedron
E. Qhuri pisi chuyma waynajj Pedron yoka,lwa
M. aca
E. Aca pisi chuyma way--,ajj Peeron yokapawa

29
M. Tata Enriquen yokapan wawapajj jach'a tansawa
E. Tata Enriquen yokapan wawapajj jach'a tansawa
M. wali t'ughawa
E. Tata Enriquen yokapan,wawapajj wali_Ouqhawa
M. libropajj ch'ojjfiawa
I
E. Tata Enriquen yokapan libropajj ch'ojjilawa

.5
M. utapajj
E. Tata Enriquen yokapan utapajj ch'ojjEawa
M. mama Elenan
E. Mama Elenan yokapan utapajj ch'ojj.flaWa...
M. wali merk'ewa
E. Mama Elenan yokapan utapajj wali merk'ewa
M. tiapan sillapajj
E. Mama Elenan tiaphfi sillapajj wali merk'ewa
M. suma machakawa
E. Mama Elenan tiapan sillapajj suma machakawa
juman tiaman.
E. Juman tiaman sillapajj suma machakawa
M. wali thanthawa
E. Juman tiaman sillapajj wali thanthawa
M. suma antiwa
E. Juman tiaman sillapaji suma antiwa
M. ch'iyarawa
E. Juman tiaman sillapajj suma ch'iyUrawa
M. jiwasan cullacasan
E. Jiwasan cullacasan sillapajj suma ch'iyarawa

30
LESSON III
L. Questions and Answers - 4iset'ailanacampi iyaw safianacampi
Positive - Negative - Chekanaca - Jan chekanaca
(All negative constructions -quiti can be contracted to -ti. Ohly
the long form will be drilled here.)
Ph Mariajj jisc'a tansa warmitf?
E. JYsa, Mariajj jisc'a tansa warmtVa,
E. Janiwa, Mariajj janiw jisc'a tansa warmYquiti.
M. Pablojj liq'i jaketi?
E. J2sa, Pablojj liq'i jakewa....
E. Janiwa, Pablojj janiw liq'i jakVqtati.
M. Juman cullacaman utapajj machakati?
E. J!sa, cullacaman utapajj machakavae.
E. Janiwa_ (nayan) cullacajjan utapajj janiw machakHquiti.
N. (Juman) jilaman ihupajj khoruti?
E. J2sa, jilaman anupajj khoruwa.,
E. Janiwa, (nayan) jilajjan anupajj janiw khorliqUiti.
IL Tata Pedron kawrapajj eughati?
E. J2sa, tata Pedron kawrapajj t'ughawa
E. Janiwa, tata Pedron kawrapajj janiw
M. Mama Elenan wawapajj usutatf?
E. J2sa, mama Elenan wawapajj usutawa.
E. Janiwa, mama Elenan wawapajj janiw usuaeliti.
M. Tata Enriquen vacapajj ch'iygratf?
E. J2sa, tata Enriquen vacapajj ch'iygrawk.
E. Janiwa, tata Enriquen vacapajj janiw ch'iygraquiti.

31
LESSON III - Questions and Answers

Positive and Negative
M. Tata Pablon yokallapajj pisi chuymati?
E. JTsa, tata Pablon yokallapajj pisi chuymawa.
E. Janiwa, tata Pablon yokallapajj janiw pisi chuym1quiti.
[ Cr
M. Mama Rositan imillapajj suma faketi?
E. JTsa, mama Rositan imillapajj suma jakewa..
E
E. Janiwa, mama Rositan imillapajj janiw suma jakUquiti.
M. Jiwasan utasajj ch'oWati?
E. JYsa, jiwasan utasajj ch'ojjfia.rm.
E. Janiwa, jiwasan utasajj janiw ch'ojjaaquiti.
Me Jiwasan jilasan utapajj thanthati?
E. JYsa, jiwasan jilasan utapajj thanthawa...
E. Janiwa, jiwasan jilasan utapajj janiw thantilquiti.
M. Qhaya warmin awichapajj khoruti?
E. JTsa, qhaya warmin awichapajj khoruwa.
E. Janiwa, qhaya warmin awichapajj janiw khorliquiti.
N. Uca chachan phuchapajj c'umar tawakoti?
E. nsa, uca chachan phuchapajj c'umar tawakowa.
E. Janiwa, uca chachan phuchapajj janiw c'umar tawakUquiti.
IL. Make up answers to the following questions.
1. Cunas acajja?
2. Cunas ucajja?
3. Cunas qhayajja?
4. Cunas qhurejja?

32
LESSON III - Questions
5. Cuna coloras aca utajja?
6. Cuna coloras aca utan puncupajja?
7. Cuna coloras uca morko sillajja?
8. Cuna coloras uca liq'i vacajja?
9. Cuna coloras qhuri thantha utajja?
10. Cuna coloras qhuri ovejja?
11. Cuna coloras qhaya utan puncupajja?
12. Cuna coloras ghaya jaken anupajja?
13. Cuna coloras qhaya warmin kawrapajja?
14. Cuna coloras juman machak sillamajja?
15. Cuna coloras jiwasan mesasajja?
16. Cuna coloras jupan thantha sillapajja?
17. Cuna coloras jupan merk'e utapajja?
18. Qhitis qhaya jisc'a tans* jakejja?

(*Elision is possible even though tansa is cnly bisyllabic;
iisea tansa functions as a compound'adjective.)
19. Qhitis qhaya jayra tawakojja?
20. Qhitis uce liq'i waynajja?
21. Qhitis uca t'ugha waynajja?
22. Qhitis qhuri jach'a tansa yokallajja?
23. Qhitis qhuri liq'i tawakojja.?
24. Qhitis uca usut mamajja?

33
LESSON III
Dialogue - Cuento
Andresampi Pedrompi
P. Dios asqui ur chuiatam, tata Andres..

1
A. Jumarus ukhamaraqui, tata Pedro.
2
P. Cawquirus sarascta jumajjg?
3
A. Nayajj qhuri machak utajjaru sarascta.
P. Uca machak utamajj wali sumawa.

4
A. 4Ughamaquiw, tata, juma jutamay visitasiri.
P. Waliquiw tata. Yuspagaratam.5
NOTES:
1 'Same to you.' -ru-

-s(a) suffix of exclamation
2 'Where are you going?'

cawqui- 'where'; -ru- 'to' -s interrogative
sarascta 'I am going, you are going.'
interrogative stacnments
When -j11 is in sentence final position in
it takes the accent.
3 utajjaru 'to my house'
4 'So it is, senor. Come then for a visit.'
jutamay imperative: verb stem juts- plus. imperative m(al

plus y(a) 'then.'
visitasifia 'to visit': visitasi- infinitive stem plus -ri-

f:r the purpose of Nsiting.'
Literally 'God will (re)pay you.' From Spanish
5 'Thank you.'
Dios pagarg, Infinitive yuspagarafia

34
LESSON III
Pronunciation - Arsufia
The following pairs differ in the feature of aspiration, glottalization

or in tongue position (postpalatal and postvelar stops).
phuthu 'hole' / pp. aa 'cave'
'to heat' / lup'ifia 'to think, consider'
papa 'each' / sapha 'rice'
'to compress, squeeze' / k'aphifia:to smell, cause an odov.
tanta 'meeting / thantha 'old rag' / eant'a 'bread'
thaqui 'road' / taqul 'kick'
cheka 'straight, correct' / ch'eka 'left' /chhekha 'wing'
cusa 'excellent' / qhusa 'pretty, good, excellent',
ca__ ill 'where / kawkha 'how much'
c'aya 'very dirty' / Maya 'rabble'
eka 'plot of land' / ekha 'lazy, weak'
kolu 'grain, seed' /-kholu 'gravel; stones carried away by watery
kollu 'hill' / khollu 'empty, sterile'
mank'afia 'to eat' / mankhafia ''to enter'
p'eske 'soup made from quintie/ pheska 'five'
w_ ac's 'sash' / vaca 'cow'
.4

35
LESSON IV - Pusini. lecciona
accata a este lado on this side
cancha , cancha spott's field
cawqui donde where
cawquincasquiia (en)donde estg(por where is (at this

el momenta) moment)
cawquinquisa (en) donde estg (una where is (permanently)
manera permanente)
(.,
cawqari cual A.
which
chaca puente bridge
Chuquiagu (Chuquiaju) La Paz La Paz
cocina (cucina) cocina kitchen

(or phaya:t uta 'cooking
house')
choke papa , -potato
escuela ( escuela) escuela school

(or yatekafi uta
'learning house' -
primarily used among
old folk)
jac'a cerca near
jawira rio river
khathui mercado market, fair
kollu cerro bill
kota lago lake
marca pueblo town
qhurcata al otro lado on that (the other) side
pata sobre over
teja, tecba (tiju, teja (techo) tile roof

tichu)
thaqui camino road
tienda (tints) tienda store
uficatasi al frente de in front of
yapu chacra plot of land

36
LESSON IV
Grammar - Suma parleeataqui
I. The Aymara verbal system is characterized by aspect (manner in

which the action is completed) and tense (time when the action
is completed). Verbs which express completed action or call
attention to a specific point in time are called punctual verbs:
verbs which express incomOleted action are called durative verbs.
(The interrelationships of aspect and tense are presented in detail
in Lesson VI.)
The compound suffixes -.(a)ncafia / -(a)ncascafia convert a noun,

adjective or adverb into a verb meaning 'to be in, at .' This
derivational process is very productive in the language.

-(a)- only present when the preceding word
ends in a consonant
-n- location suffix
-c(a)- verbalizer
-sc- durative action
-afia infinitive ending
-A27/-227 pluralizer
-sa added to verbs formed from question words.
Punctual: cawquincaaa 'to be where' (at a given moment)

(=P) from ammi7, root meaning 'where.
Durative: cawquincascafia 'to be where'(in general; with no
(=D) reference to a specific point in time...!
Singular Dual Dual Plural
1P cawquinctsa 1P caw uinctansa 1P callgAgREPIE111
1D cawquincasctsa 1D sawmincasctansa 1D cawquincasipctansa

Plural
1P cawquincaptsa
1D cawquincasipctsa
2P caiquinctasa 2P cawguincaptasa
2D cawquincasctasa 2D cawquincasipctasa
3P cawgenquisa 3P cauquincL:pquisa
3D cawquincasquisa Si) lauquincasipquisa

37
LESSON IV - Grammar
In positive declarative sentences, the predicate suffix -wa replaces

the interrogative suffix -sa:
P: utancafia 'to be at. home'(framjuta 'house9..
D: utancascafia 'to be at home'
1P utanctwa.
1D utancasctw, etc.
e.g. utancalla/ u_ tancascaaa 'to be at in the (g4.0
avionancalial avionancascalia 'to be'in.a plane' (avion)

autoncaLa/ autoncascala 'to be' in'd.cae (auto)
trenancanartrenancascafia 'to be in a train' (tree)
cochencafia/ cochencascafia 'to be in a carriage (coche)
Esnanancal4 Esnafiancasca"ia itO:lie in-Spain' (Esnafia)
Estados UnidosanceLed:EstadosAnidcsancascalla 'to be in the USA
(Estados 'Jnidos)
In positive interrogative sentences, add-the suffik -ti (with stress):

Pedro]] utanquiti/ utancasquiti? !Is Pedro at. home ?'
The suffix -ti can be attached.tcrothep.partA,of.,the,sentence i'r
purposes of emphasis. :.
Pedroti utanqui/ utancasqui? 'Is Pedro (and' not Juan). at home?'
In negative declarative statements, add the suffix -ouiti, (with the

stress on glii).to-n'(cis)-:
Pedrojj janiw Utanoiliti/ utancaseliti 'Pedro is not at home:4
Models:
(a) awtinsiuissa4rjaiiv 'Where is Susana (right now

Susaia--icelt?
Susanaj& marcanquiwa. 'Susana is in the village.'
RomaiLigniEJEaranexiti. 'Susana is not in the village.'
(b) EcalglatIliAJLEgadigy 'Where is Susana :in generai)?'
inElliLgEETAESAEMALAY
Susanaj j marcancasquiwa. 'Susana is in the. village (in general;
usually).'
Susanail 'aniw marcancasquiti. 'Susana is not in the village (in
general).'

LESSON IV - Grammar
N.B. The cpposit dnr of cawquincafia/ LAcacquilt

does not appear
to be maintained consistently by all native speakers. Instead the
punctual form is used exclusively. Our hypothesis is that the

distinction of aspect, maintained with verb stems, is being abandoned
in this pair under the pressure of a single Spanish equivalent donde.
The problem requires further investigation. Consequently, questions
using punctual cawquinquis may be answered with a durative verb:
e.g. Cawquinquis tata Andresanyokapajja? 'Where is sefior Andres' son?'
Tata Andresen yokapaij marcancasquiwa. 'SeAor Andrea' son.is

in the village.'
mtLima cata__AqJumanvrmuinuisa.? 'Where is your wife?"
nitancasuiwaWarmea-1. 'My wife is in that house over

there.'
CawigAriltaEttruienutaag? 'Which is se7or E-.1riquc. hous,?'
T4t2ABSIVIRMtaRii2911214Ike
ucalEfo
girlya jawir qhurcatancquisl uca jank'o uta717...a Ext7iquutaDaLia.
'SelAor Enrique's house is that white house,.Nh2ch is) on that
side of the river.'
Order of components:
[subject clause] + [relative clause] + [predicate clause]
or [relative clause] + [predicate clause] + [subject clause]
laguLpatancafia 'to be over the hill'

kollu qhurcatanca 'to be on the other side of the hill'
kollu accatancafia 'to be on t:As side of ;:he bill'
IlogilLiaslapsailajto be near the hill'
kollu uficatasincela 'to be in front of the hill'
e.g. ghasatmcggEill 'which is on the other side'

n = location infix
c = verbalizer
= which
= 3rd person singulat
s(a) = relative suffix ('which')
117. -pa location suffix; synonymous with the poosessive zaarker

'my brother's house'):
marcancasquiwa 'he is in town'
Estados Unidos marcan 'in an American town'
39
LESSON IV
Substitution Drill - Wass arunac uscuLa
N. Nayan jilajjajj khathuncasquiwa.
E. Nayan jilajjajj khathuncasquiwa.
M. Rositan phuchapajj
E. Rositan phuchapajj khathuncasquiwa.
M. escuelan
E. Rositan phuchapajj escuelancasquiwa.
14. juman
E. Juman phudhauajj escuelancasquiwa.
M. Chuquiaguncasquiwa.
E. Juman phuchamajj Chuquiaguneasquiwa.,.
M. jupan
E. Jupan phuchapajj.Chuquiaguncaskluiwa: t
utan
E. Jupan phuchapajj utancasluiwa.%:.
jach'a tansa yokapajj

.
E. Jupan jach'a tansa yokapajj. utandasquiwa.
14. jiwasali r
E. Jiwasan jach'a tansa yokasajj utancasquiwa.
M. yapuncasquiwa
E. Jiwasan jach'a:tansa yokasajj yapuncasquiwa. .
M. nayan amigojjan
E. Nayan amigojjan yokapajj yapuncasquiwa. .
jawiran
E. Nayan amigojjan yokapajj j awirancasquiwa.
M. juman
E. Juman amigojjan yokapajj jawirancasquiwa.

40
LESSON IV -:Sacitiiution Drill
M. Nayan warmejjajj cocinancasquiwa.
E. Nayan warmejjajj cocinancasquiwa.
M. juman
E. Juman warmimajj cocinancasquiwa.
M. warmiman cullacapajj
Juman warmiman cullacapajj cocinancasquiwa.
kolluncasquiwa
E. Juman warmiman cullacapajj kolluncasquiwa.
M. Estados Unidos marcan
E. Juman warmiman cullacapajj Estados Unidos marcancasqui:.:.
E. Enriquen
E. Enriquen warmipan cullacapajj Estados Unidos mar,...ancasqulwa.
M. tatajjajj
E. Tatajjajj Estados Unidos marcancasquiw...
M. kollu patan
E. Tatajjajj kollu patancasquiwa.
M. juman cullacaman chachapajj
E. Juman cullacaman chachapajj kollu patancasquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan calecasan chachapajj kollu patancas.luiwa.
M. kotancasquiwa
E. Jiwasan cullacasan chachapajj kotancasquiwa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan cullacajjan chachapajj kutancasquiwa.
M. amigojjan yokapajj
E. Nayan amigojjan -okapajj kotancasquiwa.
M. ithaLlun
F Navan amigojjan yokapajj khathuncasquiwa.

147
MOSSTI AI - uopn3T2sqns ITTla
tH uvrcv3vy grrudv3n eAvgb apiec 4sTnbouv3voinqb von oimuvf

vmv3n
3 uvrrv3vy grredv3n v4v0 aTmvr gspbouv3voInqb von oixaer

teme2n
stnbouv3voov
.3 uerfeTey 6rredv3n vicvqb aTmvr IsTnbouv3voov von cooluvr ..vmv3n
'N vigour vme3n
*z uvcrv3vy grredv3n vAvqb aTmer g.sTnboue3voov von vigour .vm.e.:,a
4 usffv3v3 crvdunol
.3 uvrrelvi 6rreciv%mi eAvqb itavC 4sTnbouv3aoov von vigovc

-vmv%ox
'N tnbegi sTnbouviour
.3 uvcrv3vI $prvdmion vAvqb Tnbutp gsTnbowitiovr von vigour .eminioN

. ::
uamnr
*a umunr 4fremmion viceqb Tnbelp 4sTnbouviovr von vitiovr vmv-1011
I4 VOSTr vmulon
ta mimic arcemexon vAvqb Tnbvq3 gstnbouviour eon viosTf tumv-Ac
14 =dn.? rrvdTmavm
H uednr 4frvdtmavm vAvqb Tnbutp gsTnbouviovf von -emTmiem
4 vamp sTnbouv3voingb
tg
.
uvdnr grpedTmavm v4v0 vamp von,gsTnbouv3voinqb tspiTmavm
4 uvAvu
3 Crercamivm,uvicvN vAvqb vougo von:4sTnbaue3voinqb evmTmaem
14 uemnr rpmeamen
3 uemnr
avmvamv% vAvqb
vamp 6Sinbouv3voinqb on -vmvimuyt
'N vigoef an sTnbouTsv3voun
.2 uvmnr grfemvamvm .61.00 viovr zn iTnbouTsv3vo.2n .vmvamv*von
4 uesemTr
ta uvsvmu arresvamvx viceqb viper 3n 4stnbouTsv3volp von

-emvamvx

42
LESSON IV = Substitution Drill
M. Qhaya kollu patancquis, uca wila teja utaw, tata Pablon

utapajja.
E. Qhaya kollu patancquis, uca wila teja utaw, tata Pablon

utapajja.
M. nayan
E. Qhaya kollu patancquis, uca wila teja utaw, nayan utajjajja.
M. vacaw
E. Qhaya kollu patancquis, uca liq'i vacaw, nayan vacajjajja.
M. tata Franciscon
E. Qhaya kollu patancquis, uca liq'i wcaw, tata Francisccn

vacapajja.
H. jawir qhurcatancquis
E. Qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca liq'i vacaw, tata Franciscon

vacapajja.
M. ch'oke yapuw
E. Qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca ch'oke yapuw, tata Franciqco7...

yapupajja
M. juman
E. Qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca ch'oke yapuw, juman yapumaEs,
jiwasan
E. Qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca ch'oke yapuw, jiwasan

yapusajja.
M. thaqui accatancquis
E. Qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca jiwasan yapusajja.
M. uca eugha waynaw, tata Pedron jilapajja.
E. Qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca t'ugha waynaw, tata Pedron

jilapajja.
M. juman
E. Qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca eugha waynaw, ju....n jilamajja.
M. nayan
E. Qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca eugha waynaw, nayan

jilajjajja.
M. machak utaw
E. Hosted for free on livelingua.com

Qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca machak utaw, nayan utajjajja.
43
LESSON IV
Questions and Answers - 41.stt'efiaracampi ivaw sa-'lanacami
Positive - Chekanaca
T. M. Susanajj marcanquiti?
E. nsa, narcanquiwa.
M. Jilamajj utamanquiti?
E. nsa,utajjanquiwa.
I. Mamasajj khathunquiti?
E. J!sa, khathunquiwa.
H. Pedron cullacapajj escuelanquiti?
E. J7sa, escuelanquiwa.
N. Pabion khoru anupajj utamanquiti?
nsa,utajjanquiwa.
EL Vacamajj pampanquiti?
E. nsa,pampaaquiwa.
JAL Mariajj khathuncasquiti?
E. JYsa,khathuacasquiwa.
Josean jilapajj oficinancasquiti?
E. Jisa,oficivancasquiwa.
N. Cullacamajj jawirancasquiti?
E. JY.sa, jawirancasquiwa.
L Cullacaman chachapajj ChuquiaguncasquiW
E. asa, Chuquiaguncasquiwa.
N. Jiwasan asnosajj kolluncasquiti?
E. nsa, kolluncasquiwa.
M. Tata Pablon wawapajj marcancasquiti?
E. nsa, marcancasquiwa7

44
LESSON IV - Questions and Answers

Positive
M. Tataman utapajj qhayati?
E. nsa, qhayawa.
Pedron utapajj uca k'ellu ucati?
E. nsa, uca k'ellu utawa.
1. Josean cullacapajj uca jach'a tansa tawakoti?
E. nsa, uca jach'a tansa tawakowa.
N. Pablon autopajj qhaya chaca jac'ancquis ucati?
E. JIsa, ucawa.
N. Enriquen vacapajj qhaya thaqui qhurcatancquis ucati?
E. Jisa, ucawa
i. Libromajj aca machak libroti?
E. JYsa,ucawa.
Positive - Negative - Chekanaca - Jan chekanaca
II. M. Tatamajj khathuncasquiti?
E. JYsa, tatajjajj khathuncasqfiiwa.
E. Janiwa, tatajjajj janiw khathuncasquiti.
M. Cullacamajj escuelancasquiti?
E. nsa, cullacajjajj escuelancasquiwa.
E. Janiwa, cullacajjajj janiw escuelancasquiti.
M. Tata Josean yokapajj utapancasquiti?
E. Jisa, tata Josean yokapajj utapancasquiwa.
E. Janiwa,tata Josean janiw yokapajj utapancasquiti.
M. Mama Elenan imillapajj yapuncasquiti?
E. .visa, mama Elenan imillapajj yapuncasquiwa.
E. Janiwa, mama Elenan janiw imiliapajj yapuncacquitl.

45
LESSON IV - Questions and answers

Positive - Negative
ML Mama Rositan chachapajj Chuquiaguncasquiti?
E. asa, mama Rositan chachapajj Chuquiaguncasquiwa.
E. Janiwa, mama Rositan janiw chachapajj Chuquiaguncasquiti.
M. Qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca jankto utajj, Aifredon utc.pati
E. J!sa, qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca jank'o utajj Alfredon utapams.
E. Janiwa, qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis uca jankto utajj janiw Alfredon

utapPlaiti.
N. Qhaya k'ellu ut u catasincquis, uca jisc'a utajj juman utamaLi?
E. nsa, qhaya k'ellu ut u'catasincquis, uca jiac'a utajj, nayan

utajjawa.
E. Janiwa, qhaya k'ellu ut utcatasincquis, uca jisc'a uta2j, jani7

nayan uta:;iaquiti.
R. Qhuri jawir jac'ancquis, uca kokajj, jilaman kokapati'
E. Jisa, qhuri jawir jaeancquis, uca hckajj, jilajjan kol:apawa.
E. Janiwa, qhuri jawir jac'ancquis, uca kokajj, janiw jiiajjan

kokapgquiti.
H. Qhuri thaqui accatancquis, uca jach'e vacajj, jumtn vacamati''
E. Jisa, qhuri thaqui accatancquis, uca jach'a vacajj, nayan vacajjawa.
E. Janiwa, churl thaqui accatancquis, uca jeah'a vacajj jardw nayaa

vacajjliquiti.
EL Qhaya kollu patancquis uca utajj, rata Davidan utapati?
E. Jisa, qhaya kollu patancquis, uca utajj, tata Davidan utapawa.
E. Janiwa, qhaya kollu patancquia, uca utajj, janiw tata Davidan

utapgquiti.
M. Cawquinquis Juanan j ay ra yokalIapajja?
E. Juanan jayra yokallapajj'marcancasquiwa / khathuncascuiwa /

escue1ancasquiwa / Estados Unidosancasquiwa/
aatoncascuiva.
Cawquincasctse
E. (Jumajj) marcancasctawa, etc.
211
46
LESSON IV - Questions and Answers

Positive - Negative
Cawquincasctasa?
E. (Nayajj) marcancasctwa, etc.
M. Cawquincasquis tata Pedrojja?
E. Tata Pedrojj marcancasquiwa, etc.
M. Cawquincasctansa?
E. (Jiwasajj) marcancsctanwa, etc.
M. Cawquincasipctansa?
E. (Jiwasanacajj) marcancasipctanwa, etc.
M. Cawquincasipctsa?
E. (Nanacajj) marcancasipctwa, etc.
N. Cawquincasipctasa?
E. (Jumanacajj) marcancasipctawa, etc.
M. Cawquincasipquisa?
E. (Jupanacajj) marcancasipquiwa, etc.
Dialogue - Cuento
Juancitotis12jle
J. Camisac jilata, cawquirus sarascta?
Waliqui, naya escuelaru sarascta.

1
J. Nayan mamajjaw usuta, ucat jan escuelar sarcti.
2
FL Ma llaquiwa, yatichiri wall tareanac churapjjetu, juta4amawa.
3
J. Ukhamawa, mamajja waliptani, sara, ufijasificama.
M. Waliquiw jilata. Nayaw tareanac mayeama, unjasillcamay.

11,7
LESSON IV - ialOpe
NOTES
/ 'Therefore I am not going to school;' ucata 'therefore'.
2 'What a pity, the teacher gave us many lessons; you should Cove.'
ma 'one'; llaqui 'pity'; vatichiri 'teacher'; tarea (taria)'ifts3one
churapjjetu 'he gives/gave us'.
3 'So, as soon as my mother is well, (then) I will go, I'll see you.'
waliptani: 72.11- signals 'complete change';
Eiijasiiicama 'until we see one another' afinitive uilaia 'to see'i
uijasita 'to see one another' plus -cama 'until.'
4 'I will lend you the lessons'. me-yeafia 'to lend.'

48
LESSON V - Pheskrz lrccionn
emalas
apilla oca oca oxalis with yellow
flowers
arroza (arrusa) arroz rice
aycha carne meet
azucara azucar sugar
calamina calamina tin roof
cawqha donde where
cawqhana en donde where (definitf! :ocat.:.on'
cebolla (ciwulla) cebolla cuion
cerveza (cirwisa) cerveza beer
c t awna huevo o-r.,

f
..
cstancia estancia, comunidad community
leche (lichi) leche min

lulu chiquita, Tana little girl
naranja (laranqha, naranja orange

laranj a)
ovej leche (iwij lichi) leche de oveja sheep's milk
ovej aycha (iwij aycha) carne de oveja mt.21,:ton
phuju pozo well (of water)
pokata ,, plgtano bona na
eant'a pan tread
toLizo mail
' corn
uma agua ureter
ntjnaa haber,'tener, t' have
vaca aycha (waca aycha) carne de vaca bec..:
vallesa (vallisa) valles valleys

49
LESSON V
Grammar - Suma parla.lataoui
I. (a) latAtsamnhas tataman utaujj12 'Seiior, where is your father's house?
When calling to a person, the noun is used without any subject

marker. e.g. Tata! 'father!'
Nayan tatajjan 'My father's house is that one.'
(b) Tata, cawihas amigoman utapajja 'SeEor, Taiiiere is your friend! E:

house?'
Na a n amigo an uta ajj, Oa a iisc'a utftauis ucawa.*
yayan amigojjan utarajj, clhaT7a iisea utrAva.

'My friend's house, is that small one there.'
ec(Literally: 'My friend's house is that one, which is that small

house over there.''}
Ti_g_a_ds is formed from uta + Vqu5sa: 'The house 'which is'
Macias_
q--s relative marker 'which'
ui 3rd person singular
V = doubling of the last vowel of the preceding word.
gPELLAIAULE424242L11111g1E:=5.21521LIIE-9110LESAratT9*
211umla,912STIMEIZL182101fitioman utaPati?
llgistAlhaza calamin utajj, tioman utapati?
7Seora, is that house Wi-ch the roof your uacle's house?'
Miterally: 'Seora, is your uncle's house the one which is that
roof over theral')
41sALAAELRILTwilalkkgPAuclii_tioi'an utaDava-
.1121.2ahata calamlutguiritys.
Jisa, chava calamin.,ucaidliojjen vtapawa.
'Yes, that house over there with the roof is my uncle's house.'
Order of clauses in interrogative sentences:
[Relative clause] + [Subject clause] + [Predicate clause]
(a) Tata cawqhans eallfadjlaj12 'Seor, where is there water?'

(Literally 'in where?')
saktms: the addition of the -n- infix indicates location.

stilwa. (preferred word order)
utiiw
gpayajawirsullituplii. 'There is water on that side of the
river.'

50
LESSON V - Grammar
"awiran: the -n- suffix indicates location.

utji/utliwa: the particle wa may be attached to positive verbs
in declarative sentences. Its distribution is further character-
ized in Lesson IV.
(b) 'Seora, are there eggs in

that store over there?'
_na-12_21..glaatiaIt.i/ut.iwansac'aw. 'Yes, there are eggs in

that store over there.'
Janiwa, eawnajj qhaya tiendandaniw utjOiti/utjiti.
'No, there are no eggs in that store over there.'
III. Differences between cawqhans and cawquins. According to Rudimentos,

saglians is used with reference to specific inanimate objects while
cawquins may be used indiscriminately with specific or general
inanimate objects. In this cac.c, cawqhans may function as a "definite
adverb," corresponding to the definite article in English and Spanish:
"Where is the ?'
e.g. Tata, cawtans eant'aii_mtii? 'Sefior, where is the bread?'
Tataa.cawquins cafmjjulii, 'Seilor, where is there coffee?'

With animate objects, saguinquis and cawqhanquis are used (possibly
with the same distinction as cawquins and amigo). (This problem
requires further study.)
IV. Qhitins 'whose': note the use of the possessive marker -n-.
e.g. Mama, qhitins c'awnajj utji? 'Senora, who has eggs?'
(literally: 'Whose eggs are there?')
V. Cunans in the meaning of 'when' or 'in what'('where'):

e.g. Tata, cunans fiestajj utii? 'Seri.or, when (i.e., in what day,
hour, etc.) is the fiesta?'
Tata cunans wali ch'okeiLutii? 'Sefior, in what (where) are
the many potatoes?'

LESSON V
1-
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuKa
Pokotajj, tata Andresan utapan utji.
E. Pokotajj, tata Andresan utapan utji.
M. chawllajj
E. Chawllajj, tata Andresan utapan utji..
M. tiendapan
E. Chawllajj, tata Andresan tiendapan utji.
M. mama Marian
E. Chawllajj, mama Marian tiendapan utji.
M. nayan
E. Chawllajj, nayan tiendajjan utji.
M. eant'ajj juman
E. T'ant'ajj, juman tiendaman utji.
qhaya jank'o utaquis ucan
E. T'ant'ajj, qhaya jank'o utaquis next utji.
M. vaca aychajj
E. Vaca aychajj, qhaya jank'o ut &lquis ucan
M. vaca lechejj,
E. Vaca lechejj, qhaya jan104),-utUquil-ucan utji.
M. qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca.jiscca tiendan
E. Vaca lechejj, qhaya thaqui accatancquis,.uca jisc'd tiondan

utji.
M. c'awnajj
E. C'awnajj qhaya thaqui accatancquis, uca jisc'a tiendan utji.
M. qhaya marcan
E. C'awnajj, qhaya marcan utji.
M. azucara.U, awichasan utapan
E. Azucarajj, awichasan utapan utji.

52
LESSON V Substitution Drill
M. Nayan yapojjajj acawa
E. Nayan yapojjajj acawa.
M. utajjajj
E. Nayan utajjajj acawa.
uca jisc'a merk'e
E. Nayan utajjajj, uca jisc'a merk'e utawa.
M. 3uman
E. Juman utamajj, uca jisc'a merk'e utawa.
M. machak
E. Juman utamajj, uca jisc'a machak utawa.
M. tiendamajj
E. Juman tiendamajj, uca jisc'a machak tiendawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan tiendasajj, uca jisc'a machak tiendawa.
M. qhaya jach'a k'ellu
E. Jiwasan tiendasajj, qhaya jach'a k'ellu tiendawa.
M. qhuri chaca jac'ancquis ucawa.
E. Jiwasan tiendasajj, qhuri chaca jac'ancquis, ucawa.
N. tata Pablon yapupajj
E. Tata Pablon yapupajj, qhuri chaca jac'ancquis ucawa.
M. phujupajj
E. Tata Pablon phujupajj, qhuri chaca jac'ancquis ucawa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan phujojjajj, qhuri chaca jac'ancquis ucawa.
M. qhaya ut jac'anquiwa
E. Nayan phujojjajj qhaya ut jac'anquiwa.

53
LESSON V.- Substitution Drill
M. Nayan yapojjajj, qhaya jach'a clOoke yapuwa.
E. Nayan yapojjajj, qhaya jach'a ch'oke yapawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan yapusajj, qhaya jach' a chtoke yapuwa.
M. apill
E. Jiwasan yapusajj, qhaya jach'a apill yapuwa.
M. utasaji, qhaya'k'ellu utawa
E. Jiwasan utasajj, qhaya utawa.
M. juman
E. Juman utamajj, qhaya ucawa.
M. iawir, qhurcatancquis-, uca.
E. Juman utamajj, qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca k'ellu utawa.
M. awichajjan"
E. Awichajjan utapajj, qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca kvellu

utawa.
M. kokapajj, qhaya thaqui jac'ancquis ucawa
E. Awichajjan kokapajj, qhaya thaqui jac'ancquis ucawa.
M. nayan . :
E. Nayan kokajjajj, qhaya thaqui jac'ancquis ucawa.
M. vacajjajj
E. Nayan liq'i Iracajjajj, qhaya thaqui jaeancquis ucawa.
M. kollu patancquis, uca ch'iyLr vacawa
E. Nayan vacajjajj, qhaya kollu patancquis, uca ch'iygr

vacawa.
N. jilajjan
E. Jilajjan liq'i vacapajj, qhaya kollu patancquis, uca ch'iygr

vacawa.
M. kawrapajj
E. Jilajjan liq'i kawrapajj, qhaya kollu patancquis, uca chliyar

kawrawa.
J1
54
LESSON V - Substitution Drill
N. Josean utapajj, qhaya jank'o utUquis ucawa.
E. Josean utapaij, qhaya jank'o ut%quis ucawa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan utajjajj, qhaya jank'o ut5quis ucawa,
M. qhaya jach'a
E. Nayan utajjajj, qhaya jach'a ut%quis ucawa.
M. Pedron yapupajj
E. Pedron yapupajj, qhaya jach'a yapuquis ucawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan yapusajj, qhaya jach'a yaptiquis ucawa.
M. kokasajj
E. Jiwasan kokasajj, qhaya jach'a kokaquis ucawa.
juman
E. Juman kokamajj, qhaya jach'a kokaquis ucawa.
M. estanciamajj
E. Juman estanciamajj, qhaya jach'a estanciaquis ucawa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan estanciajjajj, qhaya jach'a estanciaquis ucawa.
M. marcajjajj, qhaya jisc'a
E. Nayan marcajjajj, qhaya jisc'a marcaquis ucawa.
M. juman phujumajj
E. Juman phujumajj, qhaya jisea phujliquis ucawa.
M. awichajjan
E. Awichajjan phujupajj, qhaya jisc'a phujllquis ucawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan phujusajj qhaya jisc'a phujUquis ucawa.

55
LESSON V
Questions and Answers - Thatalakiartacarnoiliaysanacami..
I. al. Cawqhas tata Pablon utapajjr?

E. Qhaya azul utawa.
N. Cawqhas juman utamajja?
E. Uca k'ellu utawa.
N. Cawqhas estanciamajje
E. Belenawa.
M. Cawqhas marcamajja?
7. Achacachiwa.
M. Cawqhanquis Josean tatapajja? I
E. Yapunquiwa.
Cawahanquis mamamajja?
E. Cocinanquiwa.
M. Cawqhancasquis khoru anumajja?

E, Awichajjan utapancasquiwa.
M. Cawqhancasquis liq'i ovejamajja?
E. Pampancasquiwa.
Cawqu!ris utamajja?
E. Qhaya kleilu utawa.
M. CawquTris Pedron yapapupajje
E. Qhaya jach'a yapuwa.
M. CawquYris jiwasan tiasajja?
E. Qhaya liq'i warmiwa.
M. CawquTris juman sillamajja?
E. Uca merkie sillawa.
II. Positive - Negative - Chekanaca - Jan chekanaca
M. Tata, qhaya thaqui qhurcatancquis, uca choke yapojj juman yapumati?

E. JMsa, qhaya thaqui qhurcatancquis, uca choke yapojj nayan yapojjawa.
E. Janiwa, qhaya thaqui qhurcatancquis, uca choke yapojj, janiw nayan
yapojjaqati.
M. Tata, qhaya jach'a ut uLcatasincquis, uca jisc'a utajj Pedron utapatil
E. nsa, qhaya jach'a ut uacatasincquis, uca jisc'a utajj, Pedron
utapawa.
E. Janiwa, qhaya jach'a ut uficatasincquis, uca jisc'a utajj, janiw

Pedron utap4quiti.

95
NOSSTI A - suonsanb puv saamsuv
eApfsod eApeSeN
14 gem, rude prodeA uemeTfr LpedndvA
Tang!) vigour
ea 'gni' txngb eitioec Tude 'Crodelt tiering semedndeA
'a geraftier Ting!) viper rude 'frodeA mfuvr ueppifc .pfnbRdndvA
4 6vmv14 Tamp vigour vzrPoitio Prenoll uemeoeuno zpedelo4

.a 'eszr Tang!) vigour ejrolgo grreliox geperino ue semedvAo%
'a 'mnuer Tamil) esq3BP ejP0,110 'Cce404 mTuer creprItn3 uv .pfnbndelo4
lg 'mew eitegb ufmeivo gsfnbEln gcceml uemoT1 Liledeln
.a vitegb uftrivivo sTnbpn 'rpm =rpm semedeln
.g gemfuer vitvgb ufmeivo sTnbEln grrvon mfuvr uerpop spfnilde2n
4 'etiofrav eon aRATiqo gsfnbEovA rpm uemexoA IfludvosA

-H 'enc. von aRATitio gsfnbRovA 'ppm uefrelo4 vravdeovA
.g gemfuer von aRATitio sTnIonovA 'pre= mfuvr uvrcevA .pfnbc.deovA
T1 vmeN rpeuravio eltelp uvpuep Lpfrin

.a gesu Neumeso eAvqb =pimp .emTpn
.a gemfuvr Creumvio uepuap mfuvr spfnbrin
lg 'BIB' prelolod vAetib vigour ungletil tflfrin

'3 'gni' rpeloNod v4eqb vitiovr unglegn evraffln
'3 geraTuer Creloxod eAvqb eigoer untilvtlx mfuvr -pfnbc3n
getiofrav yowl Crevice vAellb vitper uvoavm iflfrin

H gent' voen rcegolcv eAvilb vitioer uvoiem .vrafpn
.g gemfuvr vovA pregoice eketib vigour uvoium afuer .pfnbr3n
lg rcemn vAetib uviTmer ancln

a 'usu. Cream eAvtib uviTmer .vmfrin
g preouvi/ uemepuefl tflfrin
'3 6esIr rreilue;1 uvmePuefl emTrin
rreruvaem ueseStin4 1pfc4n
'3 'esAr preruvieu uesegun4 .vmTrin
4 um:von-Eno uudosTme ccoxuol cmcln
.a 'usu. uemeoenno uedo2fmv rfoAuol euriigln
lg tiempfy tiedemem prepoo Lpfpn
'3 'esicr uewoti uedemem rrepoo seAffln

57
LESSON V - Questions and Ans,Ters
r. Ch'okejj Chuquidgun utjiti?

E. JTsa, ch'okejj Chuquiagun utjiwa.
M. Coca Colajj Marian jilapan utjiti?
E. Jisa, Coca Colajj Marian jilapan utjiwa..
M. Coca Colajj nayan tiendajjanjj utjiti?
E. JTsa C-tca Colajj nayan tiendajjanjj utjiwa.
M. Qhitins suma ch'ekejj utj i?

E. Pedron mamapan utji,
EL Qhitins imchak utajj utji?
E. Susanari achilapan utji.
M. Qhitins c'ainajj utji.
E. Awichajjan utji.
Qhitins suma naranjajj utji?
E. Josean cullacapan
Cawquins fiestajj utji?

E. Achacachin utji.
I. Achacachin fiestajj utjiti?
E. Jisa, utjiwa.
i. Cawquins tonkojj utji?
E. Vallesan utji.
EL Vallesan tonkojj utjiti?
E. Asa, utjiwa.
Dialogue - Cuento
Ma voluntaria ma tiendaru sari'
V. Dios asqui ur churatam, mama.

2
M. Jumarus ukhamaraqui, tawako. Cuns muntati?
3
V. JTsa, naya muntu alet t'ant'ampi azucarampi.
4
Waliquiw tawako, acan utjituwa suma eant'ampi wali jank'o azucarampi.
5
V. Ukhama, churitay pheska c'ant'ampi ma libr azucarampi.
6
T1 Acajj, azucara wali pesadawa t'ant'anacasti wali sumanacawa.
7
V. Dios pagaratam, mama. Acajj mama kollklwa. Ma rat cama, janc'a-
quiw cutin1.8

58.
LESSON V - Dialogue
NOTES
1 'A volunteer (fem.) goes to a store.' The suffix -ru 'to' may be
omitted. Its use may be motivated by the Spanish verb + preposition:
va a; mg 'a, one'; voluntaria (vuluntaria).
2 'Same to you, young girl. What do you want?'
3 'I want to buy bread and sugar.' -mei 'and' must be attached to
both components of the clause (literally 'and bread and sugar').
The subject/object marker may be omitted: naya- nayajj.
4 'Very good, young girl, here I have good bread and very white sugar.'L.
utjafia 'to havet/utii 3rd person singularkaikAlts1st persona sing.
5 'Then give me 5 breads and a pound of sugar: Ouritliv = imperative
'you give me.' zy. is often added to imperatiVe forms: 'then.'
Note that the pluralizing suffix -naca need not be added with numerals.
Libra (liwra) 'pound'.
6 'There you have the sugar well weighed out and the breads are very good!
Pesadawa (pisatawa) from Spanish pesar 'to weigh.'
7 'Thank you, senora. Here is the money.'
8 'I'll be seeing you; I'll come back soon.'
Mg rat cams = lit. 'until a moment' (Spanish rato 'while, moment'),
an exact translatioh of Spanish haste luego.
Janc'aquiw = janc'a 'fast, soon' + quiwa 'then.'
Cutia 'I will return;' infinitive cutinina.

LESSON wI - 3olite,air
comprar to buy
alma
alasifia comprar para si to buy oneself
anataia jugar to play
pastorear to graze, to pasture

awazifia
cafe coffee
cafe (cawia)
carta letter
carta
pescar, agarrar to fish, take, seize

catuuia
(a) donde (to) where

cawcs
isi ropa, vestido clothes
jicliha ahora now
escribir to write
ksllkaiia
k' au suzio: dirty

.
hater, trabajar to do, to work
lurafia
comer to eat
mank'afia
pelota (piluta) pelota ball
barrer to sweep
pichafia
it to go
saraiia
t' ajj s ilia! t' aj j sufia lavar td Wash
beber to drink
umafia
vicar to visit.
visitafia (wisitafia)
mucho much
walja
biers fine, well

waliqui

60
LESSON VI
Grammar - Suma parlafiataqui
I. Conjugation of the present durative verb: ' am ing,' etc.

(On the function of -wa, -,Zia, c.f. below, Lesson VIII.)
lurascta lurasctan lurasipctan
(lurasctwa) -(wa) -(wa)
(lurasctjia) -(jja) -(jja)
lurasipcta
- (wa)
-(jja)
lurascta lurasipcta
-(wa) -(0)
-Wm.)
lurasqui lurasipgui
-(wa) -(0)
(lurasquejj a) (lurasipquejja)
Analysis: lura- infinitive stem

-sc- continuous action (singular)
-s..c- 11
(plural)
-j- pluralizer
Endings: -ta -tan - tan
- ta
-ta -ta
N.B. In interrogative statements with a question word ('what, where,

when'...), the suffix added to the verb must receive the
stress; in positive interrogative sentences, the last vowel is always
e.g. Curs. ungssaligy = Cuns lurascta'._ stressed:
('What are you doing (now, in general)?')
In interrogative statements without a question word, the suffix -ti is
used:
e.g. ___p_AthsaJumanhuchanfeiim? 'Does your daughter drink
coffee?'

61
LESSON VI - Grammar
Ii. The object of the verb is placed before the verb and loses its final
vowel; foreign words in -ia (e.g. io,lasia 'cly,rch') are e;zempt:
e.g. Nayajj mare sarascta. 'I'm goliT, to t.L.1 village.'(trom maeea)
Waykdj yap lurascta. 'I'm working the field.' ( from yam)

CunsbmActsiti? 'What are you doing?' (from miles)
N.B. Often the object of verbs of motion ma:- either lose Lheir final
vowel or take the suffix ru in the meaning of 'to':
e.g. failliiChmuLlEAmmla = Nayaij 'Chuquiagur sarascta
..
'I am going to Li Paz.'

4,t
Nayajj visitiriw Pedron utap s.ee-assAa = Nayaij

utapar(u) sarescta
'I am going to visit Pedro's hmse.'
(cf dialogue notes, Lesson V for discuseirdn of Spanish is
III. Simultaneous action may be expressed by the.'inc.initive :stemr

(infinitive minus a) plus in the reanihs 'one who doe.ci the
action' or 'doing the action':

e.g. awatiila 'to pasture' becomes awatiri 'one. who peStures (shepherd);
pasturing
cattirlia 'to fish' becomes caturi 'one who fishes; tishing'
thokofia 'to dance' becomes theteri 'one who dances (dancer),
dancing.'
Infinitila stems in -a- become churafia 'to givetichil.-..iri
Both -J AE and -wa may be attached. to -ri forms.
IV. Order of clauses in declarative sentences:
(i) [Subject clause] + [object of -ri, verb] + [main verb clause]
e.g. Mama Mariajj awichapan utap sarasqui."
'Sefiora Maria is going to visit her grandmother's house.
Jupajj pokot alasir jichhaii chaya tiered sarasoui.,
'He is going now to that store to buy bananas.'
(ii) [Subject clause] + [object of main verb] + [object of -ri verb]

+ [main verb]
e.g. lamtilmailan utagythawatirlstsanaula.
'I am going to my mother's house to pasture sheep.'
*It is important to differentiate the "infinitive stem" (which always

ends in a vowel) from the term "verb stem" (introduced in later lessons)
which is the infinitive stem minus the final vowel. .

LESSON VI - Grammar 62
V. Conjunction -mpi7 'and, with' is added to all the components that it

joins: e.g. ayamp jupanacampeii 'I and they' (the - ,suffix is optional)
Mariamp Enriquempejj 'Maria and Enrique'
VI. Cawcs '(to) where': used with verbs of motion. Note assimilation of
consonants (and subsequent loss of aspiration) due to elimination
of final stem vowel (as the object of a verb):
cawqhas becomes *cawqhs becomes cawcs
e.g.Cawcs sarascta? 'Where are you going?'
Cuns, the object of a verb, is a contraction of cunas.
e.g. Cuns lurascta? 'What are you doing?'
(In the negative, cuns has the meaning of 'anything, nothing':
Nayajj janiw cuns lurcti 'I am not doing anything?')
VII. Alafia / alasifia. The infix -si- (precedes the infinitive ending)
introduces the meaning of reflexive or reciprocal action:
e.g. 'Nrlafia 'to talk'/ parlasifia 'to converse (with one another)'
larekafia 'to wash'/ iarekasifia 'to wash oneself'
apafia 'to carry'/ apasifia 'to carry for oneself'
alafia 'to buy'/ alasifia 'to buy (for) oneself'
VIII. The following table illustrates the interrelationships of aspect and

tense in the Aymara verb system; each box represents a single verb form:
TENSE ASPECT positive/ negative
present punctual e.g. 'I go (now); I don't go(now)''

past 'I went (then); I didn't go then'
present durative 'I am going (in general); I am

not going (in general)'*
imperfect ** 'I was going, used to go; I wasn't

going, didn't used to go'
pluperfect ** 'I had gone; I hadn't gone'
future ** 'I will go; I won't go'
* For most speakers, apparently, a durative negative form

does not exist; instead,the punctual negative form is
used for both aspects. Cf. below, lesson VIII.
** Aspect is irrelevant for these forms.
All 22sitilleverb forms may be suffixed by -wa and 7iia. (-wa as a
predicate marker attached to non-verbs is obligatory: e.g. tawakowa
is the only way of expressing 'is a girl'.) It is by no means clear
from published grammars or from the limited field work what the precise
functions of those suffixes are. The suffixes appear to be modal in part:

63
LESSON VI - Grammar
-.al may introduce an element of doubt, possibility or anticipation -

but the action is yet to be completed; on the ether hand -wa may
introduce the element of certainty or firmness. The following future
tense and punctual forms may serve as illustrations, but the character-
izations must remain tentative:
sara 'I will go'
sarawa 'I am to go' (i.e. 'I must, should go')
sarajia 'I will be going'
In the punctual verb, we suspect the following meanings:
sarta come; came'
sartwa 'I came, have come' (possibly with emphasis on the
completion of the action in the.past). However,
where an adverb of time past is present, -wa can
be omitted.
sartlia 'I come, I came' (in the context. of 'if, were I to come')

64
LESSON VI
Substitution Drill- Wasa arunac uscuiia
M. Nayajj yap lurascta.
E. Nayajj yap lurascta.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj yap lurasqui.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj yap lurasctan.
M. mare sarasctan
E. Jiwasajj marc sarasctan.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj marc sarasctajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj marc sarasipctan.
M. is eajjsisipctan
E. Jiwasanacajj is t'ajjsisipctan.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj is t'ajjsisipqui.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj is t'ajjsisipcta.
M. kawr awatisipcta
E. Nanacajj kawr awatisipcta.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj kawr awatiscta.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kawr awatisipqui.
N. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj kawr awatisipctajja.
N. aych mank'asipctajja
E. Jumanacaii avch mnnktPqi.net.^44.,

65
LESSON VI - Substitution Drill
M. Jumajj jach'a mes lurasctajja.
E. Jumajj jach a mes lurasctajja.
N. nayajj
E. Nayajj jach'a mes lurascta.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj jach'a mes ].urasctan.
M. walja chawll catusctan
E. Jiwasajj waija chawll catusctan.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj waija chawll catusipctajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj walja chawll catusipctan..
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj waija chawll catusipcta.
M. ch'ok alasipcta
E. Nanacajj waija ch'ok alasipcta.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj waija ch'ok alasipqui.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj waija ch'ok alascta.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj waija ch'ok alasctan.
M. qhaya khath sarasctan
E. Jiwasajj qhaya khath sarasctan.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj qhaya khath sarasipcta.
jumajj
E. Jumajj qhaya khath sarasctajja.

66
--
LESSON IV - Substitution Drill

1 .
M. Jichhajj nayajj mamajjan isip t'ajjsiscta.*
E. Jichhajj nayajj mamajjan isip eajjsiscta.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj mamasan isip t'ajjsisctan.
M. jumajj
E. Jichhajj jumajj mamaman isip eajjsisctajja.
M. jilaman k'afiu utap pichasctajja
E. Jichhajj jumajj jilaman utap pichasctajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasanacajj jilasan k'afiu utap pichasipctan.
M. jupajj
E. Jichhajj jupajj jilapan leanu utap pichasqui.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jichhajj jumanacajj jilaman leaau utap pichasipctajja.
M. achilaman jach'a yapup lurasipctajja
E. Jichhajj jumanacajj achilaman jach'a yapup lurasipctajja.
M. nanacajj
*N.B. For drill purposes, change the possessive pronoun to agree with
the pronominal subject of the sentence. The grammar of the language
does not require that the possessive pronoun be in person agreement with
the subject of the sentence:

e.g. Jumajj mama: en-isip Cajjsisctr. 'You are cleaning your
mother's clothes.'
Jumajj manajjan.isip t'ajjsiscta. 'You are cleaning my mother's
clothes.'

67
LESSON VI Substitution Drill
E. Jichhajj nanacajj achilajjan jach'a yapup lurasipcta.
M. nayajj
E. Jichhajj nayajj eghilajjan jach'a yapup lurascta.
N. jiwasajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj achilasan jach'a yapup lucasctan.
M. amigosan marcap sarasctan
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj amigosan marcap sarasctan.
M. tata Pedron
E. Jichhajj jawasajj tata Pedron marcap sarasctan.
M. jumajj
E. Jichhajj jumattata Pedron marcap sarasctajja.

.
t
n. Jichhajj nayajj jilajjan utap pichiriw sarascta.
E. Jichhajj nayajj jilajjan dtap pichiriw sarescta:
M. tata Joseajj
E. Jichhajj tata Joseajj jilapan utap pichir sarasqui.
N. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj jilasan utap ichiriw sarasctan.
tatasan yapup luriiiw
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj tatasan yapup luririw sarasctan.
M. .jumajj
E. Jichhajj jumajj tataman yapup luririw sarasctajja.
M. nayamp jumanacampejj
E. Jichhajj nayamp jumanacampejj tatasan yapup luririw sarasipctan.
r. nayamp warmejjampejj
E. Jichhajj nayamp waxmejjampejj tatajjan yapup luririw sarasipcta.
N. jumamp yokamampejj

68
LESSON VI - Substitution Drill
E. Jichhajj jumamp yokamampejj tataman yapup luririw sarasipctajja.
tata Joseamp warmipampejj
E. Jichhajj tata Joseamp warmipampejj tatapan yapup luririw sarasipqui.
M. nayajj
E. Jichhajj nayajj tatajjan yapup luririw sarascta.
M. pelot anatiriw
E. Jichhajj nayajj pelot anatiriw sarascta.
N. tiojjamp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj tiojjamp nayampejj pelot anatiriw
M. jumamp tatamampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp tatamampejj pelot anatiriw sarasipctajja.
M. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj pelot anatiriw sarasctan.
Completion drill - Arunac phokachafia
1. Tata, cuns jumajj (lurea) ? lurascta
2. Tata, cuns jupajj (lurafia)? lurasqui
3. Tata cuns jiwasajj (lurafia)? lurasctan
4. Tatanaca, cuns jiwasanacajj _.(luraiia)? lurasipctan
5. Tatanaca, cuns nanacajj (lurafia)? lurasipcta
6. Tatanaca, cuns jumanacajj (lurafia)? lurasipcta
7. Tata, cuns jupanacajj (lurafia)? lurasipqui
1. Mama, cawcs jumajj (sarana)? sarascta
2. Mama, cawcs jupajj (sarea)? sarasqui
3. Mama, cawcs jiwasajj (sarafia)? sarasctan

69
LESSON VI - Completion drill
4. Mamanaca, cawcs jiwasanacaji (saran a) sarasipctan
5. Mamanaca, cawcs nanacajj (sarefia)? sarasipcta
6. Mamanaca, cawcs jumanacajj (sarafia)? sarasipcta
7. Mama, cawcs jupanacajj (sarafia)? sarasipcp
1. Lulu, cuns jumajj' MIMMIOMOYMIN.O.V.,

(mank'ai,a)? mank'asctz
2. Lulu, cuns tatamajj (alasii:a)? alasisqui
3. Lulu, cuns jumamp nayampejj (manktafia) mankiasccar
4. Awicha, cuns nayamp jupanacampejj (t'ajjsiiia)ft'ajjsisipcm.
5. Awicha, cuns nayamp jilajjampejj (luraiia)? lurasipcta
6. Tawako, cuns jumamp tatamampejj (umaaa) ? umasipcta
7. Tawako, cuns Pablomp Davidampejj (awatiaa)? awatisiplui
Nayajj yap (lurafia) lw:aszta
2. Jiwasajj yap .(lurefia). luraactan
3. Jumajj yap (lurafia), Iukascta
4. .Jupajj yap (lurai:a). . lurasqui
5. Jiwasanacajj yap (lurafie) lurasipctan
6. Nanacajj yap (lurafia.). lurasipcta
7. 'Jumanacajj yap (lurafia), lurasipcta
8. Jupanacajj yap (luraqa.): lUrasipqui
1. Mama, hayajj khath (saraaa) . sarascta
2. Mama, jiwasajj aych (mank'ai,a). mank'ascten
3. Mama, jumajj marc (saraaa). sarascta
4. Mama, jupajj cervez (umafia). umasqui
5. Tata, jiwasanacajj ut (pichafia). pichasipctan

70
LESSON VI - Completion drill
6. Tata, nanacajj cart kellkasipcta
7. Tata, jumanacalj caf6 (umefia); umasipcta
8. Tata, jupanacajj kawr (awatifia). awatisipqui
1. Mama, nayajj tiojjan utap (sarana). sarascta
2. Mama, jumamp nayampejj awichasan t'ant'ap mank'asctan

(mank'afia)
3. Mama, jumajj awichasan tiendap (pichafia). pichascta
4. Mama, tata Andresajj chawll (catuida). catusqui
5. Tatanaca, nayamp jumanacampejj qhaya jisc'a .
marc (sarafia) . sarasipctan
6. Tata, nayamp warmejjampejj vac (awatifia). awatisipcta
7. Tata, jumamp warmimampejj yap (luraha). lurasipcta
8. Tata, Mariamp Elenampejj is (t'ajjsifia). t'ajjsisikui
1. Jichhajj nayajj cart (kellkafia). kellkascta
2. Jichhajj jiwasajj kot (saraibi.a). sarasctan
3. Jichhajj jumajj aych (mank'aia). mank'ascta
4. Jichhajj jupajj tatapan utap visitiriw Net

(saraha) . sarasqui
5. Jichhajj jiwasanacajj anatiriw (sarara). sarasipctan
6. Jichhajj nanacajj ovej awatiriw (sarara). sarasipcta
7. Jichhajj jumanacajj tataman yapup (luraba). lurasipcta.
8. Jichhajj jupanacajj tiopan isip* (t'ajjsifia) t'ajjsisipqui
1.. Nayajj t' ant' alasiriw jichhajj marc (sarana) .sarascta
2. Jiwasajj chawll caturiw jichhajj kot (satana). sarasctan
3. Jumajj mamaman utap pichiriw jichhajj (sarana). sarascta

71
LESSON VI.- Completion drill
4. Jupajj pokot alasiriw jichbajj qhaya tiend

(sarela). sarasqui
5. Jiwasanacajj amigosan isip t ajjsiriw jichhajj

(sara'.a) . sarasipctan
6. Nanacajj tatajjan kawrap awatiriw jichhajj koll

(sarana) . sarasipcta
7. Jumanacajj awichaman tiendap aych alasirfw
jichhajj (sarafia). sarasipcta
8. Jupanacajj tiapan vacap awatiriw jichhajj qhaya.

koll (sarana). strasipqui
1. Jichhajj nayajj tata Davidan isip (t'ajjsibe). t'ajjsiscta
2. Jichhajj jumajj warmiman vacap (awatiria). awatiscta
3. Jichhajj jumamp'nayampejj amigosan vacap

(elasiAa). alasisctan
4. Jichhajj tata Joseajj yokapan jach'a yapup

(lurafta) lurasqul
5. Jichhajj nayamp jumanacampejj walja cart

(kellkeha) kellkasipctan
6. Jichhajj nayamp warmejjampejj walja kawr

(awatifia). .awatisipcta
7. Jichhajj jumamp phuchamampejj walja is

(t'ajjsina). t'ajjsisi.pcta
8. Jichhajj Pablomp, Pedromp, Joseampajj walja t' ant'

(alasifia). alasipqui

72
LESSON VI
Questions and Answers - saanacampi

I. Positive - Chekanaca
N. Juman wawamajj t'ant' mank'asquiti?

E. Jisa, nayan wawajjajj t'ant' mank'asquiwa.
M. Mama, juman phuchamajj cafe umasquiti?
E. Jisa, nayan phuchajjajj cafe umasquiwa.
M. Mama, jichhajj jilamajj aych alasisquiti?
E. Jisa, jichhajj jilajjajj aych alasisquiwa.
M. Lulu, jumamp jisc'a jilamampejj t'ant' mank'asipctajja?
E. Jisa, nayamp jisc'a jilajjampejj t'ant' mank'asipcta.
M. Awicha, jilamajj cafe umasquiti
E. Jisa, umasquiwa.
M. Lulu, mamamajj aych mank'asquiti?
E. Jisa, mank'asquiwa.
M. Jiwasan wawasajj t'ant' mank'asquiti?
E. Jisa, mank'asquiwa.
Carlosajj qhaya jachva jawir sarasquiti?
E. Jisa, sarasquiwa.
M. Jumajj oke kawr awatisctati?
E. Jisa, oke kawr awatiscta.
II. M. Tata, cawcs mama Mariajj sarasqui?

E. Mama Mariajj awichapan utap visitiriw sarasqui.
N. Tata, cuns yokamajj lurasqui?

E. Yokajjajj tiopan yapup lurasqui.
M. Lulu, cuns jumamp jisc'a jilamampejj mank'asipctajja?
E. Hayamp jisc'a jilajjampejj suma t'ant' mank'asipcta.
M. Lulu, cuns tatamajj lurasqui?
E. Tatajjajj chawll catusqui.
M. Cawcs Joseamp Davidampejj sarasipqui?
E. Joseamp Davidampejj is t'ajjsiriw jawir sarasipqui.
M. Mama, cawcs chachamajj sarasqui?
E. Chachajjajj tatapan utap pichiriw sarasqui.
M. Mama, cuns tata Davidan cuilacapajj jichhajj lurasqui?
E. Tata Davidan cullacapajj jichhajj kawr awatisqui.

73
LESSON VI
Dialogue - Cuento
Joseampi Mariampi
1
Jose: Buenos dias, mama Marla!
Maria: Buenos dias, tata Jose!
Jose: Cawcs sarasct mama Maria?
Maria: Nayajj mamajjan utap ovej awatiriw sarasct, tata JOse.
Jose: Mamaman ovejapajj waljati?
Maria: JYs tata Jose, waljawa.
Jose: Waliquiw, waliquiw mara Maria.
.
Maria: Jumasti tata Jose, cawcs sarasctajja?

Jose: Nayajj chawil caturiw kot sarascta.
Maria: Ualiauiw, waliquiw tata Josen
NOTES
1 Buenos dies (winus tias) cf. Spanish imenos dtas.
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74
LESSON VII - Pakailkor lecciona
aljada vender to sell
asquichana arreglar to arrange
churalia (ru] dar to give
chsucela coser to sew
jaqhufia contar to count
jariiia lavar, banar to bathe, to wash
khech'aiia regar to irrigate
mank'a comida food
munafia desir want
parla:ta (from Spanish hablar to talk

parlay 'to
chatter')
sabado (sawaru) sabado Saturday
samarada descansar to rest
thokoLA bailar to dance
uywa animales domesticos domestic animals
uywa mank'a comida de animales animal food
yatekada aprender to learn
yanapada (ru] ayudar to help
Grammar - smaptallattoli
I. Punctual aspect emphasizes a point in time which can be both in the

present or past tense: e.g. 'I go; I went.'
sarta sartan saraRiiIALL
sartwa -wa -wa
sartjja
snrapjito
sarapiitva
sarapijtjig
sarta narapjjta
-wa -wa
-jja
sari sarapjje
-wa -wa
-jja

75
LESSON VII - Grammar
On differences between free forms and forms with -wa and 7,

cf. grammar, Lesson VI.
N.B. The particles -wa and -jia may be attached. to the object of the
verb instead of the verb. It is not clear what change in meaning is
involved. Cf. also grammar, Lesson I.
e.g. Navajj Davidan phuchampeij thokoL munta. 'I want, to dance with
David's daughter.'
'I want to dance with
my friend's daughter.'
-wa may be affixed to a verb form in -ri or to the object of such a verb:
ys22aLpagNealnlumaine'famiosanaywanacaper mank' chuririw
ilitaiLmummjilm. 'You and I want to come to feed our friend's
'domestic animals.'
!
Jtipanicajj'iata AndreSan.caballoparuw Mankt:churir _;uta mullmiie.
'They want to come to feed senor Andres' horses.'
Cne informant seems to differentiate the 1st and 2nd person singular
form by means of
jumojj sarta4ja
II. The verb munafia 'to want' may govern as its object a noun ?hrase
(e.g. cervez munta 'I want beer') or a verb phrase introduced by an
infinitive (e.g. yanapaii munta 'I want to help'). If the object of
the infinitive, in turn, is a verb phrase, a second infinitive may fol-
low: Infinitive + Infinitive + Verb

e.g. Nuelimplaammiat'ajjsia yanpaLl munta. 'I want to help my
mother to clean clothes.'
Jiwasanacajj tata Pabloruw mes luraiLyanauLlameniitan.
'We want to help sefior Pablo construct a table.'
If the direct object of an infinitive of a verb of motion (e.g. sarafia
'to go') is a verb phrase,a form in -ri is required:
-ri verb + Infinitive + Verb.
e.g. anasaij tioman yokapampiw chawll catur saran. munapjjta.
'We want to go with your uncle's boy to catch fish.'
(i.e., 'catching fish' - an action simultaneous with that of
the main verb.)
Jupanacajj mama Margaritampiw Pedron uta visitir saran: munapije.
'They want to go with se ora Margarita to visit Pedro's house.'

76
LESSON VII - Grammar
III. Some verbs require the affixation of -ru to the object they govern;
the Spanish equivalent is frequently a.
e.g. Wall221111_iwnIank'churaiLmunta. (Sp. dar comida a)
'I want to give food to the chickens.'
Egyaidmamadjaruw is t'aiisui. vanaoaii munta.-(Sp. ayudar a)
'I want to help my mother to wash clothes.'
Verbs which must govern ru are marked in the vocabulary by [ru].
Verbs which can govern ru but need not are marked by [itu]. In such
optional cases, we suspect that the use of ru is influenced by the
Spanish model. Cf, earlier reference to ru in grammar, LesJon VI.
The indirect object with --ru- usually precedes the direct object.

77
LESSON VII
M. Nayajj khath saran munta.
E. Nayajj khath saran munta.
M. marc jutafi
E. Nayajj marc jute' munta.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj marc jutafi muni.
M. ovej awatifi
E. Jupajj ovej awatiti muni.
M. jumajj
E. Jupajj ovej awatifi muntajja.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj ovej awatifi muntan.
N. chawil catufi
E. Jiwasajj chawil catufi muntan.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj chawil catufi munapjjta.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj chawli catufi munapjjtajja.
M. pelot anatafi
E. Jumanacajj pelot anatafi munapjjtajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj pelot anatafi munapjj tan.
M. nayajj
.
E. Nayajj pelot anatafi munta.
N. aymar yatekafi
E. Nayajj aymar yatekafi munta.
M. jupajj.
E. Jupajj aymar yatekafi muni.

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78
LESSON VII - Substitution drill
M. Tata Davidajj thokoR muni.
E. Tata Davidajj thokof? muni.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj thokon muntan.
M. cafe uman
E. Jiwasajj cafe uman muntan.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj cafe uman munapjjta.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj cafe uman muntajja.
M. kot saran
E. Jumajj kot saran muntajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. 'Jiwasanacajj kot saran munapjjtan.
M. yap khech'afi
E. Jiwasanacajj yap khech'an munapjjtan.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj yap khech'afi-munapjje.
M. aymar yatekan
E. Jupanacajj aymar yatekaii munapjje.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj aymar yatekafi munta.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj aymar yateke muni.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj aymar yatekan munapjjtajja.
M. cart kellkan
E. Jumanacajj cart kellkafi munapjjtajja.

79
M. Joseajj jilapan.utap yap luririw saran muni.
E. Joseajj jilapan utap yap luririw saran muni.
N. jumajj
E. Jumajj jilaman utap yap luririw sare muntajja.
M. jutan
E. Jumajj jilaman utap yap luririw jutan muntajja.
N. kawr awatiriw
E. Jumajj jilaman utap kawr awatiriw jutal. muntajja.
jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj jilasan utap kawr awatiriw jutaf. tuntan.
M. caballopar manktchuran
E. Jiwasajj jilasan caballopar mank' churafi muntan.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj jilajjan caballopar mank' churan munapjjta.
N. yokajjan wallpapar
Nanacajj yokajjamwallpapar mank' munapjjta.

E.
M. wawapar t'ant'
E. Nanacajj yokajjan wawapar t' ant' churau munapjjta.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj yokasan wawapar t'ant' churan munapjjtan.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj yokaman wawapar t'ant' churan munapjjtajja.
M. chawll catet yanapan
E. Jumanacajj yokasan wawapar chawll catun yanapai munapjjtajja.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj yokajjan wawapar chawll catuii yanapaf munta.
M. amigojjan phuchapar
E. Nayajj amigojjan phuchapar chawll.catua yanapaa munta.

80
N. Nayajj cullacajjar yanapiriw arumanthejj marc jutaii munta.
E. Nayajj cullacajjar yanapiriw arumanthejj marc jutan munta.
M. tatamajj
E. Tatamajj cullacapar yanapiriw arumanthejj marc jutafi muni.
EL ques aljiriw
E. Tatamajj ques aljiriw arumanthejj marc jute muni.
M. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jumamp nayampejj ques aljiriw arumanthejj marc muntan.
M. khath saran
E. Jumamp nayampejj ques aljiriw arumanthejj khath saran muntan.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj ques aljiriw arumanthejj khath saran muntajja.
EL is t'ajjsiriw jawir
E. Jumajj is t'ajjsiriw arumanthejj jawir sarel muntajja.
EL jutir semanajj Andresan caballoparuw mank'churir
E. Jumajj jutir semanajj Andresan caballoparuw mank'churir sarai) muntajja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir semanajj tata Andresan caballoparuw mank' churir

1
saran munapj j tan.
M. nanacajj khartirojj
E. Nanacajj kharlirojj tata Andresan caballoparuw mank'churir saran

munapjjta.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kharlirojj tata Andresan caballoparuw mank' churir saran

munapjje.
EL um churir jute
E. Jupanacajj kharilrojj tata Andresan caballoparuw um churir jutaF

munapjje.
M. jumanacajj arumanthejj mamajjan waneuparuw
E. Jumanacajj arumanthejj mamajjan waneuparuw um churir jute

munapjjtajja.
M. Joseajj

E. Joseajj arumanthejj mamajjan waneuparuw um churir jute muni.
31
LESSON VII
Completion drill - Arunac phokachata
Replace the pronoun and verb form for all persons: repeat with different
infinitive constructions
Navaii marc saran munta.

chawll caturi
yap luraft
ut pichafi
cart kellkan
pelot anataii
is ch'ucuh
samara&
visitan
aymar yatekah
chawll jaqhuh
cervez uman
OS
Questions and Answers - Alect'eanacampi law saanzcampi

M. Jumajj marc muntati?

E. Jis tata, nayajj marc saran muntwa.
U. Pedrojj Chuquiag muniti?
E. Jis tata, jupajj saran muniwa.

Jumamp cullacamampejj uywanacar churai munapjjtati?
E. JTs tata, nayamp cullacajjampejj uywanacar mank' chura,_ munapjjtwa.

M. Pablomp tatapampejj uyw awati: munapjjeti?
E. Jis tata, jupanacajj uyw awatifi munapjjewa.
N. Jumajj Davidan phuchapampejj thokoii muntati?

E. Jis tata, nayajj Davidan phuchapampejj thokoii muntwa.
M. Nayajj jutir sabadojj khath jutati?
E. Jis tata, jumajj jutir sabadojj khath jutgtawa.
Jupajj cart kellke muniti?
E. Jis tata, jupajj cart kellkati muniwa.
N. Jumajj qhaya jachia k'a-au ut muntati?

Z8
mossal IIA suopsanb pue saumsuv

eamsod
su guava !:.utIpTd emunm

Da quouuemnr uheqb ncntid sTnboueloup eon pew 2utioTnbse 6T4u3ffdeunm
.a su 4u3u3 qupeueu ..,etioTnbsu sum3cpuunm

.N CCupsuudnr nimin oeuTsT uTsffela Imaffdeunm
.3 su 6u3u4 ccupeuednc .umWduunm
.N dmumnr Hadmemeno4 amp vanT LTTelffcluunm
a su 4u4e4 freoeuuu um3pcduunm

N ccenbTaug aumitu 7unazeit 4T3Tunm
su 4e4u4 ppednp :enaaelc .emTunm
14 4dmeesor 4dmoapad ffeclmoTqua amen sperm of TT limes Lpaffdeunm
.a su 4e3u3 ffeoeuudnp apumu .,yeaus -emacrduunm
inuem uelq:nTaTango
'14 dmultuN CCadmuouuumnC ueso2Tme aucleovuemAn
tpuearpeunm
iluum mTaTantip 1.evic .uulfccluunm
'usu. ccepuuusumTP uuso2Tmu aude3uuem4n
'14 4emnr mnamuquo opium f,tuantip LT3u3unm
a' 4esu CcuAuu mnaoTTuquo opium 7:uantio e3unm
--uays
X ' 4dmeTauw 4dmeuusns gadmu3Tay2auR witu mTaTseTu eAuqb
L-paccideunm
a 4esu 4cImuTaull 4dmuuusns rcadmu4Tauftew tioste mTaTsuir uAutib Daum
nears sumagduunm
14 rpeouuudnr eAutib vigour uuTanosa armice v)Ia3vit LTaoccdrunm
ea 'usu. ccupuuudnc eAutib ustiouf usTanosa aumAu runawA -emappuunm
.N preoeuen emns aeunau TluTaud LT4ulUdeunm
'a 4usu fpuouuumnP ruins ouunau :uTaud iumu3cpcluunm
putp --kutipTnbsu LT3s3fccieunm
la Ccupuuumnr Eon ncntid sTnbouusoup eon
gusu Ccuovueu von nCntid synbouegoec eon pup -egoTnbse .umulrpluunm
anSoTuTa lump
EN TameTaulunToA Em 3nsn Tdmanuf
A Tnbsv an 4menantio mTaTaTsTA .u33np
.r snaemnr 4TnbuaumutInn sem=

I Lemulnsn ITamiatio
A PfoavAeN 4umn3afrclusT2u 2ufluss fladsTnb
V 5 9
mime 4n3Tunpn aTuo'eanw TTem
.1 4su 6umem ulteu TTem 4um4u3nsn
vArmnbaletibno

83
LESSON VIII - Dialogue
V. Nayajj Cuerpo de Pazanquir!tuwa,8 nayew yanapail munta.

9
J. Dios pagarWtam, Mama; yanapitay.
11 12
10 juma uju:ataqui lac llupha:.amawa .
V. Khariiroj j nayajj jutta, ullaCama 14
Wali suma koilanak churHma, kharurcama.
9
J. Khartircamay, mama.
.11
NOTES
1 'They inform me': avisaaa [ru].
2 'Is that true?'

3 'I am sick': usuttGa: nayajj usuttwa
1131Mijust....awa
lupajj usutawa, etc.
4 'very'
5 'I have a cough': uiula 'to cough', uju 'cough'

u'unia 'to have a cough' (-ni- indicates possession)
6 'temperature' (calintura)
7 'I am also very thin': fugha 'thin'
eughea 'be thin'
-raqui- 'also'
'I am thin' eughat(u)wa
'I am also thin' hara uit(u)wa
8 'I am from the Peace Corps' (Curnu di Paz):

(cf, Lesson IV on -nca,a/-ncasca:.a)
-irM- added to verb stem (verb-otem is Tokmed by lengthening
of the vowel ) 'frare.
-(a n- location suffix
-c( q) relative pronoun 'which, who' (cf. also Lesson VI)
e.g. cawquirouirYsa? 'Where is he from?'
canaLasuirltlAW 'Where are you from?'
Iluaritrit(ti)wa 'I am from Huarina.'
9 'Them help me.' = 'then'
. .
10 'Tomorrow'
11 'In the meantime'
'Cover your mouth to cough.' laca 'mouth

12
Rjul 'to cough' + taqui 'for the
purpose of
taqui may be attached to infinitives,
nouns and pronouns
' to cover'
13 'I will give you very good medicines.' kolla 'medicine.'
14 'Until tomorrow' -cama 'until'

84
LESSON VIII - Quimsakallkor lecciona
According to Rudimentos de gramgtica aymara (published by the Canadian

Baptist Mission, La Paz) there is no durative negative form (cf p. 50);
the punctual negative form must be used instead. Nor is there discussion
of this form in Juan Enrique Ebbing's Gramgtica y diccionario aimara

(La Paz 1965). However, durative negative forms have been consistently
elicited from Sra. de Vega. TTe have found no examples in the
material gathered from Sr. Quispe.

It is our tentative hypothesis that the construction
may be an innovation in the speech of bilinguals patterned on Spanish
positive and negative present progressive forms:
e.g. esay trabajando 'I am working'
noassoLlsabsigek 'I am not working'
The forms recorded from Sra. de Vega are the following:

sarafia
'aniw sarascti janiw sarasctanti janiw sarasipstaati
'I am/was not going' janiw sarasiocti
janiw sarasctati janiw arasi ctati
janiw sarasquiti janiw :arasipquiti
The durative interrogative negative is formed by attaching the

interrogative marker -1i to the negative jani together with the
positive verb forms:
(nayajj) janit sarascta?
'Am/was I not going?'
(jumaji) janit sarascta?
(upajj) janit sarasqui, etc.
Questions and Answers - Jisceafianacampi iyaw sailanacampi
Negative - Jan chekanaca

Durative verb forms.
N.B. Where -jjg is added to the verb in interrogative sentences intro-
duced by a question word, it receives the stress. In interrogative
sentences lacking a question word, the suffix -tf is used:

e.g. Tata, cuns lurasctajjg9 'Seror, what are you doing?'
tatamajj yap 'Honey (little girl), is your
father working the field?'

85
LESSON VIII - Questions and Answers

Negative
Tata, cuns lurasctajW

E. Nayajj janiw cuns lurascti.
M. Juman wawamajj t'ant' mank'asquiti ?.
E. Janiwa, nayan wawajjajj janiw t' ant' mank'asquiti.

N. Tata, cawcs tata Felipejj sarasqui?
E. Tata Felipejj janiw cawcs sarasquiti, jupajj utapancasquiwa.
;1. Tata, carats mama Ilariajj sarasqui?
E. Mama Mariajj janiw cawcs sarasquiti, jupajj khathuncasquiwa.
M. Tata, cuns yokamajj lurasqui7
E. Yokajjajj janiw cuns lurasquiti, jupajj wali jayrawa.
M. Lulu, cuns jumamp jise'a jilamampejj mank'asipetajja?
E. Nayamp jisc'a jilajjampejj janiw cuns mank'asipcti.
M. Lulu, tacamajj yap lurasquiti?
E. Janiwa, tatajjajj janiw yap lurasquiti.
M. Joseamp Davidampejj chawll catusipat4ti?
R. Janiwa, Joseamp Davidampejj janiw chawll catusipquiti.
M. Jumamp cullacamampejj jichhajj is t'ajjsusipctati':
E. Janiwa, nayamp cullacajjampejj.janiv jichhajj is eajjsusipctati.
M. Jumajj jichhajj pelot anatasctati?
E. Janiwa, nayajj jichhajj janiw pelot anatasctati.
M. Juman mamamajj chiok alasisquiti?
E. Janiwa, nayan mamajjajj janiw dEt'oh alasisquiti.
Chachamajj escuel pichir sarasquiti?
E. Janiwa, chachajjajj janiw escuel pichir sarasquiti.
M. Jumamp yokamampejj cafe umasipctati?
E. Janiwa, nayamp yokajjampejj janiw cafe umasipcti.

86
LESSON IX - Llatunquir lecciona
Punctual negative : 'I do not , I did not
saraa
sarcti sarctanti sarapctanti
sarapcti
sarctati sarapctati
sarapquiti
Analysis: sar- verb' stem*

-c...ti discontinuous negative infix
pluralizer
Endings for the punctual negative:

1 no ending -tan -tan
no ending
2 -ta -ta
3 -i
In negative constructions, the particles -wa/-iia are not used.

In punctual interrogative negative sentences, the interrogative
suffix -ti is affixed to negative jani. The verb form is identical
to the declarative negative form but lacks the final negative -ti.
In the 1st person singular and plural-ta replaces -ti:
e.g. Nayajj janit sarcta? 'Do I not go; did I not go?'
'Do you not go; did you not go?'
JupalLiajLaitsari? 'Does he not go; did he not go?'
* The verb stem is the infinitive stem minus the final vowel.

LESSON IX
Substitution Drill - Uasa arunac uscua
Nayajj janiw yap lurcti.
L. Nayajj janiw yap lurcti.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj janiw yap lurquiti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw yap lurctanti.
marc sarctanti
L. Jiwasajj janiw marc sarctanti.
M. jumajj
F. Jumajj janiw marc sarctati.
h. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw marc sarapctanti.
M. is t'ajjsipctanti
L. Jiwasanacajj janiw is t'ajjsipctanti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw is t'ajjsipquiti.
E. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw is t'ajjsipcti.
M. kawr awatipcti
E. Nanacajj janiw kawr awatipcti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw kawr awatcti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw kawr awatipquiti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw kawr awatipctati.
M. aych mank'apctati
E. Jumanacajj janiw aych mank'apctati.

88
LESSCN IX - Substitution drill
M. Jumajj janiw jach'a mes lurctati.
E. Jumajj janiw jach'a mes lurctati.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw jach'a mes lurcti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw jach'a mes lurctanti.
M. walja chawll catctanti
E. Jiwasajj janiw walja chawll catctanti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw walja chawll catupctati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw walja chawll catupctanti.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw walja chawll catupcti.
M. ch'ok alasipcti
E. Nanacajj janiw walja ch'ok alasipcti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw walja ch'ok alasipquiti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw walja ch'ok alascti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw walja ch'ok alasctanti.
M. qhaya khath sarctanti
E. Jiwasajj janiw qhaya khath sarctanti.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw qhaya khath sarapcti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw qhaya khath sarctati.

LESSON IX - Substitution drill
M. Jichhajj nayajj janiw mamajjan isip t'ajjscti.
E. Jichhajj nayajj janiw mamajjan isip t'ajjscti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj janiw mamasan isip eajjsctanti.
M. jumajj
E. Jichhajj jumajj janiw mamanan isip t'ajjsctati.
M. jilaman utap pichctati
E. Jichhajj jumajj janiw jilaman k'a ?iu utap pichctati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasanacajj janiw jilasan utap pichapctanti.
M. jupajj
E. Jichhajj jupajj janiw jilapan utap pichquiti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jichhajj jumanacajj janiw jilaman L'aau utap pichapctati.
M. achilaman jach'a yapup lurapctati
E. Jichhajj jumanacajj janiw achilaman jach'a yapup lurapctati.
M. nanacajj
E. Jichhajj nanacajj janiw achilajjan jach'a yapup lutapcti.
M. nayajj
E. Jichhajj nayajj janiw achilajjan jach'a yapup lurcti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj janiw achilaman jach'a yapup lurctanti.
M. amigosan marcap sarctanti
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj janiw amigosan marcap sarctanti.
M. tata Pedron
E. Jichhajj jiwasajj janiw tata Pedron marcap sarctanti.
M. jumajj
E. Jichhajj juu ajj janiw tata Pedron marcap sarctati.

90
LESSON IX - Substitution Drill
M. Jichhajj nayajj janiw jilajjan utap pichir sarcti.
E. Jichhajj nayajj janiw jilajjan utap pichir sarcti.
M. tata Joseajj
E. Jichhajj tata Joseajj janiw jilapan utap pichir sarquiti.
M. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj janiw jilasan utap pichir sarctanti.
M. tatasan yapup lurir
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj janiw tatasan yapup lurir sarctanti.
jumajj
E. Jichhajj jumajj janiw tataman yapup lurir sarctati.
E. Jichhajj nayamp jumanacampejj janiw tatasan yapup lurir sarapctanti.
M. nayamp warmejjampejj
E. Jichhajj nayamp warmejjampejj janiw tatajjan yapup lurir sarapcti.
M. jumamp yokamampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp yokamampejj janiw tataman yapup lurir sarapctati.
M. tata Joseamp warmipampejj
E. Jichhajj tata Joseamp warmipampejj janiw tatapan yapup lurir

sarapquiti.
M. nayajj
E. Jichhajj rayajj janiw tatajjan yapup lurir sarcti.
M. Pedron can..,ap pelot anatir
E. Jichhajj nayajj janiw Pedron canchap pelot anatir sarcti.
M. tiojj amp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj tiojjamp nayampejj janiw Pedron canchap pelot anatir

sarapcti.
M. jumamp tatamampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp tatamampejj janiw Pedron canchap pelot anatir

sarapctati.
M. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jichhajj jumamp nayampejj janiw Pedron canchap pelot anatir

sarctanti.
01.
LESSON IX
Completion Drill - Arunac phokacha:la
Give the verb form corresponding to each of the C pronominal

subjects and iumamp navampejj, nayamp warmejjampeji, nayamp jumanacampea.
Nama, nayajj janiw yap lurcti.

jumajj
etc.
Mama, nayajj janiw Ehath'sarcti.

Mama, nayajj janiw aych mank'cti.
Tata, nayajj janiw cervez umcti.
Tata, nayajj janiw ut pichcti.
Tata, nayajj janiw careksllkcti.
Tawako, nayajj janiw kair awatipcti.
Tawako, nayajj janiw .awichajjan tiendap pichcti.
Lulu, nayajj janiw qhaya jisc'a marc sarcti.
Questions and Answers - _Jisceatianacampi ivaw sananacawni:

M. Tata, cuns lurasctajja?

E. Nayajj janiw cuns lurcti
M. Juman wawamajj t'ant' mableasquiti

E. Janiwa, nayan wawajjajj janiw t' ant' mank'quiti.
M. Tata, cawcs.,tata Felipejj sarasqui?
E. Tata Felipejj janiw cawcs sarquiti, jupajj utapancasquiwa.

M. Tata, cawcs mama maxiajj sarasqui?
jupajj khathurcasquiwa.
L. Mama Eariajj janiw cawcs sarquiti,
M. Tata, cuns yokamajj lurasqai?
E. Yokajjajj janiw cuns lurquiti, jupajj wali jayrawa.
M. Lulu, cuns jumemp jisc'a jilamampejj mank'asipctejja?
E. Nayamp jisc'a jilajjampejj janiw cuns nank'apcti.
M. Lulu, tatamajj yap lurasquiti?
E. Janiwa, tatajjajj janiw yap lurquiti.

M. Joseamp Davidampejj chawll catusipquiti?
chawil catupcjuiti.
E. Janiwa, Joseamp Davidampejj janiw

92
LESSON IX - Questions and Answers

Negative
M. Jumamp cullacamampejj jichhajj is t'ajjsisipctati?

E. Janiwa, nayamp cullacajjampejj janiw jichhajj is t'ajjsipcti.
Jumajj jichhajj pelot anatasctati?
E. Janiwa, nayajj jichhajj janiw pelot anatcti.
J. Juman mamamajj ch'ok alasisquiti?
E. Janiwa, nayan mamajjajj janiw ch'ok alasquiti.
M. Chachamajj escuel pichir sarasquiti?
E. Janiwa, chachajjajj janiw escuel pichir sarquiti.
N. Jumamp yokamampejj cafe umasipctati?
E. Janiwa, nayamp yokajjampejj janiw cafe umapcti.
M. Jichhajj nayajj janit cart kellkcta?
E. JYsa, jichhajj jumajj janiw cart kellkctati.
M. Jichhajj jumajj janit aych mank'cta?
E. Jisa, jichhajj nayajj janiw aych mank'cti.
M. Jichhajj jupajj janit tatapan utap visitir sarqui?
E. JYsa, jupajj janiw tatapan utap visitir sarquiti.
M. Jumajj jauit mamaman utap pichir jichhajj sarcta?
E. JTsa, nayajj janiw mamaman utap pichir jichhajj sarcti.
14. Nanacajj janit tatajjan kawrap awatir jichhajj sarapcta?
E. J!sa, nanacajj janiw tatajjan kawrap awatir jichhajj sarapcti.
M. Jichhajj Pablomp, Pedromp, Joseampejj janit walja t' ant' alasipqr:i9
E. JYsa, Pablomp, Pedromp, Joseampejj janiw waija eanealasipquiti.

LESSON IX
Dialogue - Cuento
DAVIDAMP .CARdLIirAltPI
Carolina: Tata David, cuns lurasctajja?

David: Ay mama Carolina, nayajj janiv cuns lurcti, ovej awatiscta.
C. Ay tata David, ovejamajj waljati?
D. Ovejajjajj janiw waljEquiti. Jumasti mama Carolina is
t'ajjsisctati?
C. Janiw6tata David, nayajj janiw is t'ajjscti.
D. Cawcs jichhajj jumajj sarasctajj, mama Carolina?
C. Nayajj"jichhajj qhaya jawir sarascta.
D. Waliquiw, mama Carolina, wa!iciuiwa.
1
C. Sarawayjja tata David.
2
D. Saraquimay mama Carolina, jiquisi.cama.-'
C. Jiquisi: camay tata David.
NOTES
1 'I'll be going now': sargwayija
saa suture tense
way 'in passing'
jia now'
2 'May you have a nice time': saraquimav

sara verb root
quima indicates encouragement
y(a) 'then'
plural: saraptaguinlay.
3 'Until we see each other': liquina 'to meet'

liquisiia 'to meet one another'
(-si- = reciprocal or reflexive action)
-cama 'until'
synonym = uhjasificama (from utkiaria. 'to see')

94
LESSON X - Tunquir lecciona

arumanthi manana por la menana tomorrow morning
camisaqui cOmo estgs? how are you?
jutalia venir to come
jutir domingo (tuminju) prOxima domingo next Sunday
jutir juevesa (jiwisa) prOximo jueves nest Thursday
jutir lunesa (lunisa) prOximo lunes next Monday
jutir martesa (martisa) prOximo martes next Tuesday
jutir miercolesa pr6ximo miercoles next Wednesday

(mirculisa)
jutir sabado (sawaru) prOximo sabado next Saturday
jutir semana (sinana) pr6xima semana next week
jutir viernesa proximo viernes next Friday

(wirnisa)
khartru mafiana tomorrow
k'oma limpio clean
mg, maya uno one, a
yapuchafia cultivar to cultivate
zapato (sapatu) zapato shoe

95
LESSON X
grammar - Sum parlaiiataaui
Future tense: endings are added to the final voyel of the infinitive stem
(-a-, -i-, -u -); in the 1st person singular and plural, the final 'prig
vowel carries the stress:
Verb stem ending in : lkirafa
sarg sarailni AMAPtijaigni
fAKEILia
sarMta sarrptigta
sarani sarapiiani
Analysis: sara- root
-pjja- pluralizer
endings:
-a (-aa = -g) -Cgni
-a ( -ad -ID
-ate (-aata = -Hta) at (-aata = Mta)
-ni
Infinitive stem ending in -i- : awatiLa
awati awatiiMni
etc.
Infinitive stem ending in -u-: catea
catg cattflni catupijaLgni
etc.
The particles -wa and -jia may be affixed to future tense forms. As
was stated in Lesson VI, -17a seems to introduce the meaning of necessity:
sarRwa ' I have to go' (Sp. d
The particle seems to imply progressive action in the future:
sargija 'I will be going' (Sp. ysysaair).
II. There is no indefinite article in Aymara. The numeral 'one' in it3 short
form (m1) serves this function. (On th., definite article cf.Grammar,
Lesson II .)

96
LESSON X
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuia
M. Nayajj marc sari.
E. Nayajj marc sara.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj marc sarani.
M. yap lurani
E. Jupajj yap lurani
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj yap lurapjjani.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj yap luranani.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj yap lurapjjaftani
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj yap lurapjjata.
M. kawr awatipjjata
E. Jumanacajj kawr awatipjjata.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj kawr awatipjja.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj kawr awadta.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj kawr awati.
M. aych mank'a
E. Nayajj aych mank'a.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj aych mank'anani.

LESSON X - Substitution Drill
M. Nayajj tatajjan yapup lurh.
E. Nayajj tatajjan yapup lura.
M. tiojjan
E. Nayajj tiojjan yapup lurk..
M. utap pichh
E. Nayajj tiojjan utap:pichh.
A. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj tiosan utap pichafihni.
M. jumajj cullacaman
E. Jumqjj cullacaman utap pichgta.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj cullacasan utap pichapjjafIgni.
M. alasipjjafigni
E. Jiwasanacajj cullacasan utap alasipjjafigni.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj cullacajjan utap alasipjjg.
M. cullacajjan vacap
E. Nanacajj cullacajjan vacap alasipjjg.
K. jumajj
E. Jupajj cullacapan vacap alasini.
M. jilapan librop
E. Jupajj jilapan librop alasini.
M. cafeap unani
E. Jupajj jilapan cafeap umani.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jilaman cafeap umapjgta.
M. hayajj
E. Nayajj jilajjan cafeap umg.

98
LESSON 8 - Substitution Drill
M. Nayajj walja t'ant' mank'g.
E. Nayajj walja t' ant' manieg.
M. tata Pedrojj
E. Tata Pedrojj walja t'ant' mank'ani.
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj walja t'ant' mank'apjjafigni.
M. cart kellkapjjafigni
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj walja cart kellkapjjafigni.
M. nayamp tatajjampejj
E. Nayamp tatajjampejj walja cart kellkapjjg.
M. jumamp warmimampejj
E. Jumamp warmimampejj walja cart kellkapjjatM.
M. aych alasiriw sarapjjata
E. Jumamp warmimampejj walja aych alasiriw sarapjjgta.
M. nayamp jumampejj
E. Nayamp jumampejj walja aych alasiriw sarafigni.
M. ch'ok alasiriw
E. Nayamp jumampejj walja ch'ok alasiriw sarafigni.
M. mamasan utap visitiriw jutafigni.
E. Nayamp jumampejj mamasan utap visitiriw jutaFigni.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj mamaman utap visitiriw jutgta.
M. Pedromp cullacapampejj
E. Pedromp cullacapamepjj mamapan utap visitiriw jutajjani.
M. nayamp jilajjampejj
E. Nayamp jilajjampejj mamajjan utap visitiriw jutapjig.

99
LESSON X - Substitution Drill
M. Arumanthejj Rositajj tiopan yapup luririw sarani.
E. Arumanthejj Rositajj tiopan yapup luririw saraui.
M. jumajj
E. Arumanthejj jumajj tioiran yapup luririw sar &fta.
M. yokaman isip t'ajjsiriw
E. Arumanthejj jumajj jokaman isip t'ajjsiriw sargta.
M. jutata
E. Arumanthejj jumajj yokaman isip.eajjkariw jutgta.
M. jumamp chachamampejj
E. Arumanthejj jumamp chachamampejj yokaman isip t'ajjsiriw jutatijjgta.
M. utap pichiriw
E. Arumanthejj jumamp .chachamampejj yokaman utap pichiriw jutapjjgta.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj arumanthejj yokajjan utap pichiriw jutapjjg.
M. jutir semanajj
E. Jutir semanajj nanacajj yokajjan utap pichiriw jutapjjg.
N. cervezap umiriw sarapjja
E. Jutir semanajj nanacajj yokajjan cervezap umiriw sarapjji.
nayajj
E. Jutir semanajj nayajj yokajjan cervezap umiriw sari.
M. kharkirojj tatajjan
E. Khariirojj nayajj tatajjan cervezap umiriw saia.
M. Chuquiag zapat alasiriw
E. Kharlirojj nayajj Chuquiag zapat alasiriw sari.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Kharlirojj jiwasanacajj Chuquiag zapat alasiriw sarapjjaani.
M. ch'ok alasiriw
E. Khartirojj jiwasanacajj Chuquiag ch'ok alasiriw sarapjjafigni.

100
LESSON X
Completion drill - Arunac phokachatia
Supply the appropriate forms of the verb manleana

Nayajj t'ant' mank''
Jumajj t'ant' manklgta
Jupajj t'ant' mank'ani
Jumamp nayampejj t'ant' mank'ailani
Nayamp jumanacampejj t'ant' mank'apjjegni

Nayamp yokajjampejj t'ant' mank'apjjg
Jumamp Elenampejj t'ant' mank'apjjata
Andresamp Pablompejj t'ant' mank'apjjani
Supply the appropriate forms of the verb awatifia
Arumanthejj nayajj tiojjan ovejap awatY
Arumanthejj jumajj tioman ovejap awatita
Arumanthejj jupajj jilapan ovejap awati7.12:
Arumanthejj jiwasajj tioman ovejap awatiaini
Arumanthejj jiwasanacajj tata Pablon ovejap awatipjjafILLII
Arumanthejj nanacajj tata Pablon kawrap awatipjjh
Arumanthejj jumanacajj achilaman kawrap awatipjjtita
Arumanthejj jupanacajj achilapan kawrap awatipjjani
Conjugate:
Cawcs nayajj sara?
jumajj
etc.
Cuns nayajj lurg?

jumajj
etc.
Nayajj cuns manieg?
Jumajj
etc.

101
LESSON X
Questions and Answers - Jiset'elaracempi ivaw safianacampi.
positive Chekanaca
M. Tata Tomas, arumanthejj jumajj marc saratati?

E. nsa, arumanthejj nayajj marc sargwa.
M. Tata Tomas, arumanthejj nayajj marc sarati?
E. Asa, arumanthejj jumajj mare saatawa.
H. Tata Tomas, a rumanthejj nanacajj k'aiu is t'ajjsipijHti?
E. JYaa, arumanthejj jumanacajj k' a. u is t'ajjsipjjHtawa.
M. Mama Marla, kharUrojj cullacamamp jilajjampejj marc jutapjjaniti?
2. Jisa, kharUrojj cullaeajjamp jilamamnejj mate jutapjjaniwa.
M. Mama Maria, khurUrojj jumamp nayampejj cafe umaaniti?
E. nsa, kharUrojj jimiamp nayampejj eefe umaigniwa.
N. Mama Maria, EhurUrojj nay amp jupampejj vaca aych manklapjjHti?.
E. J!a!sa, kharUrojj jumamp jupampejj vaca aych Lank'apjjlitawa.
M. Awicha, jumajj jutir lunesajj kawr awatltati?
E. nsa, nayajj jutir lunesajj kawr awatYwa.
M. Awicha, yokamajj jutir domingojj khath saraniti?
E. nsa, yokajjajj jutir domingojj khath saraniwa.
N. Pablo, imilla majj jutir semanajj chawll alasiniti?
E. nsa, imillajjajj jutir semanajj ebaw31 alasiniwa.
M. Tata, yokamamp phuchamampejj yap lurapjjaniti?
E. nsa, yokajjamp phuchajjampejj yap lurapjjaniwa.
M. Jise'a lulu, mamamajj tataman isip t'ajjsiniti?
E. nsa, mamajjajj tatajjan isip t'ajjsiniwa.
M. Tata Andres, jiwasanacajj arumanthejj vaca aych mank'apjjanEniti?
E. nsa, jiwasanacajj arumanthejj vaca aych mank'apjjaaniwa.
M. Mama Teresa, jumajj cart 1:ellkMtati?
E. J!sa, nayajj cart kellkHwa.
M. Jisc'a yokalla, tatamajj ut pichaniti?
E. nsa, tatajjajj ut pichaniwa.

102
LESSON X
Dialogue - Cuento
MAMA MARIAMP MAMA TERESAMPIW PARLAPJJE
Maria: Mama Teresa, arumanthejj cawcs sargta?

1
Teresa: Arumanthejj marc saraT" munta, ucampis walja is eajjsiiiajjawa.
M. Ay ucawa...
T. Jumajj marc sariltati?
M. Janiw sarcati, mamajjar ut pichan yanapaiiajjawa.
T. Cuns mamamajj lurani?
M. Ma suma is ch'ucuni.
T. Jutir domingojj awichaman utap visitir jutatati?
M. JYsa, jutawa.
2
T. Cawquinquis jilMr cullacamajja?
M. Jupajj khathuncasquiwa, walja isinac aljasqui.
T. Kawkhas ma suma sombrerojj cuesti?3
4
M. Patac warankawa.
T. Uqhamajj jutir semanajj sombrer alasiriw cullacaman khathup sarg.
M. Waliquiw mama Teresa.
T. Sara mama...jiquisificamay mama.
M. Iyaw mama...jiquisificama.
NOTES
1 'I have to clean': infinitive + possessive pronoun + wa.

2 'older' jila 'older; brother.' The suffix
: added to the
final consonant of the stem, indicates 'the one who is...'
e.g. jila 'older - jiliri 'the older one'
jach'a 'large' - jach'iri 'the large one'
jisc'a 'small' - 'the small one.'
(Cf. grammar notes, Lesson VI.)
3 'How much does a nice hat cost?'

kawkhas 'how much?'
sombrerojj (sumiroij)
cuesti f,custi) 'cost' (Sp. costar; cuesta)
4 '100,000.' Pataca = '100'; waranka '1000.'

133
LESSON Twca mayanir lecTiona
allehhi nieto grankchild

arroba (arruTN,) arroba 25 pounds (unit of
measure)
caballo (cawallo) caballo horse
chhiwchhi pollito little chicken
cuesti (kusti) cuesta costs
kawkha cuanto how much
kilo (quilu) kilo kilo
libra (liwra) libra pound
qhuchi cerdo Pig
tomate (tumati) tomate tomato
walipa gallina hers
wanc u conej o rabbit
Numerals - Jaqhee;ianaca
Cardinal Ordinal
1 maya, in (mg may also 1st nayriri , nayranquiri
serve as an indefinite
article)
2 -paya, pg (pg is the only 2nd payiri, payanquiri
form used in compound
numerals. Cf. '20,200')
3 quimsa 3rd quimsiri, quimsanquiri
4 pusi 4th pusiri, pusinquiri
5 pheska. 5th pheskeri, pheskanquiri
6 sojjta 6th sojjtiri, sojjtanquiri
7 pakallko 7th pakallkori, pakallkonquiri
8 quimsakallko 8th quimsakallkori, nuimsakallkonquiri
9 llgtunca 9th llgtunquiri, llgtuncanquiri
10 tunca 10th tunquiri, tuncanquiri
11 tunca mayani 11th tunca mayariri, tunca mayaninquiri
12 tunca payani 12th tunca payaniri, tunca payaninquiri
13 tunca quimsani 13th tunca quimsaniri, tunca quimsaninquiri
14 tunca pusini 14th tunca pusiniri, tunca pusininquiri

104
LESSON XI - Vocabulary - Numerals
Cardinal Ordinal
15 tunca pheskani 15th tunca pheskaniri, tunca pheskaninquiri

16 tunca sojjtani 16th tunca sojjtaniri, tunca sojjtaninquiri
17 tunca pakallkoni 17th tunca pakallkoniri, tunca pakallkonin-
quiri
18 tunca quimsakallkani 18th tunca quimsakallkoniri, tunca
quimsakallkoninquiri
19 tunca llgtuncani 19th tunca llgtuncaniri, tunca
llgtuncanquiri
20 Pg TUNCA 20th pg tunquiri, pa tuncanquiri
21 pg tune mayani 21st pg. tunc mayaniri, pad tunc mayaninquiri
22 pg tunc payani 22nd pad tunc payaniri, pg tunc payaninquiri
23 pad tunc quimsani 23rd pg tunc quimsaniri, pa tunc
quimsaninquiri
24 pad tunc pusini 24th pd tunc pusiniri, pd tunc
pusininquiri
25 pa tunc pheskani 25th pd tunc pheskaniri, pd tunc
pheskaninquiri
26 pad tunc sojjtani 26th pd tunc sojjtaniri, pI tune
sojjtaninquiri
27 pI tunc pakallkoni 27th pg tunc pakallkoniri, pM tunc
pakallkoninquiri
28 pH tunc quimsakallkoni 28th pd tunc quimsakallkoniri, pa tunc
quimsakallkoninquiri
29 pd tunc 11a tuncani 29th pd tunc llMtuncaniri, pg
llgtuncaninquiri
30 QUIMSA TUNCA 30th quimsa tunquiri, quimsa tuncanquiri
40 PUSI TUNCA 40th pusi tunquiri, pusi tuncanquiri
50 PHESKATUNCA 50th pheska tunquiri, pheska tuncanquir:
60 SOJJTA TUNCA 60th sojjta tunquiri, sojjta tuncanquiri
70 PAKALLK TUNCA 70th pakallk tunquiri, pakallk tuncanquLA
80 QUIMSAKALLK TUNCA 80th quimsakallk tunquiri, quimsakallk
tuncanquiri
90 LLIITUNC TUNCA 90th llgtunc tunquiri, llgtunc tuncanqui.ri
100 PATACA. 100th pataquiri, patacanquiri

500 PUSKA PATACA 500th pheska pataquiri, pheska patacanquiri
1,000 WARANKA 1,000th waranquiri, warankanquiri
1,000,000 MILLONA (milluna) 1,000,000th warankan warankapanquiri

1.03
LESSON XI
Grammar - Suma parla .ataqui
T. -ni in compound numerals (11-19 and subsequent multiples of ten , 21-29,

etc.) has the meaning of 'with, and'.
e.g. tunca mayani '11' ('10 with 1'): may also be contracted to
tunca mavni;
:unca payani '12': may be contracted to tursakami.
:1. -ni- in simple numerals and in question words marks the animate quality
of the subject. Inanimate subjects.are unmarked:
Animate subjects
e.g. thaIiswatma.u.aKahil?
'HOE, Many children do yOu have
Vawamaii_kawkhanisa?
Mama. Marian allchhipajj kawkl,an5s vtji? 'How Ilan; grandchildren
does Se'ora Maria have?'

Tqawajiajj paniniwa. 'I have 2 children.' (Lit. 'My children are
two
Y.D.:pcne' and'two''(animate).may have 2 forms: pani, !mg: (with Contraction
.of man becoming mav) , panini.
Inanimate subjects
Kawkhas kawraaalia? 'How many llamas do you have'
t.tjastKawlatatasroa'iut4i? 'Ilow many donkeys does
Sailor Jos4 have?'

SE#raiia"-3. 'I have 2 llamas.'
N.B.: It appears that not all speakers distinguish between animate and
inanimate subjects. The distinction between animate and inanimate
subjects.is apparently made with the numerals 1-10 only. All the
numerals 11-19 must have -ni- as the mark of compound numerals.
The distinction between animate and inanimate can be made
consistently in the adverbs 'how many, where,'
III. -dui- 'only':

e.g. Fusing '4' / misinigyiwa only 4 (animate)
nmain4 '4' / pusiquiwa 'only 4' (inanimate)
Tolawaiialinazniapiwa. 'I have only I child.'

106
LESSON XI - Grammar
IV. -cama- 'each one'

e.g. Kawkhas? 'How much?'/Kawkhacamas? 'How much each one?'
1221sotathuingail. 'The bananas are 300 each.'
V. -naca- pluralizing suffix.

With plural numbers, the pluralizing suffix is optional:
e.g. Wawamajj quimsariwa.
'You have 3 children.'
Wawanacamaii quimsaniwa.
When the suffix -naca- is attached to a prominal or nominal subject,
it may also be added to the predicate form with -wa. Rudimentos de,
graeitica aymara (p. 27) characterizes the repetition of -naca- in the
predicate as an innovation. (Cf. agreement of number in Spanish)
los hermanos but not *los hermano, el hermanos.)
Rudimentos further states that -naca- attached to the subject "emphasizes
the whole" of whatever is referred to [collectivity? - P.W.J When -naca-
appears with the predicate, it emphasizes the individuality of the
component parts of the subject."
e.g. 292pAsaiLlARials. 'Those are pencils.' (as a whole)
Ucanacaj j lapizauacawa.
Ucajj wawanacajjawa. 'These are my children.' (distinct
individuals)
N.B.:Subjects with -naca may take a singular verb:_e.g. Amismacasaii
janiw munquiti. 'Our friends dorl't want to.'
VI. Ordinal numerals are formed by the addition of the suffixes -iri to
the last consonant of the stem (-ori with the numerals '7th and 8th')
or - nguiri to the last vowel of the stem: pusi / pus -iri
---- '4th'
or pusi-nquiri
VII. 'How many" many' may be expressed in two ways:
(a) Kawkhas + Noun (a)
e.g. Kawkhas qhuchimajj utii?

How many pigs do you have?'
EAKkhg.P9111911imaiig?
(b) Kawkha + Noun 4.s (a)
e.g. Kawkha ghuchimas utji?
'How many pigs do you have?'
Kawkha qhuchimas5?
VIII. The possessive marker -na follows the conjunctional suffix -m217 and,
like the latter, is attached to each member of the construction:
e.g. Juanin warmimam in chhiwchhimajj tunca quimsaniwa.
'You and your wife have 13 little chickens.' Fr'
(Lit. 'Your and your wife's little chickens are 13')

107
LESSON XI
Substitution Drill - Vasa arunac uscul;a
M. Tatajjan caballopajj payawa.
E. Tatajjan caballopajj payawa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan caballojjajj payawa.
M. tata Enriquen
E. Teta Enriquen caballopajj payawa.
M. qhuchipajj pheskawa
E. Tata Enriquen qhuchipajj pheskawa.
M. juman
E. Juman qhuchimajj pheskawa..
M. juman warmiman
E. Juman warmiman qhuchipajj pheskawa.
M. wallpapajj quimsakallkowa
E. Juman warmiman wallpapajj quimsakallkowa.
M. Pedron cullacapan chhiwchhipajj
E. Pedron cullacapan chhiwchhipajj quimsakallkowa.
M. quimsakallkoquiwa
E. Pedron cullacapan chhiwchhipajj quimsakallkoquiwa.
M. wanc'upajj pakailkoquiwa
E. Pedron cullacapan wanc'upajj,pakallkoquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan wanc'usajj pakallkoquiwa.
M. mama Susanan
E. Mama Susanan wanc'upajj pakallkoquiwa.
M. sojjtaquiwa
E. Mama Susanan waneupajj sojjtaquiwa.
M. juman phuchaman
E. Juman phuchaman wanc'upajj sojjtaquiwa.

108
LESSON XI - Substitution drill
M. Nayan wanc'ojjajj tunca sojjtaniwa.
E. Nayan wanc'ojjajj tunca sojjtaniwa.
M. juman
E. Juman waneumajj tunca sojjtaniwa.
M. tata Josean ovejapajj
E. Tata Josean ovejapajj tunca sojjtaniwa.
M. tunca quimsakallkoniwa
E. Tata Josean ovejapajj tunca quimsakallkoniwa.
M. mama Marian wallpapajj
E. Mama Marian wallpapajj tunca quimsakallkoniwa.
M. tunca pakallkoniwa
E. Mama Marian wallpapajj tunca pakalL.oaiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan wallpapajj tunca pakallkoniwa.
M. jumanacan
E. Jumanacan wallpamajj tunca pakallkoniwa.
M. nanacan chhiwchhejjajj
E. Nanacan chhiwchhejjajj tunca pakallkoniwa.
M. tunca quimsaniwa
E. Nanacan chhiwchhejjajj quimsaniwa.
M. jiwasanacan
E. Jiwasanacan chhiwchhisajj tunca quimsaniwa.
M. jumampin warmimampin
E. Jumampin warmimampin chhiwchhimajj tunca quimsaniwa.
M. nayan qhuchejjajj
io
E. Nayan qhuchejjajj tunca quimsaniwa.
M. tunca llatuncaniwa
E. Nayan qhuchejjajj tunca llatuncaniwa.

LESSON XI - Substitution drill
M. Nayan wawajjajj mayniquiwa.
E. Nayan wawajjajj mayniquiwa.
M. quimsaniquiwa
E. Nayan wawajjajj quimsaniquiwa.
M. juman
E. Juman wawamajj quimsaniquiwa.
M. sojjtaniwa
E. Juman wawamajj sojjtaniwa.
M. tata Enriquen yokapajj
E. Tata Enriquen yokapajj sojjtaniwa.
M. quimsakallkoniwa
E. Tata Enriquen yokapajj quimsakallkoniwa.
M. juman phuchamajj
E. Juman phuchamajj quimsakallkoniwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan phuchasajj quimsakallkoniwa.
M. paniniquiwa
E. Jiwasan phuchasajj paniniquiwa.
M. Pedrompin Mariampin
E. Pedrompin Mariampin phuchapajj paniniquiwa.
M. pheskaniquiwa
E. Pedrompin Mariampin phuchapajj pheskaniquiwa.
M. jumampin warmimapin
E. Jumampin warmimampin phuchamajj pheskaniquiwa.

a,
k H. nanacan yokajjajj
E. Nanacan yokajjajj pheskaniquiwa.
M. pakailkoniwa
E. Nanacan yokajjajj pakallkoniwa.

110
LESSON XI - Substitution drill.
M. Nayan eant'ajjajj pheska pataccamawa.
E. Nayan t'ant'ajjajj pheska pataccamawa.
M. juman pokotamajj
E. Juman pokotamajj pheska pataccamawa.
M. quimsakallk pataccamawa
E. Juman pokotamajj quimsakallk pataccamawa.
M. mama Marian chawllapajj
E. Mama Marian chawllapajj quimsakallk pataccamawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan chawllasajj quimsakallk pataccamawa.
M. pakallk
E. Jiwasan chawllasajj pakallk pataccamawa.
M. tata Pablon naranjapajj
E. Tata Pablon naranjapajj pakallk pataccamawa.
M. juman
E. Juman naranjamajj pakallk pataccamawa.
N. ma arrob ch'okejj tunca pheskan warankawa.
E. Ma arrob ch'okejj tunca pheskan warankawa.
M. pa tunc pheskan warankawa
E. Ma arrob ch'okejj pa tunc pheskan warankawa.
M. ma arrob azucarajj
E. Ma arrob azucarajj pa tunc pheskan warankawa.
M. pa tunc quimsakallkon warankawa
E. ma arrob azucarajj pa tunc quimsakallkon warankawa.
M. Ma arrob arrozajj
E. ma arrob arrozajj pa tunc quimsakallkon warankawa.
M. pusi kil aychajj
E. Pusi kit aychajj pa tunc quimsakallkon warankawa.

111
LESSON XI
Questions and Answers - Jisceafianacampi iyaw saianacampi
M. Kawkhas pokotamajj cuesti?

E. pa patacawa.
N. Kawkhacamas pokotamajja?
E. Pokotajjajj quimsa pataccamawa.
M. Kawkhacamas t'ant'amajja?
E. T'ant'ajj pheska pataccamawa.
N. Kawkhas kil aychajj cuesti?
E. Quimsakalik warankawa.
M. 1 iwkhas ma libra azucarajj cuesti?
E. Ma libra azucarajj pakallk patacawa.
N. Kawkhas and arrob ch'okejj cuesti?
E. Ma arrob ch'okejj cunca quimsakcallkoa waTankawa.

M. Kawkhas ma libra tomatejj cuesti?
E. ma libra tomatejj warankawa.
Horasanaca - Hours
Cuna horasasa? "Mat time is it*?'
11:15 Tunca may= horasa, tunca pheskan rinutoniwa.
12:40 Tunca payan horasa, pusi tunc minutoniwa.
9:25 Liatunc horasa, pa tunc pheskan minutoniwa.
12 noon Tunca payan horasa chica uru .
11:55 Pheska minuto faltiwa chica urutaqui. (Lit. '5 minutes to noon')
12 midnight Tunca payan horasa chica aruma.
7:55 Pheska mirutc quimsakallh horastaqui.(Lit. '5 minutes to 8')
horasa hour (*horasa seems to have been borrower'

from Spanish in the plural
minuto (minutu) minute (oral), with the final vowel
half, middle added according to Aymara
chicata
phonology, or is a combina-
nayra before tion of Spanish (2g) bore
AM. es?'what time is it?' The
chicat nayra
suffix -sa indicates a
chicat pasada (pasata) P.M. count noun.)
-taqui before
e.g. Domingotaqui pa uru 'Two days before Sunday.'
falta, (phaltaba) to be 3ackin2
chica aruma midnight
chica uru noon
Give the Aymara for: 6:03, 7:14, 8:43, 9:19, 13:22, 17:0C, 18:43

LESSON XI
Dialogue - Cuento
MH voluntariaji khathun alasi' muni
Voluntaria: Hama, kawkhacamas chawllamajja?

Llama: Uca chawllajj mama, pheska pataccamaua.
1
V: . Ay mama, rebajeitaya.
M: Janie mama, jach'a chawllanacawa.
2
V: Quimsa patacaruw sapa may, manta, waliquiti?
Ughlimajj, mama, kawkha chawlls muntajj, mama"
V: Ay mama, nayajj tunca chaull alasin munta.
M: Acajj, mamas tunca chawlajj quimsa mrantaua.
Acajj mama, suma liq'inacawa.
V: J!s mama, sumanacawa. Ualiquiw mama. Acajj kolltejj3
mama, pheska warankaw mama.
N: Kawkha turquis4 mama?
5
V: PU warankan, mama?
M: Ch'ok alasia muntati?
6
V: Janiw alasin muncti, ucampis vaca aych alasia munta,
cawqhans utji?
M: Mama Varian utji.
7
V: Jupajj utapancasquiti?
M: JTsa, utapancasquiwa, jupajj janiw khath jutquiti.
V: Cuns lurasqui?
M: Ovej awatisqui.
-V: Uqhgmajj mama Marian ut.ap sarM. Waliquiw mama, jiquisificamay
mama.
M: Acajj mama, jutir domingojj mama, nayajj jach'a liq'i
8
chawllanac apanM.
V. Waliquiw mama, jiquisiricamay mama.
/4: Jiquisificamay mama.
NOTES
1 'Lower (the price)': e
rebt'aaa from Spanish LeNdal)
2 sapa 'each'

113
LESSON XI
Dialogue
NOTES (continued)
3 kollke 'money'
4 turnui 'change'
5 pH warankan '2000' + n possessive marker; the noun 'of change'
(turqui) is understood.
6 ucampis 'but'
7 utapancasouiti? 'Is she in her house?'
8 apanY 'I will bring.' Future fram
lama Rositamp Mama T4ariamn5.
Maria: Buenos dias mama...anumajj.utjlti?

Rosita: Buenos dias mama...janiw utjquiti.
1
is Ay mama, camisac mama. .
R: Ualic mama.
M: Wawanacamajj acancasquiti?
R: Janiwa. JilYrejj2 escuelancasquiwa. TaypIrejj3 ovej awati,Nui.
Sullcajj4 qhaya jawiran anatasqui.

Kawkhanis imill wawamajj utji"
R: Mayn%quiwa.
II: Uywanacamajj utjiti?
R: Jilsa utjiwa, ucampis janiw waljUquiti.5
N: Kawkhas wallpamajj utji?
6
R: Quimsaquiwa; mayajj usutawa, payasti t uqhawa.
N: Chhiwechinacamajj utjiti?
R: JYs mama, utjiwa.
M: Kawkhas utji
R: Tunca mayaniw mama.
Val:law mama, waljawa.
R: Ay mama, cawqhas utamajja?

114
LESSON XI - Dialogue
Qhaya kollu jaeancquis uca jach'a utawa.

Waliquiw mama.
14: /lama Rosita, jichhajj nayajj sari.
R: Waliquiw mama.
NOTES
1 Camisac?'How are you?'

2 JilMreji 'the oldest' Cf. notes to story, Lesson X.
3 Taypireij 'the middle one': taypi 'middle'
4 Sullcaii 'the youngest'
5 Ealiktliti 'are not many': walia 'many'
wallawa 'are many'
waliaquiti 'are not many'
waliati? 'are many?'
6 payasti 'and two'. On -sti, cf. notes, Lesson II.

115
LESSOY XII - Tuncspayanir lecciona
Grammar - smgapatlEaLlqagi
1. Future negative
sarcati
sarapcdAniti
saraEcdti
saratati sarepatati
sarcaniti sarancaniti
Analysis: sar- verbstem

7.42- pluralizer
c...ti negative infix
Endings : same as future positive
the
In interrogative statements, the -ti particle is attached to
negative iani:
ianit sarcaaRni janit sarapcaiani
'Will I not go?' janit sarapa

4anit sarepe;.a
janit sarcgta
laait sz..rr-cani
janit sarcani
N.B. The particle -its may also be attached to future negative interrog-
ative forms: serctijja.

116
LESSON XII
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuaa
M. Nayajj janiw marc sarcati.
E. Nayajj janiw marc sareati.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj janiw marc saccaniti.
M. yap lurcaniti
E. Jupajj janiw yap lurcaniti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw yap lurapcaniti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw yap lurcafigniti.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw yap lurapcafi gniti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw yap lurapcgtati.
M. kawr awatipcatati
E. Jumanacajj janiw kawr awatipcgtati.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw kawr awatipcati.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw kawr awatcatati.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw kawr awatcdti.
M. aych mank'cati
E. Nayajj janiw aych mank'cati.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw aych mank'cafianiti.

117
,LESSON XII - Substitution Drill
M. Nayajj tatajjan yapup janiw lurcaci.
E. Nayajj tatajjan yapup janiw lurcgti.
M. tiojjan
E. Nayajj tiojjan yapup janiw
M. utap janiw pichcUti
E. Nayajj tiojjan utap janiw pichcgti.
N. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj tiosan utap janiw pichcafiNniti.
M. jumajj cullacaman
E. Jumajj cullacaman utap janiw pichatati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj cullacasan utap janiw pichapcelaiti.
M. alasipceaniti
E. Jiwasanacajj cullacasan utap janiw a' asipcauin ti.

M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj cullacajjan utap janiw alasipcati.
N. cullacajjan vacap
E. tanacajj cullacajjan vacap janiw alasipcgti.
jupajj
E. Jupajj cullacapan vacap janiw alascaniti.
M. jilapan librop
E. Jupajj jilapan librop janiw alascaniti.
U. cafeap uncaniti
E. Jupajj jilapan cafeap janiw umcaniti.
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jilapan cafeap janiw umapclatatL
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj jilajjan cafeap janiw umcati.

118
LESSON XII - Substitution Drill
M. Nayajj janiw walja t' ant' mank'cati.
E. Nayajj janiw walja t'ant' mank'cati.
M. tata Pedrojj
E. Tata Pedrojj janiw walja t'ant' mank'caniti.
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj janiw walja t'ant' mank'apcaiiNniti.
M. cart kellkapcaiianiti
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj jatiiw walja cart kellkapcatiNniti.
M. nayamp tatajjampejj
E. Nayamp tatajjampejj janiw walja cart kellkapcati.
E. Jumamp warmimampejj janiw walja cart kellkapetati.
M. aych alasir janiw sarapcatati
E. Jumamp warmimampejj janiw aych alasir sarapcatati.
M. nayamp jumampejj
E. Nayamp jumampejj janiw aych alasir sarauaniti.
M. ch'ok alasir
E. Nayamp jumampejj janiw ch'ok alasir saracafianiti.
M. mamasan utap visitir jutcaaniti
E. Nayamp jumampejj janiw mamasan utap visitir jutcafianiti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw mamaman utap visitir jutcHtati.
M. Pedromp cullacapampejj
E. Pedromp cullacapampejj janiw mamapan utap visitir jutapcaniti.
M. nayamp jilajjampejj
E. Nayamp jilajjampejj janiw mamajjan utap visitir jutapcilti.
111
119
LESSON XI/ - Substitution Drill
M. Arumanthejj Rositajj janiw tiopan yapup lurcartiti.
E. Arumanthejj Rositajj janiw tiopan yapup lurcaniti.
M. jumajj
E. Arumanthejj jumajj janiw tioman yapup lurci tati.
M. yokaman isip t'ajjscatati
E. Arumanthejj jumajj janiw yokaman'isip t'ajjscAtari.
M. jumamp chachamampejj
E. Arumanthejj jumamp chachamampejj janiw yokaman isip. t'aijsipatati.
M. utap pichapcatati
Arumanthejj jumamp chachar-ampejj janiw yokaraen.utap pichapcatati.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj arumanthejj janiw yokajjan utap pichapati.
A. jucir semanajj
E. Jutir semanajj nanacajj janiw yokajjan utap pichapcati.
M. cervezap umapcati
E. Jutir semanajj nanacajj janiw yokajjan cervezap umapcati.
M. nayajj
E. Jutir semanajj nayajj janiw yokajjan cervezap umcati.-
M. khartirojj janiw tatajjan
E. Khartrojj nayajj janiw tatajjan cervezap umcati.
M. Chuquiag zapat alasir sarcati
E. Kharfirojj nayajj janiw Chuquiag zapat alasir sarcUt.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Khartirojj jiwasanacajj janiw Chuquiag zapat alasir sarapcaMniti.
M. ch'ok alasir
E. Khartlrojj jiwasanacajj janiw Chuquiag ch'ok alasir sarapcananiti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Khartirojj jumanacajj janiw Chuquiag ch'ok alasir sarapatati.

120
LESSON XII
Completion drill - Asumsphokachaiia

I. Declarative
Supply the appropriate forms of the verb.

sarana
Nayajj janiw marc sarcHti
Jumajj janiw mare sarcRtati
Jupajj janiw marc sarcaniti
Jiwasajj janiw marc sarcaaniti
Jiwasanacajj janiw marc sarapeakHniti
Nanacajj janiw marc sarapcHti
Jumanacajj janiw marc sarapcHtati
Jupanacajj janiw marc sarapcaniti
lurafia
Nayajj janiw yap lurcHti
Jumajj janiw yap lurcHtati
Jupa4j janiw yap lurcaniti

I lurcaaniti
Jiwasajj janiw yap
Jiwasanacajj janiw yap lurapcan!niti
Nanacajj janiw yap lurapcMt i
Jumanacajj janiw yap lurapcRtati
Jupanacajj janiw yap lurapcaniti
mank'aOn
Nayajj jariw t'ant' mank'cHti
Jumajj janiw t'ant' mank'cHtati
Jupajj janiw t'ant' mank'caniti
Jumamp nayampejj janiw t'ant' mank'cafiHniti

mank'apcaitHniti
Nayamp jumanacampejj janiw t'ant'
Nayamp yokajjampejj janiw t'ant' mank'apcHti
Jumamp Elenampejj janiw t'ant' mank'apcHtati
Andresamp Pablompejj janiw t'ant mank'apcaniti

121
LESSON XII - Completion drill
IT. Interrogative
sarana
sarca
Janit nayajj cawcs
9 sarcata
Janit jumajj cawcs
Janit jupajj cawcs ? sarcani
Janit jiwasajj cawcs ? Sarca.Uni
Janit jiwasanacajj cawcs ? sarapce,Hni

sarapcg
Janit nanacajj cawcs
Janit jumanacajj cawcs sarapcgta
Janit jupanacajj cawcs sarareani
: .lur-'
9 lurcg
Nayajj janit cuns
lurcilta
Jumajj janit cuns
lurcani
Jupajj janit cuns
liarcaUni
Jiwasajj janit cuns
Jiwasanacajj janit cuns lurapce,gni
lutaticH
Yanacajj janit cuns
lurapcgta
Jumanacajj janit cuns
lurapcani
Jupanacajj janit cuns
mankvaaa
Janit nayajj cuns rankica
maillOcgta
Janit jumajj cuns
mank'cani
Janit jupajj cuns
Janit jiwasajj cuns
mank'caAni
9 mank'arcegni
Janit jiwasanacajj cuns
mank'apcg
Janit nanacajj cuns
? mank'apcata
Janit jumanacajj cuns
mank'apcani
Janit jupanacajj cuns

122
LESSON XII
Questions and Answers - Jisceafianacam i iyaw safianacamki
Positive-Negative - Chekanaca-Jan chekanaca
M. Tata Tomas, arumanthejj jumajj marc saratati?

E. Janiwa, arumanthejj nayajj janiw marc sarati.
E. Jisa, arumanthejj nayajj marc sara.
M. Tata Tomas, arumanthejj nayajj marc sarRti?

E. Janiwa, arumanthejj jumajj janiw marc sarcatati.
E. Jisa, arumanthejj jumajj marc sarata.
M. Tata Tomas, arumanthejj nanacajj k'aiiu is t'ajjsipjjati?

E. Janiwa, arumanthejj jumanacajj janiw k'afiu is eajjsipcHtati.
E. Jisa, arumanthejj jumanacajj k'ai% is t'ajjsipjjHta.
M. Mama Maria, kharUrojj cullacamamp jilajjampejj marc jutapjjaniti?

E. Janiwa, kharUrojj cullacajjamp jilamampejj janiw marc jutapcaniti.
E. Jisa, kharUrojj cullacajjamp jilamampejj marc jutapjjani.
M. Mama, kharUrojj jumamp nayampejj cafe umaaniti?

E. Janiwa, kharUrojj jumamp nayampejj janiw cafe umcaiHniti.
E. Jisa, kharUrojj jumamp nayampejj cafe umaCHni.
M. Mama Maria, khurUrojj nayamp warmejjampejj vaca aych mank'apjjati?

E. Janiwa, kharUrojj jumamp warmimampejj janiw vaca aych mank'apcgtati.
E. Jisa, kharUrojj jumamp warmimampejj vaca aych mank'apjjllta.
M. Awicha, jumajj jutir lunesajj kawr awatitati?

E. Janiwa, nayajj jutir lunesajj janiw kawr awatcRti.
E. Jisa, nayajj jutir lunesajj kawr awatU.
M. Awicha, yokamajj jutir domingojj khath saraniti?

E. Janiwa, yokajjajj jutir domingojj janiw khath sarcaniti,
. E. Jisa, yokajjajj jutir domingojj khath sarani.
M. Pablo, imillamajj jutir semanajj chawll alasiniti?

E. Janiwa, imillajjajj jutir semanajj janiw chawll alascaniti.
E. Jisa, imillajjajj jutir semanajj chawll alasini.
M. Tata, yokamamp phuchamampejj kharUrojj yap lurapjjaniti?

E. Janiwa, yokajjamp phuchajjampejj kharUrojj janiw yap lurapcaniti.
E. JYsa, jokajjamp phuchajjampejj kharUrojj yap lurapjjani.

123
LESSON XII - Questions and Answers

Positive-Negative
Jiscla lulu, mamamajj tataman isip c_rumanthejj t'ajjsiaiti?

E. Janiwa, manajjajj tatajjan isip arumanthejj janiw t'ajjscaniti.
E. Jisa, mamajjajj tatajjan isip arumanthejj t'ajjsani:'
M. Tata Andres, jiwasanacajj arumanthejj vaca aych nanklapjjaMniti?

E. Janiwa, jiwasanacajj arumanthejj janiw vaca aych mank'apcaaniti.
E. Jisa, jiwasanacajj arumanthejj vaca aych mank'apijatigni.
M. Mama Rosita, jumajj cart kellkiltati?

E. Janiwa, nayajj janiw cart kellkchti.
E. Jisa, nayajj cart kellgt...
M. Jisc'a yokalla, tatamajj ut pichaniti?

E. Janiwa, tatajjajj janiw ut pichcaniti.
E. Jisa tatajjajj ut pichani.

124
LESSON XII
Dialogue - Cuento 111
MAMA ROSITAMPI MA. VOLUNTARIOMPI
ROSITA: Mama, c'awn alasin muntati?
VOLUNTARIA: Jis mama muntwa, kawkhas c'awnajj utji?
ROSITA: Pheskaw mama.
VOLUNTARIA: Jumajj arumanthejj khath saratati?
ROSITA: Janiw mama; janiw sarcati. Navajj arumanthejj

walja is t'ajjsi.
VOLUNTARIA: Cuns chadumajj arumanthejj lurani?
ROSITA: Chachajjaj yap luririw sarani.
VOLUNTARIA: Chachamajj chawll catur sacaniti?
ROSITA: Janiw mama, janiw sarcaniti.
VOLUNTARIA: Kawkhas wallpamajj utji?
ROSITA: Quimsaw mama.
VOLUNTARIA: Kawkhacamas aca c'awnajj mama?
ROSITA: Pheska pataccamaw mama.
VOLUNTARIA: Waliquiw mama, acajj kollkejj mama.
ROSITA: Waliquiw mama, jichhajj sarawayjja mama,

jiquisiacama.
VOLUNTARIA: Jiquisificamay mama.

1255
LE53ON xITT Tunca quillsanirjeccinna
Vocabulary Arunaca
iquiiza frazada, dormir blanket, to sleep
kapuiia hilar to spin
kharayp'u maf.ana por la tarde tomorrow afternoon
phajjsi mes, luna month, moon
poncho poh6ho poncho
qharOa degollaz to behead
samaraha descansar tospet

sawufia tejer to eave
t!arwa,.t'awra lana'
unjafia 'ebidar, ver to take care, to

see
uyu canch6n, corral yard, corral
uywa uyu corral, del ganado corral, barnywA
Grammar - Suma parla:iatacui
I. The infinitive of the punctual verl- can functioa,as a noun' indicating

necessity for or abilitY to complete the action, or the act itself:
e.g. mank!anaila 'my eating, my need to eat'
' there is there food for buying
(i.e., which can be bought)'
Mank'anaua '(This) is for eating.'
Sarailawa '(It is necessary) to go.'
The addition of a pronominal suffix with -wa creates a verb 'need to...'
mank'aiaajjawa Lit. 'my need to eat' = '1 must eat'
In interrogative statements, the -r() s replaced by interrogative

-s(a); -s(a) is affixed to the last cr1Lponent of the interrogative clause:
e.g. Payanii_lcun lurafialialatata Pablo? 'Se...or Pablo, what do I
need to do?'
JumgmiLicalssugumgjs arumantheijay 'Where do you you)
need to go tomorrow morning?'
The tense of the verb form may be determined by the adverb used in the
statement, or from the context:
e.g. with imtir domingojj, arumanthei4 = future
with lichhaii.= present (durative, punctual), etc.

126
LESSON XIII - Grammar

Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + infinitive ending + possessive pro-
nominal suffix + -wa.
Conjugation:
1 mank'afiajjawa mank'ailasawa mank'apjjaiiasawa

mank'ardjaeiajjawa
2 mank'aiiamawa mank'anjjaifamdwa
3 manklaaiapawa mank'apjjailapawa
N.B. The subject of the verb can be expressed by nayajj or nayanjj.

In the case of nayanjj, -n- has the meaning of 'in' (i.e., 'in me lies the
obligation, the necessity'). With -3,11, the subject always lacks -n-.
II. In Chapter I it was stated that adjectives of two syllables may not lose
their final vowel in sentence mediil position: e.g. suma. Adverbs
comprising only two syllables may lose their final vowel when they are
placed before the verb:
e.g. Jumanacajj aymar sum yatekapjiailamawa = 'You (pl.) need to
learn Aymara well.'

127
LESSON XIII
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuaa
M. Joseajj yap lurafiapawa.
E. Joseajj yap luraaapawa.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj yap lurafiajjawa.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj yap lurafiasawa.
M. walja is eajjsifiasawa.
E. Jiwasajj waija is t'ajjsiiIasawa.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj waija is t'ajjsipjj&ipjjawa.
M. c'awnamp aychamp alapjjaiajjawa
E. Nanacajj waija c'awnamp.ayehamp alapjjaiiajjawa..
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj waija Oawnamp aychamp alapjjailamawa..
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj walja eawnamp aychamp. alaiiamawa.
M. utamp chacamp asquichafiamawa
E.... Jumajj utamp chacamp asquichaliamawa.
jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj utamp chacamp asquichapjjailasawa.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj .utamp chacampasquicheapawa.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj utamp chacamp asquichapjjarapawa.
M. chtoke yap kbech'apjjeapawa
E. Jupanacajj choke yap khech'apjjeapawa.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj Woke yap khech'aaajjaw.a... Hosted for free on livelingua.com
"
3.28
LESSON XIII - Substitution Drill
M. Mamajjajj m1 suma ponch sawufiapawa.
E. Mamajjajj ma suma ponch sawufiapawa.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj ma suma ponch sawufiajjawa.
M. arumanthejj jumajj
E. Jumajj arumanthejj, ma suma ponch sawufiamawa.
M. walja ch'iyar eawr kapufiamawa
E. Jumajj arumanthejj, walja ch'iyar eawr kapufiamawa.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasaj j arumanthejj, walja ch'iyar eawr kapufiasawa.
M. nanacajj jutir lunesajj
E. Nanacajj jutir lunesajj, walja ch'iyIr t'awr kapupjjafiajjawa.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir lunesajj, walja ch'iyar eawr kapupjjafiasawa.
M. ovejanac qharipjjeasawa
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir lunesajj, walja liq'i ovejanac qharipjjafiasawa.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj jutir lunesajj, walja liq'i ovejanac qharifiajjawa.
M. wawanacajjajj, wanc'unacar mank' churapjjafiapawa.
E. Wawanacajjajj jutir lunesajj, wanc'unacar mank' churapjjafiapawa.
M. Josean wawanacapajj
E. Josean wawanacapajj jutir lunesajj, wanc'unacar mank' churapjjelapawa.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj jutir lunesajj, wanc'unacar mank' churapjjafiajjawa.
M. tata Enriquen vacanacap awatipjjaaajjawa.
E. Nanacajj jutir lunesajj, tata Enriquen vacanacap awatipjjafiajjawa.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jutir lunesajj, tata Enriquen vacanacap awatipjjeamawa.

6Z1
mossal Lux - Pecins uoT4111 ITTia
cpAum xprIC 4ffOuTmop loTad apuuu wimp -emuccupaus

2 ffekem aTanC ggro2uTmop 4oTad apuuu qouuo eumucCuaeaus
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N eviqo duA aTsqpaqx *umumwelnf
sa ccumnr aprq gcco2uplop alosqo civic .umumuzyulrIC
N Cpekeu Haqiuumnau
.g frukeN 4Ccalpuumnie go amo da& iTstreql aumeUpuPl.np
SW PCPswqr
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jg mum uuTiew PAO &limo. umusupdul

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cpeauurtunc
es ppeoullumnr 'ffaqrautunau umum uuTiew PAO drimull avouum4upcdnde4
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la geoeuuu

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OCT
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am dmekeu Cradmemnr
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quedrq
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dmemnf ffadmvicuu
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..emeseueznp
1/1 ppeffetiontid
rfeccetIontia frovimil Imp.= ovuTsT 4.2TCre eAeqb q q Hosted

semedeue44
for free on livelingua.com
131
LESSON XIII
Completion drill - Arunac phokachaia
Supply the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.
1 Nayajj jutir domingojj pelot anatir canch aarafiajjawa

(sara a)
2 Jumaj j arumanthejj tioman utap lurir lurafiamaga
(1=afia)
.
3 Jupajj qhaya jisc'a chac sum 11.1.11.1.1011114

(nsquichana) asquichaaapl7a
4 Jiwasajj tatasan utap yap khech'ir (jutafia) jutafiasm7a
5 Jiwasanacajj arumanthejj ovej _.(qharifia) qharipjjafiasawa
6 Nanacajj jutir phajjsejj walja wanc'unac aljanjjaaajjaue
7 Jumanacajj jutir phajjsejj walja chawlianac catupjjaCianuda

4catufi
8 Jupanacajj kharUrojj eugha vacanac kol awatipjjaaapawa
(awati,a)
1 Ilayajj arumanthejj jilajjan.qhuchip qhari-isjjew,

(qharir.a)
2 Jumajj jutir martesajj pelot anatir sareamawa
(sarana)
3 Jupajj kharUrojj Pedrcn phuchapamp . thokonaparu
(thckoa;
f
.
4 Jiwasajj jutir domingojj tatasan yapup luiafiasawa
(lurai-la)
5 Jiwasanacajj arumanthejj tata Enriquen merh'e
utap (asquichaia) asquichapjjafiasawP
6 Nanacajj kharUrojj mama Parian k'afiu isinacap t'ajjsipjjai-.ajjaw.
(Cajjsina)
7 Jumanacajj jutir viernesajj, tata Josean wawap jaripjjai'.adiawa
(jarina)
8 Jupanacajj jutir miercolesajj, mama Susanan kawrap . awatipjjaila&awE.
(awati6a)
1 Arumanthejj nayajj wanc'unacar manic' (churana) churanajjawa

2 Jutir lunesajj jumajj tatasan vacap (avatifia) awatihamawa
3 Arumanthejj tata Enriquejj Chuquiag machak
isinac alir .(sarana) sarafiapawa
4 KharUrojj jiwasajj tata Pablon merk'e utap asquichafiasawa
(asquichalm)
5 Jutir domingojj nayamp jumanacampejj qhuch qharipjjanasawa
(qharifia)
6 Jutir phajjsejj nayamp warmejjampejj tatajjan

ponchop .(sawaba) sawupjjaftajjawa

132
LESSON XIII - Completion Drill
7 RharayWojj jumamp jupanacampejj walja cartanac kellkapjjafiamawa

.(kellkafia)
8 Kharayp'ojj Susanamp, Mariamp, Rositampejj
chhiwchhinacar um (churana) churapjjafiapawa
II.1 Nayanjj arumanthejj tata Josean vacap (awatifia) awatihajjawa

2 Jumanjj arumanthejj jilaman ch'oke yapup khech'eamawa
(khech'afia)
3 Jupanjj kharlirojj Davidan warmipar sawua . yanapanapawa

(YaTliTTE)
4 Jiwasanjj jutir phajjsejj pelot anatir marc sarahasawa
(sarafia)
5 Jiwasanacanjj jutir phajjsejj aymar sum yatekapjjahasawa

(yatekaha)
6 Nanacanjj kharayp'ojj mama Rositar uywanacar mank'
churafi .(yanapafia) yanapapjjafiajjawa
7 Jumanacanjj jichhajj tata Juanar cart kellkapjjahamawa
(kellkm6a)
8 Jupanacanjj jichhajj machak isinac alapjjafiapawa
(aljaha)
1 Jutir phajjsejj nayanjj tatajjan marcap saranaj j awa

(saraha)
2 Jutir semanajj jumanjj amigoman utap visitir jutaftamawa
(jutaha)
3 Kharilrojj tata Pedronjj apill yap ..khechtahapawa

(khech'ana)
4 Arumanthejj jiwasanjj. tata Andresar uywa
uy picha. . (yanapaa) yanapahasawa
5 Jichhajj nayamp jumanacampejj qhaya kot chawll
catur .(saraha) sarapjjanasawa
6 Jichhajj nayamp jupanacampejj thac asquichir sarapjjahajjawa
(sararia)
7 Jichhajj jumamp jupanacampejj tata Domingon

vacap . (qhariii.a) gharipj
8 Jichhajj Joseamp, Aifredomp, Mariampejj samarapjjaiiapa

(samaraaa)

MI:7n I=
suopsanb pue siamsuv - meArfalaTeuepe,3ostr -;:dmepeue-pes
attmsod - epsuelau
IA:
ccemni 40.'e L'Flutunl.m;Xuvm
3 'ear ppeAeu babe .emeccutpoluem

'N Ppapetremnr dmesam dmems gpcpdvanT 4T3um
-a ausisr ppm= dmesam dmems -emeccelprprinT
gednr auduTia mAn uTleme aledewdeuvA
3 6eszr gednp audeTzg in Tpeme emedelpdeueA
cceiceN Rim ems tpuod cplerceuemBs
-a 4esAr pPemnP Rm mans qouod -ememeumes
gemnr apnc pCoSuTmop aoTed olturew3pue
-a eszr geAeu aTanc cco2uTmop acted semarcel!neue
gednr Ccoanamm uoapea dmedetiontid iTzede:tolotiq

.a 6esu cPednc CcolalutiA uoapaa dmedvtlonud semedelliolimp
Et New:Yu gdmeasor gdmopaajw cgadmepeig LTTeduTegrdzirmes
a 4esirif rcuqqaTP gdmeasof YEV admopaa qadmaperg sumadewcp73aemes
14 apnr cceseunT gremnp uemeTel. de3eA iTleme!43eme
-a gesu apnc geseunT cCgAvu uuccaTel. depen ..earcpewleme
geoeueN mns aerobe LT4eppetygde4e3e.4

.a ten'. ccepeuemnP tuns aumCe sememul,mgdmiaatA
lg gueLem una secce3manT v.-ma lovied

-a guemnr aemerg deb !eanT eklemell.edeueiC
'N guemnr omeo seme4eaus ,i,eppetpuemnau

a cruekeli rcuTIC ue deln apmnbse enecceut:Les
'N pfuepeueN 1T314 PPEUEMOS ormo LesBrcE11.-errdBaus
-a cruepeuemnr aTanc 4geuemes ueTaell dInn aTalsTA ememeuegdeaes
.
pritpuemnaV gueaeuemq uno lesemegugdeanT

cCuepeuem uerpop evitio dndy4 ..emecceveccdestpatil
41 gueltem un3 secreuvanT PPetitmc eae3 LpTAaa
-3 ccuumnr Timmlo anaso 1.ox amemeueles
g cpuesaapuy uno sedvueant teccegtmc
-a guednr aeaeuemAn oluem -emedellearup
g dmounr gdmeAeu ccedmednr amp sesege44 Leccoanaeql
a dmemnr 4dmekeu predmednC peuTsT aTseTe tiam emeseuvanc

134
LESSON XIII - Questions and Answers

Positive
M. Tata Mariomp Joseampejj cun lurapjjafiapas arumanthejja?

E. Jupanacajj tunca pheskan qhuchinac qharipjjafiapawa.
M. Mama Mariamp Rositampejj cawc sarapjjanapas jutir domingojja?
E. Jupanacajj k'a u isinac t raj j sir, qhaya jach'a jawir sarapjjahapawa.
N. Jumamp phuchamampejj cun lurapjjailamas jutir phajjsejja?

E. Nanacajj Susanan utap thokor sarapjjanajjawa.
N. Nayajj cun lurafiajjas jichhajja?
E. Jumajj jilaman merkee isinacap ch'ucuaamawa.
M. Cawc jutafiapas tata Pedronjja?
E. Tata Pedronjj qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis, uca jank'o ut jutanapawa.
low apt
M. Cawc sarapjjaiiamas jumanacan jutir phajjsejja?

E. Nanacanjj jutir phajjsejj, Argentin sarapjjaftajjawa.
Dialogue - Cuento
MAMA MARIAMP MAMA TERESANPEJJ MARC SARA= MUNAPJJE
Maria: Mama Teresa, jichhHrojji jumajj marc saratati?

Teresa: Janiw sarcat mama.
Cunata ?2 Nayajj jumampiw marc saran munta.
T: Janiw mama jichhurojj sarcHti,phuchajjaw wali usuta, jupar
yanapafiajjawa.
M: Ay ucaw mama, qhitimpirac saastiP

T: Cullacajjamp saram, jupaw saran munasqui.
M: Waliquiw mama, uqhamajj5 cullacaman utap sarH. Sarawayjg
(Mariajj Teresan cullacapan utap sari)
M: Mama Elena, cuns lurasctajja?

6
E: Ay mama Maria, nayajj marc sara;1 munta, ucampis janiw qhitity,-u
7
saran puedcti ,janit jumajj Earatajja?

135
LESSON XIII - Dialogue
8
M: Ucaruw nayajj jutte, rayajj callacamampiw oarsrl munta, uc3m?!..0
jupajj jichhilrojj janiw sarcaniti. Jupan phuchapaw usuta uc
10
ufijaaapawa. SarafiHniy mama Elena.
11
E: Waliquiwa, saraatini, cunanacs alanYtajja?
12
T'ant'a, choke, aycha, arroza, azucaia take ucanac
alaniaajjawa, jumasti?
13
E: Nayajj uqhamaraquiwa.
14
Uqhamajj jin sarafidni.
NOTES
1 jichhliru 'today'
2 cunata 'why;' lit. 'what' - 'by.'

3 shillrairac 'with whom.'
qhiti 'who'
mpi 'with'
rac 'also'
4 saram 'come.' Imperative singular.

The imperative can be formed by adding the suffix to the
infinitive stem; in the plural, the infix -Rik- is added:
e.g. Escuelar saram. 'Go to the school.' (sg.)
Egs2.21Essamujiam. 'Go to the school.' (pl.)
koneasiba 'to sit down'ikont'arlim 'sit down'
5 uqhama 'sor thus, like that'

6 ucampis 'but'
7 puedcti '1 can't:' from anestala (Sp. ;coder; puedo)
8 ucaruw 'for that (reason)'; uca 'that'

9 uc; contraction of uca.
10 sarananiy 'let's go then': The 1st person dual form in the future also
711A) 'then' functions as an imperative form.
11 cmanassalagsails.? 'What things (lit. 'whats') are.you going to buy?'
(N.B. possibly the emphasizes the future progressive quality:

!gOing to buy' in the future. ''Cf. Lesson VI.)
take ucanac 'all those things.' take ncana(cOthose things'
12
13 ushan._1.atag3.Iwa ' also' . u hams. 'so' ; ragui 'also.'
14 jin sareani 'let's go.' jina 'let's go'.

136
LESSON XIII - Dialogue

Mama.nmamalMariai-taraiwarla""e
M: Buenos dias mama...
1
R: Buenos dias mama... Jutascaquim.
M: Camisac mama?
R: Walic mama... Aca chekaruy kont'asim mama.2
3
M: Iyaw mama... Mama, chacb.satajj acancasquit.L ?4
R: Janiw mama, chachajjajj janiw acancquiti, jupajj Chuquiag sari.
M: Wawamajj utjiti?
R: JYs mama, quimsaniwa.
M: Cawquinquis wawanacamajja?
R: JilYrejj escuelancasquiwa.
TaypYrejj ovej awatiriw awichapan tap sari.
Sullcasti qhaya jawiran anatasqui.
Ay mama, nayajj c' awn alasti munta, cawqhans c'awnajj utji?
R: C'awnajj qhaya jisc'a jank'o utan utji.

Kawkhacamas c'awnajj aca estancian cuesti?
R: Pheska pataccamawa.
Qhaya utan anojj utjiti?
R: J!s mama, utjiwa, ucampis janiw achjquiti.6
Uqhamajj sarawayjja mama, jiquisi,cam mama.
R: Waliquiw mama, jiquisiiicam mama.
NOTES
1 Jutascaguis 'come on in.' The imperative can be formed from a durative
verb; in such cases, the suffixes gui 'only' may be added.

2 Aca chekaruy koneasim.'Sit down in this place;!
koneasiia takes the preposition ru
cheka 'sure; direction; place'
3 Iya 'all right.'

4 acancanaiacancascafia 'to be here' Cf. Grammar, Lesson IV.
5 iigri 'oldest one.' taypiri 'middle one.' sullca 'youngest.'
Cf. notes for story, Lesson XI.

6 achiaia 'to bite.'

137
LESSON XIV - Tunca_pusinir lecciona
camisa camisa shirt
chamara/saco (sacu) saco, palet6 sack, coat
ch'ajjch'uquipata/chlajj- rociar to sprinkle

ch'oquipaiia to Le lazy
jayrasilia tener flojera
reir to laugh
llaquisina tener pena to be sad
llucheu gorro cap
pankara flor flower
sartafia levantarse to get up
sombrero (sumiru) sombrero hat
sumafia ser bueno to be nice
yatichaina ET.u] enseiiar to teach
Grammar - Suma oarlaaaraqui,
Negative necessity: infinitive stem + (plural infix) + possessive

infinitive ending + pronominal suffix +:(lengthening of 1;owel) 2"4,
t' aj j t' aai isunasRquiti t 3ilSLPyBnG4jii ::
t'ajjsuhamgquiti sLaitsszilliiiloicuit
t' aj
negative Janiw may occur .directly ,after the subject or
directly before the verb:
e.g. Easii_cmRnisam19-id alasinaijaquiti.
'I don't have to buy a shirt or hat.'
Emajj janiw mamaj jar vanapanajjaquiti. 'I don't have to help
my mother.'
In the negative, Rudimentos distinguishes between%ability (marked by

the contracted negative -ID and possibility (marked by the expanded
negative - Vquiti):
Janiw mank'airti '(This) is not for eating.'
Janiw mank'anaquiti '(This) must not be eaten.'
II. Reflexive - reciprocal particle Cf. discussion of grammar, LessonVl.
e.g. jarila 'to wash4arisiaa 'to wash oneself.

13.agui i.a. 'to be sad (about someone)illaquisina 'to be sad.'
In some pairs, the meaning of the -Ai- is no longer very apparent:

laruia/larusifia 'to laugh'
138
LESSON XIV
Substitution Wasa arunac uscufia
M. Joseajj janiw yap luraFlapaquiti.
E. Joseajj janiw yap lurafiapgquiti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw yap lurafiajjgquiti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw yap lurafiasgquiti
M. walja is eajjsifiasgquiti
E. Jiwasajj janiw walja is eajjsifiasNquiti.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw walja is eajjsipjjafiajjNquiti.
M. c'awnamp aychamp aljapjjaf,ajjNquiti
E. Nanacajj janiw c'awnamp aychamp aljapjjaajjaquiti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw c'awnamp aychamp aljapjjaiIam%quiti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw c'awnamp aychamp aljaLamgquiti.
M. utamp chacamp asquicha;:amgquiti
E. Jumajj janiw utamp chacamp asquichafiamgquiti.
M. jiwasanacajj r-
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw utamp chacamp asquichapjjafiasNquiti.
M. jumajj
E. Jupajj janiw utamp chacamp asquichafiapNquiti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw utamp chacamp asquichapjjaliapaquiti.
M. ch'oke yap khech'apjjafiapaquiti
E. Jupanacajj janiw ch'oke yap khech'apjjeapgquiti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw choke yap khech'aFajjgquiti.

6CT
WSW' AIX - Tlsqns uopn3 TITaa
N pcsccepsuno tm mans vuod mTusc .mnbtdstinmes
'a gecceouTT110 wa stuns tpuod mTusC T/IntRde!guiss
14. rce.geu
z ccricem wIt rums upuod mTuec .T4Tnbripp;.tnmes
ew rratpuemnie gemnp
.2 ccalpuumnaN rpemnt gm sums tpuod mTusc .T4TnbEmeunmes
14 nftsm asATItio imes3 mTusr mnbims4ndel
.2 Pfetpuemniv Premq erpm lekrip 'ameo mTuer T4TaTrapdel
cresemTr
'2 CCaglumuniv Cc:mem-lc screm as41113 aMU hp.1.4 T3Tnbr,seundmi
.14 PCsoeueu C pn i
presUrtili
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.mnbscreuscrdndel
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.
as rcupeuesuATr aprip cfascreqd uftem aFATAtio 4 arre miuur

"MnbEseuvrcdndzix
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.2 rCeputresumTr apnc ccesffecid Aquur VPreki Tsbn OMIEPAO

.T4TnbEsei:leccdpeqb
g CpAeu
2 CpeiteN IT4nC presgetid mpler epram Tsbn peuepailo -T4TrIbEffeuzieqb
*T4 fcemnp Pfeq4uumnie
02 pemnr Ppipuumnie mTuer vftem TibTT OBUEPOAO .T4Tnbreutarqb
UVOSOf PCBdeopusloic
.2 upesor ccedeoeuelpit qatiluemnie mTurc pprem Tsbn pump/to

et4TnbEdelluiqdprqb
aeoeunomm oluum .T4TnbldeyWdeingp
.2 masor predupeuvvra Pcatiluemnie mTuup avouunsouum opium

.T4Tnbldelmqdvantlo
PCepullumnp
.g gemmumnr ffeglumunie ATuuC avoeunouem opium .T4Tnbire-defpluingo
ppeituu
.a ppeAriq Pcalpumunie mTuec avaeunsouem .T4TnbEcpouvingo

0171
NOSSH1 Aix - uoT3n3T3sqns map
queAum IT314 qescceqd mTuer 3oTed apeue T3TnbpappeT4eaus
-a ffueAum aT314 fcescCutid mTuuc 3u1ed apuue 6T1TnlyWel!uaus
guemng
-a quemnf aptic qesCputid mTuec 3oTed apeue T3Tnbeme:teaus
aloop duA aTitioeqx 6T3TnbEmequ3nc
*g rfuemnf aprq rcesffetid mTueC alloitio deA aTipeq4 *T3Tnbpsweau3nC
6N queAuu Ccatpuumnau
g PcueAum cCatpuumna mTuec elloitlo de& aTiqoaqx T3TnbEccull3nr
N ffuesumTP
-a PruusumTr Cgetpuumnau mTueP elosup deA aTopetm *T3TnbRseue34
umum uuTauN doaaaqmos mTuuc T3TnbEser.upplbse
*g CCuesemu PCetpuumnau nTuec mum ueTaeN doaeaqmos *T;TnbRse-..7,etioTnbse
g Crueoeuumnp
g crueoeuumnr cCemuumnau emem ueTauN doaeaqmos mTueC

6T3Tn4muuuCCdetioTnbsu
6N Prueouuesumg aptIP quaum
g CCuupeuesemu aT34 quaum umum ueTauN doaaaqmos mTueg

*T3Tnimeue4dutloTnbse
N Hemon
-a ccemoTy aT44 qua= umum ueTaeN dolaaqmos mplec T3Tnlygde%!etioTnbst3
N audelloA duit ueanT mTuur TlInbAdeedeueA
*g quemou aprq Pplem audexoA ca ueani mTuec .T3TnbAdu.iudeue&
1g PrueeuudnC
*g Ccuupeuudni aprq ppeaem audenoA aeini mTuer
.T3Tnbgde-seprdudeuuA
1g queoeuemnC Pcoamgatil
-a quepeuumnf cCoalyelpi aumeAoA de& e:JIT mTuec *T37nbtpe4eprdedeunA
N uerCogTme audetionqd aaeo T4TniviaCcdmitioN
*g queoeuemnf ccoanautil uucco2Tmu audetionqd muer 3avo

emnbru,.!accduATTell
*N CCuepeueu
*g queoeueN Ccoavelpi uurcogTme audationtid mTuef 11E3 Hosted for free on livelingua.com
*Tlyabvarpeueprdennan
'.NOSSTI uoT3n4-Rs.qrtS ITTaa
614 qv/cum fpadituautm mTuec T3Tnivcce-InauT
.a ppeAvN cfoldkeamm nTuvc 6-mnbgreunivf
N due4eu Uadiummq
'a dinkeN Credmetunc cfoldheamin mpleC *T4Tnbipeaniet
N utpuelp 34TnbRgeuri3nitp.oruTsT
.a dmeiCem ffadmetunC CroidAuxeqx nprec mpump peuTsT smnbEseunonatio
6N PPmeqpntid
.a Cpwetiontia Uoldkeimpi mTirep villue44 ovuTsT 6T4Tnbgduunonatio
cCeotruemnC ppeipmc
63 ppeoullemni ppetploTC mTuec epuetil ouuTsT 6T4Tnivmm:eCrdnonalp
'N iumke Imia4e4 mnbgmeuuccdTsuiAef
a Freormemnr CpetitioTC mTupp ;make T3TnbwreuurpTselLer
cceoPuesemTp
3 ppeoeuesumTr ppetploTp mTuec amike uuqaTeA T4TniveueccdTgeakec
N qydrif
a ccedu rcetitmc mplec iemke ,2LexaTelt 6T4Tnblide.,:tsvaker
14 netpum ouuTsT ip, geTnbnto -mnbtdeuelvs
.a Udenr ccumpTC mTuec %mom ouuTsT ane SeTnbm mnbwieuexes
6N fpouued4
a Nepuuedu pplitinc F mpte lupum vetrysT ane 2eTnbnlio
T4Tnbgde!4effdexes
cpekeu
UsuteN cpelltmc apiec xetipta peuTsT 'am SeTnbntio -mnbgpigays

611 dmemnC rfedurekeu
63 dutemnf Cps:1=km fpelppg mTuug :ppm ouuTsT arry geTnbnto

. .
6-mnbRgetreays

ZI7T
sari MOS AIX
uoT3aidmop TITIP VSEM aEUn1E surosn
'I cPeAels1 MTUVP OBUTST 13) Cy (u!ns

ceucnr) p C' pedn c c cuweivq, C T 44BOBUBSEMTc rcEDEUEU c portrellin c 6
(ccsoruednp
z cpAvti dmaspaso dmoiaiqmos Lap,tec 9.1U) (eats
gaunt') Pedn c Peseta! gC*Peosuasemr Cceasueu p copeuman c 6
ccgoeumin
c rreAvN MtueC (epTsTnbeTT). pcvnTsTnbuti T3TnbN

ccemni kquec (anTsnisi) T3TtiblimpuTsnisi
ppednr mTuec aeosuorracteo exuem T1Tnbndeve/nqa
(smarm)
ccusBmT1 Mtuec Nui ruins Tnb-f ) s Argive e T2TnbRseurtmes
peveues.em-Fr g p /qua ispeuetian alum pleintp C T4Tnbnsette

(erinto)
cpszeum kqueC Imp o (agridex) T4TnbilPpepappdndex
ppeortremnr viTuer sat2u.T (RIPTIRd) Plataad Tcnt:Timeire
dnr cE3Bue C C LAT= (auT..stuat) snit caT C q.T.nbEdepe
ffue4N, Cratilumunie musc uappeTTC 414=0
(stcciatib) T4Tnbnpfelgastib
[Natant iT3nC gesalasm riTuaC .3oiad /paw
(emeass) T3TrtbRutausies
quedni ccoinietix t4:Fuac uoipaa dmadegonqd
(auolio.q4) mnbrideqoxotil
Ccueswqr C IT3n pp:auTmop miler ussals4 dndati
(eyeani) 4Tnbilswqeant
ffueosuesemTr aptIC gopacres riTuuc 7:.1.Tnbilseu.aCcdeleutes
(swamps)
pcueoeuem aprq ppasPcatid riTuer aCiem
DBuTsT
.
sere) MT cdy.suiv 4eFe -p-cnbR
a
pctre3Bueumr &Crimp' cc() p mitre n:yezl zauTsT
(EuTscce,3)* ..bEtarpaccdTscce
' Ppovuednr LTatilustanis tiquer =pew xed.einekt
(TIOTI80 T1TilblidsecrdTier

MOSSTI AIX - uoTletdmo3 Tipp
Cptpuemniv CcueAeu mTuec peueaexued (uuTsete)* T4TnbHcceuccere
ffoidAeleu Cruemnc mTueC uemeTTr deinuyi mnbfimenrylegb

(epTautib)
Ccoaveu cCuednc mTueC xevem oeuTsT 4ITTe foam

(el...rules)* T1Tandevries
aprif cco2uTmop cCuesemTp mTuec =sem dndeA
(elleanT)* mnbRseprini
Umpuemniv dmeAuu Pladmeoeuemnp mTuec esmTnb
14=0 (evTaellb). T3TnbRseneccdpeqb
apnf pco2uTmop dmeAeu ccadmepeurdnp mTuec dt&
(eue1tioaqx)0 T4Tabgpeueccdeltipaqx
apnc gascreqd dmemnr Ccadmeoeuednf mTuec layo
(emBATTeA)* mnbEmeuecgdeNTTax
goidAvaeqx dthuTaeN ccadme441ey mTuec leaeuedTTea
opium (epuintio)* mnbRdemuCcdeintio
suoT4sanb pue siamsuv -

-
0/44y2aN 0.-6171V5fgq5-711
'14 e4ey usor ['cowman/9' leueTTP duA meinT alemeuedzueA

SEMtuef ATuec T4TribEccell.edeueA
la emeN geTarg CCemezeunp aercemem sT 04edeljedeueA
a emTuer nTuep .T4TnbRdeedBuvA ccurldnf Diem emedegeies
la pTAva dmemnp. ccadmemTmaum duS 02emeurUdeinT
wiTuer ATuep 0T4Tnbaceuecrdeini queoeuva peuTsT .umuppeueprdnonitio
N euvroiep ppetrpTc ccuumnC lememum LT3emewpec
gemTuef mTueP .T4TnbgTeTiTivp Cpue4eN rivauuemAn .pmeccepeingooluum
fCeseavy Ppeggog eAseqd peuTtIontib LT4ede4Tiegb

.a 4emTuer mTuer *T4TnbEdepTiegb cpuednr azde4e4 deA peani -emedeuudeueA
PcuezeueN ekeqb eigoec Dego mecCeueppegoTnbse

4emTuer tiTuer T4Ta4meuercdetioTnbse crueovuetunf exemegercdviemes
.N dmeuesns qadmeTieN peunourem 04edeuppecTe

.3 4emTuer mTuec .T4TnbEdefteppecie crueoeuedni gouod -emedeueffdnmes
14 CCaukeN iNATIT43 imeo iTlerreundel
.3 4emTuer mTuec 14Tnbemerdex cCuemnr leTanosa -ememeueles

144
LESSON XIV - Completion drill
M. Jumanacanjj k'a.0 isinac t'ajjsir jawir jutapjjafiamati?

E. Janiwa, janiw jutapjjeajjHquiti. Nanacanjj kawr awatir
jutapjjanajjawa.
M. Jutir sabadojj samarapjjafiamati?
E. Janiwa, janiw samarapjjafiajjaquiti. Nanacanjj aymar yatekapjjafiajjawa.
M. Jutir domingojj tioman utap thokor saraflamati?

E. Janiwa, janiw sarafiajjHquiti. Nayanjj cullacajjan utap
asquichafiajjawa.
M. Jiwasanacanjj peiot anatir sarapjjafiasati?
E. Janiwa, janiw sarapjjafiasHquiti. Jiwasanacanjj Woke yap

khech'apjjafiasawa.
M. Pedrojj vacanac awatiflapati?
E. Janiwa, janiw awatifiapHquiti. Jupanjj phuchapan iquif"ap

t'ajjsifiapawa.
M. Jiwasanjj chawll catur sarapjjafiasati?

E. Janiwa, janiw sarapjjafiasaquiti. Jiwasanjj Marian wawapar jarifiasawa.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA JOSEAJJ ESPOSAPAMPIW PARLI
Jose: Maria, utasajj wali sumawa, ucampis cocinasajj k'afiuwa.

Arumanthejj nayajj cocin pichafi munta, janiw oficin sarcHti.
Maria: Arumanthejj nayajj is eajjsinajjawa, janiw jumar ut pichafi
yanapafiajjHquiti. Qhitimpis pichiltajja?
1
Uqhamajj tata Alfredompiw pichH, cunalaycutej j jupajj arumanthejj
J:
janiw cuns lukcaniti.
M: Kawkha koliks jiipar churatajja?
J: PH tunc quimsakallkon warank churH, waliquiti?

2'
Janiw waliquiti, jupajj sojjta wawanacaniwa, quimsa tunc
M:
warank kollk churaPamawa.
J: Uqhamajj quimsa tunc warank kollk churg.
M: Jose, jutir domingojj janiw iglesia sarcUti, cunalaycutejj

Marian utap visitir sarafiajjawa.
Jumajj yap lurafiamati?
J: Janiwa, janiw lurafiajjHquiti, ucampis qhaya marc saranajjawa.

Acajj mank'ajj Jose, mank'afi muntati?

145
LESSON XIV - Dialogue
J: JYsa, cunanacas3 utji?

N: C'awna, aycha, arroz, cawqars muntajja ?4
T. Aychamp arrozamp munta.
M: C'awn muntati?
J: C'awnajj jichhajj janiw mank'ailajjaquiti.
ucampis arumanthiw mank'a.
Waliquiwa, ualiquiwa.
NOTES
I cunalaycuti 'because': cuna 'what!; laycu 'fore; -ti interrogative

marker, This is the first example of -ti followed by the -iia
particle.
2 wawanacaniwa 'he has six children.'
-ni- suffix of possession, followed by personal findings:
wawanacanit(u)wa 'I have children'
wawanacanitawa 'You have children'
wawanacaniwa 'He has children'
etc. cf. Grammar, Lesson IV.
3 cunanaca 'things'
4 cawquirs muntajia? 'Which do you want?' =
object cawqu!rs from full form cawauiris(a)
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA JOSEAJJ UT PICHAD' MAMMA MARIAR YATICHI
Jose: Mama Maria, aca utamajj wall sumawa, ucampis nayajj

jumarojj yatichan munsma jue'amp sumaaapataqui.
2
Maria: Canach tata Jose? Yaticht'itay3tata, nayajj jueamp yatekafi
munta.
4
J: Sapa uruw jumajj utam pishasinama, cunalaycutejj k'afiunacatjja
cunayman usunacaw sarti.
M: Cunams pichafiajjawa?6
J: Nayrakatajj ma juc'a umamp ch'ajjch'oquipatamawa, ucatsti
in juc'a ratotjja pichanamp pichanamawa./
M: Cunataquis umampejj ch'ajjch'oquipailajja?8

146
9
J: Jan lak'a sartaiapataqui.
M: Waliquiw tata Jose, jichherut ucsarojj nayajj uqhem lure, 10
mayninacaruw yaticharaquY utanacap sum pichasipjja7apataqui.
J: Waliquiw mama Maria, nayajj jutir semanaw jute ucat juc'amp

yaticharaquYma me suma uta ufijasir mama tucufiamataqui.11
12
M: Yuspagar tata Jose, uqhemajj jutir semanaw suyema.
J: Sarawayjje mama Maria, jiquisificama.
M: Saraquimay tata Jose, jiquisificama.
NOTES
1 ucampis... 'but I want to teach you in order that it be better.'

munsma 'I want' plus pronominal object 'you.'
juc'ampi 'more' (iusla 'a little')
sumefiapataqui, lit. 'for the sake of its being good':
infinitive - possessive suffix - taqui.
(suma 'good;' sumefia 'to be nice, good' (said of things)
-1-euxi 'in order that, for the sake of')
2 cunacha? 'what is it?' -cha particle indicates doubt or indecision.
3 Imperative : 'teach me'
4 sapa 'each'
pichasifia 'to sweep (for oneself)'; cf. pichafis 'to sweep.'
5 cunalaycutejj... 'because from filthiness all kinds ofillneses arise'

Vali 'dirty, dirtiness'; k'afiunaca pl.
-ti ja 'by, by means of (-147 manner suffix plus -ill suffix)
cunaymani 'every kind'
usu usunaca pl.
sartafia 'to arise'
6 cunems 'how;' contraction of cunamas (also cunjamas)

7 navrakata 'first;' ch'aijch'oquipafia 'to.sprinkle;' ucatsti 'and th...10
me juc'a ratotAja 'in a little while' (-ta 'from;' Sp. rata 'moment');
pichgfia 'broom'
8 cunataquis 'for what' Cf. above, No. 1.

147
NOTES (continued)
9 'So that the dust doesn't rise.'

lak'a 'dust; ground.'
sartabapa?taqui: Cf above, No. 1. The negative' in order that - not'
is formed by the addition of the contracted negative ian:

clan sarafiapataqui 'so that it not rise' (lit., 'in order for its
not rising')
10 'Good, from tomorrow on I will do that, and I'll also teach the
others so that they sweep their houses well.'
lichlitirut 'from tomorrow': -ta 'from;' ucsara 'on that side;'

Eaminacaruw 'to the others (mavni 'one' plus -naca plural);
vaticharaquM = 1st person sg. future vatichY -rasAi7 'also'.
The infix raaui is attached to the last vowel of the verb stem
(yat:icha -) and the future endings follow the -raqui-
Pichasipjiafiapataqui, lit., 'for the sake of their cleaning.' Cf.
No. 1 above.
11 'Fine, dona Maria, next week I'll come, then I'll teach you more
so that you can become a good mistress of the house (housekeeper).'
malkharaouima 'I'll also teach you.'
tjtaj&asi 'mistress of the house ;' ktiafia 'to see, take care of
u0asiri 'one who takes care'
t_ ucufia 'to finish; become' (takes ru.in the latter meaning).
12 waelltanl 'thank you ; infinitive vuspaarana 'to thank (someone)'

I
swam 'I'11 expect you'; infinitive suvafia 'to wait for, expect'

148
LESSON XV - Tunca heskanir lecciona
Vocabulary Arunaca
ajanu caru face
ampara mano hand

ampar luc'ana dedo de la mano finger
(luc'ana - finger)
Wjarla tener timbre to be hungry
callachi hombro shoulder

cayu pie, pierna leg, foot
cayu luc'ana dedo .de la, pie toe
cunca cuello neck

chuyma corazOn heart
iqui (iqui purtia - suefio dream
be sleepy)
jallu lluvia rain
jifichu oreja ear

jiqhani espalda back (body)
jurintaida mojai to wet
karjafia caviar to tire.
konkori *rodilla knee

lupi brill "o' del sol sunshine
lupjaiia sentir'calor del sol to feel the heat of
the sun
mallkta. gargant throat
nasa nariz 'nose
nayra ojo eye.
puraca est6majo stomach

purifia (+ ru) llegar to arrive
pharjaha tener sed to be thirsty

p'eke cabeza head
thaya, tutuce frio, viento cold, wind
thayjaha tener frio to be cold
usuta (usu 'sickness' enfermar, doler to become sick,

usuta 'sick') to feel pain
utachafla construir to build

149
LESSON XV
Grammar L111222g.I1SSIAILL
positive
Impersonal constructions : pronoun
subject is expressed by the personal
In these constructions, the
Where English has 'I am hungry', the
with ru ('to me, to you' etc.). verbs
'to me it makes me hungry.' The impersonal
Aymara equivalent may be
the following three types of construction:
may participate in
it appears, it takes the suffix -ta
I. (a) noun is optional; where
'manner.'
indicating 'material' or
(cf. also below III(c))
awtjafia 'to be hungry' usuna 'to hurt'
thirsty'
212gyialla 'to be
'I'm hungry'
e.g. y2L2aNaaro"(mac'at)awt..."itu
'You're thirsty'
JumarojA (umat) pharjtam
two verbs:
construction is also possible with the above
04.B. persot
nayaij avtiatatwa (inf. awtiataga)
phariatafia)
navaii pharjatatwa (inf. is
implies that the action is beginning or
Verbal infix -ta-
and is attached to the verb stem.
being intensified,
'to. become windy'
it&be / thavtafia
e.g. thayafia
'to lift up'
apaaa 'to carry' / aptaga
'to escape'
jalaha 'to run' / jaltaia
'to jump, spring')
thokaaa 'to dance' / thoktaha
is required.
(b) Noun with the suffix -ta
thayaEa 'to be cold'
lulligrla 'to be hot'
'Our heads are cold'
Nat
thaviaviietu
e.g.
hot'
p'eket lupj itu 'My head is
II. No noun is required

Kariafia 'to be tired'
karitam 'You are tired'
e.g. asamiLwal

150
LESSON XV - Grammar
III. Noun can take either a or -wa suffix in positive declarative

statements. In negative and interrogative statements, only -lit is
permitted. (For negative, cf. Lesson XVI)
(a) fixed noun required

iqui- purifia 'to be sleepy' (lit.,'sleep or dream arrives')
e.g. Emaroalluktunrisa 'I am tired'
(b) noun is optional

(thaya-) thayjafia 'to be cold'
(lupi-) lupjafia 'to be hot'
e.g. Nanacarojj thayaw thayjapjjetu 'We are cold'
Jiwasanacarojj lupiw lupjapijestu 'We are hot'
(c) noun not fixed but required

(Noun) usuita 'to hurt' (cf. also above I(a))
(Noun) jurintafia 'to be wet'
e.g. Jumarojj amparajj ustam 'Your hand hurts'
Jumanacarojj jalluw jurintapiitam 'You are wet (from the rain)'
bemiLlistaliyekeji ustam 'You have a headache now'
Conjugation of avtjafia: [stem awtj- + (plural) + endings].

dt'-itu awC-istu awti-apt i-estu
awti-apfj-etu
awtj-tam atSimaLti=t-
auti-i
The third person impersonal forms are identical to the third person
punctual forms.

151
LESSON XV
Substitution Drill.- Wasa arunac uscuia
M. Nayarojj mank'at awtjitu.
E. Nayarojj mank'at awtjitu.
M. jupanacarojj
E. Jupanacarojj mank'at autjapjje.
M. nanacarojj
E. Nanacarojj mank'at awtjapjjetu.
M. cullacajjarojj
E. Cullacajjarojj mank'at awtji.
M. Pablon wawanacaparojj
E. Pablon wawanacaparojj mank'at awtjapjje.
M. jiwasarojj
E. Jiwasarojj mank'at
M. jumampir amigomampirojj
E. Jumampir amigomampiroji mank'at awtjapjjtam.
M. jiwasanacarojj
E. Jiwasanacarojj mank'at awtjapjjestu.
M. umat pharjapjjestu
E. Jiwasanacarojj umat pharjapjjestu.
M. Pedrompir Joseampirojj
E. Pedrompir Joseampirojj umat pharjapjje.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj umat pharj tam.
M. jilanacaj jampir cullacanacajjampirojj
E. Jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj umat pharjapjje.
M. Rositampir, Susanampir,Elenampirojj
E. Rositampir, Susanampir, Elenampirojj umat pharjapjje.
M. jumanacarojj
E. Jumanacarojj umat pharjapjj tam. Hosted for free on livelingua.com

152
LESSON XV - Substitution drill
M. Nayarojj jalluw jurintitu.
E. Nayarojj jalluw.jurintitu.
M. juparojj
E. Juparojj jalluw jurinti.
M. nanacarojj jichhajj
E. Nanacarojj jichhajj jalluw jurintapjjetu.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj jichhajj jalluw jurinttam
M. jiwasanacarojj
E. Jiwasanacarojj jichhajj jalluw jurintapjjestu.
M. jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj
E. Jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj jichhajj jalluw jurintapjje.
M. jumanacarojj
E. Jumanacarojj jichhajj jalluw.jurintapjjtam.
M. nayampir jumampirojj
E. Nayampir jumampirojj jichhajj jalluw jurintistu.
M. thayaw thayjistu
E. Nayampir jumapirojj jichhajj thayaw thayjistu.
M. Pablon tatapampir mamapampirojj
E. Pablon tatapampir mamapampirojj jichhajj thayaw thayjapjje.
Mr, jakerojj
E. Jakerojj jichhajj thayaw thayji
M. nanacarojj
E. Nanacarojj jichhajj thayaw thayjapjjetu.
M. aca liq'i waynarojj
E. Aca liq'i waynarojj jichhajj thayaw thayji.
N. waynanacampir tawakonacampirojj
E. Waynanacampir tawakonacampirojj jichhajj thayaw thayjapjje.

EST
MOSSTI AX uoT4113T4eqnS TIPP

ffekei4 ffetitmc deb 6e4oseinT Tem ccoaeAeu Tem .n4Trami
.a ppeAem ccutitmc deA cuToseinT Tem ffareAuu Tem .n1Trami
14 ccesEmTc
'2 ccusemIr creqqpir duA cuelosanT lean cpaesemTP Tem n4sicamt
'N ccupeum
.a ccepeuem cculltmc d1Ac leapdTssinT 4e rporepuueu Tem -n4eccderaux
'N ccBccu4e4
.g ccepplel, cputitioTr deA 6Tribseint lion cpaxednc Tem .Tpu4
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g ffeccum ppetimoTP 6TnbsTeme Tem ccoiednf Tum Tcien
'N TcAut13
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14 ccupeueuAum
.a cCupeueuLem cCelpinc amex "mbdTspeme 4em rcoaeoeuednc TUL4 Aetp

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dmeasor ccadmeAeu
g dmeasor qadmeAuu CCeimpTc imux gelodTspme Ism cfaxeoeueu Tem

.n4effderAutil
'N ppeoeuesemTc petitioTr pep uel:odTsetipplbse
g ccepeuesemu cputlipTC pew 411233dTseti3tnbse Tem rfoieoeuesemTC Tem

.111seccduckelp
'N dmemnp UedmumepsuepeTTno
sa dmemnr pfedwemeoeueounno rcutitmc pew 4ecre4pdTsettapbse Tem

ccoaeoeuemnp Tem .melqducAutil
dmercepeueTTF PcadmepPeoeuepuTTno
.g dureccepeueru ffedueccupeuepeTTno pretitmr pew "Fribdtsuippbse lean

goaupeuedric Tem eaccduCAutp
141 Celan
g qemnr ffetitraTc pew 4equlpsylmnbse 4y3n ffoiewnr Tem welcAuql

154
LESSON XV - Substitution drill
M. Cullacajjampir nayampirojj iquiw puripjjetu.
E. Cullacajjampir nayampirojj iquiw puripjjetu.
M. jumampir warmimampirojj
E. Jumampir warmimampirojj iquiw puripjj tam.
M. jiwararojj
E. Jiwasarojj iquiw puristu.
M. lupiw lupjistu
E. Jiwasarojj lupiw lupj istu.
M. jumampir yokallanacampirojj
E. Jumampir yokallanacampirojj lupiw lupjapjjtam.
M. mama Rositan wawanacaparojj
E. Mama Rositan wawanacaparojj lupiw lupjapjje.
M. thayaw thayjapjje
E. Mama Rositan wawanacaparojj thayaw thayjapjje.
M. tiojjampir nayampirojj
E. Tiojjampir nayampirojj thayaw thayjapjjetu.
M. Pablon yokallanacapampir imillanacapampirojj
E. Pablon yokallanacapampir imillanacapampirojj thayaw thayjapjje.
M. umat pharjapjje
E. Pablon yokallanacapampir imillanacapampirojj umat pharjapjje.
M. nayampir jumanacampirojj
E. Nayampir jumanacampirojj umat pharjapjjestu.
M. p'ekew usupjjestu
E. Nayampir jumanacampirojj p'ekew usupjjestu.
M. nayarojj
E. Nayarojj p'ekew usutu.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj p'ekew ustam.

155
LESSON XV
Completion drill - 41rullesptkokachaHa
74. Conjugate the following verbs:
Nayarojj mank'at (awtjaiii)
(Jumarojj, juparojj, jiwasarojj, jiwasanacarojj, nanacarojj, jumanacarojj,

jupanacarojj.)
Nayarojj umat (pharjaia).
Nayarojj iquiw (purilla) .
II. Nayarojj jichhajj p'eket .(1upida) lupjitu
Jumarojj jichhajj p'aket .(1upiUa) lupltam
Juparojj jichhajj amparat .(thayaila) thayji
Jiwasarojj jichhajj amparat .(thaya6a) thayj istu
Jiwasanacarojj jichhajj Coca Colat (pharja:aa) pharjapjjestu
Nanacarojj jichhajj p'eket . (thayatia) thayjapjjetu
Jumanacarojj jichhajj ajanut . (thayaila) tbayjapfjtam
Jupanacarojj jichhajj jiqhanit .(thayana) thayjapjja
Nayajj yap lurascta,ucat nayarojj wal ,karjitu

(karjaLa)
Jumajj is t'ajjsisctajja,ucat jumarojj

amparaj j ustam
Jupajj marc sarasqui,ucatjuparojj umat pharji

(pharjafia)
Jiwasajj vac awatisctan,ucat jjwasarojj lupejj lupjistu

(lupi,Ta)
Jiwasanacajj chawll catusipctan, ucat jiwasanacarojj

thayajj . (tbayja-a) thayjapjjestu
Nanacajj yap lurasipcta,ucat nanacarojj wal karjapjjetu

(karja,...a)
Jumanacajj wal anatasipctajja,ucat jumanacarojj

iquejj .(puri,a) puripjjtam
Jupanacajj ch'oke yap khech'asipqui,ucat jupanacarojj

thayajj .(thayja-a) thayjapjje

LESSON XV - Completion Drill
Oa
Nayarojj mank'at (awtjafia): cawqhans mank'a alasifiajj utju?

awtjitu
Jumarojj umat (pharjafia), Coca Cola muntati? pharj tam
ltiparojj thayaw (thayjafia); samara muniti? thayji
Jiwasarojj amparaw (usufia); samarafiasawa. usustu
Jiwasanacarojj iquiw (purifia); samarapjjafiasawa. puripijestu
Nanacarojj p'ekew (usgria); iquipjjafiajjawa. usupjjeu

Jumanacarojj lupiw (lupifia); Pepsi Cola umapjjafiamawa . lupjapjjtam
Jupanacdrojj thayaw (thaviafia); samarapjjafiapawa. thayjapjje
Questions and Answers - mi2ALs.awsafianacaminsct'afianaca
M. Carolina, jumarojj mank'at awtjtamti?

E. JTsa, nayarojj mank'at awtjitu.
M. Tata Davidarojj mank'at awtjiti?
E. JYsa, juparojj mank'at awtji.
M. Jumampir warmimampirojj mank'at awtjapjjtamti?
E. JYsa, nanacarojj mank'at awtjapjjetu.
M. Jupanacarojj umat pharjapjjeti?
E. JYsa, jupanacarojj umat pharjapjje.
M. Jumampir jilamampirojj jallojj jurintapjjtamti?
E. JYsa, nanacarojj jurintapjjetuwa.
M. Jumarojj jallojj jurinttamti?
E. JYsa, nayarojj jurintituwa.
M. Jumarojj umat pharjtamti?
E. Jisa, nayarojj umat pharjituwa.
M. Pedrompir Juanampirojj karjapjjeti?
E. JTsa, jupanacarojj karjapjjewa.
M. Tatajjarojj thayajj thayjiti? 1
E. JYsa, juparojj thayjiwa.

M Jiwasanacarojj p'ekejj usupjjestuti?
E. JTsa, jiwasanacarojj p'ekejj usupjjestuwa.

LESSON XV - Questions and Answers
Positive
M. Jumanacarojj lupejj lupjapjjtamti?

E. JMsa, nanacarojj lupejj lupjapjjetuwa.
N. Jumarojj jiqhanejj ustamti?
E. Jisa, nayarojj jiqhanejj usutuwa.
Jumanacarojj iquejj puripjjtamti?
E. nsa, nanacarojj iquejj puripjjetuwa.
M. P'eket ustam?
E. Jis tata, p'ekew usutu.
M. Cayut ustam?
E. Jis tata, cayuw usutu.
M. Amparat ustam?
E. Jis tata, anparaw usutu.
H. Callachit ustam?
E. Jis tata, callachiw usutu.
Nasat ustam?
E. JMs tata, nasaw usutu.
M. Konkorit ustam?
E. Jis tata, konkoriw usutu.
M. Ajanut ustam?
E. Jis tata, ajanuw usutu.
M. Nayrat ustam?
E. Jis tata, nayrav usutu.
Jinchut ustam?
E. Jis tata, jinchuw usutu.
M. Ampar luc'anat ustam?
E. Jis tata, ampar luc'anaw usutu.
i. Cayu luc'anat ustam?
E. Jis tata, tayu luc'anaw usutu.
N. Chuymat ustam?
E. Jis tata, chuymaw usutu.
M. Sighanit ustam?
E. Jis tata, jilhaniw usutu.
EL Puracat ustam?
E. Jis tata, puracaw usutu.
M. Cuncat ustam?
E. Jis tata, cuncaw usutu.
M. Mallk'at ustam?
E. Jis tata, mallk'aw usutu. Hosted for free on livelingua.com
158
LESSON XV
Dialogue - Cuento
Andresamp Susanampiw parlaptie
Andres: Ay mama Susana, nayarojj wal karjitu, jiniw trabajafi muncti.

Susana: Ay ucawa...Nayarojj umat pharj itu, cawqhans umajj utji?
Umajj qhaya jach'a jawiran utji, ucampis janiw sums Womgquiti.
S: Wittman tiojjan utap sarg, cunalaycutejj jupan utapajj
jactaquiwa.1
A: Arumanthejj nayajj samarafiajjawa, janiw trabajafiajjgquiti,
ucampis jutir semanajj janiw samarcgti, cunalaycutejj
tata Pedror ut luran yanapafiajjawa.
S: Waliquiw tata Andres, waliquiw tata Andres.
Kawkhas calaminajj cuesti?
2
A: Mg quintal calaminajj patac quimsa tuncan warankaw cuesti.
S: Ay, walja kollkewa.
A: J!sa, waljawa, ucampis machak utajj sumawa.
S: Nayarojj mank'at autjitu, cawqhans tiendajj utji?
A: Ay Susana, tiendajj qhaya jisc'a marcan utji, saran muntati?
S: J1sa, t'ant'amp quesomp alasifi munta.
Ughgmajj saragni.
S: Waliquiw, sarangni.
NOTES
1 jac'aquiwa 'is near.'

2 quintal-ehundred - weight'

l9
LESSON XVI - Tunca soljtanir lecciona
anka afuera outside
mistufia [f ru] salir to go out
Graun - Suma parlanata ui
Impersonal constructions: negative
I. (a) noun is optional; where it appears, it takes the suffix -ta

indicating 'material' or 'manner/
awtjana 'to be hungry'
pharjaaa 'to be thirsty'
e.g. NuarceitianiE(mank'at) aTiltiquituti 'I'm not hungry'
/jaxarejijrispsinat)harjuituti 'I'm not thirsty'
(N.B. A personal construction is also possible with the above

two verbs:
nayajjjaniw_pharlatacti(stisaiLtaFa)
ire
.t3anaajap_iwpharfactati
(b) noun with the suffix -ta is required.

thayafia 'to be cold'
lupjafia 'to be hot'
e.g. Jui)arsii*icthha't.'aniw cavu luc' anat thayiouiti. 'His toe isn't

cold now.'
Jumarojj lichhaiLianiw cavu luc'anat luictamti. 'Your toe isn't
hot now.'
II. No noun is required

lariana 'to be tired'
e.g. EsyassjLiankjia2,a:41d.pjsj. 'I'm not tired'
III. Noun can take -its

(a) fixed noun required
iqui- purina 'to be sleepy'
e.g. Nayaroij janiw isanalmatikuSi. !I'm not sleepy now.'

160
LESSON XVI- Grammar
(b) Noun is optional

(thaya-) thayiana 'to be cold'
(192i-) lupiana 'to be hot'
e.g. ujj1itIJichha'''umEmacaro'atiaatha?'actamtiij_i_p_. 'You're not cold
now.'
Jumaroji janiw lupejj lupjctamti 'You're not hot.'
(c) noun not fixed but required

(Noun) usuna 'to hurt'
(Noun) iurintatia 'to be wet'
e.g. lupanacaroaichhaalaneusuuiti.. 'Their backs dou't
hurt now.'
Jichhajj jiwasanacarojj janiw jallojj 'urintapquistuti.
'The rain isn't wetting us now.'
Conjugation of phariatia in the negative:

[stem phari- + negative -c- + (plural) + endings + negative -ti]
pharj-qu-itu-ti pharj-qu-istu-ti phari-anny:istu-ti

pharj - ap- qu- itu -ti
phari-c-tam-ti 21911:1=1:12mtsi.
pharj-qu-i-ti
The third person impersonal forms are identical to the third
person punctual forms.
IV. In subordinate e. avoes after ucat, the negative May be contracted to jan:
e.g. Nayajj la, q yap lurcti, ucat nayarojj jan karjquituti.
'I didn't work the field, so I'm not tired.'

161
LESSON XVI
Substitution. Drill- Wasa arunac uscu.a
M. Nayarojj janiw umat pharjquituti.
E. Naygrojj janiw umat pharjquituti.
M. jupanacarojj
E. Jupanacarojj janiw umat pharjapquiti.
M. nanacarojj
E. Nanacarojj janiw umat pharjapquituti.
M. cullacajjarojj
E. Cullacajjarojj janiw umat pharjquiti.
M. Pablon wawanacaparojj
E. Pablon wawanacaparojj janiw umat pharjapquiti.
M. jiwasarojj
E. Jiwasarojj janiw umat pharjquistuti.
M. jumampir amigomampirojj
E. Jumampir amigomampirojj janiw umat pharjapctamti.
M. jiwasanacarojj
E. Jiwasanacarojj janiw umat pharjapquistuti.
M. mank'at awtjapquistuti
E. Jiwasanacarojj janiw mank'at awtjapquistuti.
M. Pedrompir Joseampirojj
E. Pedrompir Joseampirojj janiw mank' at awtjapquiti.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj janiw mank'at awtjetamti.
M. jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj
E. Jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj janiw mank'at aNtjapquiti.
M. Rositampir, Susanampir, Elenampirojj
E. Rositampir, Susanampir, Elenampirojj janiw mank'at wtjapquiti.
M. jumanacarojj
E. Jumanacarojj janiw mank'at witjapctamti.
162
LESSON XVI - Substitution Drill
M. Nayarojj janiw jallojj jurintquituti.
E. Nayarojj janiw jallojj jurintquituti.
M. juparojj
E. Juparojj janiw jallojj jurintquiti.
M. nanacarojj jichhajj
E. Nanacarojj jichhajj janiw jallojj jurintapquituti.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj jichhajj janiw jallojj jurintctamti.
M. jiwasanacarojj
E. Jiwasanacarojj jichhajj janiw jallojj 4urintapqui3tuti!
M. jilanacajjampir cul1acanacajjampirojj
E. Jilanacajjampir cullacanacajjampirojj jichhajj janiw jallojj

jurintapquiti.
M. jumanacarojj
E. Jumanacarojj jichhajj janiw jallojj jurintapctamti.
M. thayajj thayjapctamti
E. Jumanacarojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjapctamti.
M. jakenacaroji
E. Jakenacarojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjapquiti.
M. nanacarojj
E. Nanacarojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjapquituti.
M. aca liq'i waynarojj
E. Aca liq'i waynarojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjquiti.
M. qhaya waynanacampir tawakonacampirojj
E. Qhaya waynanacampir tawakonacampirojj jichhajj janiw thayajj

thayj apquiti.
M. jumampir nayampirojj
2. Jumampir nayampirojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjquistuti.
M. nayarojj
E. Nayarojj jichhajj janiw thayajj thayjquituti.

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164
LESSON XVI - Substitution Drill
M. Phuchajjarojj janiw iquejj purquiti.
E. Phuchajjarojj janiw iquejj purquiti.
M. nayarojj
E. Nayarojj janiw iquejj purquituti.
M. jumampir warmimampirojj
E. Jumampir warmimampirojj janiw iquejj puripctamti.
M. cullacajjampir nayampirojj
E. Cullacajjampir nayampirojj janiw iquejj puripquituti.
M. lupejj lupjapquituti
E. Cullacajjampir nayampirojj janiw lupejj lupjapquituti.
M. jumampir yokallanacamampirojj
E. Jumampir yokallanacamampirojj janiw lupejj lupjapctamti.
M. mama Rositan wawanacaparojj
E. Mama Rositan wawanacaparojj janiw lupejj lupjapquiti.
M. jumarojj
E. Jumarojj janiw lupejj lupjctamti.
K. jumampir nayampirojj
E. Jumampir nayampirojj janiw lupejj lupjquistuti.
M. Pablon yokallanacapampir imillanacapampirojj
E. Pablon yokallanacapampir imillanacapampirojj janiw lupejj

lupjapquiti.
M. cayu luc'ananacapajj usupquiti
E. Pablon yokallanacapampirojj janiw cayu luc'ananacapajj usupquiti.
M. nayampir jumanacampirojj
E. Nayampir jumanacampirojj janiw cayu luc'ananacasajj usupquistuti.
M. jumanacarojj
E. Jumanacarojj janiw cayu luc'ananacamajj usupctamti.
E. nayarojj
E. Nayarojj janiw cayu luc'ananacajjajj usquituti.

165
LESSON XVI
Completion Drill - Arunas022kas
Nayarojj janiw umat_ . (pharjafila)

I.
(Jumarojj, juparoij, jiwasarojj, jiwasanacarojj, nanacarojj,

jumanacarojj, jupanacarojj)
Nayarojj janiw mank'at .(awtjana)
Nayarojj janiw iquejj .(purifia)
awtjquituti
II. rayajj aymar yatekascta, ucat nayarojj janiw mankiat
__.(awtja:la)
Jumajj is eajjsisctajja, ucat jumarojj janiw

.(1upjai-a) lupjctamti
lupejj
Jupajj Coca Col umasqui, ucat juparojj janiw
.(awtjana) awtjcuiti
mankiat
Jiwasajj kawr awatisctan, ucat jiwasarojj janiw
.(paarjafia)
pharjquistuti
umat
Jiwasanacajj chawll catusipctan, ucat jiwasanacaroj
.(1upjaaa) lupjapquistutil
janiw
Nanacajj pelot anatasipeta, ucat nanacarojj janiu
(awtjana) aNtjapquituti
mank'at
Jumanacajj wal iouisipctajja, ucat jumanacarojj
.(karjana) karj apctamti
janiw
Jupanacajj marc sarasipqui, ucat jupanacarojj
.(jurintana) jurintapouiti
janiw jallojj
Jichhajj nayajj kawr awatiscta, ucat nayarojj

.(pharjaha) pharj quituti
janiw umat
Jichhajj jumajj kot sarasctajja, ucat jumarojj
.(awtjana) autjctemti
janiw manic' at
Jichhajj jupajj yap lurasqui, ucat juparojj janiw

.(usuna) usquiti
p'ekejj
Jichhajj jiwasajj marc sarasctan, vat jiwasarojj
(pharjana) pharjquistuti
janiw umat
Jichhajj jiwasanacajj aymar yatekasipctan, ucat
.(thayana) thayjapquistuti
thayajj janiw

991
NOSSTI IAX - uopetdmoD 1ET2P
ccuqq0T1 Ccepeueu spur( 6e4wITssanT lean ccoasosueu

mTueC (eFeCael)* T4n3Tubderiel
cCelmoTr rpeoeuemnr opium gefcelodTsesAuem loon

Croieoeuemq loop= ATuvc (s7143149). Twevdecuu
PPewmr P Cceoeuedn sT 4TubdTsTsffell le= ffoispeuednp
mpec (eueccInT) T4TubducdnT
FreiteN mTueC de4 4T2pant leon ffoleiteu mTuef TrilTnbcasA

(suspe)j)
frumnr mTuef peuTsT gT3e3osrfes4 aeon PColemnf mTuer ,
(eueVet43)
qedur mTuer 4T3TubseiAer won ccazednc [quer

TeoluBm CAME) (sue mnbc4mR
fcesumTr P mTue =um gpuevies von cfoiesemTf
iTtmec ccoUBP (eue4uTinc) c 3S14STub3uT T
ffeoeueSemTf ATuec Aue 4T3uevdn3sTm 2eon mTuef

cCattec (BusluTinc t2n1sTubdeluTinc
ccepeuem mTuec. )jue 4podn4sTm neon hTusfIcolepsusu

rcedric (euecdni). TvilTubdeccint
Pcepeuemnf mTuec Aue 4T4elodulsTm loon mTuBP

PreAsql TwelodeCkelp
Peoeuednf mTuec Aue 'T4TubdulsTm 4eon ccolepeuednp
mTuer Uellesd (elinsn). T4Tubdusn
suoT4sanb pus siemsuv

- osTf
larueolulumu
eAT3e2eN - uer eoeueAelp
ppoiemq lawn LT3melfieqd

H gemTuer rpoisiteu tiTueC "Fan3TnbCaetid
4 Pplepeuemnr autelppeCien
'a gemTuvf nquer T3n3Tubderiel
aTdoncied fpuTdmedeperuo TesAuem LTI.Wdepne
*3 '91.1Tuer cgoiepeued4 mTuer *T3Tnbdupne

LESSON XVI - Questions and Answers
Negative
M. Jumampir jilamampirojj jallojj jurintapjjtamti?

E. Janiwa, nanacarojj janiw jurintapquituti.
M. Josearojj ampar iuc'ananacapajj usuti?
E. Janiwa, juparojj jani:T usquiti,
M. Jiwasarojj umat pharjistuti?
E. Janiwa, jiwasarojj janiw umat pharjquistuti.
Pedrompir Juanampirojj thayajj thayjapjjeti?
E. Janiwa, jupanacarojj janiw thayjapquiti.
M. Jumarojj jichhajj iquejj purtamti?
E. Janiwa, nayarojj janiw purquituti.
N. Uarmimampir jumampirojj karjapjjtamti?
E. Janiwa, nanacarojj janiw karjapquituti.
M. Jiwasanacarojj cayu luc'ananacasajj usupjjestuti?
E. Janiwa, jiwasanacarojj janiw usupquistuti.
M. Mamajjaroji jiqhanejj usuti?
E. Janiwa, mamajjarojj janiw usquiti.
M. Nanacarojj jallojj jurintapjjetuti?
E. Jariwa, jumanacarojj janiw jurintapctamti.
M. Tata Davidarojj mank'at anjiti?
E. Janiwa, juparojj janiw aWtjquiti.
M. Jumampir awichamampirojj umat pharjapjjtamti?
E. Janiwa, nanacarojj janiw pharjapouituti.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA MARCOSAMP TATA LUCASANPEJJ KOTANCAPJJEWAL

Marcos: Tata Lucasa, nayarojj wal thayjitu, jumarojj thayjtamti?
Lucas: Nayarojj janiw thayjquituti, ucampis nayarojj mank'at avtjitu.
M: Acajj ma jisc'a eant'ajj, muntati?
L: JYs tata Marcos. Acajj ma ponchojj, jumajj muntati?
M: Jis tata Lucas, nayarojj wal thayjit u.
L: Aca kotajj wall thayawa, utasar saran asawa.
M: Jisa, ucampis chawll catuffasawa.

168
LESSON XVI - Dialogue
L: Tata Marcos, jalluw juti, utar sarafigni,2 khariirdw wasitat3

chawli caturejj jutaiigni.
M: Uqhgmajj sarafigni. Nayajj waija chawli catu: munta, ucampis
thayjituwa. .
L: Qhitis qhayajja?
M: Tata Enriquen yokapawe.
L: Cuns lurasqui?
M: Chawll catusqui. Jutir domingojj jupajj marc sarani,
cunalaycutejj wawanacapajj iglesiar sarapjjafiapawa.
L: Ay tata Marcos, nayajj jichhajj utajjar sarg, arumanthiw
wasitat saratigni, waliquiti?
M: nsa, waliquiwa.
NOTES
1 Infinitive kotancaira 'to be at the lake'

2 'Let us go': future verb form used as an imperative.
3 Wasitata 'again'. The suffix -tata- is also added to infinitive stems
in the meaning of beginning the action: e.g. laruna 'to laugh'/
larutatagia 'begin lauglling
TATA MARCOSAMP TATA LUCASAMPEJJ MX KOLLePiiiil-FARLAPJJE
Lucas: Tata, aca kollu patajj wali thayawa.

Marcos: 2
Jisa, wali thayawa, jiwasajj qhunu koll jac'anctanwa, ucat
jiwasarojj thayjistu.
L: Ah, uqhamajj uca jach'a ponchomp ponchosY3 ucat nayarojj janiw
thayjquitaniti.
M: 5
Ay tata Lucasa, uca ponchomajj sumaraquisg.
L: 6
JTsa, sumawa, warmejjaw sawurapitu. Jin lak sarafigni, nayarojj
umat pharjitu.
M: 7
Nayarojj janiw pharjquituti, antisas mank'at doltjitu.
L: Uqhgmajj qhaya jawir qhurcatancquis uca jisc'a marcar purifign-2.,
ucan mank'aigni, umafigni.8
M: Cuna sutinis uca marcajja?
9
L: Achacach satawa.
M: Uca marcan eant'ajj utjiti? Nayajj alas in munta.
L: nsa, utjiwa.
144: Jumarojj mank'at awtjtamti?
L: ,aniw autjquituti, jumarusti?

LESSON XVI - Dialogue
.,Itiarojj.awtjdtuT7a.
T4 . 10
UghUmajj aca chawilanp ch'unurup mank aan 4a t
11
M: Iyaw tata,yuspagar tata.
NOTES
1 Ma kollu patan 'on a mountain': pats 'over plus -n location marker.
2 2hunu kollu jac'ar.ctanwa 'Tie are near the snow-covered mountain.'
jaeancala 'to be near'; jac'a 'near'; ghunu 'snow'
3 Infinitive ponchosia 'to put on a poncho;' -si- reflexive particle.
4 janiw thaviquitaniti 'I won't be colef; thaqiatafia.
On the verbal infix -ta-. Cf. Grammar, Lesson XV. The -ni-
indicates future tense. Cf. Grammar, Lesson XX for further
characterization.
5 sumaraquisr'is it also good?' sums- verbal root (with vowel length)
-raqui- 'also' -sa interrogative marker; vowel length is carried over
to the last vowel.
6 .
laka 'fast, rapid(ly)'; sawurapitu: -rapi7 indicates action 'in favor
of, for': e.g. iiatlarana 'to open'j
7 antisasa 'rather'
iist'ararapifia 'to open (for
8 ucan 'there'; -n location marker. someoLe)n.
9 Cuna sutinis? 'What is its name?' Suti 'name', -ni- possessive marker.
Achacach satawa. 'It is called Achacachi.'(The derivation of sata-
is unclear.)
10 chtlevu'dried potatoes'
11 Ivaw 'very well, o.k.'

170
LESSON XVII - Tunca pakalikonir lecciona
ajjsaratia temer to fear

apanifia[ + ru] traer to bring
apauia ru] llevar to carry
jachafia ilorar to cry
juc'a poco few
maqhatatia [ +ru] escalar, subir to ascend
masarmanthi, wasarmanthi ayer por la mafiana yesterday morning
masayp'u, wasayp'u ayer por la tarde yesterday in the
masUru, wastiru ayer yesterday
nayrarmanthi anteayer por la mafiana the day before yester-
day in the morning
nayrayp'u anteayer por la tarde the day before yester-
day in the afternoon
nayrliru dia anterior the day before yester-
day
pasir mara aria pasado last year
pasir phajjsi mes pasado last month
pasir semana ( simana) semana pasada last week
qhunu nieve snow
qhunulkojau montefia eon nieve snow-covered mountain
uru dia day
Grammar - Suma parlaiIataqui
I. Summary of adverbs of time.

masliru, wasliru 'yesterday' (uru 'day';the long vowel is due to 'ontraction
of two short vowels). The root of wastiru also appears in wasitata'avin'
masayp'u, wasayp'u 'yesterday afternoon'
payrilru, waltiru (nayra 'early, first') 't'he day before yesterday; the
other day.'
nayrarmanthi 'yesterday morning'
Imssulla 'yesterday afternoon'
jichhits 'today' Cichha 'now')
khartiru 'tomorrow'
arumanthi 'tomorrow morning'

171
LESSON XVII - Grammar
kharayp'u 'tomorrow afternoon'

pasir semana 'last week' (Spanish mar 'to pass')
jutir semana 'next week' (tagl 'to come')
jutir mara 'next year'
II. When a punctual verb is used with an adverb of time past, the verb has the
meaning of completed action in the past.
e.g. NayrUroij nava:1j tiojjan ovejap awatta. 'The other day I pastured
my uncle's sheep.
11q.adi114111ELJIDIt1P allatta. pasture /pastured my uncle's

sheep.'
III. -ni- suffix with verbs indicates 'movement into' and is inserted before
the infinitive ending.
apafia 'carry' / apanifia 'carry to 'bring;
purifia 'arrive' / purinifia 'arrive (up),, (there)'
Ahitafia 'send' / ohitanifia 'send up (to there, to that point)'
alarm 'buy' / alaniia 'go and buy' (movement along with the act of buying)
Questions and Answers - '.,Tist'afianacampi iyaw sai1anacampi

Open Questions -
M. Tata, cuns masUrojj lurtajja?

E. Vac kollun awatta.
M: Cuns jiwasanacajj masUrojj lurapjjtan?

E. Chawll catupjjtan.
M. Cuns.Juanamp Pedrompejj pasir semanajj mank'apjje?
E. Jupanacajj t'ant'amp quesomp mank'apjje.
H. Cawcs masgrmanthejj Lucasajj sari?

E. Jupajj qhaya jach'a khath sari.
M. Cawcs pasir martesajj nanacajj sarapjjta?

E. Chuquiag sarapjjtajja.
M. Nayarmanthejj jumanacajj cuns tata Pedron phuchapampejj

lurapjjtajja?
E. Isinac ch'ucupjjta.

172
LESSON XVII - Open Questions
M. Tata, awichamajj masUrojj aych mank'eti?

E. JYsa manklewa.
M. Jisc'a imilla, jilamajj nayrarmanthejj pelot anatiti?

E. JTsa, anatiwa.
M. Tata Ignacio, masayp'ojj jumajj khath sartati?

E. JY.sa, sartwa.
M. Wastirojj jumanacajj jilaman utapan thokOpjjtati?

E. nsa, thokopjjtwa.
IL Wasarmanthejj nayamp jumanacampejj walja mank' mank'apjjtanti?

E. JYsa, mank'apjjtanwa.
M. Pedrojj masUrojj walja ovejanac qhariti?

E. JYsa, qhariwa.
II. Positive - Chekanaca
M. Jumajj masUrojjyap lurtati?

E. Jisa, nayajj masUrojj yap lurtuwa..,
M. Nayrarojj jumajj ch'ok altati?

E. JYsa, nayrUrojj nayajj ch'ok altuma.
N. NayrUrojj jupanacajj pelot anatapjjeti?
E. JYsa, nayrUrojj jupanacajj pelot anatapjjewa.
M. MasUrojj jiwasanacajj cartanac kellkapjjtanti?
E. JYsa, jiwasanacajj cartanac kellkapjjtanwa.
Masayp'ojj jupajj suma arunac parliti?
E. JYsa, jupajj masayp'ojj suma arunac parliwa.
M. Tata Timoteo/Wiffnaiihuchapampi thokoti?
E. JYs, mama, tata TimotetlitYPe2aA phuchapampi thokowa.
M. Elenampi Rositampejj/Rniai41rapjjeti?
E. JYs, tata, Elenap Rositampeblailai sarapjjewa.
M. Pasir semana Voluntaria wawamar kolliti?
E. JYsa, pasir semana Voluntaria wawajjar kolliwa.
M. MasUrojj jumanajj pankaranac khech'aptati?
E. JTs, cullaca, nanacajrarallanac khech'apkuwa.

C
HOSSTI IIAX suoTasanb pue saamsuv

aATaTsoa
'N ccugumn cfold4rakeu aoTad cumeaaeue

3 caw ffesemTf ffosdicuakeu aoTad umuvaaeue
TA cfoansuR ffeAuu Aosp T3aTe 1
.a gen(' ffoansum ffemnf *tap -amerce
N ffolnaArm ffudnf 2eTnbnq0 6TaTaus
Gyszr froanalieu ffednf SuTnbruip umpes
aTsua pfeaum crypeuednf Tum 4Taaffdeqoef
.a 4esxr aTsed cream ffuouuednf TED arfdeqoef
la rfosdAua4um ffuovuednf uedo2Tme =dean LTaaffdTnbT
.a leszr ffeoeuednf uudogTme uudyan .umacfdTnbT
aTsea fresaunT ffemnp uemeTTf dean aTaTsTA cpeaaus
g geszr aTsed cfesaunT ffekeu u2ffeTTf duan aTaTsTA .umnaaus
'III anT122911 utr eavueliaqo
'N pfumnr rraqauewansum arum Taraaus

'a gemTuer ffukeu traq4uumansum FiTuuf oxem -pales
"N cfoanaAvii rfednf ouuTsT 4TaTsfcesa
'emTuer ffudnc ffoana4eu oTuef peuTsT TaTubscfusa

'N ffeoeuesenTr aTsud cfasffaqd TTmeqo ijauuasnuum
.3 6emTuar fpeoeuumnf aTsud cfasffrqd mTurf 'Tamp .fleaodesAuum
.N ffeSuN ffaqauemansum mns aumSe LTaneauS
6umTuur rFumnr rratpuumaRsum mTuvr aumke mns TavapnaardL
frbznaSem cfednf nunqb anuol 14uaeqbem .TaTunm
.a 4umTuer ffednf ffoanakeu mTuuf nunqb anuol ueauquem .TaTnbunm
posdAvakeN fceasor TTmeqo =Teo ao% LT3TleS
4VMprer craiditelAVU rcESOr CUV, ELT Met'? so an am' .TaTnbas
'N cfusemTr ffeqauemanaAeu mTuuf uesupuuTqqaTte deTanosa cpueapaus

guszr MtuEC sTauvapass
.N proanseN ['Cedric deft Lyman
71 4umruer ffoansum ffednf mTuef dell -TaTnbanT
SW cfeoeuumnr aTsed ffesquqd asnaam an ITleadetmnbse
4umTuer ffeoeuuu aped cfesquqd mTuec asnaam an sTaodutioTnbse
'N ffaqauemansum fposuumnr ueTavyl dtsT coeldnscfasa
4umTuur cfaqauemansem ffrovuuu mTue; ueTauN dTsT apodnsffusa
'N sea 1T Fr9SCPKId Frviteu mTuec nunqb non
6Tapuqbem
'Ton *umuavauqbem
.3 gessr ffumnr aTsvd fcasffeqd rcemnf nunqb

NOSSTI IIAX
g aTsca fCasCCeqd ffemq aTuef nunqb TIox Lemeqbem

atsed
a ccascpeqdpeszr rceAeu mTucf nunqb TT011 T33BIlimm
lg sea at ppednC aTucc eAeqb nunqb Trol aUbacqbem
fcastIng
a ccesCreqd/gsAr ffednr mTuec eAeqb nunqb no% 'T3Tnbacqbem
g ITSEd PCRIBM PCBOVUUMTIP 4TUBP eftem 4eqoem oeuTs LeaadTuede
a lesu aTsed ffeaem PPOEUEU mTucE efTem negoem oeuTsT podtuede
g rfoanaAem cfmq aTuec nunqb TToi ucleqbem Leapaescre
.a sew ffoanaAeu CreAttu mTuer nunqb TTo% Reaeqbem -TaolesCre
g CfoanakeN Cpesemg aTuer 'mg uoapaa uedean tueaoaesfre
'a 'BsIr cfoanaAeu fresemTp mTuef elegy, uoapaa uedevt -puB301escpe
SW cCemnr cCalpuemaRsem aTuef ucaTmec nvogx oeuTsT LeaosCcesa
a sew fceAvu praqaunmaRsem mpiec ueaTmeC immix oeuTsT 'Tlospfela
an2oTeTa oauano
VINIVW amvaasor t miamvsaual arravniva
Masor seuang savou emem csaaal, maTseaTsTA 'Blanc

:esaaal, mama seqoou 4emem oTTem GeCCeaanf
:f Av gemem poleAcu Tem gnaTfaeq cpaggem deA eaanT Tem4leon cuipmf
CceqqaTr 'nansn 4Tasemnr goaRsem surto leCrelanT
:1 AV `mem ccoallsem NeAeu cCeTTP ue dean geoaes Ccednr
emus on m
Tunm fceqmoTr qouod 'eansnmes
:r CcemBUr 1Tacansn
mTuer 4TaTnbRansn cpcdnf xosqo 4plonde1C quAeu mnaednC seadeue4
:r UmunTr ccedeoeuemAn cmfan
geszr 'emTfan pfeocA eonna 4emTucAvd Cceammi Rd gemeouna
Tasefano eaCcos emeouna
:r sTaTqb eon ocuemAn mem!
CceTTr ue mcdeem 'flume Clednr eouna ueAed
cuqueaem
aTanr rfeacm mnan2sTnbnii3 Tueaes pm uoT2aToo 'TnbeaeueneaeA
Cpcoeuemnr ffoansum deA LTleappeanT
geszr rude e3fpullondeA
seotuTaTqb LeaccdeanT

iir
LESSON 'Wiz - Dialogue
J: Tatajjamp, namajjamp, jilajamp nayampla7 lurapjjta.

Jilamajj walja kollkeniti?1
T: nsa, walja kollkeniwa. Masgrmanthiw jupajj Achacach marcan =a
jach'a liq'i vac alji, uca kollkempejj calamin alani, jumasti
cawcs jichhajj sargtajja?
J: Jichhajj tatajian estanciap cbawll apH.
2
T: Uca estancianquir jakenacajj wal chawil munapjje. Pas it marajj
chachajjajj wal chawil catu, jichhajj jenir catquiti.
J: Nayan chachajjamp yokajjampejj wal chawil jichha marajj catupjje.
3
T: Chachamamp yokamampejj k'apha jakenacasg.
J: JYs mama, juman chachamasti, jichhajj cons lurasqui?
T: Jupajj and yap qhaya wila kollun lurasqui, arumanthejj Chuquiag
ovej aych aljiriw apani.
J: Ovej aychajj liq'iti?
T: Jisa, masUruw qharipjjta, uali jach'awa, liq'iraquiwa.4
J: Ay chhuy,5 uqhgmajj mama visitawaysmawa, arumanthiw wasitat jutH,
jichhajj sarjjg6mama, wank' phayataj j awa.
T: Waliquiw mama, saraquimay.
NOTES
1 kollkenina 'to have money': kollke 'money;' -ni- possession
marker added to a noun.
2 Es222EanciAlasain 'from that community' (Lit., 'Those who are in
that community')
-nquir
n location marker
gui relative marker (Cf. Grammar, Lesson IV)
r(i) 'people who are' (Cf. notes on -ri, pp. 83, 102)
3 'Are your husband and son active men?' Vowel length converts the
noun into a verb form.
4 lig!iraquiiia 'are also fat.'

-raqui- 'also'
5 'you don't say'
6 sariik 'I'll be going.' Future tense verb plus 7117 infix.

Rudimentos ascribes to -ii- the meaning of 'back (e.g. to my
house, etc.)'

9Lt
NOSS31 IIAK - anUTEla
VIVI frOIRVa VLVJ IIVSOIHVO MI2IIZISIA IBS

toicled souana seep u4B4 gsoTae3 0484DseDuuDe
:soTle3 snaumnr oTquafTnbuaememin emlasumum
:a 04e4gmosRsTme0
:0 qty gum ccoaulivu meDeuvavdmu -n4nsn
:a Deae4uun0 ELT4smu4sn
:3 rpansull cp4eu Rm TioqaD ge4opatprdeA 4eDn rpaeltuu .114nsn
:a LTdmPTIO
:3 nur mIdmrceTTP *B3.108411
:a umeto 4T4e4fpn4eD
:3 mTuer ecTua 4D II gT4Ddn4eD rfa4nDiteTuunD rpm ualcuti4 .umnan
TECH gnlaccdurAuti4 4eilluum gn4Tnbeaeccder4nu 4eDn ccupuuuu
mnae4n -84ccdelnp
:a 4e4Tsum 04e4Raus
:3 aT4nr meseunT 4u4Tsum gRaes uvaes 4T4u4unm
:a gszr gum4unm sTdmvon Daum vmscpuuaus
:3 snaeun0 OIBM OVPNWES
:a %etyma DuuTsT aTsuTe gumucceimays frump CratpuemaRsem 4n
iT4eumnbse
:0 mTuer 'pogo-mine aT4ng muuumas RtipTubse
:a lty 24E4 gsoTau0 IIDAu uTsere ge4unm suutibmeo Con ,t
:0 e4BI uopea uedepuaT4 gTr4n ffednc umTnbsuDueDn
:a cCumgcbv gem geffe4NninammmuD 4.egweiD geme4RDsTseTTox uup
-T4mTsTnbeTT 04sumulloA v1T4Tubsumme
:0 gumTuer nTuer gT4TubDueDe ffudnf nme din 'Taus
:a ccoansupl iTeme)ja o4ne pell4 aTtmnbsu LT4Taes

:3 gemTuer mTuec gT4Tnbaus cwt.'? Tum Tsualtuc g.T4semnr LT4e4aus
:a mTuer peAeu gT4Daes mnauffelpTme ovuum4n ;14eme 84duusl

:3 cpeccmm Tvm 'emB.144 cpednc mTuef 4uno cpansum 1:yanT
T4Tnbunm
5
:a fpemu4o7, itTu gummtem cCuednp Tem Deundra umuduweanT
:3 gent. Attu gempultem sTdmvon Crudnf Du.uavue gTunm mTuec Foaukau
du< gvs...eanT itn smT4ume IT4n4TnbdeurA
8
:a crumRqbv '.84u4 TELL (184 gumumeuuAuanT mTuup E..1).RdpuTsuaAup
ueittem gruffeno4 Tim eumutidusx CTudnr Tem dy4 'Taut raAO
gT4Bme 4n gpind sT gTsfpul4 uTu gTicetid also unD 6.TanT

177
LESSON XVII - Dialogue
C: Yokamajj wall suma waynas trte.

10
P: Ay tata Carlos yokamarojj suma jakU,- yatichaaamawa. Yap
lurayam, ut picheyam, is t'ajjsiyam,..-nin phayayam, uywanacar
mank' churayam. 11
C: Waliquiw tata, ughSmajj nayajj yokajjarojj yatichSwa.
12
P: Jichhajj nib,* horaajjewa, nayajj sarawayjg, jutir semanaw
wasitat visitasir juts, ucqhaw juc'amp parlasiani. Sarawayjjg,
tata.
C: Waliquiw tata, jiquisibcam tata.
NOTES
1 'How are you?' camisabcaa
camiasctsa camisgsctansa camisasipctansa
csmisgsipctsa
camislisctasa camisgsipctasa
camisSsquisa camisgsingla
According to Rudimentos, the difference between cemisSsetasa and

camisagui is stylistic: the former is more "polite" and the latter
is more "perfunctory."
A similar relationship may exist between the verb wallimissatt
'to be fine, well' and the adverb waliaui:
waliguYsctwa waliquYsctanwa waliquMsipctanwa
waliqu'Isipetawa
m22.410271. yallgesipquiwa
Egiaqi is said to connote 'temporary quality.'
2 Cunatarac?'why?': Lit. 'for what?'
3 Cunarus? 'For what?'
4 CamScharaquy.Sajja? 'What am I to do?' Infinitive camSchera 'To do

something.'
camSchaila 'to do something.'
-raqui- 'then'. Adds a note of familiarity: e.g. camisquiraui
'What's new?' (In other contexts, -Imuk means 'also')

178
ali
LESSON XVII - Dialogue - Notes
4 (continued)
c'achhata 'slowly'
/WO
kollasiiia 'to cure oneself', kollafia 'to cure'; kolla 'medicine'

jan llaquisimti 'don't worry, be upset.' llaguisifia 'to be troubled'
The negative imperative is formed by adding the suffix -m to the

verb stem; -ti marks the negative. Janiw is contracted to jag..
5 Jayrasi 'he i3 lazy.' Infinitive isyrasifia
6 niya 'already, now'
7 janiw nayamiix2p luransa, uyw awatinsanapquituti. "He doesn't
even help me to work the field or to pasture the animals.'

The particle -sa means 'even, or'. When attached to an infinitive, the
final vowel cf the latter.is elided. Sa joins two components
(like -Bpi) and is attached to each; it differs from -mai in that
kii
it emphasizes the separateness of the two components.
8 lurLzzlala 'to have work'; causative particle -1g7 is inserted

before the infinitive ending. Cf. Grammar, Lesson XIX.
9 nintEALaria 'to cook' flcir- nine 'fire' and nhayafia 'to cook'
10 lflgIl 'to be a person, man': fake 'man' + vowel lengthening (to form
a verb stem) + infinitive ending.
11 luravam imperative 'have (him) work'.
12 horasajjewa 'It's already time.' -Vlje(wa) 'already'. Nita is often

used in-this construction.
e.g. (niy) arumajjewa 'It is already night time.'
(nix) mddima 'It is already day time.'
(N.B. It is not clear whether long vowels U and Y must become
8, B in the presence of postvelar ii)

1.79
LESSON xv!'l Tunca quimsakallkonir lecciona
adobe adobe adobe

arado (aratu) arado a plow
auto(awtu) auto car
botella (putilla)' botella bottle

ch'anqha caito woolen thread
cuaderno (cutirnu) cuaderno notebook
hpbas (jawasa) babas beans
jarisiiik lavarse tc wash (=ascii')
jichhu paja para techo straw for roofs
kala piedra stone
khollina arar to plow
lamana bafiador large bowl
lampa pala a metal shovel
lapiza lgpiz pencil
leeta (liyina) leer to read
ilelee barro mud
papela (papila) papal paper
phuqhu olla pot
pico (Picu) picota pick (inst. used in

farming)
uchafia poner to put
waculla cgntaro large narrow - mouthed

pitcher
wajcha (wawanaca) hugrfana, hugrfana orphan
wayucha jarra, chata pitcher
I. -taoui- can be attached to interrogative pronouns, nouns and

infinitives to indicate purpose. With interrogative pronouns, the
interrogative suffix -sa is added; with nouns, pronouns and verbs in
declarative sentences, -wa is added and in interrogative sentences,-ti.
Negative constructions are formed with jam?.,
(a) Interrogative pronouns with -tAlaisa:
Alititaquis acsila? 'Who is this for?'

180
LESSON XVIII - Grammar
Cunataquisucluankaraiiel
What is that flower (are those flowers)
Uca for?'
(b) Nouns and pronouns with -taquiti /

Uca librojj mamataquiti? 'Is that book for the senora?'
Uca_pankarajj lulujjataquiwa. 'That flower is (those flowers are)
for my little girl.'
Uca ch'ivgr vacajj nayataquiwa. 'That black cow is for me.'
(c), Infinitives with -taquiwa:

Aca adob luranata uiwa. 'This mud is for making adobes,'
JazachartnAcataanifiatauiwa. 'This pitcher is for bringing water:
Aca papelamp lapizampealeeLyatekatalaguiti? 'Is this paper and
pencil for learning how to read?'
(d) Negative constructions: lark comes before the verbal clause:

AcaL:ak'ejj jan adob luranataqui. 'This mud is not for making
adobes.'
II. The suffix -na-which indicates possession (Lesson II) is synonymous with
the -na-which marks location (cf. Lesson IV). The resulting ambiguity is
usually resolved by context:
e.g. Aca melotaji.Josean yokallapanquiwa. 'This ball is Jose's
daughter's'
Aca pelotajj Josean utapanquiwa. 'This ball is in JoWs house. '=
'This ball belongs to Jose's house.'
into a verb phrase
To convert a noun phrase ending in the suffix -111-4 the verbalizer g is
attached to the -n-. With interrogative pronouns, the suffix -sa is
added to the verb ending; in dedlarative sentences, -wa is attached to
the verb ending; in interrogative sentences without an interrogative
pronoun, the particle is added:
e.g. ghitinquis aca utaija?
'Whose (lit. of whom) house is this?'
Aca utajj qhitinauisa?
jcLl'ilaluta..PecirotjxcapgAca.ataanuiwa. 'This large house is

Pedro's son's.'
()halm habas vapojj tatamanquiwa. 'That bean field over there is
your father's.'
Qhaya babas yapojj tatamanquiti? 'Is that bean- field over there
your father's?'

LESSON XVIII
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscujia
M. Aca pankarajj mamajjataquiwa.
E. Aca pankarajj mamajjataquiwa.
M. juman
E. Aca pankarajj juman mamamataquiwa.
M. jupan
E. Aca pankarajj jupan mamapataquiwa.
yokapataquiwa
E. Aca pankarajj jupan yokapatqquiwa.
M. uca wacullajj
E. Uca wacullajj jupan yokapataquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Uca wacullajj jiwasan yokasataqUiwa..

1
M. juman
E. Uca wacullajj juman yokamataquiwa.
M. allchhimataquiwa
E. Uca wacuilajj juman allchhimataquiwa.
M. qhaya lamanajj
E. Qhaya lamanajj juman allchhimataquiwa.
M. jiwasanacan
E. Qhaya lamanajj jiwasanacan allchhinacasataquiwa.
M. jumanacan
E. Qhaya lamanajj jumanacan allchhinacamataquiwa.
M. wawanacamataquiwa
E. Qhaya lamanajj jumanacan wawanacapataquiwa.
M. qhuri kokajj
E. Qhuri kokajj jumanacan wawanacamataquiwa,
M. jupanacan
E. Qhuri kokajj jupanacan wawanacapataquiwa.

182
LESSON XVIII - Substitution Drill
M. Uca machak utajj nayan tiojjan yokapataquiwa.
E. Uca machak utajj nayan tiojjan yokapataquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Uca machak utajj jiwasan tiosan yokapataquiwa.
M. juman
E. Uca machak utajj juman tioman yokapataquiwa.
M. jupan amigopan cullacapataquiwa
E. Uca machak utajj jupan amigapan cullacapataquiwa.
M. qhaya liq'i kawrajj
E. Qhaya liq'i kawrajj jupan amigopan cullacapataquiwa.
M. jumanacan
E. Qhaya liq'i kawrajj jumanacan amigoman cullacapataquiwa.
M. Josean jilapan warmipataquiwa
E. Qhaya liq'i kawrajj Josean jilapan warmipataquiwa;
M. qhuri jach'a lamanajj
E. Qhuri jach'a lamanajj Josean jilapan warmipataquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Qhuri jach'a lamanajj jiwasan jilasan warmipataquiwa.
M. juman
E. Qhuri jach'a lamanajj juman jilaman warmipataquiwa.
M. nayan jilajjan wawanacapataquiwa
E. Qhuri jach'a lamanajj nayan jilajjan wawanacapataquiwa.
M. qhuri adobenacajj
E. Qhuri adobenacajj nayan jilajjan wawanacapataquiwa.
M. jupanacan 4".
E. Qhuri adobenacajj jupanacan jilapan wawanacapataquiwa.
M. aca wacullanacajj
E. Aca wacullanacajj jupanacan jilapan wawanacapataquiwa.

183
N. Aca jach'a calamin utajj Pablonquiwa.
E. Aca jach'a calamin utajj Pablonquiwa.
M. Rositan phuchapanquiwa
E. Aca jach'a calamin utajj Rositan phuchapano,uiva.
M. aca, jlsc'a wayuchajj
E. Aca jise4iwayuchajj Rositan phuchapanquiwa.
M. juman
E. Aca jisc'a wayuchajj juman phuchapanquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Aca jisc'a wayuchajj jiwasan phuchapanquiwa.
M. uca ch'oke yapojj
E. Uca ch'oke yapojj jiwasan phuchasanquiwa.
N. nanacan allchhinacajjanquiwa
E. Uca ch'oke yapojj nanacan allchhinacajjanquiwa.
M. jumanacan
E. Uca ch'oke yapojj jumanacan allchhinacamanquiva.
M. qhaya kalanacajj
E. Qhaya kalanacajj jumanacan allchhinacamanquiwa.
M. jiwasanacan
E. Qhaya kalanacajj jiwasanacan allchbinacasanquiwa.
M. Joseampin Mariampin
E. Qhaya kalanacajj Joseampin Mariampin allchhinacapanquiwa.
M. qhuri iteklemp jichhumpejj

allchhinacapanquiwa.
E. Qhuri 5ek'emp jichhumpejj Joseampin Mariampin
M. nayan
E. Qhuri fiek'emp jichhumpejj nayan allchhinacajjanquiwa.
M. juman yokaman warmipanquiwa
Qhuri fieleemp jichhumpejj juman yokaman

warmipanquiwa.
E.
184
M. Aca fieleejj Pedron utapatac adobenac lurafiataquiwa.
E. Aca ilektejj Pedron utapatac adobenac luraaataquiwa.
N. juman
E. Aca fieleejj juman utamatac adobenac lureataquiwa.
M. jiwasan
E. Aca fiektejj jiwasan utasatac adobenac lurafiataquiwa,
N. uca jichhojj
E. Uca jichhojj jiwasan utasatac adobenac luraTataquiwa.
M. anusatac ut utachafiataquiwa
E. Uca jichhojj jiwasan anusatac ut utachaiataquiwa.
M. nanacan
E. Uca jichhojj nanacan anojjatac ut utacha,.ataquiwa.
M. jiwasanacan
E. Uca :jichhojj jiwasanacan anusatac ut utacheataquiwa.
M. qhaya adobenacajj
E. Qhaya adobenacajj jiwasanacan anusatac ut utachai'ataquiwa.
M. tata Davidan
E. Qhaya adobenacajj tata Davidan anupatac ut utachafiataquiwa.
M. jumanacan uywa uyumataquiwa
E. Qhaya adobenacajj jumanacan uywa uyumataquiwa.
M. qhuri jach'a kalanacajj
E. Qhuri jach'a kalanacajj jumanacan uywa uyumataquiwa.
M. jumampin nayampin
E. Qhuri jach'a kalancajj jumampin nayampin uywa uyusataquiwa.

t..1
M. Joseampin Andresampin
E. Qhuri jach'a kalanacajj Joseampin And.cesampin uywa uyupataquiwa.
M. waynanacan escuelap utachafiataquiwa
E. Qhuri jach'a kalanacajj waynanacan escuelap utachafiataquiwa.

185
LESSON XVIII
Questions and Answers - sJisat'aianacampi iyaw
1. N. Qhitinquis aca jach'a machak utajja?

E. Aca jacl'a machak utajj cullacajjanquiwa.
Cunataquis uca ch'anqhajja7

E. Uca ch'anqhajja escuelar apalataquiwa.
N. Qhitinquis qhaya jisc'a yokaliajja?

E. Qhaya jisea yokallajj jilajjanquiwa.
M. Qhitinquis qhaya machak autojja?

E. Qhaya machak autojj Wanda tawakoiiquiwa.
Cunataquis uca pankaranacajja?

E. Uca pankaranacajj mRmajjataquiwa.
M. Qhititaquis ilhaya liq'i vacajja?

E. Qhaya liq'i vacaij Francisc tawaIxtaquiwa.
M. Qhititaquis aca jach'a librojja?

E. Jilajjataquiwa.
M. Qhititaquis aca suma machak wila ponchojja?

E. JilMr yokajjataquiwa.
M. Qhititaquis uca jank'o jach'a utajja?

E. Mamamataquiwa.
M. Qhaya phuju jac'ancquis uca vacajj qhititaouisa?

E. Tiojjataquiwa.
M. Cunataquis uca jichhump nek'empejja:

E. Adobenac luranataquiwa.
Cunataquis uca lapizamp librompejja?

E. Lee: yatekatataquiwa.
Qhaya adobenacamp kalanacampejj cunataquisa?

E. litachafiataquiwa.
M. Tata, qhuri wayuchanacajj cunataquisa?

E. Uma apanifiataquiwa.

186
LESSON XVIII - Questions and Answers
M. Mama Carlota, aca yapunacajj cunataquisa?

E. Ch'ok japuchafiataquiwa.
M. Qhitinquis aca asnonacamp vacanacampejja?

E. Tata Andresan yokapanquiwa.
N. Qhitinquis uca chlojjila kokanacajja?

E. Tata Joseanquiwa.
M. Qhaya jach'a ch'oke yapojj quitinquisa?

E. Nayanquiwa.
M. Qhaya jach'a tans tawakojj qhitinquisa?

E. Nayanquiwa.
II. Positive - Chekanaca
M. Uca librojj mamamataquiti?

E. JYsa, uca librojj mamajjataquiwa.
M. Qhuri tiendajj amigoman warmipataquiti?
E. JYsa, qhuri tiendajj amigojjan warmipataquiwa.
Ni. Qhuri kalanacajj utacha. ataquiti?
E. JYsa, qhuri kalanacajj utachafiataquiwa.
M. Qhaya jach'a kokajj amigoman yokapanquiti?
E. JYsa, qhaya jach'a kokajj amigojjan yokapanquiwa.
M. Uca lampamp uca picompejj thac lurafiataquiti?
E. Jisa, uca lampamp uca picompejj thac lurafiataquiwa.
M. Qhaya botellajj allchhimataquiti?
E. JYsa, botellajj allchhijjataquiwa.
M. Aca aradojj khollifiataquiti?
E. JYsa, aradojj khollifiataquiwa.
M. Uca wacullajj um uchafiataquiti?
E. J7sa, wacullajj um uchanataquiwa.
M. Qhaya lamanajj jarisifiataquiti?
E. JYsa, qhaya lamanajj jarisifiataquiwa.

187,
LESSON XVIII - Questions end Answers
Ift. Negative - Jan chekanaca
M. Qhuri phuqhojj wank' phayaiataquiti?

E. Janiwa, qhuri phuqhojj jan mank' phayefiataqvi.
M. Aca libronacamp cuadernonacampejj aymar yatekailataquiti7
E. Janiwa, aca libronacamp cuadernonacampejj jan aymar yatekaiietaqui.
Uca ch' okemp apillampejj phayasitataquiti?
E. Janiwa, ch'okemp apiliampejj jan phayasitataqui.
M. Qhaya ileklemp jichhumpejj walja adob luratataquiti?
E. Janiwa, qhaya _ektemp jichhumpajj jan walja edob lurailataqui.
X. Qhuri machak escuel utajj waycha wawanacataquiti?
E. Janiwa, machak escuel utajj an waycnn wawanacataqui.
Dialogue - Cuento
PATRICIONP PA3CUALA11PEJJ VACA KHATUN. CA:P..TJEWA
Patricio: Tata Pascuala, cawqar vaca alatajja9

Pascuala: Qhaya jach'a wila vac alaii munte, ucampis jekepajj q'tdmsaKeilh
patac warank kollk mayi.1
Patricio: Qhititaquis ala, muntajja? yokamataquiti jan ucajj
jumataquicha ?2
Pascuala: Nayataquiwa, chlok yapuchan munta,ucat alasi munta.

3
Pat: Aca Puerto Acostanjj janiw suma vacanacajj utjquiti, antisas
Achacach khathun sum vacanacajj utji.
Pas: Uqhgmapachawa, ucampis Achacachejj wali jayawa, ucat jan
saran muncti.4
5
Pat: Kawkha kollkempis vac alafi muntajja?
Pas: Sojjta patac pakallk tunc warank kolikempiw alai munta.
6
Pat: Cunalaycutejj vacanacajj jichhajj wail carowa.
Pas: CamUcharaquYsti? UqhUmajj jisc'a vacac alI.7
8
Pat: Cunamps jichhajj alafi muntajja?
Pas: Namajjatac suma wacullamp and suma phuqhump munta.
Pat: Aca khathun jichhUrojj janiw phuqhojj aljafiatac utjquiti.

188
LESSON XVIII - Dialogue
9
Pas: Uqhamajj and lamanac all, inas jutir semanajj phuqh alchY.
Jumasti, qhititaquis uca pelot altajja?
Pat: Wawanacajjataquiw alta, jupanacajj wal pelot munapjje.
Pas: Walic uqhamajj tAta Patricio, nayajj laman ala,ucat sarjjafiani.
10
Pat: Waliquiw tata, alanimay, suylmaw tata, chicaw sarjjafiani.
NOTES
1 maviba 'to ask for'

2 'Is it for your son or for you?' jam- cha 'or': literally 'for your
son,(&) not for yourself?'
3 Antisasa 'rather'
4 Ughamapachawa 'It ought to be so.' -pacha- 'should be.'

lava 'far, distant.'
5 'For how much money?':

6 carowa: taro (caru) 'expensive.'
7 Camlcharaqui'sti? 'So what.can I do?' camachaila + -ragui- interrogative
infix.
vacac: c (gui) 'only'
8 Cunamps 'what else.'
9 Uhamarmanacala. 'Then I'm going to buy a washbasin.'

c (qui) 'only'
Inas alchi 'perhaps I',11 buy',. Cf. Lesson XIX.
10 saylawHr 'I'll wait for you': suvaLa 'to wait for, expect'
chicaw sarariani 'We'll go (back) together.' Chica 'together.'

139
LESSON XIX - Tunca ilatuncanir lecciona
Vocabulary - ArunacL
inas (also inajja, inacha) quiz5s, tal vez perhaps

iqui4a dormir to sleep
irpaia (ru) guiar to guide
jachayaiva hacer llorar to cause to cry
jichha mara este aao this year
jutir mara nrOximo aio next year
jutir phajjsi prtiximo mes next month
jutir semana peOxima semana next week
samarafia descansar to rest
Grammar - Suma parlaiataqui,
1. Verbal infix - ma- indicates causative meaning; it is inserted

before the infilnitive;:ending,t.
e.g. iachaia 'cry' / jacilaraAa 'cause to cry'

iwana .
'die' /dinyana 'kill'
sarana 'go' sarayalia 'conduct (a meeting)'
auana 'bring' / apayaria 'order someone else (to do...) '
U. Dubitative future: 'possibly, maybe I'll...' The notion of doubt

may be expressed by the infix -chi- in verb forms:
lure :a
lurchY lurchingni larapiichiani
luraulichY
lurchha lurapidshYta
lurchini
1MEEELIShiAli
Analysis: lur- + (plural -per) + -chi- + personal ending.
future endings: -I.
-ita -ita
-ni -ni
Dubitative forms may take the particle 711a but not -wa.
e.g. NalAdj_ inas lurch!. 'I might do it.'
klayadi inas lurchejia. 'I might do it.'

190
LESSON XIX
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscu,la
M. Nayajj inas yap lurch!.
E. Nayajj inas yap lurch!.
M. jupajj
E. Juapjj inas yap lurchini.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj inas yap lurapjjchingni.
M. chawli mank'apjjchiiigni
E. Jiwasanacajj inas chawll mank'apjjchifigni.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj inas chawli mank'apjjchr.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj inas chawli mank'apjjchini.
M. yap khollipjjchini
E. Jupanacajj inas yap khollipjjchini.
jumajj
E. Jumajj inas yap khollch!'ta.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj inas yap khollchiani.
M. nana,;ajj
E. Nanacajj inas yap khollipjjchr.
M. khath sarapjjch!
E. Nanacajj inas khath sarapjjchr.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj inas khath sarchi.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj inas khath sarapjjchita.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj inas khath sarapjjchini.

T5I
mossaa XIX - uoT3n4T3sqnS UPC'
.N ccuAt,N rraqluumnas seuT PAO -034rme

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rrudnr
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rpoyuysemTC
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nunqb -Fox Tup-moudnutibem
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ereovuuu proidAuauKx
rrepuuuN prosdAvaeqx suuT nunqb rroN Iqzrre.u4rqbvm
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192
LESSON XIX - Substitution Drill
M. Pedrojj arumanthejj inas chawll catur kot sarchini.
E. Pedrojj arumanthejj inas chawll catur kot sarchini.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj arumanthejj inas chawll catur kot sarchlta.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj inas chawll catur kot sarapjjchini.
M. caballonacar mank' churapjjchini.
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj inas caballonacar mank' churapjjchini.
M. jiwasajj jutir phajjsejj
E. Jiwasajj jutir phajjsejj inas caballonacar mank' churchinni.
M. jumanacajj
. If
E. Jumanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas caballonacar mank' churapnchita.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas caballonacar mank' churapjjchifigni.
M. Pablon ch'oke yapup khech'apjjchifigni
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas Pablon ch'oke yapup

khech'apjjchifiani.
M. nanacajj jutir marajj
E. Nanacajj jutir marajj inas Pablon ch'oke yapup khech'apjjchY.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj jutir marajj inas Pablon ch'oke yapup khech'chifiani.
M. aymar yatekchifiani
E. Jiwasajj jutir marajj inas aymar yatekchiilni.
M. jumajj khartirojj
E. Jumajj khartirojj inas aymar yatekchYta.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj khartirojj inas,aymor yatekapjjchita.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj khartlrojj inas aymar yatekapjjchini.

193
LESSON XIX - Substitution Drill
M. Jumamp nayampejj inas arumanthejj aca vacanac aljchiani.
E. Jumamp nayampejj inas arumanthejj aca vacanac aljchittgni.
M. Mariamp S'Asanampejj
E. Mariamp Susanampejj inas arumanthejj aca vacana,1 aljapjjchini.
jumamp warmimampajj
E. Jumampwarmimampejj inas arumanthejj aca vacanac aljapjjrhlta.
pelot anatait munapjjchita
E. Jumamp warmimampejj inas arumanthejj pelot anatat munapjjchYta.
N. nayamr jumanacampejj kharayptojj
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj kharayptojj inas pelot anata munapjjchiCHni.
jumajj
E. Jumajj kharayptojj inas pelot anata-71 munchl!ta.
M. Josean marcap purchna
E. Jumajj kharayp'ejj inas Josean marcap purchita.
M. nayamp cullacanacajjampejj
E. Nayamp cullacanacajjampejj inas kharayp'oji Josean marcap puripjjchY
M. nayajj jutir marajj
E. Nayajj jutir marajj inas Josean marcap purchY.
N. jumamp nayampejj
E. Jumamp nayampejj jutir marajj inas Jcsean marcan purchifiNni.
M. yap lurafi samarchiani
E. Jumamp nayampejj jutir merajj inas yap lura samarchiani.
M. nayamp jilanacajjampejj jutir phajjsejj
E. Nayamp jilanacajjampejj jutir phajjsejj inas yap luraR samarapjjch!.
M. Timoteojj
E. Timoteojj jutir phajjsejj inas yap lurafi samarchini.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas yap lure samarapjjchlta.

V6T
MOSS3I XIX
uopaIdwo3 WW1 - peunav uqmpeAoqd
eqZ aolonalsuT saAT2 e 83119311as uT abeTle2au pue alp luapnls spuodsaa

114Tm e aseaqd paonpoa4uT Act 2uTpiozveriirT of alp uaal2ed opa3ea3suomap
.2.a 14 preAem Croanstm mTuec 2eTanqp -poles

6a CreAsu ffoansem mTuer 2eTnbuti0 4T4paes seuT ProanqqaTr gases
'w rfolpad mTuec dept .T3TnbanT

6a CP/pea mTuec 'TaTnbanT seuT Cfatpuemnae .TuTpani
14 fcepeuem ffoidABIAeu mTuec toted 4T3odeleue
a ccepeueN UoidicelAeu mTuer toted 4Tvdeleue seuT proanaeql
-pocrde3eue
ccumnf LATImc Uoinsum Ummlo "P230393
a Ccemnr mTuef Proansem TVIRIP 'fly20123 smut fcatpuemnle oenciplep
14 rgeovuemnr mTuec 41e3 F4B4pdeniel
a ccepeuemnr tiTuer axed 'TV3341eATTall smut apnc Peuemas v3S40crdent
.N Cceoeuednr mTuer CCoanatieu allom de4 imnbdegpanA
3 rpoeuednr mTuef qoanaiteu allom d84 'T4TubdeoloaLI smut /prig
cpasgeo TuTtioCCdematm
'N ccesemu iTsed rcauTmop mueg cfoiesulu4 2BTanio -FluelodiT
a ccesemTr aTsed cco2uTmop mTuer prolesele4 2uTnbntio gpuelodaT smut
aprif Ho2uTmop TutrmodaT
14 Cpuesns ppoidAvaAeu mTuwC Ccolednue oluem .T1Injoinql
62, Cceuesns CCoaditeliceu mTuec cfolednue dluem 6T2Tnbanqo smut ppoiditeam
eTuTqoanqo
'N pfeoeuesemTr mueC toted -Tluelodeleue
.3 qepeuesemu mTuec loTad gpue4odezeue smut amp cropeqes -rfde4eue
.TuRTuto
'N ppesemTr aTsed ccescpeqd mTuBc 6pue43110114
6a rpesumTr aTsed ccascpeqd mTusc 4T4ueqoloq4 suuT artnc cfascpqd
.Turi-Tqmpq4
14 cCeicem pains= mTuec uercely4 depeuelmeA eT4o4eme
.3 CceiteN Ccoansem muec ueCce4e4 depeuelmeA 4T4o4ume suuT ccalpuemnau
..solyme
14 ffemnr mTuec aemelez .T4e4odeueA
3 premnr mTuec aemele4 4T4elodeue4 seuT rCoanaeql. eliviodeuvA
14 dmemnr ccadmalmTmaem mtuer n-vol 3.euTsT pp/II/Ara TleladTsCreo
.3 dmemnr ccedummTmaem mTnep niesA ouuTsT CcoallaAeu iT4e4odTscpe1 *smut
apnr peuemas -ol-soffdTsccell

c61:
HOS3147 YiX uor.aidmoD ITTaq
cpeArn ccoansem mTuep sT post:Teo

'a cpekoN pponsem myuep ST srupTazspregl ppaqauumnie iliqosepetz
pemar ppoinsvm &peg an T.TelotioTd
dg cpemnr PPoinsum mprec 411 suuTspv43q3.0 rptilumnar -01744NoTd
cpsumu ccoinakeu mTuec qoAv -puyaovem
'a ppesemTr proiniAuu ATtrep tioke sBuTs-pue33,Aurm Ccoinieq4 .Tuluppiluem
Cpudnr rpoiwziCeu mpleC ciat .mnbint
Ccydnr ccoinaiim mTueg deS srupmnbant al:Tar presount .TrTgoinT
pPeovuesvmu ;Coins= aTtreC .-Fluu4pdTnbT
ppoymgemTr proinsum mTuec svuvpuenodpliaT rf7aTiumnas

.TuvrtioUdpbT
rCemieN croidAraAru /quer 4uTed .Tlociv4eue
'a ppeammx CCogdAviAuu &Tuec 4oTed sauppadt3nua rcoldAyampl
*Tiqopede4eue
ppeoeuemni pponsefl mTuee *T4e4odeieures

.a epepeuemnr eponsem mime; suuT4Tzrlodeavules pecandanp *elicqppedeiew3s
N ppeoeuednr progdiceeem mTuee 4oxod *T4TnbdTsete
'a ppoeuednr pco5dAesem mTueP aojod s-JuT6T4TnbdTseTe epow.eql
*TuTtiorpdTsete
'N epaq4uumnav peek= aTuee piew *T4pies

.a ccalpuvulnavUeSsu mluec pam seuT'.:npays aprip uTmop cCo
'14 ppexpuumniv CcounC mTu?c trazgo .pelpTe3
a peatiluemniV ppemne irrul4 umvp sytiT6TaulNoTeo Uoindinf 84,11133vo
14 apnr CrasrCevid cr.estwr mTuer erung TTox .T3TuNue34eqbem
a apnr Cpasppeqd PeusumTp mTueP nunqb Tio)1 seuy'T;TuRgeozeqbem
optic cream :Nolyulbum *Tug
TAI aT4nr Ceesppeqd Hedne aTuee *T4Tuepxoql
a apnr eresPpeqd reednp mTuep seuTgy3Tueonoql iTznp epexem TuTpAotp
DaBla go/ preoeuesemp mTuep *T1TuRueodnaet
.a proniem ppeoeueseme mTuee seuTgT4TuEueodnaeT ['Condone -Cednin
*TuE4P10
4 Ceonaeqx Ppeoeueu aTuee 9jeo -modem

.a cconiem epeoeueu myuep pjeo seuT6T4Rodemn apne ['pumas *Apecdemn
N ppidAvieu ppeoeuumnp mTuer 3180 "PenodBITT94
H epoidAvieu ppeoeuewnp myuee lavo suuT'TTenodeuTaN apnp ereuumas
'e441-13PcdenTall

196
LESSON XIX - Completion Drill
M. Kharayp'ojj jupanacajj janiw aymar yatekapcaniti.

E. Kharayp'ojj jupanacajj janiw aymar yatekapcaniti,inas jutir phajjsejj
yatekapjjchini.
Nayajj wawajjar janiw jarcti.

E. Nayajj wawajjar janiw jarcti ,inas kharUrojj- jarchY.
1. Jumajj tatamar janiw yanapctati.
E. Jumajj tatamar janiw yanapctati ,inas jurpUrojj yanapchTta.
M. Jiwasajj tatasarojj janiw Chuquiag irpctanti.
E. Jiwasajj tatasarojj janiw Chuquiag irpctanti,inas jutir marajj
irpchiAni.
M. uiclajj anuparojj janiw mank' churquiti.
E. Jupajj anuparojj janiw mank' churquititinas arumanthejj churchini.
M. Jiwasanacajj uywanacasarojj janiw awatctanti.
E. Jiwasanacajj uywanacasarojj janiw awatctanti ,inas kharUrojj
awatipjjchi Mni.
M. Nanacajj wawanacajjarojj janiw jachayapcti.
E. Nanacajj wawanacajjarojj janiw jachayapcti ,inas jutir marajj jachayap-
jjchT.
Jumanacajj yokallanacamarojj janiw mank' churapctati.

E. Jumanacajj yokallanacamarojj janiw mank' churapctati,inas kharayp'ojj
churapjjchYta.
T. Jupanacajj choke yapunacaparojj janiw khech'apquiti.
E. Jupanacajj ch'oke yapunacaparojj janiw khech'apquiti,inasjutir
semanajj khech'apjjchini.
Questions and Answers - Jisct'afianacampi iyaw sajianacampi
Answer with inas and the dubitative future.

e.g. M. Cuns arumanthejj jumajj lurgta?
E. Janiw yatcti, inas yap, lurchY.
M. Jiwasanacajj arumanthejj is eajjsipjjananiti?

E. Inas t'ajjsipjjchifiRni, ucampis janiw yatipctanti.
M. Tata Pedrojj arumanthejj mare saraniti?
E. Inas sarchini, janiw yatcti.

197
LESSON XIX - Questions and Answers
Nayamp jumampejj kharErojj cuns luraEgni?

L. Inas walja mank' phaychingni.
M. Tata Carlos,nanacajj cuns lurapjjg jutir semanajja?
E. Inas Achacach aych alir sarapjjchita.
Cawcs kharErojj Joseajj jutanil
E. Inas tiopan utap jutchini.
KharErojj cuns lurapjjankni?
E. Inas ut pichapjjchifigni.
N. Jutir semanajj cuns jiwasanacajj mank'apjjanani?
E. Inas aychamp quesomp mank'apjjchirigni.
M. Lulu, mamamajj cuns kharayp'ojj ch'ucuni?

E. Inas m&1 sac ch'ucchini, janiw yatcti,
Yokalla, cullacamajj kharErojj qhaya khath saraniti?
E. Inas sarchini.
M. Mamay, tatajjajj cawcs kharErojj sarani?
E. Inas vac alir sarchini.'
T. Tatay, awichajjajj visitir jutaniti?
E. Inas jutchini.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA JOSEAMP TATA FRANCISCONPEJJ TUAQUIN JIQUISIPJJE
Jose: Tata Francisco, cawcs sarasctajja?

Francisco: Ay tata Jose,marc alasiriw saraa manta, jichhErojj khathuw
utji. Pasir semanajj janiw jakenacajj waljan sarapquiti,
inas jichhErojj sarapjjchini.1
J: MasErojj jumajj yap lurtati?
F: Janiw lurcti, vacanacaw yap luratiataquejj jan utjquiti, inas
jutir pbajjsejj pd jach'a vacanac alchY yap luraaataqui.
,T: Ay tata, yapunacjj niy luraamawa,'cunalaycutejj niy horasawa.
F: Camgcharaqugjja, vacajjay jan utjcchitejja, cuna vacampirac
lurasti?2
Mayan vacanacajjajj inasquiwa, janiw masErojj lurapquiti,
munasmajja, arumanthejj vacanacajjamp lurasmawa.3

198
LESSON XIX - Dialogue
F: Ay koli tata, mayt'asitay tata. Pasir marajj janiw juyrana -

cajj nayatac utjquiti, inas jutir marajj utjchini.4.
Utjaniw tata, jumajj yap lurascaquim.
F: Pasir marajj jallojj janiw wal purquiti, lupiw k'al ch'okenacjj
waasu, inas jichha marajj_jallojj sum purchini.5
Ucapi, cunalaycutejj yapunac khech'a.ajj ch'amawa.6
F: JY.s tata Jose, wali ch'amawa.
Kawkha choke yaps yapuchtajja?
J: Pasir mara?
F: nsa, pasir mara.
J: Kollu patarojj quimsakallk yap yapuchta, utajj jac'arusti
sojjta yap yapuchta. Pasir marajj jallojj janiw purquiti,
inas jutir marajj purchini.
F: Ay tata, nayajj wal llaquista, kollkejj janiw utjquiti,
wawanacajjajj manktatimunapjje, inas jutir marajj cusischY.
J: Ay tata Francisco, nayajj jichhajj sarg, jutir domingow
wasitat
F: Waliquiw tata, jutir domingo jutg.
NOTES
1 khathu can mean both 'market' and 'fair.'

LleSAL4jj17amit,Taniw.all. 'Not many people were there.'
wal'ani : -ni suffix marks animate objects. Cf. Lesson XI.
2 utjcchitejja 'if there should be no' .Infinitive utjata

-tejja often has the meaning of 'if' (possibly composed of negative
-ti + -.lig). Cf. Lesson XXI.
-chi- indicates doubtfulness.
Cuna vacampirac lurgsti? 'Uith what cows will I work?'
3 ingsquiwa 'are useless'; ina 'in vain, useless;' inWia 'to be

unemployed, vacant' (same root as inas?)
munasmajja 'if you want'; the meaning of 'if' is again conveyed by -114.
Arumanthe vacanaca lurasmawa. 'Tomorrow you can work with my

cows.'

199
LESSON XIX - Dialogue - Notes
4 koli interjection expressing flattery, sometimes translated as

mayt'asitav 'lend (them) to me.' Iafinitive mart' aria /
'to lend, give credit' (Cf. root in mavi;ia 'ask for').

juyra 'food staples' (not meat)
5 k'ala 'all; completely'

wansuna 'to dry (up, out)'
6 ch'ama 'difficult'
7 llaquisi a to suffer, grieve'

cusisifia 'to be happy, glad, rejoice'
8 parlana 'to talk' (Cf Spanish zar. 'to chatter')

A derwed verb parlasifia 'to converse' also exists.
Dialogue - Cuento
MA VOLUNTARIOMP TATA JACINTOMPIW JIQUISIPJJE
Voluntario: Buenas tardes,tata Jacinto, camisaqui?

Jacinto: Buenas tardes tata, walic tata.
V: Tata Jacinto, jichhUrojj warmimajj c' awn aljir khath apaniti.?
J: Janiw apcaniti, inas jutir domingojj apchini.

V: Ay tata, nayajj wal c' awn manta' an munta, ucat c' awn
alasili munta.
J: Ay ampi, jichhUrojj Huarin khathun c'awnajj waliw utjani,

ucat alasYta..1
V: Janiw khath sarat muncti, inas arumanthejj sarchi.

J: JichhHjj jumajj janit cawcs sarcHtajja?2
V: Janiw tata, mg juc' p'ekew usutu, ucat rayajj jan cues lura'
muncti, inas arumanthejj tata Pedror ut utachafi yanapchY.3
J: Uqhgmajj jichhajj samarHtati?4

V: JYs tata, samarRwa.
J: Nayajj samarafi muntwa, ucampis ch'ok yapuchafiajjawa.
5
V: Ay tata, karYtaw tata.
J: Janiw tata, janiw karciti.
V: Niy jayp'Ujjew tata, sarawayijM, arumanthejj inas wasitat
visitir jutchM.
7
Waliquiw tata, saraquimay tata, jutHtaw tata.

200
LESSON XIX - Dialogue
NOTES
1 ay ampi 'oh'
2 'You're not going anywhere now?'
3 'My head hurts a little.'

After ucat, the negative frequently occurs without -wa.
4 samarafia 'to rest'
5 karifia 'to become tired' Cf.11Ariaila, Lesson XV.
6 jayp'Bjjew 'It's already late.' Cf. notes to Dialogue, Lesson XVII.
7 jutataw '(you) come (again).' Future used as an imperative.

LESSON XX - pa tun uir lecciona
alaya arriba up
aynacha abajo down

jarekaila lavar to wash
jurpayptu pasado ma-'ana the day after tomorrow

in the afternoon
parlatia hablar talk
qhitafia enviar a alguien to send to someone
sarakaft (ru) bajar to go down
tucuna terminar to finish
Grammar - SLETLparlaataoui
I. Future dubitative necessitative: 'Perhaps I'll have to...'
sarafia
saraiiajjachini saranasHchini sar4-1
sarapj j anai j Hchini
sarafiamachini sarapj j anaachini
sarahapachini sarapi i afiapHchini
infinitive ending +
Analysis: Infinitive + (plural infix) / pronominal suffix
N.B. -chi- doubt mi marks future ten se.
Neither the -its nor the -ma suffix is attached to the verb. Interrog-
ative sentences do not seem to require -IL.

Subject takes -E7 infix:
e.g. Nayanjj jutir marajj inas aymar yatekailaijachini. 'Next year I
may have to study Aymara.'

lacanurtiroinaslaTranachari-ea-gehiniNal. 'The day
after tomorrow we may have to slaughter (lit. behead) some
llamas.'
Jutir phajjsejj nayanjj inas cullacajjar Chuouiakirpanajjachini.
[N.B. Th:e:::::17ewirculal::::: MaavyebteomtoatImt:dd::ghttheerS::::az.'
model: El rtiximo mes uizd's vo ten a ue ilevar a mi hermana

a La Paz.]
III. Future necessitative: 'I will have to...' sarameanitwa 'You will have
to go.' jutapjjahajjgniti I have to come?'

Analysis: Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + infinitive ending +
pronominal%suffix.:v. + -ani- + -wa / -ti.
202
LESSON XX
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuila
M. Nayanjj inas isinac t'ajjsEtajjgchini.
E. Nayanjj inas isinac t'ajjsifiajjachini.
M. jupanjj
E. Jupanjj inas isinac eajjsiTapachini.
jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas isinac t'ajjsijasNchini.
M. cart kellkanasgchini
E. Jiwasanjj inas cart kellkailasNchini.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas cart kellkapjjafiajjachini
M. jumanjj
E. Jumanjj inas cart kellkafiamachini.
M. jupanccanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas cart kellkapjjaapachini.
M. kollkenac jaqhupjjaBapachini
E. Jupanacanj j inas kollkenac jaqhupjjaiiapachini.
M. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas kollkenac jaqhul.ajjachini.
M. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas kollkenac jaqhuaasachini.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas kollkenac jaqhupjjafiasachini.
M. yap luraa tucupjjar,asachini
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas yap luraii tucupjjanasachini.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas yap lure tucupjjeajjachini.
M. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas yap lurail tucui'iajj'Achini

203
LESSON XX - Substitution Drill
N. Pablonjj inas cart kellka'apgchini.
E. Pablonjj inas cart kellkatiapachini.
nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas cart kellka,ajjgchini.
M. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas cart kellkapjja-apUchini.
lluch' lurapjjaiapgchini
E. Jupanacanjj inas lluch lurapjjal.:apilchini.
M. jumanjj
E. Jumanjj inas lluch' lura-amgchini.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas lluch' lurapjjeasgchini.
jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas lluch lurapjjelam&chini.
M. tata Andres quitapjjaaamgchini
E. Jumanacanjj inas tata Andres quitapjjeamgchini.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas tata Andres quitapjjallajjgchini.
M. jupanjj
E. Jupanjj inas tata Andres qhitarapgchini.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas tata Andres qhitapjjalasUchini.
M. anatapjja:asachini
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas anatapjjanasgchini.
jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas anata,aagchini.
jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas anatapjjahamgchini.

204
M. Arumanthejj nayanjj inas wanc'unacar sum uj.jaaajjgchini.
E. Arumanthejj nayanjj inas wanc'unacar sum uajaaajjlchini.
M. jupanjj
E. Arumanthejj jupanjj inas wanc'unacar sum ufijegaphchini.
M. jiwasanjj
E. Arumanthejj jiwasanjj inas wanc'unacar sum ufijafiashchini.
U. qhaya aynach estancia saraF'asHchini
E. Arumanthejj jiwasanjj inas qhaya aynach estancia sarelashchini.
M. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj arumanthejj inas qhaya aynach estancia sarajjCamhchini.
IL nanacanjj jurpayp'ojj
E. Nanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas qhaya aynach estancia sarajja,ajjgchini.
N. qhaya alay estancia jutapjjai,ajj'Achini
E. Nanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas qhaya alay estancia jutapjjaajjgchini.
t. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas qhaya alay estancia

jutapjjafiasachini.
M. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj jurpayp'ojj inas qhaya alay estancia jutabajjgchini.
T. walja mank'anac phayanajjUchini
E. Nayanjj jurpayp'ojj inas walja mank'anac phayahajjkchini.
M. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas walja mank'anac phayapjjeapichini.
H. nanacanjj jutir phajjsejj
E. Nanacanjj jutir phajjsejj inas walja mank'anac phayapjjafiajjhchini.
N. jumanjj
E. Jumanjj jutir phajjsejj inas walja mank'anac phayafiamUchini.
M. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj jutir phajjsejj inas walja mank'anac phayacasichini.

205
M. Jumanjj jutir martesajj inas ch'oke yapump ceboll yapump

khech'afiamgchini.
E. Jumanjj jutir martesajj inas choke yapump ceboll yapump

khech'afiamgchini.
M. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj jutir martesajj inas chtoke yapump ceboll yapump

khech'apjjafiamgchini.
M. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj jutir martesajj inas ch'oke yapump ceboll yapump

khech'afiajjAbhini.
M. wayuchamp wacullamp jarifiaj j gchini
E. Nayanjj jutir martesajj inas wayuchamp wacullamp jarifiajjgchini*.-
M. jumanjj jurpayp'ojj
E. Jumanjj jurpayp'ojj inas wayuchamp wacullamp jarifiamgchini.
M. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj jurpayp'ojj inas wayuchamp wacullamp jarifiasgchini.
N. lamanamp phuqhump alasifiasgchini
E. Jiwasanjj jurpayp'ojj inas!lamanamp phuqhump alasifiasgchini.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas lamanamp phuqhump alnsipjjafiajjUchini.'
M. jumanacanjj jutir marajj
E. Jumanacanjj jutir marajj in lamanamp phuqhump alasipjjafiamfichini.
M. Enriquenjj
E. Enriquenjj jutir marajj inas lamanamp phuqhump alasifiapgchini.
iquii,anacamp ponchonacamp sawufiapachini
E. Enriquenjj jutir marajj inas iquifianacamp ponchonacamp

sawunapachini.
M. jumanjj kharerojj
E. Jumanjj khartirojj inas iquiianacamp ponchonacamp sawunamichini.
M. j upanacanj j
E. Jupanacanjj kharerojj inas iquifianacamp ponchonacamp sawupjjafiapgchini.
M. nayanjj
E. Hosted for free on livelingua.com

Nayanjj kharlirojj inas iquinanacamp ponchonacamp sawufiajfichini.
206
LESSON XX
Completion Drill - Arunac phokachafia
Nayanjj arumanthejj inas yap lurad tucufiajjachini

(tucuta)
Jumanjj arumanthejj inas isinac t'ajjsit. . tucuriamachini

(tucuga)
Jupanjj kharUrojj inas cartanac krAlkafi tucutapgichini

(tucufia)
Jiwasanjj kharUrojj inas merk'e isinac ch'ucufi . tucamachini

(tucufia)
Jiwasanacanjj jutir marajj inas wanc'unac sum unjapjjahasachini

(ufijafia)
Nanacanjj jutir marajj inas wallpanac sum ufijapjjafiajjgchini

(ufijana)
Jumanacanjj kharayp'ojj inas walja aychanac mank'apjjafiamgchini

(mank'ata)
Jupanacanjj kharayp'ojj inas qhaya alay
estancia . (sarafial sarapjjamachini
Jutir marajj nayanjj inas qhaya alay khath saranaj j gchini

(sara6a)
Jutir marajj jumanjj inas qhaya kollu pat mistunamgchini

(mistua)
AruaTathejj jupanjj inas lluch' lure. tucuyampachini
(tucufia)
Jutir semanajj jiwasanjj inas qhuri aynach

tiend (sarafia) sarafiaachini
Arumanthejj jiwasanacanjj inas wawanacasar

sum .(ufijafia) ufijafiasgchini
Kharayp'ojj nanacanjj inas jan wali arunac parlapjjafiajOchini

(parlailia)
Kharayp'ojj jumanacanjj inas pouch sawufi yatekapjjariamgchini

(yatekafia)
Kharayp'ojj j upanacanj j inas walj a iquifianac apanipjjafiapRchini

(apanifia)
Nayanjj jutir juevesajj inas mamajjar uljir sarafiajjachini

(sarafia)
Jumanjj jutir martesajj inas ch'oke yapump ceboll
YaPumP .(khech'aja) khech'afiamachini

2G7
LESSON XX - Completion Drill
Jupanjj jurpilrojj inas tiopan utap visitir jutafiap4chini

(jutaiia)
Jiwasanjj jurpgrojj inas qhaya jisc'a tiendan

.(thokofia) thokofiasgchini
Jiwasanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas machak that lurapjjadasgchini
(lurama)
Nanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas walja libronac . leepjjanajjgchini
(leefia)
Jumanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas aynach estanciar sarakapjjanamgchini

. (sarakaila)
Jupanacanjj jurpayp'ojj inas aynach utar . sarakapjjafiapachivi

(sarakea),
Questions and Answers - Jisceananacampi ivaw sananacampi

4-.'
Answer with inas...
M. Jumanjj marc saraaamgniti?

E. Nayanjj inas marc saraiiajjgchini.
N. Jumanacanjj samarapjjahamgniti?
E. Inas nanacanjj samarapjjafiajjgchini,
N. Jumanjj ch'ok alasifiamgniti?
E. Nayanjj chlok alasifiajjhchini.
N. Jupanjj arumanthejj wallpanac alapapgniti?
E. Arumanthejj jupanjj inas wallpanac alanapgchini.
M. Jumanjj jutir marajj aymar yatekafiamgniti?
E. Nayanjj jutii marajj aymar yatekaEajjgchini.
M. Arumanthejj inas yap lurafiajjgchini?
E. JYsa, arumanthejj inas yap lurariamgchini.
Me Jurpgrojj inas wal parlapjjanajjgchini?
E. J7sa, jurpgrojj inas wal parlapjjafiamgchini.
M. Cartanac kellkapjjaAamati?
E. Inas cartanac kellkapjjafiajjgchini.
EL Kollkenac jaqhuhajjati?
E. Inas kollkenac jaqhudamgchini.

208
LESSON XX - Questions and Answers
M. Awicha, yokamanjj vaca aijir khath sarailapaniti?

E. Inas saraiapIchini.
M. Tata, nanacanjj jutir semanajj pelot anatir jutapjjafiajjaniti?
E. Inas jutapjjanamachini.
M. Mama, phuchamamp nayampejj thokopjjanajjaniti?
E. Inas thokopjjahamachini.
M. Lulu, jumanjj t'awr kapunamaniti?
E. Inas kapuhajjachini.
M. Petrona, tatamajj yap luranapaniti?
E. Inas luraaapachini.
M. Tio, jiwasanacanjj kawranacamp ovejanacamp awatipjjafiasaniti?
E. Inas awatipjjafiasachini, janiw yatcti.
M. Cristina, jumamp tatamampejj ponch sawupjjanamaniti?
E. Inas sawupjjafiajjachini.
M. Achila, nayanjj qhuchinac chariiiajjaniti?
E. Inas qhariftamachini.
M. Tatay, jumanjj yapunac khollinamaniti?
E. Inas kholliiiajjachini.
M. Jila, jiwasanjj walja mank'anac phayafiasaniti?
E. Inas phayaftasachini.
M. Cullaca, jumamp Pablompejj..ana4Pijafiamati?
E. Inas anatapjjaftajjachini.
M. Mamita, jumanjj wawar jaribamati?
E. Inas jariciajgchini.
Dialogue - Cuento
MAMA JUSTINANP TATA DAVIDAMPIW PARLAPJJE
Justina: Jilata
David: Cullaquitay.. .
J: Cuns lurascta?
D: Chac asquichascta.
J: Walic asquichtajja, inas qhaya jisc'a chacamp asquichaiiamach:Lri.

20c,'
LESSON XX - Dialogue
D: Janiw asquichcati, cunalaycutejj janiw qhitis yanapquituti,

inas arumanthejj jakenacajj jutapjjchini.
J: Tata David walic asquichtajja. Mastirojj tata Pedron wawapaX
escuelaruw sari, jallojj wal puri, ucat umaij aca,jawiran
waljaw utji, Pedron wawapajj janiw aca chac maqhatquiti,
cunalaycutejj aca chacaj.j janiw walYquiti. Jichhajj waliquiwa,
tata Pedromp tatanacampejj cusisipjjaniwa.

D: Waliquiw Justina, nayajj comunidadar yanapaLajjawa, inas
jutir semanajj escuel ut asquichabajjachini.
J: Ucajj wall sumawa, inas aca estancianquir jakenacajj ma
jachia fiest lurapjjchini, cunalaycutejj jumajj wall sum
yanaptajja, inas jumanjj thokoiiamachini.
D: JMsa, ,ucampis nayajj janiw kollk muncti, nayajj aca estanciasar
yanapa;i munta, cunalaycutejj estanciasajj wall pobrewa, janiw
suma escuelajj utj quiti, janiw clinicajj utjquitj., janiw, sums
utanacajj utjquiti. Mama Justina, jumajj tawakonacar
parlalamawa, inas jupanacanjj yanapapjjeapachini.
J: Waliquiw tata David, nayajj arumanthiw-harian utap sarg'jupamp
parlanataqui. JiChhajj sari. tats David sara...
D: Waliquiw Justina, waliquiwa..,
MAMA JUSTINAMP TATA DAVIDAMPEJJ Mg JAN UAT'AT WAYNJJAT PARLAPJJE'

J: Jilata...
2
D: Cullaquitay...
Cunarac lurasct jilata?
1): Ay cullaquita, nayajj aca isinacajj eajjsiscta.
lumasti, cawquits3jutascta?
Marc sarta, ucat jutascta. Jichhtirojj jakenacajj ma jan uf,t'at
waynaraw catokapjjani, yattati?4
1): Janiw yatcti, qhitirac5 uca waynasti?
JanYraw unt'cti, tatajjajj --gringow uca waynajj --siwa.6
D: Qhitin utaparus uca waynajj puri?
J: Tata Andres Mamanin utaparuw puri. Uca waynajj pH maraw aca

estanciancan siwa.7
.

210
LESSON XX - Dialogue
8
D: Cunarac lurpachani?
J: Take cunan jakenacar yanapan siwa. Ovejanac sum uywati yatichani,
lee.1 kellkafi yatichan siwa.9
10
D: Ah, uqhamajj nayajj jichhayp'uw sara uca waynamp jiquisiri.
J: Janit yatctasti? Jichhilrojj fiest lurapjjan siwa.
D: Uqhgmajjnayajj jicitipachawilsara.
J: Nayas12 ucat jichhaj,, tak marcat jutta, cunalaycutejj wank'
phayatajjawa.
D: Thokorejj utjaniti? 13
J: Ji'sa,utjaniw siwa, janit jumajj sarcata?

D: Nayajj saran muntwa.
J: Uqhamajj jiquisinaniw jilata, sarawayjja.
14
D: Saraquimay cullaquita, walic aviseistajja.
1 Ian uneat 'unknown'. Uneata is the passive participle of the

infinitive unt'afia 'to know (people), be acquainted with' (Sp. conocer)
-ta is added to the verb stem and replaces the infinitive ending -fia.
waynjjat 'about a boy'; -jjat ' about'
2 cullaquita: affectionate diminutive of cullaca.
3 cawquits?'from where?' cawqui- + t + interrogative marker.
4 ucat 'from there (lit. 'from that').'

catokafa (+Iv] 'to receive'
matika 'to know (how)' (Sp. saber).
5 qhitirac: -raqui is an interrogative particle attached to an

interrogative pronoun. Rudimentos suggests -raqui in this context
is more familiar than -sa. The interrogative particle -sti is often

attached to the last component of the predicate to parallel the use
of -raaui with the subject.
6 JanYraw ufiecti 'I still don't know.'

siwa 'It is said, they say, he says.' Siwa is often used in recounting
stories. The infinitive is safia 'to say', the only monosyllabic root
in the language and irregular in its conjugation:

211
LESSON XX - Dialogue - Notes
safa
punctual
sista sistan sapj j tan
sapjj ta
sista sapj jia
si sapjje
, Luture
sad sabani saLajatiini
sapjja
sata sap!ijata
seni sapjjani
7 estanciancan 'Be is to be in the community;'

contraction of estanciancani; infinitive estanciancana
8 Cunarac lurpachani? 'What will he be doing, most likely?'
lurpachani: future Jurani + insfix -7,acha- probably;'-p=cha-

inserted after the verb stem and before the personal ending connotrs
strong probability; in the plural - pacha- allow the
e.g. whamapachawa 'it should be so'.

anatascapjjpachawa 'They should be playing'; cf. also note 11
below.
9 take cunan 'in all those things'

/ammo contraction of yanapani, 'he will help'
uvwe.a 'to raise (animals)'; cf. uvwa 'domestic animal'
10 jiquisiaa + -3121..1 'to meet (with)' parallels the Spanish model
encontrarse con.
11 isichipachawa 'right ncw.' Pacha can serve as a noun meaning 'place,
time.' Cf. compounds pachamama 'earth, earth goddess, female

fertility spirit.' Cf. also note 8 above.
12 nayas.: -sa here is an exclamatory suffix.
13 Thokorejj utjaniti? 'Will there be dancing?'

On the use of the -ri suffix added to verbal roots, cf. Grammar,
Lesson VI. Other examples: kollaia 'to cure'/kolliri 'doctor;'
yapuchana 'to work the fields' /yapuchiri '(field) worker; awatiia
'to pasture'/awatiri'shepherd;' Alayana 'to cook/phayiri
catinia 'to fish'/caturi 'fisherman,' ai'saraila 'to feae/aiisariri
'shy person'
14 aviseana 'to inform, notify. Cf. Sp. avisar. Hosted for free on livelingua.com
212
LESSON XXI - PH tunca mayanir lecciona
Grammar - Suma parlailataqui
I. Daitativelutare negative: 'I may not...; probably won't...'

munata
muncchYti muncchiniti munapcchtiHniti
munapechiti
muncchItata munapcchYtati
muncchiniti munapcchiniti
Analysisyvemb stem + (plural infix) + discontinuous negative infix + -chi-

+ personal endings + discontinuous negative infix.
mun- + -c- + -chi- + i + ti = muncchYti
Endings: 1 -i- -ani -ani

2 -Ititt. zita-
3 rni- -ni-
N.B. The negative takes the form jan. With dubitative verb forms,-wa
7'
is not permitted in the sentence (the form janiw is thus impossible);
jani can then be contracted to jan. The suffix -its may be attached
to the verb.
e.g. Jiwasajj arumanthejj inas jan cafe umcchianiti.
'Tomorrow morning we probably won't drink coffee.'
raj j, kharliroj j inas i an isinac t'a lscchiti.
'This morning I may not wash clothes.'
Jutir marajj jumajj inas jan Chuquiag sarcchYti.
'Next year you probably won't go to La Paz.'

213
LESSON XKI
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuna
M. Nayajj inas jan mank'chhMti.

E. Nayajj inas jan manlecchiti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj inas jan mank'cchitaLi.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj inas jan
N. parlcchiEgniti
E. Jiwasajj inas jan parlcchifigniti.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj inas jan parlapcchiti.
H. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj inas jan parlapcchYtati.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj inas jan parlcchiniti.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj inas jan parlapcchiMniti.
M. jarekasipcchidaniti
E. Jiwasanacajj inas jan jarekasipcchianiti.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj inas jan jarekasipcchiniti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj inas jan jarekascchYti.
i. jumajj
E. Jumajj inas jan jarekascchYtati.
M. muncchYtati
E. Jumajj inas jan muncchYtati.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj inas jan muncchiUniti.
M. Nayajj inas jan yap lurcchYti.
E. Nayajj inas jan yap lurcchTti.
N. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj inas jan yap lurcchianiti.

214
LESSON XXI - Substitution Drill
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj inas jan yap lurcchTtati.
M. chawil catcch!tati
E. Jumajj inas jan chawll catcchTtati.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj inas jan chawll catupcchiniti.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj inas jan chawll catcchiniti.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj inas jan chawil catupcchYtati.
M. isinac ch'ucupcch!tati
E. Jumanacajj inas jan isinac ch'ucupcch2tati.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj inas jan isinac ch'ucchianiti.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj inas jan isinac ch'ucchiniti.
N. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj inas jan isinac ch'ucupcchianiti.
N. Chuquiagur puripcchianiti.
E. Jiwasanacajj inas jan Chuquiagur puripcchinllniti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj inas jan Chuquiagur purcchiti.
M. tatajjajj
E. Tatajjajj inas jan Chuquiagur purcchiniti.
M. Nayajj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churcch!ti.
E. Nayajj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churcchYti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churcchifiNniti.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churapcchiniti.
M. Pedron utap visitir sarapcchiniti
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj inas jan Pedron utap visitir sarapcchiniti.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj arumanthejj inas jan Pedron utap visitir sarapcehifill-j.ti.

215
M. nanacajj jutir marajj

E. Nanacajj jutir marajj inas jan Pedfon utap visitir sarapcchYti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj jutir marajj inas jan Pedicn utap visitir saicchTti.
M. tatajjan kawrap awatcch!ti
E. Nayajj jutir marajj inas jan tatajjan kaurap awatcchYti.
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jutir marajj inas jan tatajjan kawrap awatipcchhati.
N. jupanacan arumanthen
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj inas jan tatajjan kawrap awatipcchiniti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj arumanthejj inas jan tatajjaa kawrap avatcchltati.
N. amigoman yapup lurcchMtati
E. Jumajj arumanthejj inas jan amigoman yapup lUicchYtati.
M. jumajj
E. Jupajj arumanthejj inas jan amigoman yapup lurcchiniti:'
M. jiwasajj khartrojj
E. Jiwasajj khartrojj inas jan ar2igosan yapup lurcchianiti.
N. Tatajjamp mamajjampejj jurpUrojj inas jan yapunacap lurapcchiniti.
E. Tatajjamp mamajjampejj jurpUron inas jan yapunacap lurapcchiniti.
N. nayamp jilajjampejj
E. Nayamp jilajjampejj jurpUrojj inas jan yapunacajj lurapcchYti.
M. jumamp cullacanacamampejj
E. Jumamp cullacanacamampejj jurpUron inas jan yapunacam lurapcchitati.
isinacam t'ajjsipechYtati
E. Jumamp cullacanacamampejj jurpUrojj inas jan isinacam eajjsipcchTtati.
nayamp jumanacampejj jutir semanajj
E. Nayamp jumanacampejj jutir semanajj inas jan isinacas t'ajjsipcching-
niti.
M. Pedromp jilanacapampejj
E. Pedromp jilanacapampejj jutir semanajj inas jan isinacap
t'ajjsipcchiniti.
M. ch'oke yapunacap khech'apcchiniti
E. Pedromp jilanacapampejj jutir semanajj inas jan ch'oke yapunacap.
khech'apcchiniti.

216
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj jutir semanajj inas jan yapunacam khech'cchitati.
M. tata Timoteojj
E. Tata Timoteojj jutir semanajj inas jan yapunacap khech'cchiniti.
M. jumamp nayampejj kharayp'ojj
E. Jumamp nayampejj kharayp'ojj inas jan yapunacas khech'cchifiHniti.
M. Josean uywanacapar mank' churcchinUniti
E. Jumamp nayampejj kharayp'ojj inas jan Josean uywanacapar mank'
churcchianiti.
M. nayamp yokanacajjampejj
E. Nayamp yokanacajjampejj kharayp'ojj inas jan Josean uywanacapar
mank' churapcchYti.
EL jiwasanacajj jurpayp'ojj
E. Jiwasanacajj jurpayp'ojj inas jan Josean uywanacapar mank'
churapcchianiti.
EL Marian utapan mank' phayapcchiFiHniti
E. Jiwasanacajj jurpayp'ojj inas jan Marian utapan mank' phayapcchifigniti.
Completion Drill - Arunac phokachana
Nayajj arumanthejj inas jan tiojjan yapup lurafi tucchYti

(tucuia)
Jumajj arumanthejj inas jan Pedron utap pichcchhati
(pichaga)
Jupajj jutir marajj inas jan mamapan walipap sum uiijcchiniti
(ufijafia)
Jiwasajj jutir marajj inas jan amigosan marcap sarcchiOniti

(saraila)
Jiwasanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas jan Pablon

ponchop (sawi;la) sawupcchianiti
Nanacajj jutir phajjsejj inas jan jilaman
iquirTanacap . (apania) apanipcchYti
Jumanacajj jurplirojj inas jan tata Josean
uywanacap (awatitia) awatipcchYtati
Jupanacajj jurplirojj inas jan suma arunac
. (parlaila) parlapcchiniti

217
LESSON XXI Completion Drill
Jutir marajj nayajj inasjan qhaya alay 1...hath

. (saran a) sarcchYti
Jutir marajj jumajj inas jan qhaya kollu
pat . (mistuha) mistechhati
Jutir semanajj jupajj inas jan iluch'
luraL (tucuna) tucchiniti
Jutir semanajj jiwasajj inas jan qhuri aynach
tiend .(sarana) sarcchiAniti
Kharayp'ojj jiwasanacajj inas jan wawanacasar
sum .(ufdaria) uajapcchianiti
Kharayp'ojj nanacajj inas jan wali.. arunac
(parlana) parlapcchiti
JurpUrojj jumanacajj inas jan porch saw 1
.(yatekea) yatekapcchitati
JurpUrojj jupanacajj inas jan walja iquilanac
.(apanina) apanipcchiniti
n i jan mamajjar
Nayajj jutir juevesanas
uT.jir .(sarea) sarc-chiti
Jumajj jutir juevesajj inas jan choke yapump.

(khech'afia) khech'cchYtati
Jupajj jurpUrojj inas jan tiopan utap visitir
(jutana) jutcchiniti
Jiwasajj jurpUrojj inas jan qhaya jisc'a
tiendan . (thckona) thokcchiaHniti.
Jiwasanacajj jurpayr'ojj inas jan machak thac
.(lurafia) lurancchigniti
Nanacajj jurpayp'ojj inas jan awichajjan
vacanacap sum . (awatifia) awatipcchiti
Jumanacajj kharUrojj inas jan aynach estanciar
.(sarnakafia). sarakapcchhati
Jupanacaj j kharUrojj inas jan qhaya aynach utar
.(saraakaria). sarakapcchiniti

218
LESSON XXI
Questions and Answers -Xiscttarianacampi i aw saianacampi

IL Arumanthejj isinac t'ajjsYtati?

E. Inas jan isinac eajjscchiti.
M. Jutir marajj Chuquiagur saratati?
E. Jutir marajj inas jan Chuquiagur sarcchiti.
M. Kharllrojj aymar yatekapjjatati?
E. Khariirojj inas jan aymar yatekapcchiti.
M. Arumanthejj cafe umafianiti?
E. Arumantejj inas jan cafe umcchiaaniti.
M. Jutir marajj qhaya alay khat saratati?
E. Jutir marajj inns jan qhaya alay khat sarcchYti.
II. Jurplirojj tiopan utap saraniti?
E. Jupajj inas jan tiopan utap sarcchiniti.
M. Jutir marajj inas qhaya kollu pat jan mistcchTti?
E. Jutir marajj inas qhaya kollu pat jan mistcchitati.
M. Jupanacajj jarekasipjjaniti?
E. Jupanacajj inas jan jarekasipcchiniti.
Jumanacajj mank'apjjatati?
E. Nanacajj inas jan mank'apcchYti.
M. Cuns arumantehjj jumajj lurata?
E. Janiw yatcti, inas jan cuns lurcchYti.
Jiwasanacajj arumanthejj is eajjsipjjaianiti?
E. Inas jan eajjsipcchillniti.
M. Tata, Pedrojj arumanthejj marc saraniti?
E. Inas jan sarcchiniti.
M. Nayamp jumampejj kharilrojj cuns lurafiani?
E. Inas jan cuns lurcchifianiti.
N. Tata Carlos, nanacajj cuns lurapjja jutir semanajja?
E. Inas jan cuns lurapcchitati, janiw yatcti.
M. Cawcs khariirojj Joseajj jutani?
E. Inas jan jutcchiniti.,
M. Jutir semanajj jiwasanacajj mank'apjjailani?

219
LESSON XXI - Questions and Answors

Negative
E. Inas jan cuns mank'apcchifigniti.

M. Lulu, mamamajj kharayWojj cuns ch'ucuni?
E. Inas 'jan cuns ch'ucchiniti.
M. Yokalla, cullacamajj khargrojj kbath saraniW
E. Inas jan sarcchiniti.
N. Mamay, tatajjajj khaxgrojj cawcs sarani?
E. Inas jan cawcs sarcchiniti.
M. Tatay, awichajjajj visitir jutaniti?
E. Inas jan jutcchiniti.
Jumanacajj pelot anacir sarapjjgtati'
E. Inas jan sarapcchMti.
Dialogue - Cuento
MAMA JUANAJJ Mg. VOLUNTARIAAPII: PARLI
Voluntaria: Buenos dias mama Juana,. nayaw visitir jutta mama,

1
Juana: Walic mam juttajja, acawj arusay koneasimmama.
V: Waliquiw mama. Ay mama suma wila ponchs sawusctajja.
Qhititaquis mama,aca.ponchojja?
J: Ay mama, chachajjataquiw punch sawuscta mama. Juparcjj
thayaw wal thayji, ucat jupatac sawuscta.
NT: Waliquiw mama, wall sumawa.. Ay mara, nayajj lluch' alasin
munta, qhitis lluch' p'itaA yati.92.
J: Mama Susanan cullapaw lluch' p'itarijj yati, inae jan
aljasi, muncchiniti. Oititaquis alaft muntajja?
V: Ay mama, tatajjataquiw ala munta. Tatajjajj Estadoe
Unidosmarcanquiwa. senanaw mg,cartaatados Unidos
marcat kellkanitu, jupajj mg suma lluch''muni, ucat nayajj
jupataquiw alasiz munta.
4
J: Tatamajj jach'a'p'ekeniti?
5
Janiw ancha jach'gquiti.
J: Inas lluch'ojj tatamatac jan walTechiniti, cunalaycutejj
acanjj jisc'a Waken jakenacataquiquiw pitapjje.
V: Inas jan sumgcchiniti, ucampis nayajj tatajjaruw mg suma
lluch'u churaiimunta.'

220
LESSON XXI - Dialogue
J: Huarinan suma lluch'unacajj utji, aca estancianjj janiw

sum p'itapquiti, inas mama Susanajj sum p'itchi.b
V: Cawqhas Huarin marcajj mama? janiw nayajj u5jcti.
J: Huarin marcajj qhaya kota qhurcatancquis uca jach'a marcawa.

V: Uqhgmajj jutir miercolesaw sarg.
J: Waliquiw mama. Nayajj aca ponch tucg,ucat inas chompamp
lluch'ump alja:Latac lurchY.
V: Walic mama, inas arumanthejj jan jutcchYti, jurpUruw

jutaraquY mama, sarawayjj1 mama.?
8
J: Waliquiw mama, jutaquitaw mama.
Inas nayajj jan acancchYti,
ucampis wawanacajjajj acancascaniwa.
NOTES
1 'Have a seat here, do a.'

acawja '(in) this place;' acawjaru 'in this place.'
acawa 'here.'
kont'asi.;a r.rul : cf. Spanish por aca sentate.
e.g. aca sillar kont'asim 'have a seat in this chair'
2 p'itafia 'to weave'
3 Estados Unidos marcat kellkanitu.'He wrote to me from a town in the

United States.'
4 jachlaylekeniti? 'Does he have a large head?'

peke + -ni- possessive infix + -fia: p'ekenifia, lit. 'to have a head'
e.g. wali p'ekeniwa. 'He is very intelligent.'
5 an ha 'much, very'
6 Inas mama Susanajj sum p'itchi. 'Possibly dofia Susana weaves well.'
Doubt is expressed by the addition of -chi- to the punctual verb stem.
Note also the addition of -chi- to the future stem just described in
Lesson XIX.
7 htarag31 'I will come again.' Future very_ stem + -raqui7 + person z.1
ending.
8 jutaqataw 'come again.' Future verb stem + -qui- + long vowel
(Cf.future jutgta) + personal ending.

LESSON XXII - P'-Y_ Rayanir
allojja harto, abundamente a lot, =ply

aynacha abajo, debajo down
ayre.a plantar to plant
doctora (tuctura) doctor doctor

kolla medicina medicine
kollana (ru) curer to cure
kolliri medico doctor
lawa palo stick
lechuga (lichuwa) lechuga lettuce
Grammar - Suma parlaataqui
fubitatiiietuttite.. Negative Necessitative: 'perhaps I may, not have to ..."
lurahatiacchiniti lurariasgcchiniti lurapijailasacPhiniti
lurailamgcchiniti lurapilaieNcgtiniti
lurahapHcchiniti
Analysis: Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + infinitive ending

+ personal pronoun + negetivec.r. -mini-A- negative -t5,
The subject of the verb takes the infix -n- (Emanii)
and the negative ianiw is contracted to jan:
e.g. 'I probably won't
have to work the fields.' ,
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuna
M. Nayanjj inas jan jachanajgcchiniti.

E. Nayanjj inas jan jachanajjacchiniti.
M jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas jan jachapjjanapacchiniti.

222
LESSON XXII - Substitution Drill
M. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas jan jachafiasacchiniti.
M. kollanasacchiniti
E. Jiwasanjj inas jan kollafiasacchiniti.
N. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan kollapjjafiamacchiniti.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan kollapjjafiasacchiniti.
U. jumanjj
E. Jumanjj inas jan kollaftamacchiniti.
M. ayrufiamacchiniti
E. Jumanjj inas jan ayrufiamacchiniti.
M. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas jan ayrupjjafiapacchiniti.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan ayrupjjafiasacchiniti.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas jan ayrupjjaiajjacchiniti.
M. khollipjjadajjacchiniti
E. Nanacanjj inas jan khollipjjanajjacchiniti.
M. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas jan khollifiajjacchiniti.
t. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan khollipjjanamacchiniti.
Nayanjj inas jan chawll catufiajjacchiniti.
E. Nayanjj inas jan chawll catufiajjacchiniti.
M. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan chawll catupjjafiamacchiniti
N. jumanjj
E. Jumanjj inas jan chawll catufiamacchiniti.
M. Marian utap jutafiamacchiniti
E. Jumanjj inas jan Marian utap jutafiamacchiniti.
Ni. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas jan Marian utap jutatlasaccbiniti.

H. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas jan Marian utap jutapjjatiajjgcchiniti.
M. Josean libronacap leepjjarlajjacchiniti
E. Nanacanjj inas jan Josean libronacap leepjjafiajjacchiniti.
jupanjj
E. Jupanjj inas jan Josean libronacap lee apcchiniti.
M. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan Josean libronacap leepjjanasacchiniti.
M. jach'a kawranac alasipjjanasMcchiniti
L. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan jach'a kawranac alasipjjailasacchiniti.
M. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan jach'a kawranac alasipjjanamgcchiniti.
M. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas jan jach'a kawranac alasipjjafiapacchiniti.
nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas jan jach'a kawranac alasifiajjkchiniti.
M. ch'oke yapunac khech'afiajjHcchiniti
E. Nayanjj inas jan ch'oke yapunac khech'afiajjgcchiniti.
M. Nayanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Chuquiagur apanajjacchiniti.
E. Nayanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Chuquiagur apanajjacchiniti.
M. jiwasanjj
E. Jiwasanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Chuquiagur apeasacchiniti.
N. jupanjj
E. Jupanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Chuquiagur apaaapgcchiniti.
M. Boliviat apanihapilcchiniti.
E. Jupanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Boliviat apaniilapticchiniti.
N. jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan jach'a lawanac Boliviat apanipjjadamacchiniti.
M. walja kawranac
E. Jumanacanjj inas jan walja kawranac Boliviat apanipjjaaamacchiniti.
T1. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan walja kawranac Boliviat apanipjjafiasacchiniti.
M. lechuganac ayrupjjafiasilcchiniti.
E. Jiwasanacanjj inas jan welja lechuganac ayrupjjanasacchiniti.

IL jumanjj
E. Jumanjj inas jan walja lechuganac ayrufiamHcchiniti
M. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj inas jan walja lechuganac ayrupjjatiapHcchiniti.
escuel wawanacar kollapjjallapHcchiniti
E. Jupanacanjj inas jan walja escuel wawanacar kollapjjagapacchiniti.
M. nanacanjj
E. Nanacanjj inas jan walja escuel wawanacar kollapjjariajgcchiniti.
N. nayanjj
E. Nayanjj inas jan walja escuel wawanacar kollanajjgcchiniti.
M. jupanjj
E. Jupanjj inas jan walja escuel wawanacar kollahapHcchiniti.
M. Nayanjj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churailajjgcchiniti.
E. Nayanjj arumanthejj inas yan uywanacar mank' churanajjgcchiniti.
N. jupanacanjj
E. Jupanacanjj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churapjjafiapacchiniti.
IL jumanjj
E. Jumanjj arumanthejj inas jan uywanacar mank' churafiamUcchiniti.
M. walja koll umafiamacchiniti
E. Jumanjj arumanthejj inas jan walja koll umanamgcchiniti.
N. jiwasanji jutir marajj
E. Jiwasanjj jutir marajj inas jan walja koll umaliasacchiniti.
jumanacanjj
E. Jumanacanjj jutir marajj inas jan walja koll umapjjaiiamacchiniti.
tunca pheskan wawanacar jaripjjaiiamacchiniti
E. Jumanacanjj jutir marajj, inas jan tunca pheskan wawanacar
jaripjjanamUcchiniti.
N. jupanjj jutir phajjsejj
E. Jupanjj jutir phajjsejj inas jan tunca pheskan wawanacar
jarinapUcchiniti.
N. jiwasanacanjj
E. Jiwasanacanjj jutir phajjsejj, inas jan tunca pheskan wawanacar
jaripjjatasacchiniti.
Pablon vacapar ajjsarapjjanaacchiniti

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rfuednr seuT tier drA muTtiooRdeuvanT

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seui uer rrueovuednf 3vueame13 (EUnden). muppoRdugerrdnden

LESSON XXII - Completion Drill
Jutir phajjsejj nayanjj inas jan cullacajjar

Chuquiag .(irpafia) . irpailajjgcchirdti
Jutir phajjsejj jumanjj inas jan mania Nariamp
.(thokolia) thokofiamacchiniti
Arumanthejj jupanjj inas jan tata Pedr6U
utap .(saralia) saraiiapV..cchiniti
Arumanthej j jiwasanjj inas jan wanc'unacar
mank' .(Churafia) churatiasacc'ninit.:.
Kharayp'ojj jiwasanacanjj inas jan walja
chawllanac (catuna) catupjjarlasgechiniti
Kharayp'ojj nanacanjj inas jan tata Joseaa
utap iquipjjailajjacchiniti
JullArojj jumanacanjj inas jaa Marian wawapar
.(kollatia) kollapjjailatt.gcchiniti
JurpUrojj jupanacanjj inas jan walja cebollanac
.(ayrufia) ayrupj jafiapgcchittiti
Nayanjj arumanthejj inas jan yap lurafi .

tucuilajjlicchiniti
(tucta)
Jumanjj arumanthejj,inas jau isinac eajjsiE
.(tucufia) tucurlamacchiniti
Jupanjj kharUrojj inas jan mama Mariar kollanapacchiniti
(kollafia)
Jiwasanjj kharUrojj inas jars incrk2e isinac ch'ucuiiasacchir.iti

(ch'ucufia)
Jiwasanacanjj jutir marajj inas jan wanc'unac

sum .(unjafia) urjapjjenarltechiniti
Nanacanjj jutir marajj inas jan wallpanac sum
ufijapjjagajjacchititi
Jumanacanjj kharayp'ojj inas jan walja
lechugasanac .(ayrufia) ayrupjjafiamgcchiniti
Jupanacanjj khartrojj inas an qhaya aynach
utar visitir .(sarakafia) sarakapjjAiapacchiniti
Nayanjj inas jan ut (pichana) , cunalayr. pichabajjacchiniti

cutejj marc sarafiajjawa.
Jumanjj inas jan cart , cunalaycutejj kellkabamacchiniti
ovej a7atihamawa.
Jupanjj inas jan ceboll(ayrufia): , cunalaycutejj ayrunapgcchiniti
thokor saraliapawa.

228
LESSON XXII - Completion Drill
Jiwasanjj inas jan kot (sarafia),cunalaycutejj sarafiasacchiniti

isinac Cajjsinasawa.
Jiwasanacanjj inas jan yap (luralia) , cuna- lurapjjafiasacchiniti
laycutejj escuel wawanacar kollapjjafiasawa.
Nanacanjj inas jan pouch (sawufia), cunalaycutejj sawupjjafiajjacchiniti
waija libronac leepjjafiajjawa.
Jumanacanjj inas jan choke yap (khech'afia), khechlapjjafiamacchiniti
cunalaycutejj qhaya aynach mare
sarakapjjafiamawa.
Jupanacanjj inas jan kollanac (umafia), cunalay- umapjjafiapacchiniti
cutejj Chuquiag doctoran utap sarapjjafia-
pawa.
Inas jan adobenac (lurafia), cunalaycutejj lawanac lurafiajjacchiniti

marcar apafiajjawa.
Inas jan pouch (sawu4a) , cunalaycutejj lluch' sawufiamacchiniti
lurafi tucafiamawa.
Inas jan wank' (phayafia), cunalaycutejj Chuquiag phayafiasacchiniti

sarafiasawa.
Inas jan pokot cunalaycutejj waija alasifiapacchiniti

aych mank'afiapawa.
Inas jan ovejanac (jaqhufia), cunalaycutejj chawll jaqhupjjariasacchinit5.
catur kot sarapjjafiasawa.
Inas jan machak ut (utachafia), cunalaycutejj utachapjjafiajjacchiniti
merk'e utanac asquichapjjafiajjawa.
Inas jan ovej (awatifia), cunalaycutejj samarap- awatipjjafiamacchiniti
jjaaamawa.
Inas. jan kollirin utap (sarafia), cunalaycutejj sarapjjafiapacchiniti
waija koll umapjjafiapawa.
Questions and Answers - Jisct'afianacampi iyaw safianacampi

Answer with 5,nas in the negative.
H. Jumanjj yap luratamati?

A. Nayanjj inas jan yap luranajjacchiniti
M. Nayanjj koll sarafiajjati?
A. Inas jan koll sarafiamacchiniti.

M. Jupanjj isinac t'ajjsifiapati?
A. Inas jan eajjsifiapacchiniti.
L
22.9
LESSON XXII - Questions and Answers
M. Nanacanjj allojj libronac leepjjaEajjati?

A. Inas jan libronac leepjjafiamgcchiniti.
M. Jutir marajj cullacamar Chuquiagur irpanamati?
A. Jutir marajj inas jan cullacajjar irpanajjgchiniti.
M. Jupanjj mama.Mariar kollatapati?
A. Inas jan mama Nariar kollatapgcchiniti.
Jupanjj tiopan utap uJjir jutOapati?
A. Inas jan tiopan utap ejir jutanapgcchiniti.:
M. Khartiroj jumanjj saraqamati?
A. Khartirajj inas jan saratajjgcchiniti.
N. Pokot alasitapati?
A. Inas jan pokot alasihapgcchiniti,
Dialogue - Cuento
CARLOSAN WARMIPAW USUT.iC
Enfermera: Tata Carlos cunatarac wawanacamast jachasipquisti?1

Esposamajj usutati?
Carlos: JYs mama janit yatetacti? Pasir semanat usuta. Ay mama,
warmijjaw wall usuta. Aca chekar kont'asim, walic juttaja.
E: Cawqhas usu?
C: Piekemp amparanacamp jiqhanimpiw usu, janiw mank'afis
3
munquiti, janiraquiw arumas iqui: puedquiti. Calanturaniwa.
E: Ay ucawa, cuna kollanaca churtajja?
4
C: Janiw cuna kolls churcti, inas jan
Pasir marajj uqhgmaraquiw usu.
E: Chuquiag doctoran uc apafiamawa, inas jan walja kolik
gastafiamgcchiniti. Chuquiag marcan mg kollirejj utji, ucajj
sum usutunacarojj kolli, jadit Ifiectasti?5
C: Janiw ufiect, mama. UcapM mama, kollkejj janiw utjquituti,
inas esposajjajj jan cuns luranapgcchiniti. Suma kollirit
mama?
E: Jisa, can janejj, tata, suma koiliriwa, Estados Unidos
marcanquis Ucampis jumajj arumanthi Chuquiagur
apafiamawa. Chuquiagunjj doctorajj wali suma jakewa, inas
jan walja kollanac alabamgcchiniti. Jupajj janiw kolik
munquiti. Clawnacamp quesomp churgtajja, waliquTniwa.
Nayrakat calenturap tupU.7

230
LESSON XXII - Dialogue
C: Waliquiw mama, uqhHmajj arumanthiw apH, nayajj wal llaquista,

wawanacajjajj llaquisipjj araquiwa, janiw =Web munapquiti,
cuns lurajja? Kollitay mama, wawanacajj laycu, nayajj wal
yuspagarama.8
9
E: Jan llaquisimti, nayajj jumaruw yanapHma, inas jumamp
wawanacamampejj jan llaquisipjjailamacchiniti.
10
C: Ay mama, nayan janiw autojj utjquituti, cunatarac apHsti?
11 apt!,
E: Nayaw arumanthejj autot jutH, nayaraquiw esposamarojj
waliquiti?
12
C: Ay yuspagar mama, nayanjj saraffajjaniti?
E: Inas jumanjj jau saraLaacchiniti, ucampis arumanthiw
ufijangni, waliquiti?
C: Waliquiw mama, nayanjj uywanac awatifiajjawa, ucampis nayajj
esposajjampiw saa.
E: Waliquiw tata, jichhajj nayajj usutaruw visitari munt tata,
cawqar utanquisa?
13
C: Cocinanquiw mama, mantascaquim.
E: Mang. chhH...14
11111
NOTES
1 Cunatarac wawanacamast jachasioquisti? 'From what are your

children crying?'
2 pasir semanat 'since last week'
aca chekaru 'to (in) this place'
3 mank'arls : -sa exclamation particle.

calenturaniwa (calinturaniwa) 'He has a temperature.'
4 inas jan walYcchiniti 'He may not get better, well.'

Infinitive walYouifia.
5 gastaha 'to waste' (cf. Spanish gastar)
6 ucapY 'so it is.' -21 is an exclamation particle expressing

certainty; the particle is always stressed.
e.g. munta 'of course I want (it, to).'
Suma kollirit? 'Is he a good doctor?'
-ta comparative particle, indicates superior quality or attribute.

"1
LESSON XXII - Dialogue - Notes
7 cm ianej j 'w-hy not ?'

nayrakata 'first'
tupuf=a 'to measure;' calentur tupuia 'to take one's temperature.'
pgs_xac'awnacamuesomthurataawr.11cu2niwa. 'If you give him eggs
and cheese, it will be fine.'
8 Irmang.saiilamy 'for the sake of my children': laycu 'for'

(cf. cunalavcuteii 'for what' = 'why, because')
9 jaaragEamagn '1 will help you.'

10 cunatarac apasti? 'In what will I bring him?'
c_ una 'what'; -ta- 'by', -raqui.... -sti discontinuous interrogative
marker.
11 autot 'by car'
12 Ilayanij saradaljaniti 'Will I have to go?' Cf. Grammar, Lesson XX.
13 mantascaRE111 'just go on in'; mantas 'to' enter, go in'
14 chha 'so'

232
LESSON XXIII - PU tunca uimsanir lecciona
alba (alwa) alba dawn

armas ifia olvidarse to forget
cebada (ciwara) cebada barley
chhalayaiia perder to lose
inti sol sun
inti jalanta poniente sunset
inti jalsu saliente sunrise

jathi pesado heavy
jayp'u la tarde afternoon
kepi atado, bulto bundle
llaquisiba apenarse to grieve for
phisna liviano, no pesado light (weight)
reloj (relojo) reloj watch, clock
Grammar - Suma parlafiatagai
I. Imperfect tense: 'used to , was ing.'
The imperfect tense may be formed in two ways for all but the third
person singular and plural:
(1) Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + -11x27 + personal endings.

V = repetition of the final vowel of the infinitive stem (to yield
a long vowel). The third person is not formed this way.
(2) Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + -Vn- + personal endings for all
persons except 1st singular and plural; in the later persons,
-atana is attached to the infinitive stem:
munafia
I munHyUta rot_alyatan maanat1521

munatana mmatit an munapjjantan
munalisijUvfta
munapjjkana
2 munKvata munapijUvata
munanta munapjjanta
3 munUna ETASPijana,
The first forms given will be drilled in this lesson,

233
LESSON XXIII - Grammar
Endings 1 -ta/-tana -tan_ -tan

-to / -tana
2 -ta -ta
3 -a -a
N.B.: mungygta can be contracted to mungta.

Imperfect verb forms can also be combined with the suffixes
(very infrequently) and -wa; the difference between forms wi'.41
and without -wa is not entirely clear. One speaker consistently
differentiates the 1st and 2nd persons by means of nj g in the
2nd person.When -wa is added to a form ending in a vowel, that
vowel is elided. Ebbing gives the following pairs:
mungygta/mungtana 'I used to want, was wanting:'
Eogyatwa/mungtanwa 'I want.:d'
The difference between mungygtwa/mungtanwa and the punctual
munta/muntwa is unclear. Perhaps the estinction is that of
Spanish preterit (yo guise) ant; present perfect (ysLI&LAufri19),,
II. -taqui with verbs (infinitives) and nouns-proaouas: cf. Grammar, Lesson
XVIII.
N.B.: The suffix -ta, may appear more than once in a. sentence:
e.g. Nayajj jutwa Susanatac mg ut utachaEata uiwa. 'I came (in order)
to build a house for Susana.'
This construction is very close in meaning to the verb form in -rfL:
e.g. Na al utwa Susanatac mg ut utachiriv. !I came to build a house
for Susana.'
III. -t(a) ....-cama(wa): 'from...up until.'

e.g. Intl jalsut inti Ialantcamaw 'from sunrise to sunset'
lunesat viernescamaw 'from Monday to Friday'
N.B.: -cama requires the loss of the preceding vowel if the root has
more than two syllables:
e.g. jalatita becomes ialantcamaw,

234
LESSON XXIII
M. Nayajj marc sarayata.

E. Nayajj marc sarayata.
EL jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj marc sarayatan.
EL nanacajj
E. Nanacajj marc sarapjjayata.
EL pokot alasipjjayata.
E. Nanacajj pokot alasipjjayata.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj pokot alasiyatajja.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj pokot alasYna.
H. yap lurana
E. Jupajj yap lurana.
EL jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj yap lurapjjayatan.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj yap lurayata.
H. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj yap lurapjjayatajja.
EL kollk chhakayapjjayatajja
E. Jumanacajj kollk chhakayapjjayatajja.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kollk chhakayapjjana.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj kollk chhakayayatajja.
M. armasiyatajja
E. Jumajj kollk armasiyatajja.
M. MasUrojj nayajj yap lurayata.
E. MasUrojj nayajj yap lurayata.
N. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj masUrojj yap lurapjjana.

235
LESSON XXIII - Substitution Drill
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj masUrojj yap lurgyHtan.
M. k'ep chhakayHyHtan
E. Jiwasajj masUrojj k'ep chhakay2yHtan.
M. nanacajj masUrmanthejj
E. Nanacajj masHrmanthejj.k'ep chhakayapjgyata.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj masHrmanthejj k'ep chhakayapjgyHtajja.
M. Kollk armasipjjayHtajja
E. Jumanacajj maarmanthejj kollk armasipjjgyHtajja.
M. jumajj nayrayp'ojj
E. Jumajj nayrayp'ojj kollk armagyHtajja.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj nayrayp'ojj kollk armasipjjHna.
M. wal llaquisipjjka
E. Jup6.nacejj nayraypgojj wal llaquisipjOna.
M. nayajj pasir marajj
E. Nayajj pasir maraji wal llaquisiyHta.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj pasir marajj wal llaquisipjjHyHta.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj pasir marajj wal llaquisipjjRyHtan.
M. khollipjjkAtan
E. .3iwasanacajj pasir marajj wal khollipjjWitan.
M. Nayajj nayrUrojj Pedron utap sarHylita.
E. Nayajj nayrUrojj Pedron utap visitiria war .y!

M. jupajj
E. Jupijj nayrUrojj Pedron utap visitiriw sarRna.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj nayrUrojj Pedron utap visitiriw sarffyHtan.
M. Timoteon kawranacap awatiriw jucHAtan
E. Jiwasajj nayrUrojj Timoteon kawranacap awatiriw jutHyHtan.
M. nanacajj nayarmanthejj
E. Nanacajj nayrarmanthejj Timoteon kawranacap awatiriw jutapjOyHta.

NOSSal IIIXX uoprivpscins mac(
'N CCepuuudnC
ea guovuudnr gatiluumanaleu uoa3oury depuuramex mTaTlymu suungdelnr
'N uuasor depeuTdaix mTaTdu euncrdulutibum
ea geouuudnr gagluumana4uu uuasor deoeuTdaix mTaTde uungdulutibum
14 ' getieu pcoldAvaituu
' quAeN CCosclAyaiteu masor depeuTdalA mTaTde -u1RAn3u4bum
N fpouuusumTp
a PPepeuesumTr gold4u1Auu ueasor depuuTdall mTzTdu uunARgduletibum
-
Pcumnc
ccumnr ccoldiCealtuu treaSOf dupeuTdaill mTaTdu ucculnicputibum
W S uumemum Anum dupuunAn mTaTtioTnbse uppelOgNeaus
'a gonnr gold/W.24Ru UUMEMBM umAn dupeunAn mTaTtioTnbsu .effelnAsuaus
IcVOEUVU aTsed gasgutid
'a guouuum aTspd gascpeqd uugumem emAn depeunAn mTaTtioTnbse
ulnAngdeluaes
'N PpednC
.a Ccudnr aTsed ccascpcd uudgmum umAn cluovunAn A:yam-pine .vtlpluips
uudeup duouundeic mTaTTIom eun3sTm
3. cpudnr aTsud CcasCcutld uuduTTC duouundeA nTaTrica34 4sTm 'Bun
'N quAubi aTsud [Team TluT 3nsTec puT mumuoluerep u1HAzsgell
.a gulium aTsud guaum puT ansiec puT memeoluutup ST .u3nAzsgell
'N ppednp
a crudnr aTspd [Team puT ans-ep puT memuoluuTur ST .eupffell
11 rpoeuudnp
gypeuednr aTsed guaum TluT 3nsTuf puT ABWBOWETUP sT seugfdTsgell
14 lesaunT memuosauaaTA 3n uungdutveln
geoeuednr aTsed cceaum lusaunT mumeosauaaTA In seugpmpuln

ccurscuusumTp goanaluu
.a ccuovuesemTr qoanaltuu usaunT mumuosaulaTA In .ue3RAnCcdetiouln
CCupeuvu
.a gepuueti goanakeu 3usauni mumepsauaaTA 3n, u1RANgdetpuln
Timutio u3nABCcdnluo
a geouuum goanakeu wsaunT mummosaumoTA -elpAgpinaul,

NOSS37 IIIXX uoTanapsqnS ITTaa *
asqTr memeon,d4er
rposurN CfoiniAsu aucau mumuonaAer ITmetio uaNARcrdnaso
crsmnr /Turd ccascreqd

ccemnr aTsed 'cresccelld mVmeonidicer:3vcau TTmetio Bcce3HATI123
mloop duA uffr4RARftwatm
rcemnf iTsud ccescruqd asuu mumeonidArc alogg3 dsA .2ccraHARIquatix
Crepruumng :rpqaurmilisem
Crepsurmnr fcatlauemaRsum /ruu memuonsdArc allogga drA -fiAn4dritioutp
vcce3
astioruke muspAriu
ea Ccepsuumnr ffaqatirmaRsru zutirmuAr memizArTs duA'alogtio -iiAgrdrevatil
'n4r4
.N mn
'sc:craRAWdede
.3 cpammuni rgagaurmaRssm augoruAr mrmroATe mn pcfraear.dude
cpAuu
.2 rpAem pcciptumaNsum Telpeultv minieoLete 'MA .-34R4Hdre
icsArm proaDiAuu mTnbuarTarx %oltio raaAlitionduA
.3 cresum croinzieu mparyell3T1vw 10.113 -Iwsrivrides
rcednc
.a gudnr ccoarixAru mTnbrarTarN Acylo -*euRtiondrA
.11 cricseaTc
rd pesemTf ccoatikeu mTnLeulaux eutlEARtiondvic
14.-Enbrardsmemuovied an uulos3Td
ea PesemTr croiniAsu uoiqrd mTnbuardrmum an .1.1e4HABoTd
%I PPOEUVU ccetpuemaTikeu
3 cpaeuem CcatiallemaRIAru uoTqed mTnbszedumm an e.i.p.AiadaLlaTd
rposuamnC
*a crupeuemnr ccallausmapAeu uoTqed mTnbuardumuu an escpaRAgresturcd
*1,1 usuusns mTnbrasdnuu rosTc an ecruallAgtdepuan
*a pgrouuumnr 'cCallauswaRaAuu usussns mTnbuapdnue siosTf an
*uppeaRARCpdstioran
ccroeuesumTP iTsud Cpexem
*3 crepsussumTr at 'PrexEm mTnbuardnue,usussns vosTp an
lielRAngdetips.2n
'q CCedric
*3 cCudnr iTsrd grim umarsns Apbuardnue rosTC an et/II/wean

238
LESSON XXIII - Substitution Drill
N. Enriquen imillapataquiw mg jathi k'ep apgna

E. Jupajj pasir marajj Enriquen imillapataquiw mg jathi k'ep apgna.
N. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj pasir marajj. Enriquen imillapataquiw and jathi k'ep
apapjjgygta.
1414 jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj pasir marajj Enriquen imillapataquiw and jathi k'ep
apapjjgna.
M. jiwasajj wasHrmanthejj
E. Jiwasajj wasgrmanthejj, Enriquen imillapataquiw mg jathi k'ep
apgygtan.
M. Josean warmipataquiw and suma poller ch'ucUyMtan
E. Jiwasajj wasgrmanthejj. Josean warmipataquiw mg suma poller
ch'ucUygtan.
Completion Drill - Arunac phokachafia

jutafia
Nayajj khath jutgygta
Jupajj khath jutgygtajja
Jupajj khath jutRna
Jiwasajj khath jutRyHtan
Jiwasanacajj khath jutapjjRyHtan
Nanacajj khath jutapjgyRta

Jumanacajj khath jutapjgyHtajja
Jupanacajj khath jutapjjRna
Nayajj pasir marajj mamajjatac yapuchiriw

koll (sarafia) sarRyHta
Jumajj pasir marajj Joseatac ut utachiriw

marc . (jutafia) j utUyUtaj j a
Jupajj pasir phajjsejj mamapatac isinac

t'ajjsiriw jawir .(jutafia) juana
Jiwasajj pasir phajjsejj Timoteotac yap
kholliriw .(sarakafia) sarakgygtan
Jiwasanacajj nayarojj Pedrotac vac awatiriw

koll .(maghatafia) maqhatapjjaygtap

239
LESSON XXIII - Completion Drill
Nanacajj nayrUrojj anunacatac mank' phayiriw

.(juta10) jutapjjUyHta
Jumanacajj nayrayp'ojj waj chanacatac isinac
aliriw marc .(sarana). sarapj
Jupanacajj nayrayp'ojj jakenacatac yapuchiriw
.(jutaa) jutapjj'Ana
Nayajj pasir semanajj inti jalsut inti

jalantcamaw yap .(1Lrana) luiHygta
Jumajj pasir semanajj inti jalsut inci
jalantcamaw is .(t'ajjsina) t'ajjsiyMtajja
Jupajj nayrUrojj lunesat viernescamaw thac
.(luraEa) lurHna
Jiwasajj masUrojj utat kollucamaw jathileep
.(apaha) Agyatan
Jiwasanacajj nayrUrojj juevesat sabadcamaw
utanac .(pichaila) pichapjjHyHtan
Nanacajj pasir marajj inLi jalsut inti jalant-
camaw adobenac .(lurana) lurapjjkata
Jumanacajj pasir marajj albat jayp'ucamaw
chawll . (catufa) catupjjNyHtajja
Jupanacajj pasir marajj albat jayp'uculaaw
ch'oke yap .(khech'and) khech'apjjand.
Nayajj nayrUrojj Pedrotaquiw ceboll'(ayruna) ayrUyNta.

jumajj nayrUrojj mamamataquiw phisna kalanac
.(apaiia) . apgyHtajja
Jupajj maarmanthejj cullacapataquiw pheska
qhuch . (qharixe) qhariLa
Jiwasajj masHrmanthejj Uariataquiw um(apanina) . apan2yHtan
Jiwasanacajj wasUrojj utataquiw adobenac
0111111.110111.8..1 .(lurana) lurapjjayHtan
Nanacajj wasUrcaj uyw uyutaquiu calamin(alasina) . alasipjjkAta
Jumanacajj pasir semanajj escuel utachafiataquiw
kalanac .(apanina) apanipjOyatajja
Jupanacajj pasir semanajj yap lurafiataquiw
arad .(alasitia) alasipjjka

240
LESSON XXIII
Questions and Answers - Jisct'ananacampi iyaw sahanacampi

M. Jumajj khat jutHyHtati?

E. Jisa, nayajj khat jutHyHta.
M. Jupajj ch'ok alasMnati?
E. Jisa jupajj ch'ok alasinawa.
M. Jupanacajj reloj chhakayapignati?
E. Jisa, reloj chhakayapjjanawa.
M. Nayajj maslirojj ch'ok alagyatati?
E. Jisa, maslirojj jumajj alagyHtawa.
M. Pasir phajjsejj nayajj pokot mank'HyHtati?
E. Jisa, pasir phajjsejj jumajj pokot mank'HyHtawa.
H. Pasir marajj jiwasajj cuadern allyHtanti?
E. Jisa, pasir marajj cuadern alayHtan.
M. Pasir marajj nayajj Chuquig sarayhati?
E. Jisa, jumajj pasir marajj Chuquiag sarHyHta.
Nayajj pasir marajj Elenaruitspsargyatati?
E. Jisa, jumajj pasir marajj Elenan utap sargyntawa.
M. Jupanacajj Elenan utapan thokopjOnati9
E. Jisa, jupanacajj Elenan utapan thokopjjkawa.
M. Mastirojj jumajj marc jutHyHtati?
E. Jisa, jutHyHtwa.
E4 Pedrojj maslirojj achilapan utap jutHnti?
E. Jisa, jutHnwa.
N. Mama Maria, pasir phajjsejj cullacaman jilapajj khath j-lanti9
E. Jisa, jutHnwa.
M. Tata Carlos, cuns nanacajj wallirojj mank'apjjayata?
E. T'ant'amp quesomp mank'apjjayHtajja.
M. Cuns jumajj lurHyHt, tata Francisco?
E. Ut lurHyHta.
M. Tata Tomas, nayarmanthejj jiwasanacajj cuns lurapjjayttan?
E. Yap khech'apjjayatan.
N. Jisc'a yokalla, maArmauthejj jumanaran curs lurapjOyMtajja?

t'N
LESSON XXIII - Questions and Answers

Positive
E. Nachak isinac ch'ucupjjayRta.

N. Tatay, jumajj masayp'ojj cuns lurRyHtajja?
E. Cabad yapuchRyHta.
M. Tata Jacinto, mastirojj cawcs sarUyEtajja?
E. Marc sarRyHta.
M. Tata Pedro, cawcs yokamajj maarmanthejj sarkna?
E. Qhaya wila koll sarUna.
Tata Carlos, juman wawanacamajj caughans yap' khollipjjRna?
E. Jach'a koilun khollipjOna.
M. Masttroj j jumajj mank' phayRyiltati?
E. asa, phayHyatwa.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA JOSEAITP TATA YIGUELAnaJJ PARLAPJJEWA
Jose: Buenas noches tata Miguel, ictati?

Miguel: Buenas uoches tata Jose, janiw iccti,.camisac tata...
J: Uralic tata, jumasti?
Waliquiraqui...JichhHrmanthejj1 utam juta: munHyRta, uccmpia
janiw jutcti, mamajjaw usuta jupatac koll eliriW marc sarta.
J: Wali usutati?
M: J2sa, wali usutawal masUruw jupajj koll uman munhna, ucampis
doctorajj janiw jutquiti, inas aruManthejj jutchini.
J: Ay ucaw tata, nayajj pasir maraw ustlyRta, ucampis mid doctoraw
nayarojj kollitu, inas jupajj mamamar kollchini...2
Ucap 'Z, mamajjajj walja uywanac awatYna, juparojj thayaw wal
thayjRna, inas ucat jupajj usuadni.
3
J: DoCtoran ucar irpaf-amawa, jupaw kollani.
IA: Waliquiw tata, jutir semanaw irpR.
J: Janiwa, arumanthi irpaamawa....
Waliquiw tata, uqhRmajj jilajjan utap sarR, jupaw uywanacajj
awatini, yap lurani, ut unjani....'
4
J: J2sa, ucajj waliquiwa... Ay tata Miguel vacam mayeitas ch'ok
yapuchari munta, pasir marajj!pheska ch'ok yap yapuchRyata, inas
jichha marajj pakalik yap yapuchch2.

242
LESSON XXIII - Dialogue
M: Waliquiw tata Jose, vacajjajj samarasquiwa, uywa mank'ajj

utj iti?
J: nsa, pasir domingow marcat alas!yata...

M: Waliquiw tata, jichhat irpata?
J: Jis tata, jichhaw irpH, cawqhanquisa?
M: Uyuncasquiwa, irpascaquim
NOTES
1 Jichharmaatiltii 'this morning'

2 kollitu 'he cured me'
3 Doctoran ucar irpanamawa 'You must take her to the doctor's (place).'
4 vacam mayt'ita 'lend me your cow.'
TATA JOSEAMP TATA MIGUELAMPEJJ PARLASIPJJEWA
1
Jose: Buenas noches tata Miguel, niyat icjjta?
2
Miguel: Buenas noches tata Jose, janTraw iccti.
J: Jichharmanthiw nayaJj visitir jutta, ucampis janiw jicjjatcsmati,
cawquirac sartasti?i
M: Ay tata, jicharojj tiajjar visitiriw sarta. Tiajjan anunacapajj
waljawa, nayajj utap jac'ar purt ucqhajj wal ajjsarHyHta,
cunalaycutejj anunacapajj wali khorunacawa.4
5
J: Jichhasti, camacharanuisti?
M: Ay tata, tiajjan ma anupaw ovej uyut jalsuni, ucat nayar achjaa
munitu, ucampis nayajj mil jisc'a uyu pataruw mistta.6
J: Ucatsti?
7
M: Ucat anojj pantalonat achthapitu nayar achjantafiataqui.
J: Achjtamti?8
9
ME: JYs tata achjituwa, untam aqhHm luritu...
10
J: Ay tata, aqhgmajjH, lacpach achjantataraqui a.
11
M: Jichhajj janiw sarnakaa puedcti, wal usutu.
J: Alal umamp jarekasim, ucatsti doctoran utap saram, jupaw kollgtam12.
M: Arumanthiw sarU tata Jose, walpin usutu.13
14
J: Jan llaquisimt tata, inas jan kollir achicafiamacchiniti.
M: Jumasti tata, cuns jichhprojj lurtajja?
J: JichhHrojj nayamp warmejjampejj yap khollipjjta.
M: Cuns yalmehapjjntajja?
J: Ch'ok yapuchapj0. Maya15 rajj ch'6kpij jsniw ittjanti, inas
jutir marajj utjchini.

LESSON XXIII - Dialogue
N: Utjaniw tats, jallojj jichl-ajj wal

16
,T: Ay tats Miguel niy jayp'ojjewa, kharayp'uw jutaraqui.
M: Waliquiw tats Jose. Aca ma juc'a mank'say wawanacamatac
apasiwayam.
J: Waliquiw tats, uspagar tats, jiquisificama.
NOTES
1 n_iyatjsijta? 'Are you already sleeping?'

7117 'already' appears between the last consonant of the root and the
ending
e.g. sarafiasawa 'We must go'
niya sarijai=iasaua 'We must go already.' '
2 janYraw iccti 'I am still not sleeping.'
3 ticijatcsmati 'I didn't meet you.'

jicdjasafia 'to meet'
_qRcsa:ta.sticawuir? 'So where did you go?' Note the joint :.se of
the interrogatives suffixes -rac and -sti uith subject and predf, at.c
components.
4 PallitAg.ILilLIASghii-.. 'When I came near her house....'
ajjsarafia 'to be afraid.'
5 smogstmAuisti? 'So what happened?'
6 ovej uvuta 'from the sheepfold'

ialsyjla 'to jump'
ucat nalyaraciljaE munitu 'Then he wanted to bite me.'
ach4aZa [ rui 'to bite'
munitu lit., 'He wanted me.' The pronominal object of the verb must
be attached to the main verb of the clause.

uyy pate 'on top of the corral'
7 Ran, talonat achtkaitil 'He grabbed me by the pants.'
achthafia 'to grab, seizel'

-pi- 'then'
achjaatariatadui 'in order to bite me' The infix -nta-, coming after
the infiniiu stem, indicates the action took place 'from outside
to within.' e.g. dalle.a 'to rain:' Lialluntaaa 'to rain in'

244
LESSON XXIII - Dialogue - Notes
9 ufitam 'look' infinitive &item 'to look, watch (after)'

aghgma 'so'
luritu 'he did to me'
10 lacpach achjantataraquisa 'It's bitten by a mouth.'

laca 'mouth;' lacpacha 'the whole mouth' -kasha combined with a
non-verb conveys the meaning of 'totality.' ach'antata - passive
participle
11 sarnakafia 'to walk'
12 alala 'cold (of water)'

Larekasifia 'to wash oneself'
jupaw kollatam 'he will treat you.'
13 Walpin usutu 'I am very hurt' -pini- 'certainly'
14 Jan lla uisimt 'Don't worry about it.'

llaquisiLa 'to grieve for' -ta 'because of it'
15 maymarati2last year'
16 jutaraqui 'I (must) come'
17 Acama'uclamanI;.-'sainatacaasiwaam. 'Take this little

food for your children (if you like)'
-waya- attached to infinitive stems before personal endings implies
action completed while on the way to somewhere else. Mankta 'food';
-sa marks a count': tiotni..., 'then' jucta 'little'

LESSON XXIV - Pa tunca pusi.aiLlecciomr,
eachha despacio slowly

venir corriendo to come running
jalafia correr to run
. .
jiwayela matar to kill

khepeafia atrasarse to be late
laka rapidaMente. quick(ly)
lak'o gusano worm
nayreafia adelantarse to get ahead,.to be
early
.
pasto pasto grass

walUru anteayer day before yesterday
Grammatical Analysis - Stima_pazleiataoui.
Yt
Necessitative Past 'I had to...'
Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + infinitiveFending44-ppssessime pronoun
t -an- .4- -via.
e.g. itaLaiigEn1 had to work'
lismikildignal 'We had to work', etc.
In interrogative sentenc::s, -wa is replaced by -tl:
e.g. larailajjklIi? 'Did I have to work?'
lurapjjailailMnti? 'Did we ....?
Thy subject of the sentence may or may tot :take the -n- infix:
navanjj/nayaii.
full
One informant gives alternative/forms with a final vowel:
e.g. lureajjkawa, etc.
II. On the function of the infix -ni- in verbs, cf. Grammar, Lesson XVII;
on the function of the infix -lea- in verbs, cf. Grammar, Lesson XIX.

LESSON XXIV
Substitution Drill - Vaasa arunac uscufia
M. Nayajj aymar yatekeiajjanwa.

E. Nayajj aymar yatekafiajjanwa.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj aymar yatekapaAmma.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj aymar yatekafiasanwa.
M. leek yatichafiasanwa
E. Jiwasajj leers yatichaaasanwa.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj leefi yatichapjjeajjanwa.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj leefi yatichapjjafiapanwa.
N. marcat lak jalanipjjaiaapanwa
E. Jupanacajj marcat lak jalanipjjafiapanwa.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj marcat lak jalanipjjaasanwa.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj marcat lak jalanifiajjanwa.
M. escuelar c'achh jr.lafiajjanwa
E. Nayajj escuelar c'achh jalafiajjanwa.

M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj escuelar c'achh jalapjjafiamanwa.
M. kellkaii armasipjjafiamanwa
E. Jumanacajj kellkafi armasipjjafiamanwa.

1. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kellkafi armasipjjailapanwa.
M. wawar kollapjjafiapanwa
E. Jupanacajj wawar kollapjjafiaplinwa.
M. Nayrarojj nayajj ovejamp kawramp ufijafiajjanwa.

E. Nayrarojj nayajj ovejamp kawramp ufija.Lajjanwa.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj nayrarojj ovejamp kawramp ufijapjjafiapanwa.

mossaa AIXX uoT4n3T3scinS TITaa
ccumng
.a Ccumnr UoiniAeu Caro dare ..emuNmeeCurvdmeamen
dmettmetip dmosenb emuNmetrecTe
.a crumnr PP:mai/Wu dmeumego allosenb .eAupeuerTe
dmemnc ccedmeiceu
'7 dmemni ccedmeAeu ccoapaltru dmetimew dmosenb .emuESeuecTe
N dumteu eradumgcmizem
-a dmeitem ccedmuccemaem CroinaAeu dint-rimeqp dmosenb cemuErce-geppecTe
dMoipadn dmeuenr e.muHrre:efrdeixed

.a dmeiWN credmeccemlem ccoanakeu dmoapad dmvuuni -emu-eper.fecrderaed
14 pcumBlel ccetpuutuaBgem
-a ccvare3e1 ccatilmem4Hgem. dmoaped dmeuenr -umuRdelletaed
14 dmemng ccedmemepeuno
'2 dmemnr rredmpmeosiTno ffetpuemaNseit dmoiped dmeuenr 1..:augarneccdstred
dunimea dmorrecreo auktuRm7;44cdmibec
ea dmemnr predmemeperrno qatpuetaxEsets, dmnoue& dmotteqs3
semuNmeviecgdntibec
UspeuesumTc
.a ccatiluemaRsem.PrepeuesemTf dmnouem dmorreq-e3 equEseileccdncbec
-14 dmeuesns cradme-prom

62 dmeuesns ccedme-raeK ccetpuemaNsum dwnouem duo-(recto ....o.J1i(e7eCcdulber
/4 dmeumeio dmeTTriew emuNde:eccdeoluem
H dmeueSns credme-preN ccoliquamaRcum dmeunzo diumprip -2TercapiNuem
eemurd
rce/WN cfainsem 4emlueodatm crelmaiWTeuno .emuRccenseNeier

.a rceiteg ccoapsem 4ealuetadeum Uelnoketeuno iitmuRcceutseleier
c CPU cCv
H PcyccuTTf PcoarisPul 'emTueodeqx cre3n3Avieuna avauNdeuT6e4ai
.74 CCaCCeotue3eTjno
'a ccecremmerEnD Proinsem 4umaccdTueoda4X 43:m31W-re=
.emuRdeupCdTsexeief
g eAundelleccdrimleA
.g 4eCrepeuepetino ffoansem eemaccdTueodeqx ccagno/Wieuno iew/W
eymuNdetteccdeto74e/C
g dmegulel ffadmukeu PPoiniAru
.:

8VZ
NOSS37 Aux - uopnapscInS ITT21:1
.3 dmerreavy fradmvAvu proanaAvu gemappTueladatil armAv-PpaanzAvivuno

vmulirreuvrpdvipTavA
sW rreveuvsemTr
sa rfvovuesvmu ProanaAvu gvmuv3rpTueladatIl fraanzAvvuno avm4v
vmanseuvfPdvtipTavA
14 avovuemicn asvd vrtuRseuvPrdvantio
.3 rrvoeuesvmu proana4vu 6ersue2rpTueladagn rraanoAvieuno avovuenAn
asvd vmuNselzerrdvantio
'N ffvovuemnr proldAvaitvu
3. Preovuemnr ppoidAvaAvu gritivappTuviadaq% rpalnpAvTvunp avvuvmAn
asvd vmumueuvpfdeantio
.14 dmsmnr rradmvAvu
3. dmemnr HadmvAteu pposdAva4vu gemuvauvladatiq rra2naftivuno avovuemin
ased sumunsvneAntio
4 dell vmunsvusant
'3 dmemnr rradmvAvu rroadAva4eu gvmuvauvildatil rra2nokeivuno dell
vmugseuvanT
14 Crump aTsed rceuemas
.3 ?punt aTsvd frvuemas 4vmsauv1adatin rre3nodivTvuno dell vmunmeuvani
.14 preoeuvu
.3 Preovuen aTsvd pfvuvmas 4vmacrdTuviadeqn rpaano4v-reuno dell -uvprdvant
emunpre
141 ' ovuollvi vmuervueppdvicvmTr
'3 rpovuog aTsvd rpluvmas gvm2rfdTueodatin pra3noAvivuno ovuoilvi
villugrrvtivrpdvAvmg
'14 Preovuvdnf
.3 rrvovuednr aTsvd fpvuvmas 4vmacrdTuvodam pfa2novAteuno ovuooleT
.vmundeuvrpdvAvmg
fragauemagsvm prvAvu dell gvmunprvurnotil aeon uerremem dean uvr
T30.res
3 prelim:112pm prviteu dell 'emuRPPPTET0114 won uvrpmem dean uvr

Tapays
Proictea
.3 proviva ffallauvmansvm deal 4vmuRdeurrim aeon uvdemem dean uvp
mnbaes
dmvmnr rpadmvAvu
a dmvmnr rfadmv4eu pragauemansvm deal cemugsemlogn lvon uesemem duln
uur pue3zoies

mossal uoTanaTasqns TTtatt
ursoTa dndeA uer TauuaoanT

a dmemnr rradmeAvu rreqausmiNsem deA 'emunce7Tiyoql "ideiLucsoTa.7eon
uvr TausapanT
prettinf aTsed rresatooaaTm
a ffemnr aTsed ffesaiooaaTm deA 4emunalepTuoqn aeon uemoT4 dncie'
Taeloani
'N Diem -emagmeueaes
sa rremnr aTsed rresaTooarTm aaem 4eAuRmul,!ears aeon uemoTa dndeA 113f
-TaeaoanT
rreoeueu
rreoeuea aTsed rfesatooaaTm oaym gemunrre=lerrdeays aeon uerroTa dndeA
urf TapdrInT
uerfevionqd mum dnue uur TaodeAemTr
a freoeueN aTsed rfesriopaaTm oaym 4umunfcdvaps aeon uefregonqd naoim
dnue uer TaodeAemTf
N rpoeuemnr rfoanaAeu 4eauswr-leffdeter
a preoeuumni froanakeu gemeNmeuerrderef anon uemeqonqd naoql dram
war T1v3pdvAgmTr
N c rpovuesenT
a preoeuesemTr proanaAeu gemuNsegefrdster aeon uusegonqd naoqx Jnut
uer TaueaadvicenTr
.N rfekeu
a rreAeli rroanaAeu 4umuRfrernef aeon uecreqonqd naoql dnue urc
'IloitumTr
credne
a frednr rroanaAeu lox 4.emuridu7eTer aeon updeqonqd nam dnue uer
TaTnbAemTr
Li usaTsou deoeueova uur TaTafie
a rrednr rroanaAeu aol gemuRdeueTur aeon ueaTsoll deoeuvoyA uer oTaTnbl:Te
74 rremnr aTsed Cream 6w1unmeLleqopeA
'a rremni aTsed Cream 41.3muper.eqopeA aeon ueaTsoa deoeueoen uer
'Pelocie
uoTaa/dwoo TiTaa mreqpirlarg56551V.-
rfekem 4erlauesadeqx preanoAvieuno ' emunrreuTsevaer

(euTseleaer) '
crewill eemeaueodeq4 creanoAeTeuno emuRmeuTsexeaer

(euTselaaef)

250
LESSON XXIV - Completion Drill
Jupajj nayrt'aniwa, cunalaycutejj lak (iutafia) jutafiapkwa

Jiwasajj nayrt'antanwa, cunalaycutejj aymar yatekafiasgnwa
(yatettafia).
Jiwasanacajj khept'anipjjtanwa, cunalaycutejj

uywanacar mank' (churaiia) . churapjjafiasgnwa
Nanacajj khept'anipjjtwa, cunalaycutejj ut
(pichafia). pichapjjeajjgnwa
Jumanacajj nayrt'anipjjtawa, cunalaycutejj lak
(jalinifia). jalanipjjafiamgnwa
Jupanacajj nayrt'anipjjewa, cunalaycutejj lak
(jarekasifia) .
jarekasipjjafiapHnwa
Nayajj khept'antwa, cunalaycutejj c'achh_(iutafia) jutaliakjgnwa

Jumajj khept'antawa, cunalaycutejj c'achh
(jutafia) jutafiamUnwa
Jupajj nayreaniwa, cunalaycutejj lak(jalan.lfia). jalanifiapgnwa
Jiwasajj nayrt'antanwa, cunalaycutejj lak
(jalanifia). jalanifiasgnwa
Jiwasanacajj masUrojj khept'anipjjtanwa,
cunalaycutejj (pichafia). pichapjjafiasgnwa
Nanacajj masUroj j khept'anipjjtwa, cunalaycutejj
(samarafia) samarapjjafiajjgnwa
Jumanacajj nayrt'anipjjtawa, cunalaycutejj lak
(tucuaa) tucupjjelamanwa
Jupanacajj nayrt'anipjjewa, cunalaycutejj lak
(yanapaiia) yanapapjjafiapgnwa
MasUrojj nayajj yap (khollifia ) , ucat mamajjan khollinajjgnwa

utap jan sarcti.
MasUrojj jumajj yap (lurafia) , ucat tioman luraiamgnwa
utap jan jutctati.
NayrUrojj jupajj ovej (qharifia) , ucat tiapan qharifiapgnwa
utap jan lurquiti.
NayrUrojj j iwasajj mank' (phayafia), ucat yokasan phayaiasgnwa
utap jan sarctanti.
Wasgrmanthejj jiwasanacajj (iarekasifia) ucat jarekasipjjafiasHnwa
jan kapupctanti.
WasIrmanthejj nanacajj wawanacartatiftEIll yatichapjjafiajjgnwa
ucat jan jutapcti.
Pasir marajj jumanacajj Pablor (vanapaLa), ucat yanapapjjai,amgnwa
jan ut utachapctati.
Pasir marajj jupanacajj ch'ok (lapuchafia), ucat yapuchapjjafiapgnwa
jan cebad yapuchapquiti.

LESSON XXIV
Questions and Answers - Jisceafinnanamni ivaw sa:Aanacsurpi

I. M. Jumajj yap lurafiamanti?

E. Jisa, nayajj yap lurafiajjanwa.
M. Masarojj jumajj ut pichaaamanati?
E. nsa, nayajj ut pichallajjanwa.
M. Masarmanthejj jupajj Pedromp Juanamp parlafiapanti?
E. J!!sa, maatmantejj jupajj Pedrop Juanamp parlahapanwa.
M0 Jumanacajj libromp cuadernomp alasipjjaiiam!nti?
E. JYsa, libromp cuadernamp alasipjjanajjanwa.
M. Jiwasajj nayraypsajj wavasar pelot churailasanti?
E. JY.sa, nayrayp'ojj wawasar pelot churailasanwa.
E4 Jupajj nayreaniwa lak jutaaapantil
E. JMsa, jupajj nayreaniwa, lak jute.apanwe.
Jupajj khepeaniti; jilapar yanape:apanti?
E. nsa, jupajj kheptaniwa; jilapar yanapa;iapanwa.
N. Nayajj Wandampir Franciscanpir yanapatiajjth.ti?
E. nsa, jumajj Wandampir Franciscempir yanapeiamanwa.
N. Nayamp jumampejj walarojj qhaya jach'a chac asquichaf:asanti?

E. nsa, asquichafiasanwa.
N. Tata Justino, aca Bolivia marcar jutaaamanti?
E. nsa, jutaaajjanwa.
N. Mama Maria, jumanjj wallpanacar mank' chureamanti?
E. J1sa, churafiajjanwa.
M. Mama Teresa, nayanjj pas phajjsejj jumar yanapahajjanti?
E. JMsa, yanapailamanwa.
II. M. Masayp'ojj jumajj cun lurafiamanse

E. Yap khech'ailajjanwa.
N. Masarmanthejj Pedrojj cun mank'afiapanasa?
E. Arroz mankiafiapanwa.
M. Cunats tata Carlosajj khept'ani?
E. Jarekasifiapanwa.
E. Cunats jiwasanacajj nayrt' anipjjtan?

252
LESSON XXIV - Questions and Answers
E. Lak jutapjjalasgnwa.
M. Cunats jupanacajj anatir khept'anipjje?
E. Namanacapar yanapapjjafiapgnwa.
M. Qhitir yanapafiamgnsa?
E. Mamajjar yanapaAajjgnwa.
M. Qhitirus tata Franciscojj mank' churafiapgna?
E. Jilapar churaijapgnwa.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA LUCASAJJ AMICOPAN UTAP SARI
Lucas: Asqui jayp'u' tata Ignacio, camisac tata.

Ignacio: Walic tata, buenas noches tata... Aca chekar kont'asim...
L: Waliquiw tata...wali thayaw tata, nayarojj wal thayjitu,
janiw cunas luradjamgquiti.2
I: Jis tata, wali thayawa, jichhgrojj janiw lupejj lupquiti, inas
khargrojj lupchini. .
L: Ucapf, inas khargrojj jallojj purchini, cunalaycutejj janiw

qhunojj purquiti.
Jis tata, nayanjj masgrojj yap lurafiajjgnwa, ucampis jalluw
wal puri, ucat jan lurcti, inas jutir miercolesajj lurchi.
L: Nayanjj masUrojj Chuquiag sarafiajjgnwa, ucampis autow jan
utjquiti, ucat jan sarcti, inas khargrojj sarcti.
Vacanacamajj utjiti?
nsa, quimsakallkowa, mank'aw jan utjquiti, jichharmanthejj
uywa mank'ar saraliajjgnwa, uywa mank'ajj wali carowa.
Qhitins uywa mank'ajj utji?
L: Tata Domingon utji, wali caroruw aljitu.3
Jisa, uywa mank'ajj carowa.
L: Ay tata, Ignacia, may achicasifi munsma, jumanjj uywa mank'ajj
utjiwa, nayajj alasifi munta.4
Cunach tata?
L: Tata, jumajj juyranac imascapintawa, juyrajjaw jan utjquiti,
wawanacajjarojj mank' at autjapjje, ay tata Ignacio yanapt'itey,
juyramay aljt'ita.5
Ay ucaw tata, juyrajj janiquiw walj utjquiti, caacharaquia-
nisti?6

253
LESSON XXIV - Dialogue
7
L: Aljeaquitay tata, pg arrob chtokec munta.
8
ma rat suyt'it chhU.
9
(Ignaciojj warmipam7 parliriw yakha utar sari)
10
Ucapi, kawkha cargsa muntajja?
L: Mg carga munta, nayanjj uywa mank'ajj imafiajjgnwa, ucampis 7anlw
imcti, inas jutir marajj imehi, nayan orakeacajjajj wall
jIsc'anacawa, janiw uywa mank'ajj imadjamgquiti.11
I: nsa, nayajj janiw kollker aljail muncti 000 Jumanjj azucaramajj
-fl
utjiwa, azucaramp uywa mank'amp turceigni, waliquiti?"
IL: Waliquiw tata, uqhgmajj azucar apani.
I: Waliquiwa 000 Kakha libra azucarsa in carga uywa wank' at
churitgtajja?
-
Pg tune pheskan libra.
11111MIN,...
NOTES
1 AssuLipmnu'good evening'
2 g242kLlaingslEglaillIgIi. 'There is nothing to be done.'
-iama- idfter arrinfiaitille,ending (with the loss of final vmsel of
the infinitive ending),indicates possibility or opportunity of
performing the action; in the negative, the compound negative suffix
-4_ guiti is added (cf. Lesson III).
e.g. Thaeuelj lurail'amawa. 'The road is ready (in condition) to br.
laid.'
3 Wall caroruw aljitu.'He sold it to me at a very high price.'

'at a price, for pesos' is expressed by -ru.
4 ay_achicasia munsma. 'I have a favor of you.' achicasifia/achicafia
'to request, ask'
5 imassa2intwa 'You are always saving' imalla 'to save;' -Rini:- placed
after the infinitive stem and before personal endings.
alleita 'sell me some (just for awhile)'
-t'a- infix attached to the verl%' stem connotes a limited space of tire.
e.g. sart'a 'I will go (for a moment).'
6 AcharastiiicanzgrALti? 'What are we to do ?'
7 Aljeaquitay 'So sell me some (for thu while).' C. note 5 above.

garrelch'okec munta. 'I only want two twentyfive pound weights
of potatoes;' -c 'only'

254
LESSON XXIV - Dialogue - Notes
6 'Wait just a moment.'

9 'another, other'
10 carga 'load' (cf. Spanish carga).
11 orake 'ground, terrain'
12 Iasi''aniw kollker al'afi munct 'I don't want to sell it for money.'
Cf. note 3 above.
turqui 'change;' turcafia 'to change,exchange, barter'

LESSON XXV - Pa tunca 2heskanir leccioaa
awatiri pastor shepherd

castsllano (castillgnu) castellano Spanish
caturi pescador fisherman
koneasitia (ru) sentarse to sit down
1-holliri agricultor ploughman, farmer
pantjasitia equivocarse to be mistaken
phayiri cocinera cook
tonko malz corn
utachiri albeil builder
apuchiri lebrndor worker
I. Imperfect negative:
sarana
1 sareqgta sarckyltanti sarapcgvgtanti
sarcgtanti sarcantanti sarapcgntanti
sarapavftti
sarapcatanti
2 sarcavgtati sPr42.21111121i.
sarcgntati sarapcRntati
sarcRnti sarapauti
Analysis: all but third person formst
verb stem + (plural infix) + negative -ea- + 7aym7 +
ending + negative -ti.
or: all forms except the first person forms:
verb stem + (plural infix) + -ca- + -an- + ending + -ti.
1st person forms: verb stem + (plural infix) + -ca- +
-atan- + -ti.
(N.B. Rudimentos gives this form without -n- before the
ending: e.g. jumaii sarcgtati.)
The endings are identical to those of the imperfect positive
(cf. lesson XXIII).

256
LESSON XXV - Grammar

II. -la 'over, because of
e.g. itua.pjj-jani2y;ashsttti. 'He wasn't crying over his

children.'
The of ucat 'therefore' also has this Irvaning: 'for that,
because of that.'
III. Infinitives may serve as nouns and may be combined with nominal
suffixes:
e.g. Ju anaca aniw is ealisifiam t'ant' lurafiam aticha cOnti.

'They didn t teach me how to wash clothes or make bread.
IV. On the use of -rig cf. grammar, lesson VI.
M. Nayajj janiw Chuquiag sarcaygtti.

E. Nayajj janiw Chuquiag saraygtti.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj janiw Chuquiag sarcgnti.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw Chuquiag sarapcanti.
M. aymar yatekapc4nti
E. Jupanacajj janiw aymar yatekapcgnti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw aymar yatekcgygtati.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw aymar yatekcUylltanti.
M. alasifi armascOyUtanti
E. Jiwasajj janiw alasifi arnasaygtanti.

M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj janiw alasifi armasipayOtti.
jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw alasin armasipeRyntnliti.

257
LESSON XXV - Substitution Drill
M. kollk chhaitayasipcgyHtanti
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw kollk chhakayasipaygtanti.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj janiw kollk chhakayascHnti.
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw kollk chhakayasipcHygtati.
E4 pantjasipcgygtati
E. Jumanacajj janiw alasii paatjasipcgygtati.
1!. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw alasii pantjascgygtti.
N. Jupajj janiw eawr kapcHnti.
E. Jupajj janiw eawr kapcgnti.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj janiw t'awr kapcgygtati.
N. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janiw t'awr kapayHtanti.
N. ponch sawcHyHtanti
E. Jiwasajj janiw ponch sawaygtanti.
N. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw ponch sawcHyHtti.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj janiw ponch sawupcHnti.
mamapat llaquisipcgnti
E. Jupanacajj janiw mamapat llaquisipcgnti.
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj janiw mamamat llaquisipaygtati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw mamasat llaquisipcgygtanti.
M. wawasat jachapcgygtanti
E. Jiwasanacajj janiw wawasat jachapcgygtanti.
14. jupajj
E. Jupajj janiw wawapat jachcHnti.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj janiw wawajjat jachcHygtti.

8SZ
Noscaa AXX - uoT3113T3sciPS ITTIQ
14 ailiam rfe3n T340flostmnbse

a cpsitem nTueC a,Aaam Cceln .T33.0pqoTnbse
14 ffeveueu
a quovuem mTueC aivam rCe3n .T.430RodatioTnbse
14 a aTsed qui= cCukeu mTuef dmopes dmenoialued T33RARosere
a iTsua PCBIBM CpAeu mTuar dmopes
dmpuoTewed T34EARoseTe
N Cremq
a aTsaa Uviem PetunC mTuef dmopes
dmeuov3und T3e4HSHosaTe
dmolluol dmesageti TzelE4Hopre
va iTsed Pcsiem Ccemnp mTuup dmoNno3 dmeseclaq
.T4e4RAppre
a
TAI
cratpuemnseq4 PCusemTr
ea rcatiluemaNsaw rcesemTC mpleC dmoluo4 dmesegeti puen4noris
N PpednC
a gCatpuemiEseN CCednC mTuef dmesuctetr,dmaquol .T3upcte
dmeasor dmeTaam TunlosTnbTr
ea CCatpuumapel4 ?Cedric mTuec dmeasor dmeTieN .TqupsTnbTp
N pratpuemillikeu pPeoeuednc
ea rCepeuedncjgatpunmapleN mTuer dmnasor dmeTiew .T3updTsTnbTf
14 ffezieuesemTc
a fgeozuesemTr fgatpuemxpkeu mTuer dmeasor doe-peril .T3usTRAflodTsTaTc
N dmeuesns dmanbTaua TluenSpdTseiluoll
.a UspeuesenTr CfatpuumapAteu mTuef dmeuesns dmanbTaua -HANodTseouoll
QT3uel.
14 fCepanatunC
.3 Ccuosuemnr cpagluemapAru mTuar dmeuesns eimanbTaua .T4e4RAgodTsuouoA r.
CCesamTp
.a fcesemTr cpailluemap4eu LATueC direuesns dmanbTana .Tlue3RARoseiluoll
'11 sT dmeuTsffes4 iluai4
duiel2aanT TluelE4RoupT4e4
a Cfesumu cgatpuemniKuu mTuaC sT duinuTsCceo ouzo dmeuelni
-puenLyptipT3a4
la gcepeuednc iTsed cream
a Creaeuednr iTsed Cceiem mTneC sT dmeuTsgfes3 ouell dmeueint
-flupdepTle4
4 cceReu
a Page's' ATSEd UVIEM mi.uer sT dmuu.pacCus4 lnuo duluueAut 41J114pictiC
'PTA

6g2
Kossaa AXX uoT1n3T3sqnS mac(
'14 rceAaN proanaAau nTuaC uaTTAya ladepaunsouem otusw .T34aiNlanqo

sa ['Celia/4 CCoanaAau mTuar uypTAya aladeoeunougm ;:quera -T72AT.Rwaqn
4 CcesgmTc
.3 rresamTr mTuar'rroanalcau uupTitya ardeouunaurem sxuem TauelRApanqo
rcamnC
.3 rremnr mTuac.rrolualtau uupTAva aadepeuniouvm oluem -53ue4RARaanqa
uvesor SyTnbnqaaedeoeuemam -Traloyadal
'3 FPUMnr 4.01111AVU ATUVP MOSOf aaduaruamem SaTnbm .T3a3R4NodaT
14 preavuudnC CcoldAyaitau
a rceavuednr proidAvaAau mTuar ueasof audypeuemym OaTnbn-40 .T3upc:pdaT
14 ppm=
.3 pepauem CroidAaakeu tiTuac tmasof audaoauwien 2aTnbnq0 .T.4:1tApdadaT
'j =pp-mpg ardezeunda4 Tuft .TzTaArdp...11ndyA
ag rcepaura froadAvaccau mTuar Tierra-EN= gadroenndrA rude -lodaqandy4
T34174
4 uercerg
crerfauf cfodheakeu mTuac Traccamoy ardevaunds4 TTTdr T;--irptiond?!.
dmemnf Fradmvicau aTsed crescrelqd

ra dmemnr pradmeAuu aTsad rraspreqd ximar uusaTTqau =deoeundalt Eldt?
.purn4atIondeA
uasam audeoruadtram urns TquanSilaNn
a dmemnr cradmeiCau used rrasrreqd mTuer uase3e: audeaeuednam mns
.Tlue2HAEocrn
'N rcarrapauETTno
rrerreauuumuna aTsed cCaspreqd mTuac uese4a3 aadvoeuadTTam mns
"PuRadaftn
'N dmemnr rradmemTmaym croansam
2 dmemnr rradmeaTwaym proansam aTueC uame4az aadapeuudrml urns
.Tly3RAHoducun
uamoSTmy aadvavuet..am Tanzsa TmoRodediT
.a dmemnr fradmamTmiam rCoaDsam mTuaC uyino2Tme iadapeuemem Tanasa
.T3a3RARadadaT
4 Cragteu
ig PreAuti froansam mTuaf uaccoSTma aadapauamam Tanasa *T33RICHodaT
14 rreket4 aTsed cream ['cal-Fr 0e2v ITI1eK3 craanwo mpluf 104 .T33Ricroles
30)1
.a rreAaN aTsad PPIVM DET4TETTP 'Imago rcaanzez mTuaC T33RARaaas

09Z
Nossai AXX - uopnlpsqns Tuaa
4 Ppednp
.3 L.
ppednr iTsed ppieta peleffer4 'pimp ppainleo mTuec 404 --Fluipags
'N ciesemc ccolniAsu
'a PcBswqr pPoiniAvu peleseTTP Trmetio gain3vo muec T4nu3NARoaes
'N OVA ppapeme mTuec TluelHANolsTm
-a ccesemu Uoinakeu peTessup ovit ccalTlemu mTuec Hon -puingAgo3sTm
N cpaeueu
*3 pezeumN ppinaheu oelepprup zeis rcexpemr mTuec troll .T33BAHadn3sTm
14 ccumnp CcetiluemillaSuu
-a ccemnr ccaq3ustuagalteu Mum-UP ova PPIT3eme ATIIBC TT04 *T2e3RARD3sTm
N ppetteu cconsem omasor
-a cce4n1 Uoinsem OV4VOSOr DELL ffaiTleme mTuec Ttol .T32HAP3sTm
4 3n ccaaploBln mTuuc T33/1q34nc
cceiceN ccoinsem peleasor In Cpappeln mTurc .T33RAR014

gce0Bumunc
prezeuemnr paansem peleasor ln cpappeln mTuef .plelEARodu3nc
Cfeoeuednp ffatIltremapitvu
-a ccuo.euednr PPexpuemapApu oevesor In Ppappe3n mTuec --puRode3np
'N OeUV3VA PPIT3VMV
-a ppepwrednr PcmpuzmaRikeu muasor =morn ccalpemB mplec .T3uNode44
4 crepeuesymp
-a ccummsemu Umpuemilikeu aelvasor oruemt PcaiTTemp mplyc .evic
fluelHARod
14 ouuniourm Haag-re mipmc puelNARoduies
.g pgromiesemu ccatiluetanakeu omasor ottunioum cceitciv mpref
.flue3H4Rodexes
14 premien iTsed ccelem
-a cg.VDVIIVN aTwed cceirm aeleasor 7eunsouvri cpaiTcre mTuvc .1:11flAnadvies
uopeTdmo3 ruia orunav ugetiomptid
iTsed Pperein peiteu mTuBc mum wedeln Tl3H4Holloto.

'073aptil)
iTsed ppiem ccemnp mTuec UUMBIBM uudu4n
a
'Ourillum0 AUVUX 4BACED -F4E

T9Z
AXX.MOSSal 120339TeitgoD TT1Q
ccati;ucwar,seNt ciadnp typec lectallontid xxcluTouulsi) aud up-

*(eqviisd)
ffatpuumansuN ppesemTP prper tivseautTno uedu4n
(pumpauP) TauvankfioseAsaec
cCoanaAn prroaueseNTr mTusc uow.lomTI tivdrldv,:
(e4vaumes) Tauelg.Roduarmec.
ccoinikeg ppeorueu mTuec treppeutpe scum
uednAn " (etyeaue) TanApode;eue;
rpoidAvaAux Neoeuemnp mTuec uemo2Tme
uudeTomose 4811a4vA) ( TlunkpdensayA
ppoidAuaAutl Huouuudnp mTuuc ueuusns ueduTouease
a(uIlolotia) Tauflodmiog4
ppeAum aTsad ppeaum DElEccVMeM cregripTICIUk

MTUVP ITO1 T1-47.40aus
P431111 aTsed ccearm oulasof 3n cpappean

mTuec oaem qape3nr) 1:74.egRARoati.i.
rCInf aTsud fcas,quqd pe4udemem zreuTsT

Teael4)
.
ga1Tscces3 mprep apirc Tauholnr

ccuemu aTsed gpsquqd pezoaaomTy dint TTNA
cpaT qpiec eAugb peuAr IguuTRRoAeles
ccUOVOOSEATi ccOlnIAUU OV40aped ZUA ccaaTause
inutlr TPA Me3utibem) o iqueaNi;Rodeauqbem
quouuem cPanaSru ouguouunue oluem rpaTAutld .
Cegelnc) paNARode44
ppeouuemnr ccoadAyakeu oeluovuetiocuA ouuTsT
creine mIttec alem (egules) TaelliAnodeaes
rpoeuudnf pcoadAuaAeu ouaroeuallup pCoaTt/ondeA

mTuer .(uusIng) Taufloduanc
CrekeN aTsed ['pumas taut lnsTec taut 4uutec

ccumet, mTuer deA (piMeanT) T330panT
aTsud preuemes TauT lnsTur taut luerec
Cretan'.
pump mTuec deA 0?4eanT) TaulEArpani
Cpudnr pcoansem 3esauni ccemeosoulaTA mTuec
(eLyeantr'; TaupanT
PcusenTr ccoansem van Pcsmeontrox mTuec TqauC
dean (uue4e) TauuanAnode
rcepuuusemTf croanakeu arse/tour ccemeopeqes
mTuer oeueln (euelloTd) Taue4HABodegoTd

Z9Z
mossaa AXX - uopeidul03 UPC(
Crupuuum CcoanaAuu Taut ansTuf taut -auetec

Ppetaup mTuu? ouueqopu (uueanT) Ta4RAR:deanT
ffeouuumnr aTsed [Tram e lugs CpemeonsdAuf
mTuuc UmB40 (uunaeo) dnquo T324NAR
cceouuednf aTsed ppeaum lune cpmeznidAup
mTuec g3 ado, deA (E^Testpetil) Taunoduatpatil
cgoanakem rpeAuu mTuef Cfenbuloapaa TTociao

(unnaAu) TalEARoake
ccoanaAuN Ccumnp mTuuC genbuauccumem eusTqd
ovuerel (utiude) TavaRARodu
fpgauumaRseN cpednC mTuuC ccenbuaudezunno
rAsatid qpnqb (EuTavilb) Taufloarqb
CragauumaRsull ppesumTC mTuuC crenbeauTant mn
Im/Ilerra.
(uTuudu)
ll
dumanAgauu Ta
qoapsua cpuzuuusumTP mTuvf ccenbuluan zeueqopu
1(Emmani). TauulHAnoduanT
ccoansua frepeuuu mTuup emAn pranbuanAn
dmmitioTr
dmemn (uuTsnu) TaaRApdTsure
aTsBa cruumas Ccuzuuumnp
mTuup Tenose -uan
genbuauump ouuetuq -(euTuude) TauankflodTuedu
aTsua cfuuumes rcupeuudnp
mTuuf dull. -uluuuanT
fganb puau (unTseir) TaupdTseTu
suoTasenb pue saemsuv -

aWid-Ftwoeuut
eATau2a1 - tier upuuuletio
cCumnr 2uTnimtla iTaulEARaus

.3 cCuAuxermTuur mTuup 2uTnbn143 spaRApaus
14 CCoansuw pedn? duA LTaeuRanT
.3 gumTuur Cpudng mTuuC duA TaunDanT
la POInSEN ccUMTIc 1129901 dean LTavaRARaus
.3 4.emTuurquAeu qoansum mTueC uvesof dean TaaBABoaes
aTsua pexem uupuea uuduan
LT4P4EAR1ptia
.3 4umTuur aTsyd 'ffexein mTuut* uupura ueduan TaaRAHolloga
.11 ccemnr aTsud quaum appnduA aleaRARaus
.3 4umTuur iTsed pfeaum mTuuf Appude4 -;44Rkspaus

.263
LESSON XXV - Questions and Answers

Negative
M. Pasir semanajj jupanacajj janiw yap, luraliataquajj arad alasipcYnt.":.

E. nsa, pasir semanajj juraaacajj janiw yap 11.1rafiataquejj arad
alasipcHnti.
M. Tata Pablo, masUrojj cawcs sarHyHtajja?
E. Janiw cawcs sarcHyHtti.
M. .Mama Maria, jumamp phuchamampejj masayp'ojj ane mank'apjOyHtati^
E. janiwimank'apayHtti..
M. MasUrojj jumanacajj is t'ajjsipjOyHtati?
E. Janiw t'ajjsipcHyHtti.
M. Tata, jiwasanacajj nayarmanthejj yapunac lurapjOyHtanti/
E. Janiw lurapcHyatanti
M. Mama Teresa, nayajj maarmanthejj machak isinac ch'ucuyHtti?
E. Janiw ch'uccHyHtati.
M. Pasir marajj.Pedromp Joseampejj ChugUlag sarapjjHnti?
E. Janiw sarapcHnti.
M. Jumanacajj pasir phajjsejj Achacach sarapjgyHtati?
E. janiw sarapc6qtati.
N. Mama Maria, nanacajj masUrojj.cuns lurapjjayata?
E. Janiw cuns lurapaygtati.
.1allu,lasgrulanthejj jumajj cuns luraAzajja?
E. Janiw cuns lurcHyHtti.
N. Tata Juan, yokanacamajj cuns lurapjOna?
E. Janiw cunsqurapanti.
M. NayrUrojj jiwasanacijj cuns lurapjjtlyHtan?
E. Janiw cuns lurapayatanti.
Dialogue - Cuento
NARTAJJ WAJCHA YOKALLAT MAN PAR AVISI
Marta: Mamay, masUrojj ma yokall agyata, wali llaquita, ucat tayajj

wal Ilaquista.
Mama: Qhitis uca yokallajja?
Marta: Janiw yatcti, jupajj wali thantha isinacamp isthapitHnwa, lluch'-
upajj janiw machaacHnti, janiraquiw wisqhupas utjcHnti. Cami-
sapajj wall k'adenwa, jupajj wal jachka.4

4792
NOSS'I AXX - an2oTeTa
vetagR ttv alciod ;et/tem epTem meoeuemem -gem aTnbuTT 4aCpdv4euxes uer
6TuTnbme uvp .Tueoicel C
ppemnr dmednp ijavaTavd 0:seqpedouTaT4o
maaell sir 6emem ppeSvu pcadmemnr
.vmaHAHTaed uednr PPede4ea mTuvP
6TaTnbpan ppedvmem mTuvp 6TaTnbpan mTnbeaTuvp sedemmej TaTnbCan
Eui : n
iy aaciod 6vmem emeqoudopem pPeoeuvqoPem mTuTdemHqbn
I
-s
sappdell sTnbuTnbmeo viypPeqmoTp
maaeN uednr pPedean mTuep cTaTnbpan seuT Ppednp ,Tposeouerreo
I
ppadmednr mTuep mns ...TaaH4HoTavd
vemeN 64emvm ppaqauemnae von umelloit on 6vmemetleays 9 seuT cpednr
oeuvcano 11Taeme 6Tqoavit ppeseaTC ppoavdnp 6e4Nuem 6voeuTsT
6-tum.leanqo e,T4TnbTivm
6vaTmem ppeAvu Tem 6easTsna ppaanoAeTeuno eon eqopem ffemem

emTuvouusean pPemHqba mTwiemnav dmvmnp aTTaed 'Hams spuT
ccednc .TuTqounm
vmTueuniq 14aanoAvTuuno
atsea CCe.lem CDviteu aTuvC vuno sp(Lvaa al !...q cemTuvunm
avaeuvqqvm 6TamAvosTntlev- stdavon
PPelmoTp vmasTnbeTT cPaanokeTeuno ppemoTa 'emTmTp Ilsedsovuemem
,cvmnbeavoeueqopen
:eaaew ppeiteR Hm emns %eqoem nolonTT eonv-0,0A TT 704SMRA Tyne. -eau=
aTsed cpueovuvaem mTuep
avoeueqoPem gTauvagpanqo vqqoTP ppalum
.emTupeanqo
.
t
:emqg 6es/r ppemelea .emTuTnbeaTsTsno 8
:elaell SEUi pprava Aegoem oeuTsT 6TuTqouele seuT
ppueOemTp uep NTToq
6-TaTuppoHseuease2
remeN 'eszr sTdmeon pcuesemTp .umesvueTe
:vaaeN ppoariaAeR mTuep 6TaaH4HosTsno sTdmvon ppolHavqx -vnIsTsno
:vmem ppemnba Hu eiosTp an emeseurqoTnbse eon 'molt uemva -vaedvuTaT
Tnb
:eaaeR 6ememmTnbTrem mTnbmam meaTmem
-elaeN[mTnbTTem ppeqauemnav ePTen 6Ture4eqdsluem Craano4vIeuno
von eqoAva PpoameAo4 Tem leoluem
wevedpame -euvqopan
epPleo 6emTundeseuTsvame epTem meoeueqopem ppautiovdvov umaeuno
aTnbeTT appdelleuaes uec TuTnbme uep II.TueoAva
ZI
ArmeN keleT MIES eon aeTTeloic .TaTadaT
mTnbTTem 6Aemem mv4uu 6peadaT Tasednp seoeuepano .tuTlemv
sawn
I WiiiWfi cm, paTqnoal anTssed aTdvaTaxed
emueaTdatiasT sez !ipassamy iwt71.41uTya
71i-TailasT
TiggfE sTepuess

LESSON XXV - Dialogue - Notes
3 'aijieisuirth'arj...a.sAysani. 'without a father and without a mother.

pwqui 'father' (mate formal than tats).
tavca 'mother'
.1.42 'without' -ni indicates possession
qhitincpachasa 'where is he from?' pacha indicates time, place.
4 waichapachawa 'he must be an orphan.' dacha here means 'ought to be'

the conversion of the noun to a verb stem is accomplished by
lengthening the final vowel of the noun.
ughMmapiniw 'always thus' 'always'
5 inasencsaccili. 'lie is probably in the streets.'
6 ____x_.antiamawaUcaokall. 'You must go to see that boy.' Lit. 'You

must go to that boy's (place) '
7 Yavajt_laniw ttaichanacat llaquiscavatti. 'I wasn't very sad about

orphans.' Ch -t, cf. Grammar notes to this lesson.
jiwana 'to die'
8 cusisiraquiniva 'lie will also be happy.' Infinitive cusisii5a.
9 Inas ian kollk astafiasacchiniti. 'Perhaps we won't have to spend
money' Cf. Spanish astar 'to spend, waste.'
10 Wel mankfat awtipacha. 'He should be very hvngry.' Cf. above note 4.
11 EraishanacalitlagitasiZgalainim. 'We must always remember the orphans.'

amtasifia 'to remember.' The use of the suffix -t(iia) 'of, about'
parallels the Spanish expression acorclarse de. -nuni- 'certainly,
always' is attached to the pronominal suffix in nominal constructions
or to the personal endings in verbs - before -wa.
e.g. lighymaiatm 'It's always that ray.'
sarljapiniwa. 'I'll certainly go.'
acapacha 'world' (literally, 'this place')
cunavmani kinds, various'
12 laka 'then fast laka + ya

isyslatimallal the verbal infix -ta- conveys the meaning of 'beginning
the action' cf. Lesson XV. After a verb of motion, the -ri form is
required, note change of .7a- .in,j-PfifiitiveLstems tee 4i- before -ri:
e.g. irpta- / it tiri.

266
LESSON XXVI - pa tunca sotitlaiLkst.iona
junt'u caliente hot

khatifia cosinar to cook
khepata despu4s, en seguida after, immediately
nayrakata primero first
ucapacha ese tiempo that time
ucchaficama mientras tanto in the meantime
ucqha ese momento that moment
ucsa al rato immediately
ucspacha(pacha Mat
NNE
place, inmediatamente at once, immediately
time')
Granmar-smaushaEtEati
I. Namanaylal<at isthapisi, ucat mare sara. 'First I'll get dressed, then
I'll go to the village.'
N.B. Before ucat, the verb may lose its final vowel, except when the
final vowel is long.
II. Hodels for subordinate clauses:

(a) Fuel jaa_tpEhayztnayait_p_c2LsotalasY. 'As soon as I (will)
ia
arrive (when I arrive), I'll buy myself some bananas.'
Future verb + jan + future verb ucspachaw 'as soon as, immediately'
The final vowel of the verb may be elided if it is not long.
e.g. Khatin (khatini) 9cspachaw, mank'asifiUni. 'As soon as lie cooks,
(b) rt i:nkaranacayrli
ata. ia ucsaw,
EFYiEher arrives,
uri a naval
I'll plant flowers.'
''As soon as
-ipana (attached to the verb stem) describes the action of a subject

other than that of the main clause.
N.B. The noun or pronoun representing the subject of the subo:dinptcl
clause loses its final vowel when followed by -ipana:
e.g. Juan purinipan... 'When Juan arrives...'
Nay parlipan... 'When T

267
LESSON XXVI - Grammar
e.g ETata/IT.AER2nEataz'tEW_s_aggsanac ayrllta. 'When your fathc:..
arrives, you'll plant flowers.'

Cullacap puripan ucsaw, jupajj mank'phavani. 'When his sister
arrives, he'll cook the food.'
Tios puri an ucsaT7 iwasaii Pelot anatanni. 'When'our uncle
arrives, we'll play ball.'
When the subject of a subordinate clause with -ipana ucsaw is plural in

number, the plural infix -pjj- precedes -ipana to form -pliepana and is
attached to the infinitive stem:
e.g. pillgalsajj nuripj4epan ucsaw, navajj pankaranac ayrg. 'As soon as
the friends arrive, I'll plant flowers.'
Amigonacajj jutapjjepan ucsaw,... 'As soon as the friends cone,...'
-ipana may be attached to non-verbs as well:
e.g. IntialstadawcsawnLLvaankaranac ayrU. 'While it is sta.:rise,
I'll plant, flowers.'
(c) ktaiilajauldan ucchaficamaw, nayajj kapU. 'While my father is

talking, I'll spin.'
-ca- attached to the verb stem.indicates an action contemporaneous
with that of the verb in the main clause. The personal endings of the
future tense (minus their final vowel) follow -ca-. The subject of the
subordinate clause is different from that of the main clause; either
the adverb ucchai'!camaw 'in the meantime,' ucohaw 'that moment , or
ucapachaw 'that time' may be used in this construction:
e.g. aystaZall purcan ucapachau, vap Tura. While it is raining,
I'll work the fields.'
Juppnagaiii_jall eur can ucapachmt_y_alamiimi. 'While it is
raining, they'll work the fields.'
Andres purcgnasshawtramaijrag.. 'When Andrgs
arrives (at the time), I'll buy one fat sheep.'
mpjscitcaichaJuw.cdspali mackak isinac alaoini. 'When you arrive,
he'll buy himself new clothes.'
Jiwas purcafign uclaiertZtimaiisuma eant'anac mank'ani. 'When we
airiire, he'll eat some good bread.'

268
LESSON XXVI - Grammar
(d) JilailatklleiatrtAyaith.urarqt?Y. 'After my brother

works the field, I too will work the field.'
The subjects of both clauses are not identical; the infix -raqui- appears
between the infinitive stem and the future tense endings.
SUNNARY
(a) 'as soon as I...,I...' = purl tan nayati

Different subject in both clauses or same subject.
(b) 'as soon as he..., = uri an ucsaw, na ati

Different subject in each clause.
(c) 'while he/it..., = ...-ca- ucchaficamaw, navati

Different subject in
each clause.
...:92=RSELEELMALEli
(d) 'after he..., I...' =
DiffeIt,tt subject in each clause.
III. In interrogative sentences, the particle -ti may be attached to the

adverb:
e.g. Purlt:antucsachat'l.,u.mattr2icotalasY? 'When you arrive,
are you going to buy bananas?'
Nayajj nayrakat isthapisY, ucat jarekasY.

E. Nayajj nayrakat isthapisY, ucat jarekasY.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj nayrakat isthapisYt, ucat jarekasYta.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj nayrakat isthapisipjjan, ucat jarekasipjjani.
M. kawr awatipjjani
E. Jupanacajj nayrakat isthapisipjjan, ucat kawr awatipjjani.
N. j iwasaj j nayrakat yap luraflUn
E. Jiwasajj nayrakat yap lurann t!eat Itawr, awatifigni.

262
LESSON XXVI - Substitution Drill
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj nayrakat yap lurapjjgt, ucat kaWr awatilijjgta.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj.naYrakat yap lurg, ucat"kawk.awati..
N. aymar yatekI
E. Nayajj nayrakat yap lurg, ucat aythar yatekg.
M. jupajj nayrakat cart kellkan
E. Jupajj nayrakat cart kellkan, ucat aymaryatekani
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj nayrakat cart kellkapjjg ucat aymar yatekapjjg.
jiwaSanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj nayrakat cart kellkapjjafigni.
M. ch'oke yap khechlapjjaagni
E. Jiwasanacajj nayrakat cart Lellkapjjaagni, ucat choke yap khech'ap-1'
jjahgni.
M. jiwasajj nayrakat mank'afign
E. Jiwasajj nayrakat mank'afign, ucat ch'oke yap khech'afigni.
jumajj
E. Jumajj nayrakat mank'gt, ucat ch' oke yap khech'gta.
N. Nayajj, jail purcan ucapachaw, tiojjan utap visitir sarg.
E. Nayajj, jail purcan licapachaw, tiojjan utap visitir sarg.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj, jail purcan ucapachaw,'tiopan utap visitir sarani.
M. jilapan isinacap t'ajjsini
E. Jupajj, jail purcan ucapachaw, jilapan isinac p t'ajjsini.
M. jiwasajj, suma junt'Ucan
E. Jiwasajj, suma junt'Ucan ucapachaw, jilasan isinicap t'ajjsingni.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj, suma junt'Ucan ucapachaw, jilapan isinicap eajjsipjjani.
escuel ut utachapjjani
E. Jupanacajj, suma junt'Ucan ucapachaw, escuel ut utachapjjani.
nayajj, kollkenicg ucapachaw,
E. Nayajj, kollkenkg ucapachaw, escuel ut utachg.
jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj, kollkenYpcgt ucapachaw, escuel ut utachapjjgta.

270
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj, kollkenYpca ucapachaw, escuel ut utacha;jja.
M. walja machak isinac alasipjja
E. Nanacajj kollkenipca ucapachaw, walja machak isinac alasipjja.
N. jiwasajj trabajcafian
E. Jiwasajj, trabaj caiUin ucapachaw, walja machak isinac alasifiani.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj, trabajapcafian ucapachaw, walja machak isinac
alasipjjafiani.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj, trabajcat ucapachaw, walja machak isinac
alasYta.
M. machak ut utachasYta
E. Jumajj, trabajcat ucapachaw, machak ut utachasita.
M. Int jalsunipan, ucsaw, nayajj pankaranac aye'.
E. Int jalsunipan ucsaw, nayajj pankaranac ayrU.
M. jiwasajj
E. Int jalsunipan ucsaw, jiwasajj pankaranac ayrufiani.
N. jupajj
E. Int jalsunifTn ucsaw, jupajj pankaranac ayruni.
M. aymar yatichani
E. Int jalsunipan ucsaw, jupajj aymar yatichani.
M. int jalantipan ucsaw, nanacajj
E. Int jalantipan ucsaw, nanacajj aymar yatichapjja.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Int jalantipan ucsaw, jiwasanacajj
aymar yatichapjjafiNni.
M. jumajj
E. Int jalantipan ucsaw, jumajj aymar, yatichata.
N. chawll manktata
E. Int jalantipan ucsaw, jumajj chawll manklata.
M. tata Pedrojj purin ucsaw
E. Tata Pedrojj purin ucsaw, jumajj chawll manleata.
M. nanacajj
E. Tata Pedrojj purin ucsaw, nanacajj chawll manktapjja.
M. jupajj
E. Tata Pedrojj purin ucsaw, jupajj chawll stank' ani.,

ovej qharini
E. Tata Pedrojj purin ucsaw, jupajj ovej qharini.
M. mama Maria puripan
E. Mama Maria puripan ucsaw, jupajj ovej qharini.
N. nanacajj
E. Mama Maria puripan ucsaw nanacajj ovej qharipjjg.
EL Pablojj, Chuquiagur purin jan purin ucspachaw, sombrer alasini.
E. Pablojj, Chuquiagur purin jan purin ucspachaw, sombrer alasini.
N. jumajj
E. Jumajj, Chuquiagur purMt jan purMt ucspachaw, sombrer alasMta.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj, Chuquiagur purin jan purin ucspachaw, sombrer alasini.
M. tatapamp parlani
E. Jupajj, Chuquiagur purin jan purin ucspachaw, tatapamp parlani.
M. nanacajj yap luraii tucuyapjjg jan tucuyapjjg
E. Nanacajj, yap lurafi tucuyapj0 jan tucuyapjjg ucspachaw, tatajjamp
parlapjjg.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj yap lurad tucuyg jan tucuya ucspachaw, tatajjamp par1H.
M. vacanac aljg
E. Nayajj, yap luran tucuyg jan tucuyg ucspachaw vacanac aljg.
jupanacajj mank'apjjan jar. mank'apjjan
E. Jupanacajj, mank'apjjan jan mank'apjjan ucspachaw, vacanac aljapjjan5..
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj, mank'afign jan mank'afign ucspachaw, vacanac aljafigni.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj, mank'apjjan jan mank'apijan ucspachaw, vacanac aljapjjani.
M. yap khollir jutapjjani
E. Jupanacajj, mank'apjjan jan mank'apjjan ucspachaw, yap khollir
jutapjjani.
isthapisipjjan jan isthapisipjjan
E. Jupanacajj, isthapisipjjan jan isthapisipjjan ucspachaw, yap
khollirejj jutapjjani.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj, isthapisipjjgt jan isthapisipjjgt ucspachaw, yap
khollirejj jutapjjgta.

ZLZ
NOSSRI IAXX uo-prilT3sqns ITTaa
'N quAeu
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croTter uvoind gmemeourgoon rreiceu lavo RTriall
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rcednir
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In TuelloTd
rronnr uvoand grivmeoTyetioon rcednr In .Tuetio-rd

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.
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273
H. jiwasajj
Jilajjajj cafe umcan uca khepat, jiwasajj caft umaraquiLani.
M. merk'e sill asquichaaani
E. Jilajjajj cafe umcan uca khepat, jiwasajj merkve sill asquichelni,
M. jallojj purcan uca khepat
E. Jallojj purcan uca khepat, jiwasajj merk'e sill asquichaani."
M. nanacajj
E. Jallojj purcan uca khepat, nanacajj merk'e sill asquichapjja.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jallojj purcan uca khepat, jumanacaij merk'e sill asquichapjjata.
M. jiwasanacajj mank' phayaii yAtichap,I;jaEhni
E. Jallojj purcan uca khepat, jiwasanacajj mank' phayala yatichapjjaatni.
M. pelot anatapjjaan uca khepat
E. Pelot anatapjjaaan uca khepat; jiwasanacajj milk! phayaa yatichapjja-
Joseajj
E. Pelot anatan uca khepat, Joseajj mank' phayad yatichani;
E. Pelot anatapjjat uca khepat, jumamp warmimampejj mank' phayail
yatichapjjata.
M. nayamp cullecajjampejj
E. Pelot anatapjja uca khepat, nayamp cullacajjampejj mank' phaya
yatichapjja.
M. nayajj chaull cat!"
E. Pelot anata uca khepat, nayajj chawll catU.
M. jumajj
E. Pelot anatat uca khepat, jumajj chawl]. catata.
Completion Drill - Arunacphokachafia
Replace the underlined forms to agree with the subject of the main verb:
e.g. Purl__un.Y ucspachaw nayajj pokot alasY.
t........m11..011Y.OMMINI*0
ucspachaw jumajj pokct alasTta. Purit jan purlt
ucspachaw jupajj pokot alasini. Purin jan purin

LESSON XXVI - Completion Drill It?
ucspachaw jiwasajj pokot alasifigni. purifign jan purian

ucspachaw pelot anatapjjafiHni puripjjaan jan
puripjjafiHn
ucspachaw pelot anatapjjff. puripjjU jan puripjffli
ucspachaw pelot anatapjjHta. puripjjat jan
puripjjHt
ucspachaw pelot anatapjjani. puripjjan jan
puripjjan.
e.g.,Tatajjajj patican,ucchaficama*, nayajj kapli.

Tatamajj (patlafia) ucchaficamaw, jumajj is t'ajjsYta. parlcan
Mamapajj (jutafia) ucchaficamaw, jupajj yap lurani. jutcan
Mamasajj (iutafia) ucchaficamaw, jiwasajj yap lurafigni. jutcan
Pedrojj ut(plchalia) ucchaficamaw, jiwasanacajj jarekasipjjaani.
pichan
Pedroj j (umafia)" ucchaficamaw, nanacajj isinac
ch'ucupjjL. umcan
Mariajj uywanacar mank' (churafia) ucchaficamaw, jumanacajj
yap khollipjjUta. churcan
Mariajj wanc'unac (qharifia) ucchaficamaw, jupanacajj kawr
awatipjjani. qharcan
e.g. Jilajjajj yap lurcan uca khepat nayajj yap luraraquY.

Jilamajj yap (lurafia) uca khepat jumajj yap luraraquYta. lurcan
Susanajj mank' (phayafia) uca khepat Carolinajj mank' phayaraquini.
phaycan
Mamasajj ut (pichafia) uca khepat jiwasajj ut picharaquifigni.
pichcan
Mariajj koll (sarafia) uca khepat jiwasanacajj kot sarapjjaraquifiUni.
sarcan
Jilajjajj uca khepat nanacajj parlapjjaraquY. parlcan
Tata Pablojj (isthapisifia) uca khepat jumanacajj isthapisipjjaraquita.
isthapiscan
Tata Joseajj (isthapisifo) uca khepat jupanacajj isthapisipjjaraquini.
isthapiscan

275
LESSON XXVI -
Questions and Answers - Jisceananacampi ivaw sadaracampi

Jumajj nayrakat isthapisYt, ucat marc saratati?

E. Jisa, nayajj nayrakat isthapisY, ucat marc sand..'
Nayrakat jupajj ut pichani ucatti mank'ani?
E. Jisa, nayrakat jupajj ut pichani,'udit mank!'ani.
N. Nayrakat jumanacajj cafe umapjjata,ucat aymar yatekapjjatati'
E. Jisa, nayrakat nanacajj cafe umapjja, ucat aymar yatekapjjR.
M. Jumajj nayrakat ovej jaqhut, ucatti mank'ata?
E. Jisa, nayajj nayrakat oVejanac jaqh11, ucat mank'..
Purit jan purYt ucspachat, jumajj pokot alasYtati?

E. Jisa, purl jan pue. ucspachaw, pokot alasi.
M. Jumanacajj puripjjat jan puripjjata ucspachat, pelot anatapjjata?
E. Jisa, puripjja jan puripjja ucspachaw, pelot anatapjja.
Jilamajj yap lurani uca khepat, jumajj yap luraragatati?
E. Jisa, jilajajj yap lurcan'uca khepat, nayajj luraraquY.
N. Ana Mariajj monk' phaycan uca khepat, Carolinajj phayaraquiniti?
E. Jisa, Ana Maria mank' phaycan uca khepat, Carolinajj phayaraquini.
M. Tata, jumajj utamar purYt ucspachat, pokot alaeta?
E. Jisa, ucspachaw alasi.
Marcar purian jan puriRah ucspachat, t' ant' mank'afiani*
E. Jisa, ucspachawmank'afiani.
H. Tatamajj parlcan ucchaacamajj, cuns jumajj lurata?
E. Nayajj kapliwa.
M. Tatasajj parlcan ucchaficamajj, cuns lurapjjalani?
E. Quesomp t'ant'amp mank'apjja:tani.
1. Jilamajj yap lUrcan uca khepat, cuns luatajje

E. yap luraraqu7.
Nayajj mank' phayca ucchaiicamajj, jumanacajj cuns lurapjjata?
E. Ist'ajjsipjja.
Susanajj koll sarcan uca khepatjj cuns jiwasanacajj lurapjjaani?
E. Jawir is t'ajjsiriw sarapjjgfiani.
Jupajj pokot mank' an uca khepat, jumajj mank'araquitati?
E. Jisa, mank'araquYwa.

276
LESSON XXVI - Questions and Answers

Positive
M. Jumanacajj jawiran jarisipjjgt uca khepat, nanacajj jarisipjjaraqati?

E. Jisa, jarisipjjaraqatawa.
Nayajj yapu lurafi tucuy1 uca khepat, mart sargti?
E. Jisa, sar1tawa.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA ANDRESAJJ MACHAK CALAMIN ALANI
Santiago: Tata Enrique, jichhgruw tata Andresajj utachani, jupar

yanapir sarafiasawa...
Enrique: Ay ucawa, nayrakat habas yap khech'afi tucuyg, ucat sang.
S: Ay tata, nayajj jisc'a ut asquichafi mungygta, ucampis janiw
.asquichcti, inas jutir lunesajj asquicbchY. Jichhajj
khech'afi tucuyg jan tucuyh ucspachaw, tata Andresar yanapi
sari!.
1
E: Calamingniti, jan ucajj jichhgnicha?
S: Calamingniwa, pasir domingow tata Andresajj calamin alani.
Utachafi tucuyan jan tucuyan ucspachaw, fiest lurani.2
E: Ay tata, uqhgmajj tata Andresajj wali kollkeniwa.
S: Jisa, jupajj pg tunc liq'i vacanac alji, uca kollkempiw
calamin ali, uca kollkempiraNiw fiest lurani.
3
E: Tata Andresan jilir yokapajj cuartelat mistjjeti?
S: Janiraw mistiquiti, inas jutir phajjsejj mistchini. Yokapcjj
cuartelanccan ucchaficama machak ut utachani.
E: Yohapajj yatiti?
S: Janiw yatquiti. Jupajj yatin jan yatin ucspachaw, machak ut
ufijirejj jutani.
4
E: Cuna sutinis cuartelancquis uca yokapajja?
S: Franciscowa. Jupajj cuar:elat purincan jan purincan ucspachaw,
casarasini.5
E: Qhitimpis casarasini?
S: Tata Lucasan sullca phuchapampiw casarasini.
E: Uqhgmajj tata Andresar yanapir sarafigni...
NOTES
1 'Is it of tin or oil: straw?'
2 Fiest lurana 'to have a fiesta.' Cf. Spanish hacer una fiesta.

277
LESSON XXVI - Dialogue - Notes
3 Cuartelat mistijeti? 'Has he left the barracks?' Spanish cur

'barracks;' mistuila 'to leave.' The.suffiz -t 'from' parallels Itz
Spanish construction salir del cuartel,
4 'What is the name of that son who is in the barracks?'
5 Casarasiaa 'to get married.' Cf. Spanish casarse.
TATA ANDRESAJJ MACEAK UT UTACHI
Pedro: Santiago, tata Andresajj jichhliruw utachani, lak yanapir

.4
sarafiani.
Santiago: Nayrakat aca babas yap khech'afi tucuyg, ucat utacha i7. yanapir
sara.
1
P: Nayajj jichhpachaw sarg, cuLalaycutejj utachirinacajj
tucuyapjjan ucspachaw, umapjjani.
S: Ay tata,. nayaij khech'afi tucufiajjanwa, ucampis umaw jan
utjquiti, qhaya jisc'a jawiran wafiawa, lupiw wal lupi, ucat
umaj j vaaa.2
P: Aqhamajjg, niy jallojj purifiapawa, inas jutir semanajj

purchini
3
S: Juman yapunacamajj janit khech'alaggui?
P: Utjiwa. MasUruw nayajj yapunacajj khech'Hyata, jichhUrojj
janiw khech'cati, cunalaycutejj ut utachafi yanapafiajjawa.
S: Uqhamajj jumajj sarcam tata, nayajj khech'afi tucuya uca khepat,

juta.
P: Clavonacemajj utjiti? Pasir domingojj tata Andresajj janiw
walja clavonac alasinquiti, calamin utataquejj walja clavow
munasi. Nayajj clavompiw tata Andresar yanapee munta.4
5
S: Ay ucawa. Nayan utajjarojj p'1 kil clavow manti.
6
Ay tata Santiago, nayanjj aca lawanac lak apafiajjawa.
S: Waliquiwa, ughamajj nayaw apanY.

7
(Tata Santiagojj khech'afi tucuyasaj j warmipampiw parli)
8
S: Mankvasifianiti? jichhajj utachir
Habas khech'afijj tucuyjjtiga,
sarafiajjawa, cunalaycutejj.tata Andresaw utachan --sawa.
Mama: JanYraw mank'ajj khatitaquiti, khatin ucspachaw manklasifiani.9

S: Tata Pedrojj clavonac alafi muni --siva. waliquiti?
10
Mama: Aljamsaya, clavojj utjascaraquisg.

278
LESSON XXVI - Dialogue
S: Waliquiw, uqhamajj app..

Mama: Acajj mank'ajj Santiago, manleasim, ucatsti utachafi yanapir
saram.
S: lyaw mank'asi, jumajj jayp'uruw jut.1ta.
Mama: Waliquiw jutawa.
S: 1
Sarawaya, uywanac sum ufi jata.
NOTES
1 .jichhpacha 'right now.'
2 wafia 'dry
luniw wal_LTai 'the sun burned a lot.'
3 janit khPch'aOrui? 'won't you have to irrigate?'

Note the shLft of negative -ti from the verb to jani in negative
interrogati.Je statements.
4 clavo (calawu) 'nail.' Cf. Spanish clavo.

munasifia to be needed' (lit. 'to be wanted').
yanapeafia: the infix -tea- after the verb stem and before the
infinitive/pel.sonal ending indicates 'permission.'
e.g. mia 'to leave'
misteafia 'to permit to leaver
5 mantaila ru] 'to go in, enter.'
6 laws 'stick, log

7 tucuyasajj (infinitive tucuyaaa 'to (cause to) finish') 'having
finished': a participle whose subject is the same as that of the
main
verb and whose tense Aspect is determined by that of the main verb.
The
8 t:::y:111::: after the verb stem can

express the notion of completion: e.g. luri 'he did' /lurjjewa 'he
did it all'
9 khatita 'cooked': passive
participle of khatifia 'to cook'. The passive participle is formed by
replacing the infinitive ending by -ta.
10 AlIat.isaNa 'sell them' . Infinitive stem + msa + /A; pl. aijapidr .
11 sum uivaiis. 'to take good care of.'

279
LESSON XXVII - Pd tunca pakallkonir leaciona
Grammar - Suma parlafiataoui
I. Constructions using camachaila 'to do something' with the dubitat.iye

future.
Infinitive stem + (plural infix) + -raoui- (interrogative infix) + future
personal etidirigs + -iia.
-2g- infix indicating possibility: navaoaya 'possibly I'

-ma 'then' (optional)
e.g. Asajiat__
Petrolimarcsarafi munquiti, camacharagaila, navaoutE
m
sarchY. 'Pedro doesn't want to go to the village. What am I

to do? (Perhaps) I'll go.'
Construction using cunarac 'what then' + future (+ interrogative -sti/-jj

with the,ObitatiVesfuture
(a) e.g. kapcaniti, kapah!.
father will not spin. What am I to do? .perhaps I'll
spin.'
-sti frequently accompanies -raouiw- in she same clause:

e.g. Kawkharae muntasti? 'How many do you want?'
(b) cunarac and the future (+

Josea"aniw Pedron uta--) iccaniti cunarac a na uYw icclY.
'Josg doesn't want to sleep in Pedro's house. What am I to do?
(Perhaps) I'll sleep there.'
N.B.: tecause doubt or uncertainty is being.expressed,-wais not
attached to a future verb farm following camachaia or
cunarac. The particles -sti and -jja are both omissable.
One informant offered a contracted form camachM? 'What am
I to do?'
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuha
Petronajj janiw marc saran: munquiti, camacharaquUjja, nayaqu!y sarchM.

E. Petronajj janiw marc saran munquiti, camacharaquBjja, nayaquMy sarchM.
M. jumaquMy sarchMta
E. Petronajj janiw marc saran munquiti, camacharaquhajja, jumaquMy
sarchMta.

08Z
Nossai IIAXX uoTanaTasqns ITTaa
ig Apbpoeueu zgoccdeaes
a ffeuoaaad mTuup Diem ueaes 4T3Tribunm gerNnbeavccdetioemeo 1;:nbeoeueu
spoccdeaus.
'N Creasor mTuec upeme 'TaTnbunm
a ccuesor mTuec ameA upeme 'TaTnbunm 'eURnbezercdegoemeo 4Lnb.coeueu
7-11pCpTaume
g Sisnbuoruednp TurtioccdTaume
.g pgrasor mTurc ameA uTaume TaTnbunm " auTnbeavccdeuemeo
q ff 'e
AInbeveuednC .TuTgocCdTleme
1,1 Aznbeveuelmq eazipcCdTaeme
.a ffeasor mTuec ameA upeme 'TaTnbunm 'ecCeaxnbelergderpemeo -Euemnf
ANnbuo eaploccdTaume
ccucce4e3 mTuec go Time naeo u 'TaTnbum
n
'2 CcercuTele mPluf UmB14.3 unavp 'TaTnbunm 'eppapbeaeccdegoemma
Aznbeoeuemnp .eapoccdnavo
'H xylbesuATc Tuflupp1B0
.a cpcpae/ mTuef umeup unaup 'TaTnbunm 'eppeur.Tnbeautiormeo
Aznbesemg !Tugrtipaeo
lg AInbriteu wipavo
H Necce3n mTuuP navq3 unaup 6T4Tnbunm 6e4finbeautpumeo Apbeiteu
wavo
eppapbeampemeo
ea cpegear/ mTuec umego unlep 'TaTnbunm 'erreapbeaegoemn
..eayloavo
gamic
1
lg uoapad qedepeuno mTuef unmes 'TaTnbunua

a uoapad PPedepenno mTuec unmes 'TaTnbunm
'eppeliinbeampemeo 4nbemnr
eeaBomes
g eCCauTnbeaegoemeo
ea Ccedezetinp-uolPed mTuef unmes 'TaTnbunm 'ergauTnbeletpemeD 4nbednp
.TuTtlomes
eppeapbeaeUdetipumeo
.a uoaped Hut:lean-Eno mTuup unmes 'TaTnbunm gurCeapbeaerNelpemea
Apbeoeuumnp easgopcdnmes
g egeapbeaelloymeo
uoxpad CcedeourEno mTuep unmes 'TaTnbunm gecceapbeaegoemeo 4,:bemnp
-el:prams
ig cpuesns mTuec *Allem uukelid 'TaTnbunm 'ercauHuInbeaercdevemeD
ApbeoeuesumTp .TuRuplocrdeSeqd

Z T
Nossai IIAXX - PscInS uoT2n3 ITTla
rpeuesns mTuur =APO

g-mnbunm ggpc.anguTnbriecCdetpemeo
AznbroeuesumTc TuRupoqdeketid
'N vcce3LnbRampumuo . .
ppouesns mprel opum veAmid gmnbnnw Cennbeimpymeo. Sznbutm

-e4poiceild
TT SisnbeSei 'v,6itutld 4 7
ppeuesns apreC ueketid,slum "mnbunm gqpnnb-eaullopmeo 4Inbukeu
N rcaPPITC mTuuC TlthbunmIletiou4n
? mref4pacCeM uely.pezn gmnbunta 4Cflnbe;s0eme3 AAni;66u .17NoTpain
ucrraznbuiugovuro
'77 fs CPII:Nur C mTue geti3e4n gmnbunta gurru3Lnbvillgoemeo AInbrunr
gelTitimpeln
4/nbudnc TnTrippeln
PPerfnu mTuvC uetpuln 6-mnbunm geccauTniniviloymeo ATinbudnc
--..TuTiptlae3n
eCCaufluTnbezegollmeD
r- gmnbunm Aisnbes
Tutgt.17:71:.eTTf umpean geccauHuTnb'eampewno
Ccepumulmu mplec Tanzsa petioTnbsv mnbdeunm

t4 rrzeueukeq aruer Tanosa uelloTnbse Gmnbduunm gycpoupTnbyautpvtimo
AznbesemTf ..TupplotoTnbse
4Inblakeu ;vlatioTnbss
quoteuvuA9i.1 mTuup Tanzsa umpTnbsu gmnbdrunm 4eCcRnbvielpumeo
.siptiotnbse.Apirakau
yrcpbylecrdegoemeo
97. ppeoeueuAem wfuei Tanosa ummnbse mnbdeunm geCCRnbeaypcderioymeo
.
LgorcdetinnbsulAnbeoeueu
sCrelisnbraurpumeo
Cgroeueuitym viTuec Tanosa putpTnbse "mnbd-ounm gyfcennbyampemvp
AlnbemnC -elistmloTninz
cpccemiem mTusC undeA -mnbunm
ccercemaem mTuBC undyN "mnbunm 44Cylisnberet3uurep ANnbemnr 1,44tiodyN
p4Rnirear4dellovmuo
ccuppwiem LiqueC undeq "mnbunm guccRnbvivcrdellouteo Asnbeaeuvu
sistioccdndel
lq eCCauTnbuielpemin
.a gecramiem ATurC uncle% "mnbunm 4eccauTnbulegaymeo ApbucinC .Tuplodell

N0SSH7 sInS uopnlp ITT44 Z9Z
41 ffemeoeueur mpreC aemice getppeA gmnbdeunm gerc.z.upbeaeCidetioem23

Arbeoeuednr TuTtp4deppeA
.a Pcemeoeueur mTueC aemAe yellopeA gpTnbdeupm gerroupbeauffdegoemeo
4nbeoeuednC .TuTtioffdellopeit
effennbeierpegoemeo
'3 crumepulleITI MruBC aumite gellopeA gmnbdeunm gyrrennbeaeffdepemeo
Aznbeoeuemnr .entioCcdellopeA
'N effauBuTnbuxevemeo
ea premeoeueur mTueC amity ueqopeA gT3Tubdeunw 4:caunuTnbeietpemeo
Apbesem.4 .TuRuTtimmlleic
11 ffeffaTme mTuec armAe geme3eA gT3Tnbunm
'a cceffo2Tmv mplec aemice uelaleA gpTnbunm geccauppbeartlopmeo
4nbusemg .TuRupp),ageit
uffnnbeampemeo
-a aemice yelipleA gmnbunm geffnnbeampemep Aznbe4eu
mTueCI=C:14mv
'p 44nbewnC entiollaguA
-a ccepcosTmv mTuef aemi(e uelialeA g.mnbunm geCCennbeievemeo Ici-,ntemnp
*83SIIPA93elt
'N Aznbepeueu LtioffdexagyA
-a ppeCro2Tmy mTueC aemice umleleA gmnbunm gegCnnbeieffdetioymeo
Aznbepeueu szippCdeAa3ric
cfemetIontid mTuep mem uTaeC gmnbunm
-a Cpemegonqa mTuec mem upec gmnbunm geffrbeieffdexpemeo Apbepeueu
-44oCcdTaec
Apbednc TuppaeC
-a ccemetipnqa mTueC mem upeC gmnbunm geffeuTnbeielpemeo Aznbednp
TuppleC
4 1Inbeoeued4 TuploCcdpec
-a gemetiontid mtueC mem lypec gmnbunm geffauTnbeieffdetpemeo -euednp
Aznbeo fluplocCdpec
'p Apbeoeuemnf elpoccdpec
.g pronetiontla mtueC mem upec mnbunm gecCennbeieffdegoemeo -euemnp
AInbeo entioCCdper
'N ppepeueuelin mTuer p ummd
UO3mnbdeunm
-a ccepeumexca mTuer upoo uetmd gmnbdeunm -,3ppe34nbeieCcdetioemeo
Apbeoeuemnp 683,1140CcdelloTd
4 eiNnbeiegoemeo
.a p
rceprueuelox mTuec UO3 uelpTd gmnbdeunm gernInbeimpemeD
AznbeAeu wiptptd

2S3
LESSON XXVII - Substitution Drill
Mamajjajj janiw kapcaniti, cunarac lurgsti, nayaquYy kapch2.

E. Mamajjajj janiw kapcaniti, cunarac lur!sti, nayaquYy kapchn
N. cunarac lurgtasti
E. Mamajjajj janiw kapcaniti, cunarac lurgtasti, jumaqay kapch2ta.
H. cunarac lurapjjanisti
E. Mamajjajj janiw kapcaniti, cunarac lurapjjanisti, jupanacaqay
kapupjjchini.
M. cunarac luranisti
E. Mamajjajj janiw kapcaniti, cunarac luranisti, jumay kapchini.
Pablomp Joseampejj janiw yap khollifi munapquiti
E. Pablomp Joseampejj janiw yap khollifi.' munapquiti, cunarac luranisti,
jupaqay khollchini.
-
M. jiwasaclay khollchifigni
E Pablomp Joseampejj janiw yap khollifi munapquiti, cunarac lurangnisti,
jiwasaqay khollchifigni.
jvpanacaqu!y khollipjjchini
E. Pablomp Joseampejj janiw yap kholliIi munapquiti, cunarac lurepjjanise
jupanacaqu!y khollipjjchini.
M. nayagay khollch2
E. Pablomp Joseampejj janiw yap khollifi munapquiti, cunarac lurMsti,
nayaquiy khollch2.
M. Rositajj janiw chomp p'itafi munquiti,
E. Rcsitajj janiw clomp patan munquiti, cunarac lurgsti, nayactuYy
plitchl.
M. cunarac lurapjjangnisti
E. Rositajj janiw chomp p'itan munquiti, cunarac lurapjjafignisti,
jiwasanacaqey p'itapjjchifiHni.
M. cunarac lurgtasti
E. Rositajj janiw chomp p'itari munquiti, cunarac lurgtasti, jumaqay
p'itchita.
M. cunarac lurapjjanisti
E. Rositajj janiw chomp p'itan munquiti, cunarac lurapjjanisti, jupana-
caqay p'itapjjchini.
M. cunarac lurapjjgsti
E. Rositajj janiw chomp p'itafi munquiti, cunarac lurapjjgsti, nanacaqay
p'itapjjchY.

178Z
Nossaq IIAXX
uoTlaTdmoo TTTia veunav trgetimmild
-1 [Trim"- nprep imr1 lymmu sp-mbunm TTFITOBtiaemeo'e ATInbuk3u opolumv L

rceuenc mTuvp amex uTTeme smnbunm effulplyeautiommo
4nbellinc elypalltie
cpuenr rapier amex utivmu 4mnbunm vcceuRuTnbuimpowo
AisnlmsemTr Tuflupp4umv
cpurrir /quer imeq uTqumv 4-mnbunm 3uTnimautioemvo14!:i.
Aisnbvdnc Tupparmv
Ueuenr mprec atm' gpumu 4T4Tnbunm
-117-uexeccdmivemep
ApbeommsemTc---
Tvil4TIPCPTTemu
Umenit mTuec impA uTqumu 4-mnbunm .eccpbeierrdutioNmeo
AInbuavueu wcp-pymy
Ppeuenr mplec amul uTlvmu 4T4Tnbunm
yrcielyayeauprdyqpywya
Aznbvouumunc.4 elItrogd-prmy
cpeuenr mplup imul uTlume Gmnbunm ppr--)14nbuiecrdutioymeo
kicnbrouuudnc Tuppccdpwly
pCovied mTtrep oxein 4T4Tuvoies Zoe,

ApbactvuEn.Rnbuietp Lgoays
pcoicipa mplec Diem 4T4Tuvoies
iscrelpbrimpumeo
6 'ALlibumnc el:spivs
Ffoicrea mpmc oaten 6T1Turoays
rcaupTnbwmgovmeo u
6 ApbUSUMTP TuEuppays
rComa mTuur pawl 6T4Tuvoius epcauTnbuimpumeo
6 Apbodnr Tuppies
PPoTcred mTuer alum 4T4prezays
urcnnbvierpmmump
Asntreveuuu yloccdrivs
cpTcled mpur oxem 4.14Turoays -NuTniyarepplugaemeo
6 icznbuouuusemTc rcau n
Tuptgoccdrivs
CCoiqua mTuur oxem 6T4Turoays vrpellnbviafpugovEtwo
6 ApinpuumunC u44tiorcdvaus
PcoTqed mTuvc Dim 4T4Tuvoies
vrrauTnbuiercdutpeureo
Aznbuoutrednf Tuttiorpares
'II rpecPeTeI mprer muzzdv3 3uauum

6 1:4sHanT LlillyeAvu .TTREIT
ppeppluy mTuur T4Tuvotp-eln puitiuno 542a41.1Ani
Liinbmanr v4Tri3lloulm

NNW.' IIAXX - eTdmo0 not ITTaa
rcenbTaug mTuec an -tTaTueotioTd apaeUn3 TacTueinT

Apbednc
ccanbTaug ttplec 2n -----4TaTue3p-rd ovieuno 14sTuNurinT
AznireseaTc Tupplotmd
Cressur mTuer de4 ..caTueoani -figefftleinipeieuno
T=isTY-
1Zplim3Eueser4c ------- TufuT113;Pdeant
PCBcPBTTr P nTur deA 4TaTuepanT peieuno T;sncrdeant

AInbuoeuzu Illorpeant
Pcumem mTuer tipAu ueoluem -mnbunm avieuno TasvIVIdeanT

Apbeoeuerunp evloCCdusnuem
crudelox imp AT TTnello 6TaTnounmunaup peieuno TasTueppleint
Aisnbeoeuednc Tuploppnaeo
ffumnf muec alga 14.BIITeN 4IT170:5567,1517RE56Tavapunm

Apbekeu -4143TIa)1
ccednf equer VenteN sp-mbunta ecpelAnbeintlpemeo

A"iinbrtin Y101191 v4
goeaowTy mplec uelgoaql 4TaTnbunm eCceuguTnbeimpumeo

ArIllnbese&T;
Tupplasqlegl
cpelowu apeC geopaql gTaTnbunm etqeuTnbeaetibilmeo

Aznbedni:
Tuppopatil
gescm, mplec imel upme Tatnbunm -Eu-imbaxecfdellaamea

<pm
AznbnovuesemTP TuluploccdTasme
cceopueenf mTuef apreq utleme tTaTnbdeunm ercpbeieCrdegoemeo

Apbeaeura poccdpeme
cCeopuednf a-Fuer sem uetinnbse 'Tatadnunm uFreaNnbeieccdetpemea
Apbeoeuemnr vappccdelmnbse
crupeuemni mTuer sem ummnbse gpelodeunm 6.-- tIcauTnbeivicdexpemeo
Apbeaeuednr TuTtioccdeimnbse
cpeasor tiTueC uoapaa dean ''TaTtlean vearmao cumpit ApbeLeu 1055T

PPOSO: mTuec uoipea dean 4--------tTaTuepot owieuno ecceaRinT
Aphemnp eazgooT
crescatmv A-pm? qouod primes 4Tatnbunm 6--- oexeuno ecceupeini

Tufluppmes.
SznbesmaTc
Preso2Tmv tattleC ageo uemn 4TaTnbunm peieun effeueint
Apbednc Opium
peuesns mpec ieduen omem tT1Tue3ingo 6 6eleuno -RtreppeinT
effeu
ANnir3*euesea-cp Tupporpeantp

98Z
mossai IIAXX uopeTdmoD TTTaa
Ppenesns mTuec iquem T3Tuvoitetid 1111100101111111

zpieino epyrdeanT
Apbeveueu ploppelteqd
cceaeuednr mplac iedelel neduaA 4T3Tnbdpunm oraunno aC17e3R4deanT
Aznbepeuemnp elpoccdadeutA
CCepenemnr mTuec aeoeuedng uedeueS GT41.33odeunm oeieuz eicavgcdeinT
ANnbepenednp TuTgoppedeueA
'AI a3aTdmop alp sapualmas iluTpiopae of auk triaqlud 'USA

'2'9 lq mTuaccfaccaTey 117E10 lypeqb .T3Tnbunm
.a cceppeley mTuer tionqb upeqb 4T1Tnbunm 6arPanbeielpewro 4nbeccoT3
TuTtpalmb
'2'a 4 PpecCumem mTuer uaaT gexa3eA .T4Tnbunm
a Ppeccemem mplec pan uexalrA 6T3Tnbunm ovaeuno 4-ElsRanT/eCTRanT
Apbedeup spipplia3eA
'r ppeccapeueTTr mTnec amex umeme T3Inbdeunm .
dmeasof rcadmoaped mTuec Tanzsa In 4egoeln .T1Tnbdeunm

N peccumni mTuec nuesx PpepauTsT utsqui3 T3Tnbunm
nepenednr pPedemem mTnec axnem geicatid smnbunm
ppeoeuednr mtuer 3eql new-pine T3Tnbdennm .
dmeTauN ccadmeuesns mTnec cam) ime,3 uTmeA emnixteunm
ppiaTuaSui mTuec Tecann imull qTtleA sT1Tnbunm
cpeccepuueur mTurc leamrx imuil .T4Tnbdunm

II uoa3omu ppedroenurrevA &pap ppiepaneduem ivem .T1Tnbae1ngo
cceppeueN mTnec Pcoinaelm aIRM mu:Boxes
N dmeAem Pcadmeccamiam mTnec SeTanm .modales
'N Tanosa ppepanamem mTuec num' waled T3Tnuodn1sTm
N cce-peN mTuec qanbuledemem xelpem dmotp uelT.14 ElTnbunm
ccanbTaug mTnec u irn PPeoell upetib sT1Tnbunm
'N emeN Pc-amens mTuec ueleleA .i3Tnbunm
aumice
ig dmappeoeueTTr PcadmerceoeueoeTTno mTnec vitio putprideA smnbcteunm
N PPecceoenemem mTuec uexTTaA TITnbdeunm
ppeccamaem mTuec 3n uelpTd --ElTnbunm
emeN nelTsou ppedeornationqd mTuep lePaAo imeo uTmeA sT3Tnbdennm
PPeasor ATuec pauvaAnc uTseTa T3Tnbunm
pl ppekeN mprep 2eTnbnq3 ilexes plzunm
uppco2Tuiv cpdponem mplec aedexpvip ,vlum -I4Inbuom

287
LESSON XXVII
Questions and Answers - Jisctiananacampi iyaw sananacampi
Answer with camgchafia or cunarac.
M. Juanajj janit kawr awatin munoui?

E. Psa,* Juanajj janiw kawr awatin munquiti, camacharaqugjja,.rayaqu'ly
awatchY.
(*N.B. An affirmative answer to a negative question begins with 4Msa.
In English or Spanish, one expects the negative no.]
T. Pablojj janit mart sarcani?
E. JYsa, Pablojj janiw mare sarcaniti, camacharaquYjja, nayaquMy sarchi.
Jilauajj janit yap luran munqui?
E. Ughamawa, jilajajj janiw yap lurafi munquitY, camacharaqugjja, nayavY
sarchi.
M. Amigonacasajj janit pelot anatari rUnqUi?
E. JMsa, camacharaquianejja, jiwasanacaquiy anatapchingni
N. Tatamajj janit utachcani?
E. Jisa, cunarac lurgta, jumaquiy utachMta.
M. Tomasajj janiw cart kelikan munquiti?
E. Camacharaquitajja, jumaquYy kellkchYta.
Susanajj janit Thank' wallpar churcani?
E. CamacharaquMfigni, jiwasaquMy churchingni.
M. Robertajj janiw Marian utap iccaniti"
E. Cunarac lurgjja,nayaquYy icchY.
Patriciajj janiw cafe umafi munquiti?
E. CamacharaquYtajja, jupaquY umchini.
M. Jumanacajj janiw jupanacar yanapan munapctati?
E. Cunarac lurgta, jumaquM yanapchMce.
II. M. Escual yatichirejj janiw utjquiti, camachapjjaauisa?

E. Juanaquiy yatichchini.
M. Jumajj janiw vac qharifi muatati, nayajj tuns lurgjja?
E. Tata jumaquMy qharchYta.
M. Juanajj ponchonac janiw sawun munquiti, camachapjjgsa?
E. JumanacaquMy sawupjjchYta.
Jumajj mg suma sac chtucufi muntati?
F. Janiw muncti jumarlay ch'ucchk!ta.

88Z
NOSSTI IIAXX
an8oTuTa - -6475filY
rrvasor muvr lanosa In xvgvnovIn Eisvavux imnbmnw

Z
aTnbuuTpuulsa rpeoruaAuf mTuaAel Rut umns Tanasa uutpuln aCCdelme
mTualy/ sudutreA uT 6aCCdeunm uuduaeuemem
EsTnlye4eduueccdssf sTdmeaa
mr4u4 4TC4n eon uelel ccudT4ns asor -mules
prednr mTuup Tanosa
aeuutpuln uTsudeuuA T4Tnbunm HINT T4snan
fTeprur.y,lq ule4 mnauasor -yzuu3
aTmissulp vaCcduAusmuc cosTuurptesuBD 9TuguuCCduilsi
L:E3EIETTf 680euuley aTsed quuemas mTuova Eta Tanosa uellau4n 612y1ICav1me
mTnbuaTuaAel aeleuTsudeueA 9Lre2avaucCdnsau r7upeuaqopv 1Cu
gEMECIEM SEDEUETUA 4umTniyeaucTem udes mTuApm esmInb auTed
meaqopu acCduanT sTdmean rceqqaTc uTe4 CP89SOf nTuer -elm&
uTsed gmnbunm LusTunueUdetiolimua
:allte317
01
um, auasor TuNueccdusaasTP CraTednr uTdTuec utsedeueA
-
6uFceuraunm prualeursemTC mumeCauan zi-TuRueUdeAnme
:TTf eluy gasor auccEspu lsed ET
'113TUE
:asor 4epeuulea, soTa Tnbse an mezHantla

:TTf u4es, 'asor crupuue4e4upv.1 4accdeunm sluunp Cremnp uer Tanosa
DETEUVIREln UTSEdEUEA zpcpE7rUTIM
:asor cuavuuluy ppezeuumnp ATu sumulccdTluA mTualuy qaAeao -pnz.se,
ppluanT wugulccdulme uukeN cpercaAuao TPA E'm'es3sTP
aTspd Cpeaum oTaeleapas ccepaauao
mTnbTdmedeuvunm CcauAuu
fpquao slenlaqludg rcueAuu mTueg ccaNeao aulagTsuganduA
OT 1 41
.T4n4Tnbc4n etilloTf rPexem sewRA mTuec ,TlasegondeA
ppeAum CreqqaTc uemAeuno mTdmemz43 rpouuemem -e2vsTsumAn 0I
udes mo8uTmop CCeAeu peueuecTe auaaum 4elsedu mTnbeaeuretfon
seoeunanuT aeouunIletn oeuvuugre oisuqoeaTsudu 4E311 rceAun
3E11E3E4 MTUEC oeT43HMECITSEdEUEA
:*3TV CC9NE.10 ARCCUTU9AE4 4
NM SEMEDEOSTr 4ECC9q3C/T1 MTUTU9AE4
ECCESELIEC.CCITSVIEUEA
:asor ffelepruumnr Auao 4erculpaccduccantip quAeu 9101 memAntia
lpudeuvA
:'ITf aRmAuyi oTaulaaoas NereaeuaD mTueC ueangaZ4eao gTquelounm
gucrel4nbeavgaHmea AxnbeAleu ,-empaantlo
:9SOf mTnbTTem E4E3 4v3elvITI ccuAeu Tem 4e3sTsno Auao gcseAcrieo
petit.= muAuu aAru *Ezgecreal ppeccamaem mTuec uTsedeuzA
4T4Tnbunm sTdmuon meAuu golednC ppm
Haluna qvaeuumnp
pfulsTnbdes vuan
:odnao ccepn m4nbrium uzel 'asor cpumnr. Ean ppeauunduA t-'f.auuellandeA
T3s4uon Tanasa cguenugau4n -
-urrnbeaTsuduueA
:asor ".
augedsn4 4Boruu4e4 megbn.uTdaTTem 9ZBCCasappecmAntip
='ITI cretplOtr e4U4 coSu t11.44uuMAU .60:1 muovu.yquav

28q
LLSSUN XXVii - Diclogu,t
Ale.: Tata Jose, jumarojj pheska patac adob lurafiamawa. Ughamaraq%.

quimsa patac cala.
28
Jose: Waliquiw tatanaca, nayajj uchawa.
(Tata Joseajj take chuymaw orak churjjatajj escuel utachafiataquejj
yanapasifi muni) 29
Khept!rusti Jilakatamp Alcaldempejj Josearojj nayra orakeRgcgns
uc churjjapjje. Joseasti wa. i c'uchiquiw jicjjatasjje.3'
NOTES
1 utachafiar: infinitives, like nouns and pronouns, may take the
suffix -ru. The -ru is required with vanapafia.
takeniw 'all of them' (animate)

amtafia 'to agree'
3 jahgaiiazikagsmak (in order) to become men.'
4 tantachasna 'to get togethee! tnta 'meeting'

jawsana 'to call over
5 EgoAldjaniEy 'What are they saying?' The infinitive is C3MSRIVS.
say what'.: a contraction of coma 'what' + sana to say.'
6 Iseapjjafigni 'let us listen;' infinitive ist'thia 'to listen.
7 'leader of the community'
8 arsufia 'to speak'
9 saga mavniu 'each one'

adobcam 'adobes each', -cams 'each'
10 Alcalde (alcanti) 'the mayor'
11 jiat'afia 'to ask'
12 Jupatej mmncanejja. 'If he does not want to help' Conditional
clauses are formed by the construction subject + -(te)ila...verb + ja
jimithv -nini- indicates certainty.

ucasiamaw 'regarding that' -iama- 'regarding' The final vowel of the
word preceding -iana- is dropped.

ammyafia 'to think'

290
LESSON XXVII - Dialogue - Notes
13 acsgjjar paseanim 'he is passing by over here'

acsa 'over here'; ucsa 'over there'. The pronominal suffix -sa-
(with long vowel before -I-jai) indicates direction: ..
e.g. acsara 'to this side' ucsara 'to that side'

Cf. Spanish pasara.
14 oraket 'by means of land'; -ta indicates means or manner.

(Cf. expressions of the typ' navaroillmalt!ALAELlikt.)
15 Secretario general (sicritgr ginirala)

apakana 'to take away'. The verbal infix -ka- before the infinitive
ending indicates 'action away from;' e.g. apafia 'to carry/apakaha
'to take away.'
munafia 'authority; will'; munafiap ampiquiw 'on his authority.'

nayatjj 'from me.'
16 'I don't have fields to cultivate;'

-n- denotes possex;ion.
17 ygmas 'at lease; (possibly the components la and masof masaru)
18 Cunayman ch'amampiw lit. 'with all sorts of effort.'

ch'ama 'force; difficult'
19 inttrupacas 'workdays,'lit. 'full days'; ina + uru + naca. Long

vowel results from contractions of a + u.
20 Janiwyanapasi-damacti.'I'm not in a position to help.'

- -lama- added to infinitives or -ri verb-forms introduces the meaning
of possibility or opportunity; the last vowel of the verb is elided:
e.g. lurafijamawa 'it can be done'
In the negative, the final vowel of the suffix is lengthened and the
negative -cti/7quiti attached: e.g. janiw iutiafijamgauiti
can't come; no possibility of coming.'
21 .
uiicateaL_giuJumarchur'ia:ietga 'If you return... 1 The infix -dja.7,
inserted after the verb stem and before the plu-al infix, indicater,
the return of the action: e.g. iutafia 'to come'/jutjiafia 'to come
catokana, catokasifia 'to receive'icatokasjjafia vto receive (bac..1.)"

take chuvmaw 'of good will' (lit. 'all the heart')

291
LESSON XXVII - Dialogue - Notes
22 janiw...munctaniti 'he doesn't want (to give) you'

churchYma 'I will (probably) give you.'
23 ovak catokas'iR uc hajj 'when I receive (future) the lands (back).'

Cf. above, note #21.
trahAiata (ravalafia) 'to work.' Cf. Spanish trabalar.
24 cuntedijumanacaji sanquistaji uca 'about what you have told me here.'

On safia, cf. dialogue, lesson XX.
25 yanapasiraquim 'then help'

utachananjj: the -n11.-suffil. denotes location or time when. The
suffix -Us (with elision of the preceding vowel) also emphasizes
time when.
26 alicpin u 'How good indeed that you have

consoled me this way.'
mchwliata 'to console.' Cf. chuymr. 'heart'
27 catudigmU 'I will give over.' On cf. above, note #21.

catufia 'to seizet/catuvaiia 'to deliver, give over' causative
infix)/catuvijafia 'give back.'
28 uchgwa.'I will put, contribute': infinitive uchaia.
29 orake chutialajj 'with the lands delivered over.'(passive participle)
30 kheptirusti 'the folicwing day' ( =-jutir urcjj) from khopa 'following'

+ uru 'day' + -sti.
OrakepacHns 'his lands': the suffix -VcV- (where V represents
reduplication of the preceding and following vowels to form 2 long
vowels) indicates 'place':
cf. acgca 'these places'; similarly, ucH.ca,ahurTr4 ohavaca,
The suffix -n(a)- 'location, possession' and -s(a) 'exclamation'
may be attached at the end.
c'uchi 'happy'
jisjiatafia 'to obtain, receive'

LESSON XXVIII - pa tunca rte..mln'tallkonir lccciona
ancha demasiodo rather, too much

anchaquiti ojalg would that
casarasina casarse to get married
casaru casado married
cusisifia alegrarse, estar alegre to be happy, rejoice
ch'amufia chupar to suck
chhakata perdido lost
dulce (tulci) dulce candy
jac'u harina flour
jan ucajja si non if not, otherwise
j iwana morir to die
kapu huso spindle
laca boca mouth
manteca (mantica) manteca lard
profesor (prufisura) profesor professor
pughu olla pot, pan
ucampisa pero but
yawifia segar, guadafiar to cut, shear
Grammar - pa
I. Potential /conditional positive: 'to be able to , can ,could.

would
sarafia
sarirista sarsna sarapjjsna

sarapiierista
s arasma sarapijasma
saraspa sarapjjaspa
Analysis: For all forms except 1st person singular and plural:
infinitive stem .+ (plural infix) + -s- + personal ending.

293
LESSON XXVIII - Grammar
1st person singular and plural: verb stem + (plural infix) + -iri-s-
+ personal endings. When the infinitive stem eads in -u-, uri-q- is
added: e.g. kaput
endings: -ta -na -na
-ta
-ma --ma
The particles --wa and -iia may be attached to the potential positive
forms (in the 1st person singular and plural, the last vowel is elided:
sariristwa). Interrogative statements are formed by the addition of-..ti
to the personal ending (in the 1st person singular and plural, to the
last consonant: sariristti?)
After ucamisa 'but' the negative is contracted to ips; -wa is rarely
found in subordinate clauses.
e.g. Nayajj marc sariristwa, ucampis yap 'I would go
to the village, but I have to work the fields.'
JA921jAILYsutu,119St_iIELRYSIIMISIcatian125Adj121Pnk'eristYa..
'My mouth hurts,.so I don't eat meat; if not, .Y would (could) eat'
cusisiristwa.
'My father died, so I'm not happy; otherwise, I would be.'
II. Optative mood: 'would that ' To express doubt in the future,
anchaqui 'rather' is used with the future tense forms; the negative
infix -c- is inserted after the verb stem; the particle -ti is attached
to anchaqui. The particle -ti (stressed) often occurs in gd4ordinate
clauses.
e.g. Nayajj khartkoij*Chtiag sariristwa ancha.uit tatEu41i muncani
'I would go to La Paz tomorrow, I hope my father wants to (would
that my father go).'
III. Formation of passive participles: the infinitive ending is replaced
by -ta:
e.g. chhakafia 'to lose' /chhakata 'lost'

V6Z
NOSS37 IIIAXX
7, W
uoT.Inapsqns mac( - asem aeunau annosn
'N ffoldituaeqx Ppuesns 'emadsnduA sTdmeon maamall ueC T4Tnbran W
'a fpoldkeavu cceuusns 4amadsndal sTdmeon mimeo Imp .mnbrin

dmeTaeR Ccadmusalai
.a CfoldAeasqx dmaTam4 CCadmasaaay 6amadsacCdndax sTdme3n maamall trap
T4Tnbpqn
'N rpaiteu
cCoidicuaeqx Freicau gemsTanden sTdmvon meamall C uE .T4Inbrqn

maCcelal uac TaTnbunta
a ccoldituaegx ccakeu 4amasTandux sTdmvon maccale4 ueC T1Tnbunm
1,T
ccatpuumnau ccumnp (pica amemsucTu
'a ccatpummnav ccamnc tpAu 6amamsecia sTdmazn aBmaTel urc .T1Tnbunm
geouuminc
ccatiluemnay CcupauednC 434e ccducTe 6umads1 sTdmvan madam uac
.T4Tnbuna
uepauallaC madayaToq C ue mnbrqn
.a ccatiquumnav crepauudnc tplia 4amadseCcducte sTdmvon uu3auanup metleUT04
uup .T1TnbC4n
aT14 pea= ccadnc Tanosa qn amedsetpuln
'a apnr cream pedric Tanasa in gamadsawaln sTdme3n uapaualac murIalaTcol
uaC mnbcqn
14 crsmresemTg
.a ccepauusamTr apnc Cfaxem Tanosa in gamausccdutpuln sTdmeon urzeualec
madaT[Tox ueC .T1Tnbfln
4 muommosajoad C ue T4Tnbrqn
'a ccuoruasumu apnc cculam Tanzsa In 6amausccdatipaln sTdmeon -aosajoad
MBOVUE nap .T1Tnbcqn
'14 Cpeovueu
.a Cpuouuum apnc ccuaam Tanosa qn gamsTaaccdepuln sTdmeon -aosajoad
mapeuu neC .T1Tnbcqn
14 ccesamTC unTalsup umeumpau4
sa cCasumu unTalsep gameusAaleA sTdmvon mavemaosajoad uec -T4Tnbc4n
geoeuamnp
.a geouuumnr uunalsup gamemserrd
77...m/aTeA sTdwaon mapauvaosajoad imp
T4Tnbcqn
4 &loam mTdmouaapano uac T4Tnbc4n

295
LESSON XXVIII - Substitution Dr_11
E. Jumanacajj castellan yatekapjjasmawa, ucampis libromp cuadernompiw

jan utjquiti.
M. Nayan lacajjaw usutuo,cat jan aych manlOcti, jan uca4j
E. Nayan lacaj jaw usutu,ucat jan aych mank'cti, jan ucajj mank'eristwa.
M. jumanacan
E. Jumanacan lacamaw usupjjtam,ucat jan aych wank' apctati, jan ucafj
mank'apjjasmawa.
M. jupan
E. Jupan lacapaw usu,ucat jan aych mank'quiti, jan ucajj mank'aspawa.
M. jiwasan mamasaw jiwi, ucat jan larctanti
E. Jiwasan mamasaw jiwi, ucat jan larctanti, jan ucajj larsnawa.
M. nanacan
E. Nanacan manajjaw jiwi !mat jan larupcti, jan ucajj larupjjeristwa.
M. jupanacan
E. Jupanacan mamapaw jiwi,ucat jan larupquiti, jan ucajj larupjjaspawl,_
M. juman
E. Juman mamamaw jiwi,ucat jan larctati, jan ucajj larusmewa.
jiwasanacan ovejasaw chhakata, ucat jan jaqhupctanti
E. nuasanacaniovejasaw chhakata,ucat jan.jaqhupctanti, jan ucajj

jaqhupjjsnawa.
M. jumanecan
E. Jumanacan ovej amaw chhakata,ucat jan j aqhupctati, jan ucajj
jaqhupjja6mawa.
M. jiwasan
E. Jiwasan ovejasaw chhakata9ucat jan ja0ctanti, jan ucajj j aqhsnawa.
M. nayan
E. Nayan ovejjajjaw chhakata pcat jan jaqhcti, jan ucajj jaqhuristwa.
jupan cullacapaw casarasi, ucat jan Chuquiag sarquiti
E. Jupan cullacapaw casarasi pcat jan Chuquiag sarquiti, jan ucajj

saraspawa.
M. jupanacan
E. Jupanacan cullacapaw casarasi,ucat jan Chuquiag sarapquiti, jan
ucajj sarapjjaspawa.
M. juman
E. Juman cullacamaw casarasi, ucat jah Chuquiag sarctati, jan ucajj
sarasmawa.

296
LESSON XXVIII - Substitution Drill
M. Nayajj kharUrojj Pablon estanciap sariristwa, anc:aquit tatajjajj

muncani.
E. Nayajj kharUrojj Pablon estanciap sariristwa, anchaquit tatajjajj
muncani.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj kharUrojj Pablon estanciap saraspawa, anchaquit tatapajj
muncani.
N. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj kharUrojj Pablon estanciap sarsnawa, anchaquit tatasajj
muncani.
M. kollkejj utjcani
E. Jiwasajj kharUrojj Pablon estanciap sarsnawa, anchaquit kollkejj
utjcani.
M. jumajj kharayp'ojj sombrer alasismawa
E. Jumajj kharayplojj sombrer alasismawa, anchaquit kollkejj utjcani
nanacajj
E. Nanacajj kharayplojj sombrer alasipjjeristwa, anchaquit konkefj
utjcani.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kharayplojj sombrer alasipjjaspawa, anchaquit kollkejj
utjcani.
M. khathojj utjcani
E. Jupanacajj kharayplojj sombrer alasipjjaspawa, anchaquit khathojj
utjcani.
H. jiwasanacajj jutir marajj chi c& aljapjjsnawa
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir marajj ch'ok aljapjjsnawa, anchaquit khathojj
utjcani.
H. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj jutir marajj ch'ok aljapjjasmawa, anchaquit khathojj utjcan
utjcani.
nayajj
E. Nayajj jutir marajj ch'ok aljiristwa, anchaquit khathojj utjcani.
EL jallojj purcani
E. Nayajj jutir marajj ch' ok aljiristwa, anchaquit jallojj purcani.
P. jupajj jutir phajjsejj yapuchaspawa
E. Jupajj jutir phajjsejj yapuchaspawa, anchaquit jallojj purcani.
M. jupajj
E. Jumajj jutir phajjsejj yapuchaspawa, anchequit jallojj purcani.

Z6Z
NOSS31 IIIAXX - uoTan4T4sqns ITTla
pcsAug ismite 4.en4sTiama4u4 sTdmean ln .enecreuetiaeln

" fCe4eu aemke geivasTiexals4 sTdmean In .ei,leccsulagauln
ppecinC
a frodnr awake cumedselaTeA sTdmeon On ismedeq.egas4n

T`
4.
PCeasuednp
quovuednr asuKs gemedseicdax.eleA sTdmepa 3n emedeuerpetiveln
auuTsT Emedepercdnonola
grupeuednr xemke 4rmedsuccdmialsA sTdmean peuTsT EMEdE4Errdn311,40

crESOMTc POAO eneussisqb
PCEsBmTf Gann gemeusisqb sTdmeon ouuTsT .emeseueccdnonstio
cpoeuumnp
perx.ppeoeuemnr cememseccdpeqb sTdmnon ememsuerCdnaniqa.aeuTsT
Ccedng
Cpednr P9A0 eymedspeqb sTdmeon zeuTsT -emedeunonsqo
1TToN smedeunqbeC
Cpsdnr Pali gemedsTasqb sTdmpan litol .saedeunqber

fremnC vstia ememsegandeA
Cpumnr lam gememseganduA sTdwean .ememeunqbec
pcsaeuesemTf
ccupsuessmTr xostia 4pmeuscperiandeA sTdmean luol .emeseueccdnqbec
ffeoeueu
ffeasuem qostio gem4sTaappetiondeA sTchuson utol .stsucCeusfpntitreC
asuedmow -smecCegepaTelTid
preaeueN vitio gemsTiegdegandeA sTdmsan peuedmoto ..eneffeueppielTd
CCeAeu osuouse gealsTaTingo sTdmean asuedmoqo .eauCceualTsd
Ccednp
rr frednr aeuguse semedseinga sTdmean peuedmoga semedeue3Tid
N xostia.PCrken gem4sTaTcondeA sTdmean toZtEC ueC 'tvtnbind Sean uer
spationdeit
cCs4eg qo zjo geralsTaTtiandeA sTdmean moneC ueC 'T4Tnband won tier

spagandeit
Iz ppesenTC
Ccesemu Aostio gemeusgandsit sTdmeon molter upC gT4Tnband leon uec
Tlue4ationdeA

298
LESSON XXVIII - Substitution Drill
U. jupajj
E. Jupajj ch'ok yapuchaspawa, ucampis jallow jan purquiti, ucat jan
yapuchquiti.
E4 nanacajj adob lurapjjeristwa
E. Nanacajj adob lurapjjeristwa, ucampis jallow jan purquiti, ucat jan
lurapcti.
N. jichhuw jan utjquiti
E. Nanacajj adob lurapjjeristwa, ucampis jichhuw jan utjquiti, ucat jan
lurapcti.
N. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj adob lurapjjasmawa, ucampis jichhuw jan utjquiti, ucat
jan lurapctati.
N. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj adob lurapjjaspawa, ucampis jichhuw jan utjquiti, ucat
jan lurapquiti.
N. jumajj utachasmawa
E. Jumajj utachasmawa, ucampis jichhuw jan utjquiti, ucat jan
utachctati.
N. calaminaw jan utjquiti
E. Jumajj utachasmawa, ucampis calaminaw jan utjquiti, ucat jan
utachctati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj utachapjjsnawa, ucampis calaminaw jan utjquiti, ucat
jan utachapctanti.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajj utachaspawa, ucampis calaminaw jan utjquiti, ucat jam
utachquiti.
N. nayajj pouch sawuristwa, ucampis kollkew jan utjquiti
E. Nayajj pouch sawuristwa, ucampis kollkew jan utjquiti, ucat jan
sawcti.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj ponch sawupjjeristwa, ucampis kollkew jan utjquiti, ucat
jan sawupcti.
N. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj pouch sawupjjasmawa, ucampis kollkew jan utjquiti; ucac
jan sawupctati.

UtiZ
mossaa IIIAX
wypaIdmoD ITTIQ eumpay,oi7751FEUV
apeTdea eq3 qaeA mao; o3 eea2e tp.Tm tpee .uoszad
2eo 6L'ATFPFi5TET7ORT-FPUbl ctdmeon dvic eneCreueani

Dam ememsvaes
.
CCemni c sTdmeon de& .
ememegeani
Crednr Diem sTdmeon6---7-- deA emedesaes

emedeuvanT
Creseau =um 6 sTdmvon deA VaBWIES

emeseurani
Crepeuesemu Daum sTdaeon de4 emeuerrdexes

eaesepecCdeant
prepeuem paem sTdmvon dvA emsTa4Cdeaes

.rmucCeueqdranT
rreaeuetunf paym sTdmeon di ureuserrdeaes

ememeperpeant
Ccepeuedni parm 6 sTdmeon de4 umeds734duaes.
etaudeueCrdeint
eunTeo
ccOICIAMDTf cceSEU TEmellp 6 ,sTdmeon em4sTan3eo

meCCe3el. uer llTnbunm
sTdmeon eaeu4sineo
ccosdAuTIDIC ccemni Timutio 6
mume4e3 uep T/Tnbunm
UM/Immo-Fr Cpednc umelp ,:emedenuo

.
stdmean
medele4 u8C -T4Tnbunm
CroidAutitpu fresemTC TTmego stdmeon emeueun
mesulel. uer -p.pbuniu
rpold4exmoTi CCepeuesenTr umego emegsCrdn3ez

sTdmeon MEOSOf ue,C T3Tnbunm
Croidicetiwu CCeoeueu Tinutlo Wm.= emstaarCdn3ev
meTaeu treC -picnbunm
prolditetpmf crupeuemnr TImetio 6 sTdmeon eaemserpn3e3
muPPeTTc uer TI.Tnbunm
rpold4eqqau fCepeuednp jTtiEuo 6 sTdmeon umedseCCdn3e3
muCCemem ueC TvEnbunm
rpeicen CCetpuumnae [Tam de4 6(eueant) sTdmeon emsTaTanT

mTuer ueanT -pounm
stdmon mTuer VAMSellIT
Ccumnf pralpuumnie deS
leant Tlevunm

00E
mossaa IIIAXX - uopeidmoD TTtij
Cpednr aTlig ffeaem Aosqo 4(epegondeA) sTdmeon emedsvqondeA

mudriC tiep T1Tnbunm
is
CCesumu apriC CCeaem Nogg g(euegondeA) sTdmeon vmvusiondeA
mesemTC mTueC .Tluelounm
CCeoeuesemu Cpanaeql nunqb TT0-11 '(17424eqbet0 vmvusUdeleqbem
stdmeon mvoeuesemTC uer .fluelodeunm
CCeovuvtl CCoanauql nunqb um' g(eueavqbvm) vm4sTaaUdeavqbem
sTdmvon movueu uiC flodeunm
Cpeovuemnr CcoldAvaegA goTed (vue4eue) 6 sTdmeon vmemseUdvleue
mvoeuemnC ueC Tlelodeunm
CCeovuudnr CCosslAvaeqA loTad 6(euel.vue) sTdmeon emvdseUdeleue
meoeuedig ueC .T1Tnbdeunm
ffeAem Cceqq3-4 ezinp g(eunmeop) sTdmeon vmasTanme,q3

mecpeovi
CCemnr CpeqqoTC aoinp 4(vundbitio) sTdmvon emvmsnmesqo
mvmeout measn
CCesemu Cpeqq3TC eoTnp sTdmvon VAAMISMesq3

mvseovi n4snsn
Cpudnr oeunue gffirliaiwm sTdmvon eon Cpeoeunue emvdseAemTc

ovueln mns 94(141.111
FFVOMIESEMIr oeunue g(vuvAvm-4) sTdmeon von emeusUdeAvmTC

ppoeunue TTum vmvovunam
Uvovuum leCano amvo g(v1.-71TtrX) sTdmvon Cpeamt:I. umlsTaaCCdTmeA
mTueC .T1TnbRovue1peC
ppoeuvanc leCetto amvs4 (VIr) 6 sTdmeon vmvmseCCdTmeA
Cpamull mTueC T4TnbRoeuesqovC
Cpeovuednr leamell anvil g(vuTmeA) sTdmeon vmedseCCdTmeA
Cpeamvil nTuvp -T4TnbRoeue1qoup
CCvAvm aranC ffeseuni dvA 6(epvanT) sTdmeon emlsTaTani

nuppelel *Turin'
CCemnr aTliq tseseunT dvA 6(vueanT) sTdmeon emvmsvanT
memelea Tuvani
CCednr ccoanam .4ox g(euvays) sTdmeon vmvdsvaes

ABT1EN TUTSVXUSE0
FFESEMTf FF4:11VMM 30)j g(egeays) sTdmvon vmvusays
MOOSOf TUTSUIESE3
Ccvoeuesemu aTanc Cfeavm C(EufSbaisVb) .:mvu..4pIsuauseJ
manioN ueC .T1TnbC1n

3C1
LESSON XXVIII - Completion Drill
Nanacajj jutir marajj (casarasifia), ucampis casorasipjjeristun

kollkew jan utjquiti.
Jumanacajj arumanthejj t'ant' (lurafia), ucampis lurapjjasmawa
jac'ow jan utjquiti.
Jupanacajj arumanthejj t'ant (lurafia), ucampis . lurapjjaspawa
maatecaw jan utjquiti.
Nayaj j ch'ok (yapuchana), ucampis j allow jan yapuchiristwa

purquiti ucat jan yapuchcti.
Jumajj ch'ok (ya.21Lchsila), ucampis j allow jan yapuchasmava
purquiti ucat jan yapuchctati.
Jupajj machak utt(: utachafia),.ucampis adobew jan utachaspawa
utjquiti ucat jan utachquiti.
Jiwasajj machak ut (utachafia),.ucampis adobew jan utachsnawa
utjquiti ucat jan utachctanti.
Jiwasanacajj mank' (phayana), ucampis phuqhuw phayapjjsnawa
jan utjquiti ucat jan phayapctanti.
Nanacajj mank' (211,126A), ucampis phuqhuw jan phayapjjeristwa
utjquiti ucat jan phayapcti.
Jumanacajj yap (khollifia), ucampis aradow jan khollipjjasmawa
utjquiti ucat jan khollipctati.
Jupanacajj yap (Lhollifia), ucampis aradow jan khollipjjaspawa
utjquiti ucat jan khollipquiti.
Lacajjaw usutu ucat jan aych mank'cti, jan mank'eristwa

ucajj (mank'aE2).
; ": :10"
Tatajjaw jiwi ucat jan jan ucaj j
cusisiristwa
Jilasaw usuta ucat jan larctanti, jan ucajj

(larafia)., larsnawa
Tatamau jiwi ucat jan ctisOot'ati, jan ucajj

(cusisifia). cusisismawa
Warmipaw wawachasi ucat jan jutquiti, jan

ucajj (iRIPA2). jutaspawa
Josean wawapaw usuta ucat jan kapupctanti,

jan ucajj (kapufia). kapupjjsnawa
Marian phuchapaw wawachasi ucat jan sawupcti,

jan ucajj(sawufia). sawupjjeristwa
Joseaw chhakata ucat jan sarapctati, jan ucajj

(sarafia). sarapjjasmawa
Tiojjaw chhakata ucat jan parlapquiti, jan ucajj

(parlafia). parlapjjaspawa

ZOE
NOSSS1 IIIAXX - uoTaaidmoD uTaa
aaeTdau alp ciaan of aaa2u ti4Tm alp aosi3seciA uT 3t uTegt .asneTo'
merreovA ueC 5TaTnbqoumem aeon uef CragooT T4Tnbc4n

ueC CPem CcipeT i(euemn) emasTaTmn
meme3eA uer 4T4Tnbtoemem wan unC ['Cation
'TaTnbCan asp Cpeon 4tioaT .(We-tiff) ememsemn
mouer uer mnband lean ueC premn gmnbCan
ueC Crean ST umedsTsCp4a
moTTer uep TaTnband aeon uep CCumn 6TaTnbCan
ueC Crum sT (eIWI) umeusTsCpa
mouer urp TaTnband aeon ,Jer CCallostiv 4TaTnbCan
(24 Crum loop .(egeoluutu) emeusfrdeoluem
men:Elul uep TaTnbCpcival vrrn ueC CraltroN
6TaTnban ueC CCron oeuTsT ("firTWre) emasTaaffdTsete
meCCeaey ueC TaTnbCecleal aeon imp CpeaAnC 4TaTnbCan

uBC CCeon oeualAnC .(euTsne) umewseffdTseTe
meCCETTf tier TaTnbuTand aeon treC cpaATT0A 6TiTnbrzn
ueC rpeon 411 .(eppeTe) emedsecCdisuIE
eguaes
Cre4eN CCoinietm 2e-mbruip 6 aTnburous eAasTaTaes

Cperrezel Tuvounm
rcemnf CroanaenN geTnbncip
CCumeara Tueounm
....1 6 a-portioue EMEMSVIES
CCedrif rroinietil 2e-mbrul3 6 aTnbetioue umedseles

Credelea .Tueounm
CCesemu ppoanaelm 2eTnbnti3 6 aTnbetioue emeusaes
CCEselea Tuvounm
VUE3Utre
NetmuusenTr Croidkeartm loTad 6 aTnbegoue 'emeusCpeleue

CCuloTad .Tue-JCan
Creoeueg CCo4dAeautpi aoTad emlsTaaCpuleue
CCeloTad TuroCan
PrEZBIrMallf CCoadKeautix aoTad ememseffdeleue
7eaoTad TuvoCan
CCeoeuedur CloidLeietm 4oTad umedseffde4eue
CCraoTad *Tueoran

3."
LESSON XXVIII - Questions and Answers -- Jisct'auaracamri ivald

safianagampi
M. Jumajj kharUrojj Chuquiag sarasmati?

E. Nayajj kharUrojj Chuquiag sariristuwa, anchaquit tatajjajj muncani.
N. Jupajj kharUrojj Chuquiag saraspati?
E. JTsa, jupajj kharUrojj Chuquiag saraspawa, anchaquit tatapajj muncani.
N. Tata Carlos jumajj marc sarasmati?
E. jisa, sariristwa, ucampis yap luraiiajjawa.
H. Mama;.yokamajj khath vaca aljir saraspati?
E. JMsa, saraspawa, ucampis wallpanacar mank' churaLapawa.

Jichhayp'ojj jumanacajj qhaya jach'a kotan chawli catupjjasmati?
E. Jisa catupjjeristwa, ucampis janiw sarapcgti.
M. Mama Maria, Estebanamp Patriciompejj ch'o% yapuchapjjaspati'
E. nsa, yapuchapjjaspawa, ucampis janiw munapquiti.
EL Jiwasanacajj kharUrojj qhunu Kull ma4hatapjjsnati?
E. JYsa maqhatapjjsnawa, ucampis waif thayaua.

H. Tata Lariano, cuns tata Andresan phuchapajj luraspajja?
E. Mank' phayaspa, ucampis janiw jupajj yunquiti.
Jall vial purisp ucqhajj, jumajj yapunac lul:asmati?
E. JLsa, luriristwa, ucampis purquiti.
Arumanthejj Joseajj mes luraspati?
E. nsa, luraspawa, ucampis clavow jan utjquiti.

H. Jupanacaij Chuquiag sararjjaspati?
E. nsa, sarapjjaspawa, ucampis yap khech'apjjanapawa.
1. Jupajj marc saraspati?
E. nsa, jupajj marc saraspawa, ucampis yap ...uranapawa.
M. Jumanacajj marc sarapjjafiamati?
E. nsa, nanacajj marc sarapjjeristuwa, ucampis yap lurapjjafiajjawa.

M. Jumajj dulce ch'amusmati?
E. JTsa, nayajj jichhajj dulce ch'amuristuwa, ucampis lacajjaw usutu.
M. Jiwasajj jichhajj &dee chamsnati?
E. JTsa, jiwasajj jichhajj dulce chamsnawa, ucampis lacasaw usutu.

304
LESSON XXVIII -
Dialogue - Cuento
CRISTINAMP TOMASAMPEJJ TODOS SANTOS FIESTJJAT PARLAPJJE 1

Cristina Tomasi Todos Santos fiestajj jutir semanawa, jumajj alamana-
catac niy altati?
Tomas: Janiway, arumanthejj Chuquiag sariristwa, ucampis casarasirin
utap ovej aych apafiajjawa.
C: Nayajj Chuquiaguruw jac'utac irayasifi munta, allchhijjaw jiui,
ucat nayanjj rezayafiajjawa.3
T: Cunapachas jiwi?4 Janiw yatcHylatti.
C: Pasir phajjsiquiw jiwasqui.5 Jichhajj nayajj t'ant'a lurayafi
munta.
T: Ay Cristina, camacharaouitajja, lurayasiquimaya. Jilir
cullajjaw Chuquiag sarani, inas jupajj jumatac irchini.
C: Nayajj Chuquiag sariristwa, ucampis yungas quimsa asnot cafia
alir saranajjawa, janit jumajj yungas sarcHtajja?6
T: Janiw jichha marajj sarati, maymarajj sarHyHtwa, walja
cafianac apaniyHta. Jichhajj sariristwa, ucampis yapuchafiajjaua.
C: Nayan yapunacajjajj janiraquiu luratHquiti, 7 chachajjan
tiempopaw jan utjquiti, jupajj trabajiriw Chuquiag sarHna.
T: Fiestatac purininiti?
C: J7sa, jupajj purininiwa.
T: Janit jupajj Chuquiagut jac'u apancani?
C: Janiw apancaniti, antisas yakhanac apanini. 8
T: Uqhgmajj jichha marajj walja kollke jumanacajj tucjapjjatajjA,
cunalaycutejj take cunas wall carow cueste.9
C: Jisa, ovejas, c'awnas, quesos, take cunas almatac alafiataqui-
quiwa.
T: Aca Todos Santos janipiniw walMquiti, cyvkatarac utjpacha? 10
chekpachapunit almanacajj jutapjjpacha?"
C: UcapY, cunjHmaquiqui, janiw nayas amuyafi puedcti. 12
T: Wali llaquiw almanifiajja, cungmas alaquimaya. 13
C: Jumajj juatag Todos Santos fiestanjj Tomas .1'4
T: Waliquiwa, jutHwa.
NOTES
1 Todos Santos (tot sant14 turu_santu) 'All Saint's Day.'
2 alma 'soul'
3 iryasifia 'to send (for)': the causative form of irafia. Note the
use of ru, corresponding to Spariish errw;ar a.
rezayaii 'to say pray%rs, have pn:7ei:s ca- i; 4..m
Cf. SpatIsh re7ar 'to say prayerc-1.

305
LESSON XXVIII - Dialogue - Notes
4 cunapachasa ?'when ?' (lit. 'what time?')

5: N.B. durative verb form; possibly because of 7047 (ATP ,would
expect here. the punctual form diiwi-)
6 yungasa (vuncasa) 'yungas region'

calia 'cane.' Cf. Spanish caila
7 'My fields are still not worked.' Lurata: pes:Ave participle; in.
the negative, -yquiti is attached.
8 yakhanaca 'other things' (lit. 'others').

IlisiadiKtaiia 'You are wasting' : infinitive tucuna 'to finish'
the verbal infix -117 indicating completion, placed after the vef stes
cues to 'costs: the Spanish form is cuestas
10 Cuamatarac utipacha? 'How will it tate'
11 'Is it certain that the sons will come?'

513ehRacimpunit: cheka 'certain' + -pacha- indicates possibility +
-punk. indicates certainty. N.B. the possibility of attaching
a variety of suffixes to the stem. The -pacha infix is repeated in the
verb.
12 ucapY. 'so it is': the 70 is a suffix of exclamation.

smigmageMqui 'so it will be.' -sa of na,Tas indicates exclamation.
13 almanna 'to have a soul to whom to pray.' -ni- marks possession.
14 ittatap! 'you must come (of course)' cf. above, note #12.

306
LESSON XXIX - PH tunca 11Htuncanir lecciona
apthapifia recoger to gather (in), pick

up, collect
awti sequia; otofip drought; autumn
caya caya frozen oca
cayachafia hacer caya to make frozen oca
-cucha si, que if
ch'ufiu chufio frozen potato
ch'ufiuchafia hacer chufio to make frozen

potatoes
jiwafia morir to die
juch'usa delgado thin
jurpUrojj pasado mafiana the day after tomorrow

juyphi
lanqhu
helada
grueso tua
lanti en vez de instead of
tincuyana (kcka) derribar (grbol) to fell and stump a

tret
vaca kallu (waca kallu) ternera calf
kallu cria suckling (of animalo)
Grammar - SmiapaIlanatrqui
I. Potential/conditional negative:
slrapiyistti sarcsnati sarawcsnati
sarapquiristti
sarcasmati
sarcaspati sarapcaspati
Analysis: negative -c- is inserted after the verb stem and -ti affixec:
at end. Endings same as potential/conditional positive.
N.B. If the infinitive stem ends in a long vowel, that
vowel is retained and the negative -c- is attached to it:
e.g. kollkenYquiristti 'I wouldn't have money'
The plural infix follows the verb stem.

II. -ta 'from'
acat pH mararojj 'in 2 years from now' (lit.':17cm bore to 2 years')
Navaii iutkrjaradj janiw yap lurguiristt:,..c_I,Inlayeutqjj iilajjaw
Chuquimut purinini. 'I couldn't work the fields next year becat my
brother is a;: riving from La Paz.'

307
LESSON XXIX - Grammar
Jivrasajt jutir marai" "aniw ch'ok ya uchcsnati jras gsstrijarararo;'

mpuchachch.inani. 'We can't work the potato field next year, bitt
in 2 years time we may be able to
ii :. lanti'in place of:

nava lent 'in place of me'
tatajj lant 'in place of my father'
h22s1,Iitiietsarcani. 'It would be better if (rather)
my brother went instead of me.' (Ebbing. also suggests constructions
of the type lanteila, nayan lant 'in place of me'.
-cucha 'rather, better': attached to nouns and pronouns.
e.g. Janiw nayajj sarcati, jumacuch saram. 'I will not go; rather you go.
Nayajj janiw yapuchquiristti, Pedrccucha yapuchaspatlE. 'I can't
work the fields; it's better if Pedro could.'
(N.B. The addition of the -.LE suffix emphasizes conditionality.)
Distribution of -wa in cuna1amxtejj clauses: after cm1.0avated

'because',-wa can be attached to the subject of the clause (even in the
presence of the negative iani):
e.g. ...cunalauquiagut puriniai.
...cunalaycutejj Joseaw casarasini.
...mantecaElanatiTELLI
VI. Review of 'when then' clauses (cf. lesson XXvI) .

e.g. Tatailaiimmas, ucqhaw uma 'When my father drinks, then I will drin:;!
VII. 7chafia:, verb-forming suffix added to nouns meaning 'to make'

e.g. caya 'frozen oca'imachana 'to make frozen oca'
ch'ufiu 'frozen potatol/ch'unuchana 'to make frozen potatoes'

80
MOSSTI XIXX
uoTanaTasqns TTtiQ - usem aeunie unosn
11 paiteN mTueC snstionr peuemeT 4T44sTaTnbCre cp4nokeTeuno .eriercetlegoeln

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CrednE
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N ausemTP
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.
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60E
NOSSal XIX - voTln3T3sqnS ITTaa
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.umewsniSe

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'N CcepeuesemTC
ffeoeuesumTr mplec wistio urliquem 4T4rmeodnunm metionosmpA .uCcedsrunm
IN meqpnosellonqd equdseoprem
a CPeoeuesvmTr mTuec unstp ueoluem gpuurrJdeunm setiontid megono -op=
.uCCedse
N '
ccemnr mTuec pvmsupsquem
crumnr mprec Auo 6-pemseo4quem avtlautIontid n-eccrsuillu7t

31.3
LESSON XXIX
Completion Drill - Arunac_phokachana
I. Replace the verb to agree with each pronoun.

e.g. Nayajj janiw khath sarquiristti, cunalaycutejj yap lurafiajjava
Nayajj jutir marajj janiw yap CLumill;, lurquiristri
cunalaycutejj jilajjaw Chuquiagut purinini.
Jumajj jutir marajj janiw yap (luraiis), euna- larcasmati
laycutejj jilamaw Chuquiagut purinini.
Jupajj kharUrojj janiw kot (sarafia), cunalay- sarcaspati
cutejj Mariaw casalfasini.
Jiwasaj j kharUroj j janiw kot (saratia), cunalay- sarcsnati
cutejj Joseaw
Jiwasanacajj jutir marajj janiw (casarasina) , casarasipcsnati
cunalaycutejj kollkew jan utjquiti.
Nanacajj jutir marajj janiw(casarasifia), cunalay- casarasipquiristti
cutejj kollkew jan utjquiti.
Jvmanacajj arumarthejj janiw eane (lurana), lurapcasmati
cunalaycutejj jac'ow jan utjquiti.
Jvpanacajj arumanthejj janiw t'ant' (lurana) lurapcaspati
cunalaycutejj mantecaw jan utjquiti.
catuna
e.g. Jichhayp'ojj nayajj janiw chawll catquiristti, ucampis tatajjaj
catuspawa.
JichhayWojj jumajj janiw chawll catcasmati
ucampis tatamajj catuspawa.
Kharayp'ojj jupajj janiw chawll catcaspati
ucampis jumanacajj catupjjasmawa.
Jichhayplojj jiwasajj janiw chawll catcsnati
ucampis tatasajj catvspawa.
anatafia
Kharayplojj jiwasanacajj janiw pelot. , anatapcsnati

ucampis Joseajj anataspawa.
Xharayplojj nanacajj janiw pelot ucampis anatapquiristti
jumajj anatasmawa.
Xharayplojj jumanacajj janiw pelot , ucampis anatapcasmati
nayajj anatiristwa.
Kharayp'ojj jupanacajj janiw pelot anatapcaspati
ucampis nanacajj anatapjjeristwa.

VTE
NOSS31 X1XX - uoTlaidmoD 'EMU
20 ppekug mTusc eopp gp4sTaTamustio sTdmuon umlsTaalliusla
rpumnr mTuup opinp 6(sgumestlo) sTdmeon pumsuouresqo

smemsuiNuem
Cpedni osunuu mTuec 6(pquArATC) sTdmuon -ono ITedSe0AEMTP
CcosueC ormedsTivqb
Presumu mTueL annp 4(Ep:elms-go) sTdmeon T4E1150=012
cciluell iumuusoluem
CceoeuessmTr m4uec lufeno anvil 6(ETIWE) TleusodTmsA
sTdmeon Uveuecono ismuuspcdTisqb
ccupeuum nTuuc leCano amso (trFF-Xu,ie) 6 sTdmron T14S31311TATMVA
Houuscano emlsTaaprdpeqb
Ppeovuemnr mTuec imell 4(eundex) sTdmeon pumseodnds4
P911.0 .ememsuppindel.rfameil
NeoUuednr mTueP vamell /mull (eW1) sTdmeon T3Udenodnden

zeimuA qameo -emedsuffdTmeA
29 CfsAug Hotpuumnie mIusc duA gTqlsTafFEETI aeuT ppoindanc 7patti

ccemnr ccatpuumnie mTusc duA goviarli) scut pumsuoint
proandinc .elimanT
ccednr apni cruaem mTusc xosto 4(EUiliTa17) suuT TlydsuotionduA
Teou esmTnb proluirm TuTtiollondeA
fpessmTr IT1nr Cream mTuur Apip 4(5TaiiTUTA) TzeusmiondeA

scut lupe Hd ppoiezem .TupplogondeA
PCsouussumTr Pcoanautm n4usp g(uusoiuum) ssuT sKurta ode lvus T

qoandanC sTunuTtlogdeAlluum
ffeaeusg Ccoinaum miusc g(sgelluem) TqlsTaTnbduilluum
qoandinp Lipprdesquum
Neoeuumnf UoidAsisql mTuep laup (vuziltTax) g 33VMSBOdenjell
i
suuT dAudinc cco *v3ilitioCcdenTe4
pPeouuudnf pcoldAsautin mTusc laso (t?lle4TTaA) g Tludsupdslual

scut' ffoidAudinc .TuTtloccdentax
muffeoul 6n4nsn luon ppeAsu muur usffelul delta

.(eusaus) T44sTaTnbaus
numsoua 6meqsn 4son cCemnp n4uur uumele4 du4n
Tzemssoiss
nesou gTmTp lson ppesemTC mTuef Aostlo prusotionduA
muds-al% 6sansn ;eon gedriC mTuec 4oTod psdsso4uvis

ueasof medemem 4e4nsn Teon ccuosuesemTp r17:4
2uTnionti0 (eljeaus) Tquusodeaus

315
LESSON XXIX - Completion Drill
Marian phuchapaw wawachasi, ucat nanacajj janiw

juman utem (iutaiia). jutapquiristti
Josean yokallapaw chhakata, ucat jumanacajj janiw'
escuel (sarana). sarapcamati
Koilkew chhakata, ucat jvpanacajj janiw machal;
isinac (alasina). alasipcaspati
Nayajj kharilrojj janiw Chuquiag (scram'', sarquiristti

anchaquit jilajjajj naya lant sarcani.
Jumaj khartlroj j janiw Chuquiag (sarafia), sarcasmati
anchaquit jilamajj juma lant sarcani.
Jupajj janiw k'anu isinac (tcajjsifia), anchaquit eajjscaspati
mamapajj jupa lant t'ajjscani.
Jiwasajj janiw yap (1prafia), anchaquit Joseajj lurcsnati
jiwas lant lurcani.
Jiwasanacaj j janiw ut (Dichana), anchaquit Rosi- pichapcsnati
tajj jiwasanac lant pichcani.
Panacajj janiw ut (pichea), anchaquit jumajj pichapguiristti
nanac lant pichcgta.
Jumanacajj janiw mank' (p amaria), anchaquit'jupa- pbayapcasmati
nacajj jumanac lant phayapcani.
Jupanacajj janiw mank' (nhavana), anchaquit juma- phayapcaspati.
nacajj jupanac lant phayapcgta.
Eayajj arumanthejj janiw.lech (umaila), tatajj umquiristti

uman ucqhaw umtl.
Jumajj arumanthejj janiw lech (umafia), tataru umcasmati
uman ucqhaw um&ta.
Jupajj jutir marajj janiw(ch'uftuchafia)., Jost ch'ufiuchcaspati
ch'unuchan ucqhaw ch'uhuchani.
Jiwasajj jutir marajj janiw (ch'ufiuchafia), Jos6 ch'ufluchcsnati
ch'unuchcan ucqhaw chturiuchangni.
Jiwasanacajj kharayp'pjj janiw (siqua), juyph cayachapcsnati
utjan ucqhaw cayachapjjgni.
Nanacajj kharayp'ajj janiw (cavachana), juvph"utjan cayachapquiristti
ucqhaw cayachapjjg.
Jumanacajj jurpayp'ojj janiw (chluEuchana), juyph ch'ufiuchapcasmati
utjan ucqhaw ch'unuchapjjgtta.
Jupanacajj jurpayp'ojj janiw (ch'unucharia), juyph ch'ufluchapcaspati
utjan ucqhaw ch'ufluchapjjani.

9T
NOSSTI XIXX uoTlTdmoD ITTIG
pPeArR 4(upetpudiK)mTuec negartompaa T33sTaTnblondeA

(euetiondeA) egedsetiondeA
gumnr mTuep gOperivndeA) muliznomeTTC TqemseptiondeS
net751TKg!le) egedsetiondeA
gednr mTuef Alueo 6(eueunw) -14=qolod TTedseounm
(eueuraii) uffedsrunu
CcesemTr mTuep aeTnbnmo g(euezes) mum Tvusozes
i-mullonoTaew 0(euvaus) eqedseaes
rpoutiesemu MTUVP OVUVOVA g(eWe) -3uutlieno peuspdecre
tiono BCpuscpterre
rcepeueN mTuer 3eueame4 6(E-ffirre) Lianzoeuniouum T41sTaTubdecte
.(ETIir-11)- erclsTaoCrdeCTe
geoeuemnr mTuec ansn .18)1.4' '(elleTT0A) tionooluem Tleuseoderrol
(eueantio) eppemseCrdeantio
Repeuednr mTuec lusn ae4eg auTT0N) '( tionooluem Tledsuoderroll
(eueantil) ecredseppdeantio
suopsenb pue saemsuv -,

wzouueue145FTE t meAT Tameouue3;uu
axmgaM uer poeumietio
gemnr letin ijaemseays

a geArN mTuer leg 'TalsTaTnbaes deb -emegegeanI
'N cceuncFkaulgoTf Timego LTlemsnaup
cce4e14 PiTurr TTmv110 4T41sTaTnbleo sTdmeon Tcepeael .emedsnavo

proanapu geoeuetanc loiad LIzemsvccdeleue
proanaela ccEDEUEU mTuuf: .T44sTaTnbdeleue
geAem getpuewnae duA LTasTaTanT
getlauumnav de4.mTueC 4T3emsepanT scut goandanc *eappanT
prednr apnc gear= mTueC uo 1 o 6TledseoliondeA
seui gray eswTnb goaraum TuTtiollondeA
cceAem annp cps-F=1mm

6emTuer cCemnp mTuec ennp .Tlemseomeop
fceSeN aTanC cceaem mTuec deA z-vpsTaTnbanT
gemTuer premnp apnc ccoaem mTueg &etc Tlemsepani
gednr goanamil mTuer cpedsepaes
4emTuef pled4 goaflamm aTuec ToN 114ads...ruaus

11 7
LESSON XXIX.- Questions aria Answers

Nesative
M. Jumanacajj arumanthejj janiw t' ant' lurapcasmati?

Janiwa, nanacajj arumanthejj t' ant'
Nayajj kharlirojj janiw Chuquiag sarquiristti?

E. Janiwa, jumajj charnrojj janiw Chuquiag sarcasmati..
Z. Tata Carlos, fumajj juch'us lawaLac aljasmati?
E. Janiw aljquiristti, cunalaycutejj ut luranajjaua.
N. Jumanacajj lanqhu kokanac arumanthejj tincuyapjjasmati?
E. Janiw tincuyapquirLatti.
E4 Pedrojj jutir semanajj vac gharisPati?
E. Janiw qharcaspati.
M. Tata Esteban, nanacajj kar awatipj4erlstti?
E. Janiw awatipcasmati.
M. Jiwasanacajj khattrojj tata Josear Lollapjjsnati?
E. Janiw kollapcsnati.
M. Kharayp'Ojj jiwasajj qhaya adobenac apthapsnati?
E. Janiw apthapcsnati.
M. Jumanacajj arumanthejj uca vaca aych mank'apjjasmati?
E. Janiw mank'apquirxstti.
M. Tata, jupauacajj awti pachajj yapuchapjjaspati?
E. Janiw yapuchapcaspati.
M. Hama, nanacajj jutir marajj ch'unuchapjjeristti?
E. Janiw ch'ufiuchapcasmati.
M. Tata Marcos, jumanacajj qhaya alay estancia maqhatapjjasmati?
E. Janiw maqhatapquirxstti?
M. Kharayp'ojj Mariajj apill cayachaspati?
E. Janiw cayachcaspati.
H. !lama, cuns jumajj lurasmajja:
E. Janiw cuns lurquirlstti.
Dialogue - Cuento
MR VOLUNTARIOJJ ESTANCIA JAKENA.CAITIF PARLI1
Voluntario: Buenos dias tatanaca, buenos dias tatanaca.

Grupo: Buenos dias tata, Buenos dias tata, Buenos &las tata...
Jilakata: Aca chekar kortt'asim tata... caesac tata...

LESSON XXIX - Dialogue
2
V: Walic tata, nayajj jumanacamp parIt'asin munt, tata.
3
J: Ualiquiw tata, nanacajj jumamp parleasifi munapjjaractwa.
V: Tatanaca, cues jutir semanajj lurapjjatajja?

cunalay-
J: Jutir semanajj ch'ufiuchafia taquiw waouichasipjja,
cutejj niy juyphi pacharuw purisipcta.4
V: Tatanaca, jumanacajj ma kollir munapjjasmati?
J: Cun janejj tata, yanapeapjjetaya, cunaynian usunacaw oca

yokapaw jiwi.
estancianjj.utji. HasUrojj tata Josean
wall puma jakanwa. Janiw qhitis kollan puedcanti, janiY.equiw
cuna usUtapas yatiscanti.5
V: Uqhamajj ma kolliriw aca estancian utjani. Ucampisa cunjiimea
ma kollirejj purinispajjat' Cayuta? Autota? Caballota?
J: Nanacaji thac lurapjjeristwa, jumatejj yanapeapjjetasm

ucajja.'
V: Kawkarus thac lurapjjasmajja?8
trabaf.1-
Alcaide: Nanacajj tucuficamaw lurapjjerista. Inas pa phajjsi
pjjchi, ucampis ingenieron arup munapjjta, nanacjj janiw
jayrasipquiristti, cunalaycutejj machak thac ufijan mu-apjj1:a."
10 . .
Doctorajj, cawqhans iacaspaj j a? ut mayeaspajja

V:
A: Doctorataquejj ma ut utachapjjeristwa, ucampis calaminataqui,

puncunacataqui, ventananacataqviw kollkejj in utjcaspati,
e
janit jumajj cunamats yanapapjjetasmajja?l i
V: -1'
Waliquiw tatanaca, nayaw ma'tni Voluntarionacamp par1H,
ucatsti oficin sara jupanacar avisiri. Ucchaficamasti
jumanacajj ch'ufiuchafiatac waquichasipj jam.
Jutir semana
nayajj juc'amp jumanacarojj avisapjjama, cunatf lurafia.ea::=1-
sajj waquisqui ucanacjjata?
J: Waliquiw tata, waliquiw tata.
V: Uqhamajj arumanthiw sara uca ingenieromp parlafiataqui.

Kawkhanis trabajapjjatejja?
J: Sojjta tune pus in chachanacaw trabajapjja.
Todos: Waliquiw tata, cusisipjjtwa.

Jichhajj sarawayjja tatanaca, jiquisificama. Qhaya esi:ancias
V:
visitir sarafiajjawa.
Todos: Jiquisificamay tata, waliqui.
NOTES
orra
1 Note the choice of voluntario"" in place of voluntariomn.
rmitted because of its
is possible. Possibly the first =mpi_is
distance from iierylca"almniwe

319
LESSON 4171X - Dialogue - Motes
2 parlt'asina 'to converse.': -ta- after the verb sum exptesses
courtesy.
3 munapjiaractwa 'also want': -Eggyi- is inserted after the plural infix
and before the personal ending.

4 waruichafia 'to prepare'
juyphi 'frost': juyohi pacha 'cold season'
ftallu pache 'rainy season'
awti pacha 'dry season'
5 yatisina 'to get to know'
6 'how' : -lama- 'only'. The.nominal suffix -ta expresses

'means, manner.'
ca,vuta 'by footiea7ut sararia

autota 'by caehLutot saraia
caballota 'by horse'kaballot sarafia
7 :imetal-1m 'if you help us.'
8 kawkhllrus 'in hcw many days'
9 tucuficamaw 'until finishing': infinitive + -cama- 'until' (with

elision of final vowel of the stem).
I
aru 'word'
jayrasipguiristti 'we can't be lazy'
10 jacana 'to live'
11 ventana (wintilna) 'window' (efipanish.ventana)

cuamats "in:some way'
12 mavni in the plural can have the meaning of 'other' (from mava 'one')
oficina (abisina) 'office' (Spanish)
ucchaficamasti 'in the meantime'
cunati 'concerning those matters which it is possible to do.'
-ti: a subordinate clause marker.

waquisilla 'to be possible.' (cf. waquichana in note #4 above)
-nap 'concerning.
L
LESSON XXX - Quimsa tuncanir lecciona
achacu rat& mouse

chhokha pato duck
j amach' pgjaro bird
jan sin without
j anipini nunca never
lechuga (lichuj a) lechuga lettuce
liwisina caerse to fall
liwina tirar, echar to fling, cast (off)
maymgra el afio pasado last year
ceispifia galleta de quinua cookie made of quinim
usuntafia enfermarse gravemente to be seriously ill
walgrmanthi ayer por la mafiana yesterday morning
1. Past potential/conditional: 'would have , could have

saririscgvgta sarasgna EaraaiilaRal
Aumterisquyata
sarasamgna sarapliasamgna
sarasepgna
Analysis: for all forms except 1st person singular and plural:
infinitive stem + (plural infix) + (potential/conditiona
marker) + personal ending + -ana (past tense marker).
3-T:i1-7777c!;=:7:e::=T-c-t:7131- f:711-1g infix)
endings: -ta- -na-
-ma-
7227
The suffixes -wa and -jja may be attached to the verb, with elision c'
the final vowel.
e.g. lupiiplefgpmagleji ovei awatiriscqyka, jurew jan munctatcji.z
'Yesterday morning I would have pasturiA sheep, (but) you didn't
want to.'
N.B. No conjunction links the two clauJ'as; in the si-ccnd clause, lie
particle is attached to the su,lject and to the veo.

321
LESSON XXX - Grammar
Negative past potential/ conditional

sarquiriscgOtti sarcasanti salapcasgnti
sarapquiriscHylitti
sarcasamanti .sarapcasamanti
sarcasapanti sarapcasapanti
AAalysis: Same as the positive forms, plus the negative -c- inserted
after the verb stem (after the plural infdx);the negative -ti
is attached to the consonant of the ending.
'certainly'
janipini 'never' (lit. 'certainly neat')
iv, Unmarked 'if' clauses:

e.g. Pasir marajjagy_ALIChirailiLlt,imilfatilLejaij liwiscasaapti,
'If I had built the house last year it would never have fallci_ de.
V. 'Without ing': e.g. jar. 'wiaout

jAnparlasa 'without saying'
jan luras,3 'without doing, working'
3.____A'annnasa 'without ;;,anting'
The infinitive stem is combined with the suffix -sa-; -sa- can be acta4:11,:sd
only to verb stems, and modifies the action performed by the main verb,
the subject of the main verb and the -sa verb is the same.
e.g. EvaiiiichhUrojj jan t'awr eallsouiriscgOtti, ian_xptisaw lurta.
'I wouldn't have worked the wool today *zdthout knowing wl,at I was
doing.'
VI. usuntafia 'to be ill.'

The verbal infix -nta- which precedes the infinitive ending indicates
action which precedes from outside and proceeds inside:
e.g. apatia 'to carry/apantana 'to bring in from outside.'
jallufia 'to rain / plluntafia 'to rain in'
or intensity:
usufia 'to be ill'iusuntana 'to be sericusly ill'
catuna 'to seizet/catnntafia 'to capture, arrest'
VII. 'already': parldia 'to talk, speak'/ 12.2Ildjafia 'to speak already'
e.g. Nix a_Larijvu.psrliigt4..? 'Po you speak Aymara already?'

322
LESSON XXX
Substitution Drill -Wasa arunac uscutia
Nayajj apill mank'eriscgygta. SO.
E. Nayajj apill mank'eriscHygta.

M. jupajj
E. Jupajj apill mank'asapgna.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj apill mank'asgna.
M. machak isinac alasisgna
E. Jiwasajj machak isinac alasisgna.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj machak isinac alasipjjeriscgygta.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj machak isinac alasipjjasamgna.
N. usutanac kollapjjasamgna
E. Jumanacajj k.Illapjjasamana.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj usutanac kollapijasgna.
jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj usutanac kollapjjasapRna.
M. jumajj
E. Jumaj j usutanac kollonamana.
M. chompanac p'it:viamgna
E. Jumajj champanac p'itasamgna.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj chompanac p'itapjjerisaygta.
M. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj chompanac p'itapjjasamana.
M. chhokhanac jiwayapjjasamgna
E. Jumanacajj chhokhanac jiwayapjjasamEna.
M. Nayajj masgrmanthejj chhokh catur saririscgyFta.
E. Nayajj mesgrmanthejj chhokh catur saririsaygta.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jul,anacajj ma:.1;rmanthejj chhokh catur sarapjjasapgna.

323
LESSON XXX - Substitution Drill
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj masgimaLthejj chhokh catur sarapjjariscgigta.
M. qhH aynach estancia sarakapjjerisegyHta.
E. Nanacajj masHrmanthejj qhH aynach estancia snrakamjjeriscHyHta.
N. jumajj nayarmenthejj
E. Jumajj nayarmanthejj aynach estaacia sara:msamana.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj nayrHrmanthejj ql1H aynach estaneia sarakapjjasana.
N. jupajj
E. Jupajinayarmenthejj qhg aynach estaacia saralrasapHna.
M. qhN alay koll mistusapHna
E. Jupajj nayarmanthejj qhM -lay kull mistusepana.
M. jumanacajj wayarajj
E. Jumanacajj mayarajj qhg alay koll mistupjjasamHna.
N. jupanacajj
L. Jupanacajj mayarajj qhg alay koll nistupjjasepara.
.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj mayarajj qhg alay koll misturisc HyHta.
M. walja achacunac jiwayiriscHyUta
E. Nayajj mayriHrajj walja achacunac jiwayir iscHygta.
N. nanacajj pasir phajisejj
E. Nanacajj pasir phajjsejkvalja achacunac jiwayapjjeriscHyHta.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj pasir phajjsejj walja achacunac jiwayasPna.
MasUrojj nayajj jan LhollquirlselyHtti.
E. MasUrojj nayajj jan khollquiriscRyHtti.
N. jumajj
E. MasUrojj jumajj jan khollcasamHnti.
Ni. jiwasajj
E. MasUrojj jivasajj jan khollcaanti.
usutanacar jan kollcaanti
E. MasUrojj jiwasajj usutanacar jan koilcasHnti.
F. nanacajj nayrUrojj
E. Nanacajj nayArojj usutanacar jan kollapquiriscHyHtti.
* sat = contraction of qhaya.

NOSSM XXX - uoTanlpsqnS 'Emu
ccupeuudnr
-a CCuouurdnf CCoanaAvu aupeuulnsn ueC .T4uHdesuodurrol
'1 aeoeuutioCem uep oeuTsT puRdseodeantio
-a geoeuednr CCoanaAeu aupeurtiopm ueC aeuTsT .T4uNdeseodeanip
cCepeuemq
-a Cpropuemnr CroanaLeu aeoeuutioCum ue peuTsT .punmeseoduanuip
'N CCeouuesemTC ffalpuumansem

ffeaeuesemu CCalpuemaNsem ueliebeuetiopen oeuTsT .T3upeodeantio
2ETIEWNVC uuC TauflseodeAeCCiaed
-a cruovuesumu CCatiaueluansea aeoeueneC ueC .T4uRsuodeAvCciaed
pednC
a CCedni CCatpuetansem. arovilaVc tier -pundusvoiCuppriud
'j preset'.
-a cpeARN ffaxpuemaRsem aeoeuexup ueC T4TRARosTaTnbAuCCTaed

II aupeuemem ueC TllopsTaTniAppus
-a PeAum CCatiluemaRsea aeoeuemea ueF .T44HARosTaTniipT4eA
ell ffeasuudnC CCoanaAvu
-a cpeoulludnr Cgoanakeu aupeuumum treC T4uNdeseodygoTTeA
aTsed CCesffeqd Auu culEARDsTaTtpu4n mTuTdTurc peen --puRdesuosTmTT
-a iTsea Ccesffetid Aeu gulHApsTaTtpuln mTuTdTueC ccuqn .TwougeosTmTT
umc
a aTsed frespfutid mtlf geupreselpe411 mTuTdTueC Cpeut TauRdeseosTmTT
sumTc
-21 aTsed Cfasffutid semTC gyuRsmpeln LaTuTdpreC Cpeln puRdesvospan
Cpuplinez TzuRftsvolimplo
-a aTsed CCesffetid serig geunsetpean mTuTdpreC CpuTmeTuo .T.:apidesepletmo
ccunuisem outreu
,esrolptitio
-a peaRmARN veueu geTRARosTa6CCdetpeln mTuTdTuef CpuTtusleo
-mind
N oeuetanc
a cpeaRuaeK peuetunc crclutpu4n se UttEMB 6 LATuTdTuer CpuTtueTeu
rEirmretitio
'TWO
geoeueu T43HAR3sTaTnbde4nC
-a cgeap&eirg -Juueunir guuipticeprdetpu4n rtpivdIutac cfuJuuou
-HasTA!.ubdu4nr
T33VA

NOSSTI XNX - uapnlpsqns TITaa
ifoiniSeu dnp .
.
CCoiniAvn (Inc 4eundesegoeln ppezeueu.mTuTdTuel .T3TRAHosTaTnbde44

'N ffeovuednp pulideseadv4nf
'a fp:anthem dnf 4vundesetpe3n Turf LITuT ffermurdnp .174uildesvode44
.N gains= Azu deli v;HARosTaTanT
a CfoinseN Avu deA 6v4RAHosTaTinT mTuTdTuep ffeovuedLf rzugdesvadvinf
. .
ovuesvmTf
'2 froansvN peuesemtf deg( GrupeffdvanT nTuTd-puef ffeovued4 svode4nf
..pund
'N qvuesns pundesvotiondeA
'a CroinseK ovuesemTC dui 6euRseffdL..in1 m-cdTuep ffeuesns ai7deseogondvA
eN CfatpuemaniAvu ovum oluem ffdeAvqd v4RARosTi3
ea ffaviquemalliAvN peuvu &Num GunAposTaaffdeAevid ffrunsnsn.TuTdiusp
illuNdesetnlonde4
eN Avu
pfaxIluemarlikeN Avu oluvut 6e1BAEosTaT4eqd eIvICTuef fTeuesns
.puRdesvotiondvA
ccuAelq pfoaritmoTP urf ammo. unc.6133hApsTaTflbmvS .eu-prstme4
pfeAux CCoantmaTc uef imeo 6T41RAHosTaTnbmeA mnr ....uuTesTmeA
ffesumg
Husurau ccoingtipTC tier 2M283 4puRsvokleA tune ..euplesTme4
Ppm=
peovuem rfointmoTf use amvil 6T4TRARosTaTnbdTmeA mnf .4tigmesTmeA
PaaJTV euRdesTmeir.
.a ffvoeuvm ffoinKtiog uvf ariE ,T3.2NANDsTaTnirnme4 peam .vundesTme4
.N ccednf ffoiniAvu uvf pugdusvoAnouTz
ea pfednr ffoinaAvu uvp Ion 4-puRdeOvAnouT4 PaaJIV ..euildesvAnoLIT4
.
'N ffeoeuvatnf
ca. ffeDeuvwnr ffoinakeu uef xol 6T4uNwegeoduAnoup PaaJTV euRdeseAnoup
Aeu vnAt3sTaTAnoup
ffeovuemnr ffoaniAvu uvf no4 4-puresvodeitnoup Suit *e...10RosT4TAmap.
ffeovuednc fCatpueminsvm uef dmotio puRdeseodelIsd

ffvoeuvdnr ffacpuemilisem uef 6-pundesvadv4Tid Auu selNABasTiplid
ex c cpuin
a ffetunr ffetpuemaNsem uvf dump 6pubmesep3Tid Avu .u3RANDsTIT2T4d

9ZE
NOSSal XXX - uoTanaT3SqnS ITTaa
4 crusymTc
.g gpesamTr ffaqauemaRsum uup dmoqo 6T4uNsup1Tid Lett .ETNAHosTaTaTad
'N aim:Inc suRdesuffdeaTad
.g ffesemu ffaq4uumaNsum usf dmoqo 'TqufisepaTid osuednf .sulidesaffdeaTid
gfekeu ffoanakeu use paRAHosTaTnbdel
g ffeAuti ffoanaAeu uEC 4TanAflosTaTnbdal =ming' -auEdusaffdndex
.11 ccRopuesemTc
a ffeoeuesemu fpoanalieu uef 6TauRsuodndag oruednf .euBdusaffdndell
dnf euNdesndeN
a ffezeuesamTr fpoanaAau uEC 4TauNsu3dndel dnf ..euRdesndex
uoTaaTdmoD TITaa TATITITTTI5guffIV-
apeTdau (pan aoj TTe :suosaad
2a ffrAuR aoTad .eaRAHosTaTasue

gpfumnr) 4ppednf Cola
ffsAaN aTsed ffusaTopaaTm uTdsTsb (aueslueli.) . eaRAHosTaailuela
ggemnr aTsed gfasaToolaTm uTdsTsb (6171B;Auum) . eupaseoluem
fgednr aTsed ffo2uTmop ol TT '(ElluaRs) aufideseass
ffesamTr alsed ffauTmop oA TT '(ulmaus) euRseaes
ppapeuesumu ppeapAutit nunqb TT011 'OTLITEVigii) suNseggdeleqbem
ggepsuum ffeaRmAum nunqb TToA uTaaPfdeleqbma a:4141.
ffuoeuumnr ffeafluaum iqoamef .(TEDIVITD aupesafgdeAsmTf

pfezeuednr ffeappAem pauTiqoamer .(sun4vo) vulidaseppdnaup
ffaq4uumaNsupi ffeAuu Timm anquo (egeaes) . a-42ApsTaTaes
ffaquiewaRseN ffumnf Timm anauo .(u.17157ii) UUBTZSPXUS
ffoidAelAuN ffednf aAnp aTseTa Daum (UTZWID .

auEdese4ng r.
gfoldAvaAem ffeseATg qAmplo (eueaesy,aTAemTf .
euReszel
froanakem ffspeuesemTf acne aTsaTe paum euRsappdaanf
pfoanaAux ffuosuau TTociao anaAs .0T1765.7) az.RApsTaafgduanf
ffeaRmAem greoeuemnp Hoge anake (sueln0 - supiesuffdaang
ffeaRmAsw ffeoeurdng SnqoaT /flake Ewiaa) . tui3deseffdTuTand

mossaa xxx uoT49TdmoD Tula
crehrtra Cratpuemaliseu cam) `(e4T4pme) meunp imp e4RARosTJT4rm=::

.ecra4elounm
gemnr CCeqluemiNsum Caro 6(epTume) mednp Trep euEmespeme
-uccelTnbunm
CPudnr CpetpuemiNsem woqqo 6(1.-WA1741) meOpeTTno euRdese4emTp
uec .eCcalTnbunm
cpesemTr UelpuemaRsem qAmitio 6(eurlturiTc) euRseAemTf
meseowano uep -epfelTnbunm
ppeoeueseau goaniAem qouod 6(eqames) mTutdoapad eugreppdnmes
arc eppe4Tnbunm
cceoeuem cpoanakeu qouod 6(Wintiz6) wiuTdetunC uy; r3EANosTarrcdmles
.effe4e4ounm
Ppeoeuemnr cceipAem dump 4(V:76a) mTuTdedap uuNmesuCpdelTid
nup gpfelTnbunm
Pceoeuednr CceiHmAem dmoqo 6(euelTid) mTuTdemnr eurideseprdelTid
uep .eppaTelounm
vuetiondrA
2a ppekem cco.7nakeu aeC go 4a: ,(T44.1iARosTaTn5wmictesi)
6cremnp) gccednp Cole
CCoallseN CCeAeu ueC 6(eYeTT04) Ur4 .(q1177TTZ71! T44RATionaTnbrioq
ealimesetioN
ccemnP.Pcoinsuli usr g(ePeTT04) Teuerro4)-dnp T4upeseoriol

rundesenol
pp:tinsel/1 cCednp uec 4n 6(suelpTd) Aru *(eyetiotd) T4uNdeseopTd
e4fikv,sTaTtioTd
CPoinsek ppesemTc Imp an 4(q."liffo sepetina IlupeopTd.!

(e7i143T-6) euRdeseqoTd
ProinseK rceoeueseaTC uuf plontib qoAs (71"fiTifiai.) puuseoduiluem
oeueinc *(euesAuem) euRdeseccdeivem
rpoanseN Cpeoeueu Imp plonqb qoAe g(eproiuem) T33HAEosT1Tnbdusluem
ovuemnp eaRmusecpulAuem
CCoinsew rpeoeuewnc uep 6(uuracq-4) ovueu papeseodnioqq.
(ePTTVRIA) v4R4Ospecpyrroql
ppoinsew geoeuednC uei GOunioqN) semTP puRdesuodmotiq
'OUT-EP:NI) euRsmovill
ppeapAull Aeu qonqb qffnliTi5) ueP premq e4NAHostatirmb

(v177P-FillF) Tlureseoieqb
mnr.preaRmAupl gonqb 6(egge11) 11.4 crudnc euRmespeqb
TluNdesvoieqb
atse:a Cpeecpeqd dnp 6(UPREED uep Presehig eundeendeA

punseodux
.(7176.51D

328
LESSON XXX - Completion Drill
Maymarajj jiwas qhuch (qharifia), jan tatasajj qharisHna

(qharina). qharcasapHnti
Pasir phajjsejj jiwasanac (kapufia) , jan Mariajj kapupj j asIna

kapcasagnti
(1021tia)-
Nayrarmanthejj nanac chomp (p'itafia), jan p'itapjjeriscRylita
jumanacajj (plitang). p'itapcasam!!nti
:zra!rarintjpIT!jta!:Tanac chomp (p'itafia), jan p'itapjjasamlla

p'itapquiriscayatzi
chomp jan p'itapjjasapHna

111.71n:141;j1pItill=. p'itapcasEnti
Pasir marajj nay (utachafia), janipiniw utajj utachirisayHta

(liwisifia). liwiscasapHnti
Pasir marajj jum (utachafia), janipiniw utaj j utachasaana

(liwisifia). liwiscasaanti
NayrUrojj jup (kollafia), janipiniw (iiwafia). kollasaana

jiwcasapUnti
NayrUrojj jiwas (kollaria), janipiniw juc'amp kollaana

(usuntafia). usuntcasapNnti
Maslirmanthejj jiwasanac j uyranac alir (sarafia), sarapjjasUna

janipiniw Pedrojj kollk (chhakayafia). chhakaycasapHnti
(sarafia), sarapjjeriscHyHta
j:21.4:11Wh:O111:3:c(C1171:::=r chhakcasapHnti
WasUrojj jumanac chawil caturejj (sarana), sarapjjasaana

janipiniw Juanajj (iiwaha). jiwcasapanti
WasUrojj jupanac chawll caturejj (saraha), sarapjjasapHna

janipiniw nayajj (liwisifia). liwisquirisayHtti
Nayajj jichhUrojj jan eawr(t'ajjsifia), jan. eajjsquiriscHfUtti

yatisaw lurta.
Jumajj jichhUrojj jan t'awr (t'atisifia), jan t'ajjscasamHnti
yatisaw t'ajjstajja.
Jupajj walUrojj jan aych (apana), jan yatisaw apcasaanti
apejja.
Jiwasajj walUroj j jan aych (apafia), jan yatisaw apcasHnti
aptanjja.
Jiwasanacajj maymHrajj jan kok (tincufia), jan tincuyapcasgati
yatisaw tincuyapjjtanjja.
Eanacajj maymarajj jan kok (tincufia), jan yatisaw tincuyapquiriscatti j!
tincuyapjjtjja.
ch'unuchapcaF.-..mEq:i
Jumanacajj nayeirojj jan(ch.pfiljchana), jan
yatisaw ch'ufiuchapjjtajja.
cayar:;lapcaso-'
Jupanacajj nayrayp'ojj jen (cayacholia) ,
yatisaw cryachapjjejja.

6ZE
MOSSal XXX
-
suoT4sanb pue sailmsuv Tame3uueues43STI mmXi Tuureaeueues
PcuAuN 30Tad ZTTRAN3sTaT3vue
3 gessi rCemnr 4oTad euRmese4eue
14 prawn- aTsed Cpuemas wdeTsb 03upeeeoluem
3 cent- cfeAuti uTdstab eulnApspeoplym
'N rCednr aTsed rpoSuTmop non azufideeeies
3 gent. aTsed pfo2uTmop non -emuNduseles
'N FPOJIIIAVR 4E3E11E12 nociao anus anxpeperrdevir
3 gesu Crepeuemnr nociao anaAe seupluseffde44
4 rCeAvm CCatpueuiansem rano LI4opeppeme
3 gesisr CCemnC ffatpuemansum euRtuespema
'N Nekem 4Tuep noitio le4RAnosTaTnbliandeA
3 esu CCemnr ueC nostio wT4upesuptionde6

4 Croansem rpednp ueC 4n LpundeeeptiaTd
3 'usu. quicuu ueC .T44RANDsTiptind
&logo a4RAHosTaaffde4Tid
CCatpuemanaAuN Creoeueu
.3 gemTuur Creovuemnp.rCatpuemaRaAeu mTuer .puBuieseodelTad
'N aTsea Haim ffetunr zflunwasetiov4n
.3 gemTuer aTsed Crelem CreAvu mTuep .T44RARosTaTnbtpe4n
4 ffeaRmArN peoeuemnr imp mesT4vA
non deAnouT4 LT4upmese,
3 gent- Crepeueu Ion ueC mesTleA .T44RARosTaTadvAnouT4
14 eley goapea mina CratpuewaRsum Cpetunp LeCCupeseanT

.3 memq.'elnApstapeme.rano ueC euppalt4ounta
gAemen CreAvu CroanaAeu surto LeCC4HARosTaTanT
3 Noom *eunmesetiondeA
CragluemaRseR freoeuemnr suna ueC Lerrunmeseodeoluem

3 Tlionqbgotta ueC 6T44RAHosTaTnbdesAem talc
..euRmesvivem
.14 Cpcinf Ccoansem sun ueC LeCrundaseoanT
.3 3a ueC 4T4uRdseptioTd feu e4EARosTaTvxd

aTsua CCasrptid peoeuesemTr aRAT,10 cpuReerrandR1
.3 tier 4T4uRsepcindal eTael4 vundesndeN
CratiluvmaRakeN rCeovuemnp aeuvdmow LT4upeserrde4T;d

3 sew 4e4RAR3sTieUdelT1d uur T4uNdesup4Tid.guesof
14 Croanse/4 Creoeuemq snavuno lon Leccupeerrdeave
3 nmetio m4an4vo uunseppeays

330
LESSON XXX - Questions and Answers
M. Tata, waarmanthejj phuchamajj cawcs sarasapWija9

E. Fiest sarasaana.
M. Cuns jupajj masUrojj lurasapanjja?
E. Ch'ufiuchasapana, jan kok tincuycasapUnti.
M. Tata Carlos, cuns jiwasajj masHrmanthejj parlasHnjje
E. Suma arunac parlasHna, jan yatisaw pantjastan.
Dialogue - Cuento
MAMA JUSTINAMP MAMA CAROLINAITEJJ KAPUnJJAT PARLAPJJE
Carolina: Mama Justina, kapusctati'

Justina: JYsa, kapusctwa.
C: Cunataquirac kaptasti?
J: Ponchotaquiw kapuscta.
C: Wari eawr kapurYtati?
,T: Janiw kapurkti, wand t'awr kapufiajj wall ch'amawa, ucat adj
janipiniw kapurYcti.
C: Nayan wari eawraw utjitu, janiw qhitis kapufi munquiti
--ch'amaw, ch'amaw --sapjjetuwa, camHcharaquejja, nayaquYy
kapchY.
J: Nayajj ovej t'awrac kapufi yatta, jan ucajj yanapirismawa.
C: Jumajj sawufi yattati?
J. Jisa, mH juc'anac yatiractwa, suma awayonac sawufiac jan yatcti.
Pasir maranacaw awichajjajj yatichitu, jichhasti juc'at juc'at2
yatekascta.
C: Yatekaquimay, inach sawurapitgta. Jutir phajjsejj nayajj 041
suma iquinamp, awayomp sauuyasin munta, janit sawurapitasma:-
J: Cun janejj Carolina, nayaw avisHma cunapachas ingscH ucjja.4
5
Cu Awichamamp achilamampejj jacasipquitir
6
J: Awichajjajj jacasquiwa, achilajjasti jiwjjewa.
C: Ay mama, janiw achilaman jivatapjj yatcti, cunapachas jiwjje?7
,T: Niy quimsa marajjew jiwatapajja.
C: AqhHmajja, awichamaj j waliquisquiti?
.j: J7sa, waliqu!squiwa. Jupajj nayarojj juc'amp sawufianac
yatichasquitu.
C: WaliraquisH, suma jakew awichamajj,Justina.

331
LESSON XXX - Dialogue
J: Jisa, suma jakewa.

C: Uqhgmajj.nayajj sarawayjjg Justina, jutir semanaw jutaraqu!,!
jumamp parlasiri, ucqhaw sawufi
J: Waliquiw Carolina, jutgtawa.
NOTES
wari 'vicuna'
2 _away 'shawl for carrying articles, baby' (The word has entered
Bolivian Spanish as maysi)
yatichitu 'she taught me'
imclEtjusliaLl 'little by little
3 sawurapitasma? 'Can you sew for me ?'

4 ingscg uciia 'when I'll be free, enough'
ingna 'to be free'
usijA 'sufficiently; so (much)'
5 jacatia 'to live'

6 verbal infix placed before the ending 'already'.
7 Janiw acilikasjilltatizatsti.tI didn't know your grandfather died.

jiwata: passive participle

332
LESSON XXXI - tunca mavanir leccona
estos lugares these places

acHca
alcohola (alcula) alcohol alcohol
tener oca to have oca

apillanYfia
recoger to pick up .
apthapina
cusiscH.14na estar gozando (siempre) to be enjoying
consolar to console
chuymjana (ru)
tener fuerza to have strength
ch'amanYna
fuerza strength
ch'ama
tener papas to have potatoes
ch'okenifia
estar sano to be healthy
clumHafia
leventarse de la cama to get up from bed
iquinat sartafia
lugar donde se duerme place to sleep
iquYwi
estar llorando to be crying
jachawYfia
(siempre)
desayuno breakfast
junt'u uma (junt'u 'hot')
tener vivires to have food stap2c2s
juyranYha
pedregoso stony
kalarara
piedra stone
:dajola
ser rico to be rich
kamirYna
rico rich (man)
nkamiri
estar sucio to be dirty
k'anlifia
limpiar to clean
k'omachafia
emplorado covered with dust
lak'arara
tierra, polvo dirt, dust
"L'Aak'a
estar riendo (siempre) to be laughing
larcHwYfia
acabarse, faltar to be consumed
pist'ana
falto, menos lacking, less
ser pobre to be poor

pobrgfia (puwri'fia)
pobre poor
pobre (puwri)
lugar de llegada place of arrival
purYwi
aquellos lugares those places over
ohayka there
esos lugares those places way ever

qhurYca thztre

333
LESSON XXXI - Vocabulary
sarnakhwi lugar donde se vive living plLce
suyana esperar to wait for
suycawYna estar esperando too to be waiting all U;.

e tiempo tate
thekafia buscat to look for
thujsaiia beder to stink
thujsa hediondo fetid, stinking
trabajon2fia tener Lrabajo Lo have work
ucalaycu por lo tanto Feccuse of
usut &ria estar enfernio to be ill
utanida tener casa to have a house
uywanYna tener animales to have animals
yapuchhwi lugar que se siembra place of rowing
Grammar - Sisaparlarlataaui
i. Yegative conditional clauses:

Future negative Future negative
' If I don' t/won' t / Would& t TAIL not....'
e.g. Navajj janitelj

jai:tea+ future negative
'If I won'
ug:raniteiuinatsartmt'uuxnaist'aniwa.
get up from bed, the breakfast will be all finished.'
II. Fast22t2ptial/conditional negative Eotential negative
'If I didn't...., I wouldn't be able to...'

Sanitejj nayaii trabgjaisissjjajjaniw utarkg.guiristti. 'If I
e.g.
didn't work, I wouldn't be able to have a house.'
III. The verbal suffix -Vssri- is added to verb stems to indicate the 'place
where the action is performed',:
e.g. thokona 'to dance' /thok8wi 'place where one dances'

mita 'to roast'410jUwi 'place where one roasts'
umafia 'to drink'iumgwi 'place cohere one drinks'

'place where fiestas take place'

334
LESSON XXXI - Grammar
The resulting form with lengthening of the final vowel mPy function as
an infinitive stem:
e.g. Nayatejj jan k'omachquiristja,acacaaziakaTgcasati.
'If I didn't clean up, these places would be impossible to walk
through.'
IV. Verbal stem -ca- + -awi- (= -cawi-)inserted before the endings expresses
continuous action:
suysgwkia 'to be waiting all the time/suvana 'to wait'
iachcawna 'to be (always) crying'/jachana 'to cry'
larcHwYria 'to be (always) laughing'ilarutia 'to laugh'
V. -Tinsi)- 'always' inserted before endings.

The infix is attached to the infinitive stem; punctual endings are
attached to -pin(i)-, with elision of the final vowel.
e.g. sarapintwa 'I always go' (sara + 2in + twa)
aarapiniwa 'he always goes' (sara + pin + iwa)
artaiimintarma 'we always get up' (sarta + pjja pin + tanwa)
VI. -Vca attached to demonstrative pronouns forms a noun indicating places:

aca 'this'/acaca 'these places'
glaya. 'that over therWhhayaca 'those places over there'
'a
VII. The suffix -rara may be added to nouns to form an adjective indicating
lot of :
k'ala 'rock' /k'alarara 'stony'
chlaphi 'thorn/ch'aphirara 'thorny'
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuila
M. Nayajj janitejj yapuchcajja, janiw ch'okenYcti.

E. Nayajj janitejj yapuchcajja, janiw ch'okeacUti.
M. jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj janitejj yapuchcafianejja, janiw cheokenYcangniti.

CE
NOSSH1 uoT4n4T4cin TiTaa
cpumnc
.2 rpelmni 494-Fuer gerrelpipncleit mTuer .-Fle4p4u9Aostp
'N Pv3R3SualIT0.11
q rpumni rre4-Fuer 4errelplondeA mTuer .-F4e4113,-poltiol
N rpeoeueu Crag-Fuer -onb-F ecrRodnmes
2 PPEOPUEN crelplec uTnbT IperEodnmes vA-Fuer .T4R341194T-rol
yi rreoeuednr
2 rcepeuedni .494-pur uTnbT 'erraueodnmes mTuer T4Tue3quaAtiox
T4Tue3dpepan.
.2 crrpeuedni 4'94-Fuer uTnbT gerraueodnmes aTuer sT4Tuenquem417,
N fpcdnr 494Tuer DEA DcPUVOTE
2 gednf 493TUVP DEA 4eppueore aTuvr -pTueopemAn
ccuovuuswiTc
2 PPROVUESEMTI ccelprec DELI gecreuRlupdeiv mTuec .74Tuovo4uptaKn
ccunvuumnc
.2 rceoeuemnr 4'94-Fuer ,EA 4ErcelipdVIE kiTuar --FlulipdpemiZn
N, Tlelpdp-Fure%
'a ccupeuemnr ccal.prec OVA grrelpdete m-Fuer -T4e4HodIaTmell
preAva 494-Fuer Tem errpregea4
'H PeAvM cce3Tuec Tum cuccRoCequa3 fiTurc 'TTPAITwRA
cPusemTc
2 pesumr ccalTuur Tem 4urraupe3reqe14 mTuer T4TuRuenaTmen
rremnr
-a rpm', rra4Tueg Tea gecrelprectea4 m-Fuer T41-14HapTmen
.T/i
494-Fuer cpukeu cerrlsTaTnbi4uum nTurle .T44sTaTniaLuemuitp
.2 fra4Tuer rpeAuu 4e44sTaTnbgluem mplec T33e-FiTnbyremeolo
'j prednr
g rpednr rralTuec )Luem 4erredse31 A-Fuer pedseppeweitio
cresumTc
.2 ccesumTr Cre4Tuec gucPuspoluem mpleC .peusopumvitio
'N T3Bus3ptiemno
.2 ccESUMTC cca3TUBP 4.4Cuuspoluem LARIBC .puusoiliumno
rreoeueu ce94Tuvc vvc4sT1pbduluue
creavueN 494-Fuer 'errle-FiTnbdeTeue 44114 -F44sTaTnbdpemn13

NOSSTI IXXX - uoTart3T3SqnS Mita
N' Ppeoeuemq
a' cfeoeuemnf fTelTuec geppemsuodeleue mplec pemseodRaemnso-
'N Fcepeuednp
a' CCeoeuednr cCe4Tuec ceffedseodeleue mper Tledsepdpemno .
w pedsepdpnen
Crepeuednr cce3Tuec 6ecCedseodeTeue typec .pedseodElnen
'N Cped4 CCallueC Towne ecredseoun
Credni ccalpleC Towne 4eqedsumun apec .T4edsvapnen
prepeuesemIc
ffeoeuesemu rcalTuef Towne gepreusodemn mprec speusodprisn
'N Cceoeueu
PCepeuem CcelTuec Toqopre 44T1sTaTnbdumn mTuef .T.34sTaTniaL:sonsn
'N plemnbdflawd
'a CrepeueN PCelTuer Togone 6eCrlsTaTnbdemn apec .T14sTaTnIARiqod
N erelsTapbselAec.rcesuu
a cceiveN Na3TueC 4.4c4sTaTnbsax&ec mTuec T14sTaTaRawd
CPeoruemq
a geoeuemnr Cce3Tuec gepfeluseodTseiAec taplec TlemseodRawd
1/1 Ccemnp
.g ccewnr pre3Tuer geqemseoseakeC nTuer -Flemseniqod
14 pPeArm crelTueC 6e4Nowelm nTuef gplinueln mnoAerezn qope ,34LLein
.a CreAex ffelpiec gerNoweln mTuec 'Tlippean mnpAuTeon qope -p4osein
rceoeued4
g rcupettednr qe4TueC gecceueodewean wpu gmueoque4n mnpAereon
qope TnbdTeeinT
peung
.a ppeunr rcalTuer gecpenoweln mplec 4pennueln nnoAereon qope
.efteloseinT
peueceito equaosefTe
.a cpetanr CCelTueC geCpelpweln mpiec gflennue4n mnolieTeon OVUUPAO
'EccB43S8Pre
cpecinc cCalTuec CeCreueoixuem mTuer .maenuemesqo
-a Ccednr Cceltuec 4eccaueol.nuem mTuvg gmuu34ueme,go mnokeTeon OUUT:c0A0
'TranUrre
qvaeuumnp

LEZ
NOSSaq IXXX uoT1n3T4sqns ITTact
'a ppeouuemnf ppe3Tuef gappelHadeolueu mTuep 4T4r4Rodzuuma1go ,mokeTeon

peuePaito !eppel.odTsupre
DI * Tioqap eppe3odTsnaAe
'a ppezeuemnr PreaTuep geppenodeoluem mTuep 4T4e3Rodicuemeop mnaAtTeon
Tioqap uppel.odTsnale
pPal.TuepIpmaeueu gepPRodationdeA mTuep TlipdpaaAnp .

,
a ccepeueN ppalTueP 4ePPRodetIonde6 mTuvc 4Talp&AueaAnp mri3AyTeo6

LTogao
e3pdTana6e
Sbi pfeaeuusemTP
ppepuuesemTr ppa3Tuep 4upPaLflueodegonduA 'T4Tugue3d;uraAnp.mTueP
mnpApTeon TIoqap iue3pdTsnaAe
ppeoeuednp
ppeoeuednr ppalTueP guppaueodewndeA mTuep 4TaTulazdyleaAnp mn:'AuTeon
TTociao iTnbdTsnaAu
TubdTsmogx.deA
ppepruednr ppalTuup gepPaueodetionduA mTuep cmueodicueliinp mnaiaquon
deb plbdTsTrotix
ppeimu ppa3Tuep TTTdE guppfiationduA mTueP .T4EnueTude
H ppeken ppagTuef Tude 6eppfiationdeA Mprec .1:17RDLUVITTdE n re Am
E4OSTITOLII
PPeSeMic
a cpusemu craTruec TTTdu geffauNgeotiondeA mTueP de 6T4p4u0711BITT
mn3AeTuon duF "m33sITT0q1
..
lg CCednE
a cPsdnr cpa4Turp TTTde gepPauvotimdeA mTuer gmusopeTTTde nnuAuTeon
deA Tnbsmotill
1,1 PpaavAeN aePfemem uep capplsTaTnbfmAntlo ppappemez -emedc4mNosTnbuTT
.a eralimem IBPPMEM uup 4ePPasTaTnbplaknqo geppemem -emedqmOsTnbeTT
F1 ppalednp
a fft3ednr aademem tier geppecisepimAhlio
ppedemem eiTn_h .emedsImpsT
pPalepeueu aanbTaug
a ppaaeoeuem aanbTaug ueC gupp4sTaTnbdapwAntio ppedumem ..eAudsismfiosTnbeTT
Pfeasof emedszmppep
ppaleoeueN aanbTaug tier geppasTaTubdupwAntlo ppeasor ..emods4mHoTpuf
ccelepeuemng.
.a ppalezeuumnr lanbTaug uep geccVMSE3dEPMATIRD PPOSOf .emedszaRavep

SEC
NOSSM IXXX uoT4n4T4squS TITaa
rcolupuuudur
a preleoeuednr aanbTaug uep 4eqedse3depantio emedsicmptioef-preasof
.
cru4umur lumunc uur urrumuu3ATTuA

.a Ppa3puinf. aemeTTC uep 4eppemsepATleA cce9SOf emedszmpipep
CPusemg ameusImpAetil
.g pPazetuni aumeTTP uep 6ePpumseo4T3eA CpesemTP -emeusismplietil
1 crulupuuusumTr
'a CF93E3EUESELviTf auSETTc tier Peusodatcpeit c E 4 crusuLATF rvirusNitvroltetn.
i4 ppalepeueu leTaelq ueP surcluTaTnbdudiT
-a ppalapeuum avTaeR ueP gePP3sTaTnbdedaT PpesemTC aemeusismnaxetp
N pPeoeuednp emedseprqmpAns
0g CPalypeuem leTaeN ueP 4uppasTaTubdedaT ppe3euednp oymedsePpdAmpAtis
PpalesemTp
.g ppaTesemu auTaell uep geppeus?daT Cpeoeuednp emedsepPdzmpAns
.14t pfal.ekeu uep epplsTaTnbaus
ag gale/Cum uup 4epplsTainbaes ppepeuednp .emedserpTmpAns
CPalednp
.g Cpaludni uup guppedsupays ppeoeuednp eemedsuppdismpAns
- ouunav euelpexoqd
uoT3aidwo0 ITTaa
'I aondad sqaait 103 :suosaad

28 Ccricen CcalTurc 4.9t.lppeqeal mTuec
Trial) 4ljednc Cola
'II cce3Tuuf 2egTnbT '(euelles) nounr PPeran emTueosTd .

epplipues
pralTuer leuTnbT g(EUe371F6) nounp ppm .empluosTd . effewaaes
cce3Tuuf nyBOI oeuTsT (eWsi") moo' cPasT appaueospPeo
mTuep T4Tuezpin
['palTurf typal peuTsT 40u761.4e0) mos% CCasT eppeuHuvosCPeo
mTuep T3Tueopin
ppealtnp:4(eustiondeA)ppalTuer mTuep .T3Tueopin rpFpualeodetionduA
6(euetionduA)PC33Turf ppeaAnp mTuep .T4Tueop3n eppliodetiondeA.
cce3Tuef 6(E'!-In3B3)Ttmello PPETTmuq3 C isTue .T4Tuezpin uppelEadn3e3
pra4Tuef umetio c(uunTeo) pp-um:ego A4114 -T4p.raJ::4" eppauezdn4eo

339
LESSON XXXI - Completion Drill

utachana
Nayajj janitejj __, janiw utanYcati, ucalaycuu utachcHjja
wal trabajascta.
Jumajj janitejj janiw utanYcHtati, utachcHtajja
ucalaycuw wal trabajasctajja.
Jupajj janitejj janiw utanYcaniti, ,utachcanejja
ucalaycuu wal trabajasqui.
Jiwasajj janitejj janiw utanicanUniti, utachcafilinejja
ucalaycuw wal trabajasctan.
mank'aI1
Jiwasanacaj j janitejj janiT7 ch'amanip- mank'apcafiHnejja
canHniti, ucalaycuw wal mankvasipctan.
Nanacajj janitejj_, janiw ch'amanYpcgti, mank'apcHjja
ucalaycuw wal mank'asipcta.
Jumanacajj janitejj janiw ch'amanipcHtati, mank'apatajja
ucalaycuw wal mank'asipctajja.
Jupanacajj janitajj janiw ch'amaniipcaniti, mank'apcanejje
ucalaycuw wal mank'asipqui.
Nayatejj jan(apthapina) rtali k'antIspawa. apthapquiristjja

acHCAij.6 wall k'afilispawa. apthapcasmaj j a
Jumatejj jan (aattaiLfia),
Jupatejj jan(plchana), ucHcaTi wall thujsHspawa. pichcaspajja
Jiwasatejj jan (pichafia) , ucHcaji wall thujaspiwa . pichcsnaEa

qhaykajj. wall apthapipcsnaj j a
Jiwasanacatejj jan (apthapifia),
kalararHspawa.
Nanacatejj jan (apthapifia), re-LaytIcajj wall kalara- apthapipquiristjja
r!spawa.
Jumanacatejj jan (asquichane), ghurYca wall asquichapcasmajja
lak'ararlispawa.
Jupanacatejj jan (Agsuichafia), qhurkajj wall asquichapcaspajja
lak'ararRspawa.
Replace the correct forms of the verbs trabaiana and utanYfia.
Janitejj rukyajj janiur trabajquiristjja

utanYquiristti
janiw trabaj casmaj j a

Janitejj jumajj ,
utenYcasmati
janiw trabajcaspajja
Janitejj jupajj ,
utanYcaspati

340
LESSON XXXI - Completion Drill
Janitejj jiwasajj janiw trabajcsnajja

utanYcsnati
Janitejj jiwasanacajj , janiw trabajapcsnajja

utanMpcsnati
janiw trabaj apquiristj j a

Janitejj nanacajj ,
utanYpquirietti
janiw trabajapcasmajja
Janitejj jumanacajj ,
utanYpcasmati
Janitejj jupanacajj janiw trabajapcaspajja

utanipcaspati
saraiia, kollkeniha
Janitejj marc janiw , ucat marc sarquiristjja

kollkenMquiristti
sarapintwa.
ucat sarcasmaj j a
Janitejj marc , janiw
kollkenYcasmati
marcjj sarapintawa.
janiw ucat marcjj sarcaspajja
Janitejj marc , ,
kollkenYcaspati
sarapintwa.
janiw ucat marcjj sarcsnajja
Janitejj marc , ,
kollken!csnati
sarapintanwa.
sara, 6.
janiw ucat sartapcsnajja

Janitejj iquinat ,
trabajonipcsnati
albat sartapjjapintanwa.
janiw 9 ucat sartapquiristjja
Janitejj iquinat ,
trabajonMpquiriatti.
albat sartapjjapintwa.
ucat sartapcasmaj j a
Janitejj iquinat , janiw ,
trabajonipcasmati
albat sartapjjapintawa.
janiw , ucat sartapcaspajja
Janitejj iquifiat
trabajoapcaspati
albat sartapjjap.tniwa.
j aniw k'omachquiristjja
III. Ilayatejj jan (k'omachafia), acacaj
sarnakgwicaspati
(sarnakana).
omachatia) AcItcajj janiw k'omachcasmajja
Jumatejj jan
sarnakawYcaApati
sarnakana).
omachana) ucacajj janiw klomachcaspajja
Jupatejj jan ,
iquYwYcaspati
011.914.4).
uckajj janiw L'omachcsnajja
Jiwasatejj jan (k'omachafia),
igawYcappnti
Jiwasanacatej j jan (qtachala), 041.1enjj jnniw mtachapcsnajja

purYwMcsspati
(puriha).

VIE
NOSSTI IXXX uoT3aTdmo0 'UPC

..
fp3e3euem uur g(epetioe3n) f..-CCeoyCelib mpreC erps-p-pbdutiou3n.
(.81r) TlydsersPANand
craTepeuemnr uer gowgiolvo '7'413Lirittb aTueS ercetusezdTuoyi

(EUetion TOtioeiTAwndeA
galeoeuedni imp 4(auTIT0q4) cp.R4Ingb mTuep eqedsvodTTTNA

6(etrationdv.,)
pdvonmationdeA
'AI CCa3eARN aerCemem uer 4(en4mAnqa) CfeCremea clarity PSTaTnb er

..eardnisflogovp
CCa3emnf ammo= uer (e4etwAntin) Crememum erremseofmAngo

emedspRogoeC
CCa3ednr aedeoenno tier 6(egepurii---"-1-[5) rredeoeuno eppedseormAntio
.emedszmnower
CraTezeuesemu Crepum urplus'odetioepeMedsImpaut
CCaTeoeueN uer 4(1-73113WT) reTim ;ameds4mpan 4C;statilbdepec.
493e3euemnr uI
4(ET07-ay-FII) Cpuesns -ApsTsilo vqemstodTsTnbeu
oemedsz
rCe3epeuedrir ueC fpuesns -sTsno effeds;t6dTsTnbeTT
ieevitexisop
suonsenb puu saamsuv 130sTf TdiceDeueue AT me Tdmovueves
'N ;Crum", CCa3Tuer 44Ce3Roreqval 3Tuec ce4nopuln

3 6.esu freAteu rCaTrueC mtueregprequi4 prippe3n
'ii Crednr Cra3TueC 4erreueorequal 3TueC ,:cueoxueln
3 gesu pfednr 6ecceueoPeclea3.pre3TueC mTuec Tuenue4n
Ice3Tuer rfelmnf geffemseofeclea3 3TueC
owsvnueln
a 'Est fra3TueC Cruiteu geff3sTaTnbreqe13 mTueC T33sTiTnque3n
IR craTruvf 4egfaT gefrnouvs nounC rCumn '1,T3Tuu3stid
.
2 mTuellsTsd
gent. Cre2TueC 4.effenozies Cfewnounr
craTFUEr DIM 4UPPEMSBOIUS azewszummoll
.3 gesu fpa3tueC palm mperefr3sTaTnbies Tz2sTatnbzummol
14 rrepeuemnr frazTuef 4upenodesquem ltzemseCCdluemeatio
2 'eqf rfeoeueu CfercueC 4eCTRodeoluem mTuef T4Hodaueme1tio
14 Cfelemnr tier rpopegeCfemseodetpde num Lpedsnues3
3 6.eszr Cfa4eAvu uef' 6eff4sTaTnbdetilde preppy
nem -emedsnyzol

342
LESSON XXXI - Questions and Answers
M. Jumanacatejj jan asquichapcasmajja, qhayHcajj wali kalararRspati?

E. Jisa, nanacatejj jan asquichapquiristjja, qhayHcajj wali
kalararUspawa.
M. Nayatejj mamajjar jan chuymjquiristjja, jachcHwMspati?
E. Jisa, jumatejj mamamar jan chuymjcasmajja, mamamajj jachcHwMspawa.

M. Tata Carlos jumatejj jan utadhcatajja, utanMytitati?
E. Janiw utanMcHti.
H. Tata, Pablotejj jan trabajcaspajja, camachaspasa?
E. Janiw mank'anicaspati.
M. Tata, qhaya uarmitejj jan cuns lurcaspajja, camHchasoase
E. Janiw cunanicaspasa.
M. Jiwasanacatej j jan trabaj apcsnaj j a, camachapjjsnasa?
E. Janiw mank'anYpcsnati.
M. Janitejj jumanacajj lak ajan jarekasipcasmajja, junt'u umajj
pist'aspati?
E. Jisa, pist'aspawa.
N. Janitejj nayajj k'anu isinac t'ajjsquiristjja, k'oma isejj
pist'aspati?
E. Jisa, pisespawa.
U. Tata Marcos, cunats jumajj sapa doming mare sarapintajje
E. Janitejj sarquiristjja, janiw kollkenYquiristti.
M. Tata Esteban, cunats jupanacajj wali albat sartapjjapini?
E. Janitejj sartapcaspajja, janiw trabajonipcaspati.
M. Jumatejj acticanac jan sum kalanac apthapcasmajja, cunjamHspasa?
E. Wali kalararHspawa.
M. Jisc'a yokalla, jumatejj mamamar jan chuymjcasmajja, mamamajj
cunjamUspasa?
E. Jupajj jachcHwYspawa.
Dialogue - Cuento j
TATA PABLOJJ ESTANCIAPATAC YR YATICHIR WAKE
Pablo: Tatanaca, jichhayp'ojj escuel yatichirjjat parlapjjaani,

cunalay4AteIt machak marajj jactanquiwa. Niy pH escuel
yatichir munapjjtan, jiebtaircamajj, janiw jiejjatetanti.
caachapjjafignisal

343
LESSON XXXI - Dialogue
Luis: Jis tata, ucajj chekawa, wawanacasajj wal escuelar saran munapi5t
ucampis aca estancianjj janiw yatichirejj utjquiti. Jaya
marcacamaw yakhep wawanacajj escuelarojj sarapjje.2
Tomas: Ughamawa, nayan wawajjajj sapa albataw escuelarojj sarasqui,
yakhep urojj jallojj wal purl, thayas thayaraqui, take ucanacan
wawajjajj wal llaquisi. Jiwasanacatejj and yatichir thakapjjaa-
nejja, wawanacasajj janiw jaya escuelar sarapcaniti.
Pablo: Cuns lurapjjaani? Cunjamats ma escuel yatichirini-sn'ajja?
Janitejj jiwasanacajj thakapcaanejja, janiw escuel yatichirinY-
cafianiti.
4
Luis: Cawqhats irpanindni? Aca jac'a estancianacanjj janiw yatichiri-
nacajj utjquiti.
5
Pablo: Chuquiag sarapjjananacasaa, cunalaycutejj janitejj Chuquiag
sarapcaanejja, janiw yatichir jicjjatcafianiti.
Tomas: Nanacajj janiw thakerejj sarapquiristti, cunalaycutejj yapunac
lurarlanacajjawa, uqhamarus jallupachajj jac'anquiwa. Nanacajj
janiw sarapquiristti, cunalaycutejj janiw castellan pariah
yatipcti. Tata Pablo, jupaquYy sarchita, nanacajj.antisas junian
yapum luran yanapapjjama.0
Pablo: Ucapi, camacharaquajja, nayaelay sarchY. Inas yatichirejj
Chuquiaquh utjchi. Takenit mtnapjjtag
8
(Takpachaniw Pablon saranap munapjje)
9
Pablo: Arumanthpachaw Chuquiag sara, jumanacasti escuel ut utacltan
kalltapjjam. Janitejj escuel utaacafilinejja, janiw yatichi-:3jj
jutan muncaniti.
10
Luis: Waliquiw tata Pablo, nanacajj adobenac luran kalltapjja,
kalanac uchapjjg, lawanac thakapjja, ucatsti calamin alapjjaraqui-
nani.
Pablo: Waliquiw tatanaca, takpechan trabajapjjaani, and urojj ma escual
yatichirinianiwa, wat'anacasasti leen kellkan juc'amp
yatekapjjani.
Todos: Waliquiw tata Pablo, nanacajj trabajapjjawa.
Pablo: Jichhajj utanacasar sarjjapjjaani, jutir semanaw wasitat
tantachasipjjanani.11
Todos: Waliquiw, waliquiw tata Pablo.
NOTES
1 jichharcamaji 'up until today'
2 lava 'far'
yakhea (or yakha) 'other'

344
LESSON XXXI - Dialogue - Notes
3 cunjgmata 'how come?'

malichisinifia 'to have a teacher'
4 cawqhata 'from where"
5 NB. use of the plural nominal infix with a pluralized infinitive:

sarapjjananacasawa'we must go'
6 vanappapjjgma 'we will help you'
7 takeniti 'do all?'
8 Takpachaniw Pablon saranap munapjje. 'All want Pablo to go'

(lit. 'All want Pablo's galag.')
takpachani 'all' (animate): the -.pasha- suffix may also indicate
entirety as well as time. Cf. above in the text, jallwasha
season'.
9 arumanthpacha 'tomorrow' (exactly)
10 kalitana 'to begin'
11 tantachasixia 'to meet' (tanta 'meeting')(= ma junta lurafia, on the

model of Spanish hacer una reuni8n).

345
LESSON XXXII -
catuyaiia entregar to give over; surrender
lunthatana robar to steal
manktayana dar de comer to feed
nuwana (ru) pegar to hit
phisi gato cat
qhuri maymll 'ra ante ano pasado before last year
wajjt'aiia regalar, convtdar to present, invite
T. Pronominal objects with positive punctual verbs:

Pronominal objects of the verb are attached to the verb stem. The full
form pronominal, object pronoun is also used. Pronominal objects

be
are attached to verbs when a suffix / attached to the full form pronom-
inal object:
e.g. Kawkha kawrs nayajj jumar chursme 'How many llamas did I give 7,rit?'
P_ akallk kawr nayajj jumat apaksma. 'I took seven llamas away
from you.'
Pronominal objects are also used when the object of the verb is a pronoun
not necessarily expressed in its full form .
e.g. Ct1'JLISSjAILAMrALpArj._.._1Sta.9 'Why don't you speak to me in Aymara?'
Pronominal objects are also used to indicate the object of a verb in -ri:
e.g. Visitiriw,iuma. 'I have come to visit you.'
In interrogative statements which lack a question word (how many...?)
the interrogative suffix -tT is appended to the pronominal object; the
suffixes -wa and may also be attached to the pronominal object.
e.g. Munistatf? 'Do you want me?'
If the subject of the verb is plural in number, -apjj- isalways inserted

in the verb. If the object of the verb is plural in number, -apjj- is
inserted in the verb except when the object is the 3rd person ('he, them').
In order to specify whether the 3rd person subject/object is singular or
plural in number, the full pronominal subject/object must be included in
the sentence:

346
LESSON XXXII - Grammar
The indefinite object ('it, that, them') is not expressed. To specify, an
indefinite pronoun could be inserted.

The form churapjje is ambiguous in three ways:
(a) 'he gave them' (='he gave it/them to them')
(b) 'they gave them' (= 'they gave it /them to them')
(c) 'they gave him' (= 'they gave it/them to him')
With the addition of the subject, the object .is no longer, ambiguous:
immaiiglamaiit 'he gave them'
With the addition of the object, the subject still remains ambiguous:
jupanacar churapjje 'he/they gave them'
To eliminate the ambiguity between (b) and (c),,add both the full
pronominal subject and object.

,1) Jupajj jupanacar churapjje
(b) Jupanacajj jupanacar churapjje
(c) Juanaca2iljte
Other cases of ambiguity in the verb form are as follows:
(a) 3rd person singular/plural subject + 1st person dual object
churistu
1st person dual/dual plural subject + 3rd person plural objac_t
(b)
011111E1ilLilIMEIMILLLIIIIRIMELAIIMELL5A1
N.B.: In the following frames, the plural infix in the verb seems to be
optional:
'we' (dual) to 'them'
'they' to 'us' (dual)
Optionality of the plural infix will be marked by an asterisk ( *),.
after the plural infix.
Verb stem: chur-
Subject
to 'you' -sma
'him' -ta (= 1st sg. punctual)
'You' pl. -(aptith)_ ml

'them' -ta (1st sg. punctual)
you singular to 'me'. -istagrusta if infinitive stem encls

in u-1
'him' -ta (= 2nd raj. punctual)

347
NB: there is no separate

form for 'you' (sing.)
to 'us' (dual /(dual
plural).
'us' (pl.) -(apjj-) esta
'them' -ta (= 2nd sg. punctual)
'he' to 'me' - itu / -utu
'you' -tam
'him' -1/-11 (=Srd sg. ymActual forri.)
'us' (dual) -istu/-ustu

'us' (dual pl.).-(apjj-) estu
'us' (pl) -(apjj-):etu
'you' (pl.) -(a)ji-)tam
'them' -(apjj-)e-*(= 3rd pl. punct.)
'we' (dual) to 'him' -tan (*1st dual punctual)

'them' -(apii-)* tan (= 1st dual (plutal)
punctual)
'we' (dual pl.) to 'him' -(Eplalan (= 1st dual pluvil

punctuan
'them' -(apjj-) tan (= 1st dual plural
punctual)
'we' (pl.) to 'yOu' -(apil-) sma

'him' (= 1st pl. punctual
form)
'you' (pl) sma

'them' (= 1st pl. punctual
form)
'you' (pl.) to 'me' -(anithesta

'him' -(apij)- ta (= 2nd pl. punctual)
N.B. There is no separate 'us' (pl.) -(apjj)-esta

form for 'you'(pl.) 'them' - (apjj) -ta (= 2nd pl. punctual)
to 'us' (dual)/(dual
.pl.)

348
'they' to 'me' -(apjj)-etu

'you' -(aPii)-tam
'him' - (apjj) -e (= 3rd pl. punctual)
'us' (dual) -(apjj)*-istu
'us' (dual pl.) - (apj.j) --estu
'us' (pl.) (-with-eta

'you' (plural) -(apjj)-tam
'them' -(aRiu=st (= 3rd pl. punctual)
ii. Verbal infix -ya- in causative meaning. Cf. grammar, Lesson XIX.
III. Word order: direct object may precede indirect pronominal object.
e.g. Quiuksakallk vacanac jupajj jiwasar catuyistu. 'He gave over to us
eight cows.'
or Jukeilliwa.sar quimsakallk vacanac catuvistu.
Substitution Drill - Wasa arunac uscuiia
M. Pakallk kawr nayajj jumar chursma.

E. Pakallk kawr nayajj jumar chursma.
M. jupajj nayar
E. Pakallk kawr jumajj nayar churista.
M. jupajj nayar
E. Pakallk kawr jupajj nayar churitu.
M. mayt'itu
E. Pakallk kawr jupajj nayar mayt'itu.
M. Sojjta t'ant'anac
E. Sojjta t'ant'anac jupajj nayar mayt'itu. .1M
M. jupajj jumar
E. Sojjta t'ant'anac jupajj jumar mayt'tam.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. Sojjta eantianac nuyajj jitmanacar mayeapjjsma.
catuyapjjsma
E. Sojjta eant'anac nayajj jumanacar Ji

LESSON XXXII - Substitution Drill
M. quimsakallk vacanac
E. Qhimsakallk vacanac nayajj jumanacar catuyapjjsma
jupajj nanacar
E. Quimsakallk vacanac jupajj nanacar cetuyapjjetu.
jupajj jiwasar
E. Quimsakallk vacanac jupajj jiwasar catuyistu.
M. churistu
E. Quirsakallk vacanac jupajj jiwasar churistu.
P. tunca pheskan lamananac nayajj jupar
E. Tunca pheskan lamananac nayajj jupar churta.
M. jiwasanacajj jupanacar
E. Tunca pheskan lamananac jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjjtan.
N. Walja suma ranklanac,jupajj jiwasar manktayistu,
E. Walja suma mank'anac jupajj jiwasar ranktayistu.
M. jupajj ju )ianacar
E. Walja suma mank'anac jupajj jumanacar manklayapjjtam.

M. nanacajj jumanacar
E. Walja suma mank'anac nanacajj jumanacar manh'ayapjjsma.
suma umampiw jarekapjjsma
E. Walja suma umampiw nanacajj jumanacar jarekapjjsma.
jumanacajj nanacar
E. Walja suma umampiw jumanacajj nanacar jarekapjjesta.
M. jupanacajj nanacar
E. Walja suma umampiw jupanacajj nanacar jarekapjjetu.
M. juc'a kollampiw kollapjjetu
E. Juc'a kollampiw jupanacajj nanacar kollapjjetu.
N. suma kollampiw nayajj jupanacar
E. Suma kollampiw nayajj jupanacar kollta.
M. jupanacajj jumanacar
E. Suma kollampiw jupanacajj jumanacar kollapjjtam.
M. jupanacajj jiwasar
E. Suma kollampiw jupanacajj jiwasar
M. pa tunc quimsan ovejanac churistu

350
E. pa tunc quimsan ovejanac jupanacajj jiwasar churistu.

M. jumajj nanacar
E. PH tunc quimsan ovejanac jumajj nanacar churapjjesta.
M. jumanacajj nanacar
E. pa tunc quimsa ovejanac jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta.
M. jiwasajj jupanacar
E. PI tunc quimsan ovejanac jiwasajj jupanacar churtan.
M. Quimsa tunc pheskan chawllanac masUrojj nayajj jumar chursma.
E. Quimsa tunc pheskan chawllanac masUrojj nayajj jumar chursma.
M. jupajj nayar
E. Quimsa tunc pheskan chawllanac masUrojj jupajj nayar churitu.
M. jumajj Lucasar
E. Quimsa tunc pheskan chawllanac masUrojj jumajj Lucasar churtajja.
M. Lucasajj jumar
E. Quimsa tunc pheskan chawllanac masUrojj Lucasajj jumar churtam.
M. p& tunc quimsakallkon t'ant'anac mayt'tam
E. PL tune quimsakallkon eant'anac Lucasajj jumar mayt'tam.
M. nayrUrojj
E. PU tunc quimsakallkon t'ant'anac nayrUrojj Lucasajj jumar mayt'tam.
E. Pd tunc quimsakallkon t'ant'anac tayrUrojj jumanacajj nanacar
mayeapjjesta.
E. PH tunc quimsakallkon t'ant'anac nayearojj jupanacajj nanacar
mayeapjjetu.
quimsa arrob ch'ok maymgrajj apakapjjetu
E. Quimsa arrob ch'ok maymUrajj jupanacajj nanacar apakapjjetu.
Joseamp Hariampejj nayar
E. Quimsa arrob ch'ok maymgrajj Joseamp Mariampejj nayar apaketu.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. Quimsa arrob ch'ok maymUrajj nayajj jumanacar apakapjjsma.
E. Quimsa arrob ch'ok maymUrajj jupanacajj jumanacar apakapjjtam.
M. tunca quimsa libra arroz nayrUrojj

351
E. Tunca auimsan libra arroz nayrUrojj jupanacajj-jumanacar apakapjjtam.

N. nayajj jupar wajjt'ta
E. Tunca quimsan libra arroz nayrUrojj nayajj jupar wajjeta.
M. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac pasir phajjsejj jupajj jiwasar catuyistu.
E. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac pasir phajjsejj jupajj jiwasar catuyistu.
N. qhuri maymarajj
E. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac qhuri maymarajj jupajj jiwasar
catuyistu.
N. jumanacajj jupar
E. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac qhuri maymarajj jumanacajj jupar
catuyapjjtajja.
M. Pedrojj nayar
E. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac qhuri maymarajj Pedrojj nayar catuyitu.
M. nayajj jupanacar aljta
E. Tunca pakallkon chhiwchhinac qhuri maymarajj nayajj jupanacar aljta.
M. pa tune sojjtan ovejanac nayrUrojj
E. pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac nayrUrojj nayajj jupanacar aljta.
M. jupanacajj nayar
E. pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac nayrUrojj jupanacajj nayar aljapjjetu.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. Pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac nayrUrojj nayajj jumanacar aljapjjsma.
N. jumajj nayar
E. pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac nayrUrojj jumajj nayar aljista.
N. pasir semanajj churista
E. pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac pasir semanajj churista.
N. Lucasajj jumar
E. Pa tunc sojjtan ovejanac pasir semanajj Lucasajj jumar churtam.
M. pusi jachea kokanac
E. Pusi jach'a kokanac pasir semanajj Lucasajj jumar churtam.
E. Pusi jach'a kokanac pasir semanajj nanacajj jumanacar churapjjsma.
N. jumanacajj nanacar
E. Pusi jach'a kokanac pasir semanajj jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta.

352
LESSON XXXII
Fill in the correct form of the verb churaiia.
Kawkha kawrs nayajj jumar chursma

Kawkha kawrs nayajj jupar churta
Kawkha kawrs nayajj"jumanacar churapjjsma
Kawkha kawrs nayajj jupanacar churta
Kawkha caballonacs jumajj nayar churista

Kawkha caballonacs jumajj jupar churtajja
Kawkha caballonacs jumajj nanacar churapjjesta
Kawkha caballonacs jumajj jupanacar churtajja
Kawkha anunacs jupajj nayar churitu

Kawkha anunacs jupajj jumar churtam
Kawkha anunacs jupajj jupar churi
Kawkha anunacs jupajj jiwasar churistu
Kawkha anunacs jupajj jiwasanacar churapjj estu
Kawkha anunacs jupajj nanacar churapjjetu

Kawkha anunacs jupajj jumanacar churapjjtam
Kawkha anunacs jupajj jupanacar churapjje
Cuns jiwasajj jupar churtan
Cuns jiwasajj jupanacar churapjjtan/ churtan
Cuns jiwasanacajj jupar churapjjtan
Cuns jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjj tan
Cuns nanacajj jumar churapjjsma
Cuns nanacajj jupar churapjjta
Cuns nanacajj jumanacar churapjjsma
Cuns nanacajj jupanacar churapjjta
Cunapachas jumanacajj nayar churapjjesta
Cunapachas jumanacajj jupar churapjjtajja
Cunapachas jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta

Cunapachas jumanacajj jupanacar ? churapjjtajja

353
LESSON XXXII - Completion Drill
Cunapachas. jupanacajj nayar churapjjetu

9 churapjj tam
Cunapachas jupanacaj j jumar
Cunapachas jupanacajj jupar churapjje
Cunapachas jupanacajj jiwasar churistu / churapjjestu
Cunapachas jupanacajj jiwasanacar churapjjestu
Cunapachas jupanacajj nanacar churapjjetu
Cunapachas jupanacajj jumanacar churapjj tam
Cunapachas jupanacajj jupanacar churapjje
Kawkha t'ant'anacs nayajj jumar chursma
Kawkha t'ant'anacs jumajj nayar churista
Kawkha naranjanacs jupajj jiwasar churistu
Kawkha naranjanacs jiwasajj jupar churtan
Kawkha kokanacs jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjj tan
Kawkha kokanacs nanacajj jumanacar churapjjsma
Kawkha mesanacs jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta
Kawkha mesanacs jupanacajj jumanacar churapjj tam
Kawkha caballonacs maymffrajj nayajj jumar(ian'Afia)mayt,'sma

Kawkha caballonacs maymgrajj jumajj nayar mayt'ista
(mayeana)?
Kawkha ovejanacs pasir phajjsejj jupajj jiwasar mayeistu
(paveldfia)?
Kawkha ovejanacs pasir phajjsejj jiwasajj jupar mayetan

(mayeafia)?
Kawkha kollks nayrgrojj jiwasanacajj jupar catuyapjj tan
(catufia).
Kawkha kollks rgrojj nanacajj jumanacar catuyapjjsma

(catuna)?
Kawkha wallpanacs masgrmanthejj jumanacajj catuyapjjesta
nanacar
Kawkha wallpanacs masUrmanthejj jupanacajj catuyapjje
jupanacar (catufia)?
churana
Cuns nayajj jumar masUrojj chursma
Cuns jumajj nayar masUrojj churista

LESSON XXXII - Completion Drill
Cuns jupajj jiwasar wasUrojj churistu

Cuns jiwasajj jupar wasUrojj churtan
mraljt'afia
Cuns jiwasanacajj jupanacar nayrUrojj wajjeapjjtan
Cuns nanacajj jupanacar nayrUrojj waj j t apjj ta
Cuns jumanacaj j nayar pasir semanaj j wai j t' apj j es ta
Cuns jupanacajj jupanacar pasir semanjj apakapjjtam

(anakafia)?
apakana
Pakallk kawr nayajj jumat apaksma
Pakallk kawr jumajj nayat apakesta
Pakallk kawr jupajj nayat apaketu

Pakallk kawr jiwasajj jupat apaktan
mayeafia
Sojjta liq'i chawllanac jiwasanacajj j upat mayeasipjjtan
Sojjta liq'i chawllanac nanacajj jumat mayeasipjjsma
Sojjta chawllanac jumanacajj nanacat . mayeasipjjesta.
Sojjta liq'i wallpanac jupanacajj jumanacat . mayeasipjjtam
catuyana
MasUrojj pheska wanc'unac nayajj jupar catuyta
MasUrojj pheska wanc'unac jumajj jupar catuytajja
Nayrllrojj quimsakallk chhiwchhinac jupajj

nanacar catuyapjjetu
NayrUrojj quimsakallk chhiwchhinac jiwasajj

jupar catuytan
wajjt'aria
Pusi tunc warank kollk nayajj jumar wajjesma

Pusi tunc warank kollk jupajj jumar wajjetam
Pusi tunc warank kollk nanacajj jumar wajjeapjjsma
Pusi tunc warank kollk jupanarajj nanacar wajjeapjjetu

LESSON XXXII
Questions and Answers - Jisct ananacampi iyaw sanatacampi
M. Jupanacajj nayar churapjjestati?

E. Jisa, nanacajj jumar.churapjjsmawa.
M. Kawkha t'ant'anacs nayajj jumar chursma?
E. Jumajj pheska t'ant'anac nayar churista.
Kawkha caballonacs mayamgrajj jumajj nayar mayt'ista?
E. Nayajj pU caballonac jumar mayt'sma.
M. Cuns nayajj maslirojj chursma?
E. Jumajj tunca naranjanac churista.
M. Pusi tuna warank kollkti jumajj nayar wajjeista?
E. Jisa, pusi tunc warank kollk nayajj jumar wajjt'sma.
M. Quimsa jamach'inacti jupajj jiwasar churistu?
E. Jisa, quimsa jamachinac jupajj jiwasar churistu.
FL Pakallk kawrti nayajj jumat apaksma?
E. Jisa, pakallk kawranac jumajj nayat apakesta.
M. Kawkha kokanacs jupajj jiwasar churistu?
E. Llatunc kokanac jupajj jiwasar churistu.
M. Kawkha t'ant'anacs jumajj nayar churista?
E. Pusi tunc warank t'ant'anac nayajj jumar chursmaA.
M. Kawkha mesanacs jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta?
E. Quimsa mesanac nanacajj jumanacar churapjjsma.
FL Kawkha kawrs jumajj nayar churista?
E. Tunca kawr nayajj jumar chursma.
FL Kawkha kawrs jupajj nayar churitu?
E. Tunca kawr jupajj jumar churtam.
M. Kawkha caballonacs jupanacajj nayar churapjjetu?

E. Quimsa tunc caballonac jupanacajj jumar churapjjtam.
M. Cunapachas jupanacajj jumanacar churapjjtam?
E. Pasir maraw jupanacajj nanacar churapjjetu.
M. Cunapachas jiwasajj jupanacar churtan?
E. Nayrtiruw jiwasajj jupanacar churtan.
M. Cunataquis jupajj nayar churitu?

356
LESSON XXXII - Questions and Answers
E. Yap lurafiataquiw jupajj jumar churtam.

M. Cunataquis jumajj jupar churtajja?
E. Kot sarafiapataquiw nayajj jupar churta.
M. Kawkha qhuchinacs nayajj jumar chursma?
E. Sojjta qhuchinac churista.
M. Tata Jose, jumajj pa asn churistati?
E. nsa, chursmawa.
M. Tata Carlos, jumajj tunca sojjtan wallpanac Pedror churtati?
E. J7sa, jupar churtwa.
M. Tata Pedro, cues jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjj tan?
E. Quimsa caballonac churapjjtan.
M. Tata Enrique, cunapachas jupanacajj nayar sank' churapjjetu?
E. Jichhaw churapjj tam.

M. Kawkha jisc'a wanc'unacs jupajj nayar churitu?
E. Llatunc wanc'unac churtam.
M. Kawkha iquinanac nayrlirojj nanacajj jumanacar catuyapjjsma?
E. P4 tunc iqun catuyapjjesta.
M. Cuns jumamp jupampejj pas it phajjsejj nayar wajjt'apjjesta?
E. T'ant'amp quesomp wajjt'apjjsma.,
M. Cuns maymarajj jupanacajj nayar apakapjjetu?
E. Camisamp sombreromp apakapjj tam.
Cunapachas Pedromp Lucasampejj jumanacar nuwapjjtam?
E. Pasir maraw nuwapjjetu.
M. Cuns jumajj jupanacar churtajja?
E. Monk' churta.
Dialogue - Cuento
MANUELOJJ ANATAN THOKONATAQUIW WAQUICHASI'

2
Manuel: Tatay, nayajj anatatac ma suma tern ch'ucuyasifi munta,
kollkey mayeita.
Awqui: Janiw nayajj mayequirismati, janiw kollkejj utjquituti.
Kollkejj janiw utjquiti, cullacamataquiw machak pollee
inas mamaman utjchi. Pasir phaijsiquiraquis vaca aljat kola
chursmajja, janit kollk imascta?3

357
LESSON XXXII - Dialogue
Cunapachcamarac kollk mayeasin munatasti? Niy jumajj

waynajjtawad cuns trabajanamawa. Thokoli munstajja, yakhat
mayt'asim, janiw nayajj churquirismati.
4
Manuel : Hayt'aquitay tatay, jan uqhamamti. PH patac warank koll-
kequiw utjitul patac warankampic munta, isinacajj wall
carlichejjaya.
Awqui: Cunataquirac thokoti muntasti? janit uca kollkempejj cuns
alasismajja? Janiw churquirismati, sapa cutiquit kolik
churascame6
Manuel: Tatay, fiest pascan ucspachaw adobenac lurg, ucat uca
aljatampiw cosasanac alasY, jumarusti churjjaraquima.7
Awqui: Uqhamach ucajja, mayt'amasay Acajj patac warankawa.
8
(Manuelojj c'uchiquiw tatapan kollkepjj bolsillopar uchasi
(Manuelojj Margaritarapiw jiquisi)
Manuel: Margarita, wall liaquitatwa.
Margarita: Cunata? cunats llaquistajja?
Manuel: Tatajjaw jan munquit nayan thokonajja, janiraquiw kollk
mayean munquitanti.9
Margarita: Jan llaquisimti, walicjjay awquejj t okescstamjja, jumanjj
jakafiamawa.1
Manuel: Ucapi, yakhep horasajj wali jayaruw sarj jail munta.
Margarita: Manuel, jan uqham parlamti,11 ucajj janiw waliquiti. Jtaajj
antisas tatainar yap luran yanapanamawa.
Manuel: Fiest paean ucspachaw jayar sarjja, janiraquiw ni,mayamps
aca estanciar jutcati, wali llaquitat Margarita.14
Margarita: Jan ucanac parlamti, antisas sum waquichasiscam fiestataqui.
Fiest paean ucspachaw antisas Chuquiag sarata kolik jicjjata-;
iiataqui, ucanjj cuna trabajos utjapiniwa.
Manuel: Waliquiw Margarita, uqhamajj nayajj fiestatac antisas sum
waquichasM, ucatsti nayaw trabaja juc'amp kollk jicjjataiia-
taqui.
Jichhajj ma suma tern alas!', machak camisa, machak zapato
yakhanacampi.13
NOTES
1 anata 'carnival'
waguichasifia 'to prepare oneself, get ready'
2 terno (tirnm) 'suit' cf. Spanish terno.

ch'ucuvasifia 'to have sewn for oneself'

358
LESSON XXXII - Dialogue - Notes
3 awqui 'father': more formal than tats

imasifia 'to keep, have left'
4 lam9hgmgmti 'don't be like that'
5 carlichejjaya 'most likely expensive'

The compound suffix - Vchejja- (from dubitative -chi- + -iie-)
expresses likelihood. Caro (caru) 'expensive'; cf. Spanish caro.
6 cuti 'time (occasion).'

churascgma 'I am giving you': the meaning of the infix -cg- is not
clear (perhaps a form of -gui- 'only'?)
7 cosasanac 'things.' Cf. Spanish cosa. The suffix -sa is a marker
for countable objects (Cf. also horasa, lesson 11, p. 111).
8 c'uchiqui 'happily.' The adverb is formed by adding -gui to the
adjective c'uchi 'happy.'

bolsillo (allsillo) 'pocket'
uchasiha 'to put (into his)' (from uchaha)
9 Tataijaw jan munquit nayansititl father doesn't want me to
dance' (lit. 'doesn't want my dancing')

N.B. The relative clause in English introduced by that is expressed
in Aymara by a nominal clause with the possessive suffix -na.
10 tokena 'to quarrel'

sgtpajja 'he spoke'
11 ian parlaniti 'don't speak.' Negative imperative requires the addition
of -m- to the infinitive stem plus the negative -ti.
12 nitis 'no more, never again' (lit. 'not with once')
may be used with numerals in the meaning of 'with' ni.
13 zapato (sapatu) 'shoes' (Cf. Spanish zapato).

LESSON XXXIII Quimsa tung_14imsanir leccionx.
filo, afilado edge (of a knife)

ari
sharp
olvidar to forget
armafia
cuchillo knife
cuchillo (cuchillu)
resentir to resent
chuym usuyana
chuyma heart
usuyana to make sick
chuymjada (ru) consolar to console
ocultar to hide
imantaha
prestar to lend
mayt'ana (ru)
ningrin no
ni
comunicar to make known,
yatiyana
communicate
Grammar - Splaparlafiatagpi
Pronominal objects with negative punctual verbs. Identical to the positive

I.
punctual forms, with the addition of the discontinuous negative infix:

verb stem + (plural infix) + negative -c- + pronominal object+ negative
e.g. chursma 'I gave (it).to you'
ianiw churcsmati 'I didn't give (it) to you.'
direct
II. Word order: the indirect pronominal object generally precedes the
object and janiw may precede the subject (cf. order in positive sentences,
grammar, lesson XXXII).
MasUro'' 'aniw na a'i 'umar kola ma Ocsmati cunalaNcute tatqiin
e.g.
mart' . 'Yesterday -I didn't lend you money, because I had
to lend my father (money).'
III. ni 'no': may precede ma iuc'a 'a little'

countable nouns and
The suffix -sa (as in mank's) may be attached to
requires the elision of the final vowel of the root of native words
(cf. also p. 111 above on horasa.)
pasUroiLimiyagaria" 'umar ni and c'a mank's wai ectanti.
e.g.
'Yesterday Maria didn't present you with a little food.'

360
LESSON XXXIII - Grammar
IV. Negative in is followed by a positive verb.

e.g. Layrirodi "aniw nayar yatiyguistati, cunats 'an Yatiaist
'The other day you didn't notify me why not?' (lit. 'You nozified
me, why not?')

Jan kollkenitwa 'I don't have money' (lit. 'Without I have money.')
Substitution Drill - Wasa anunac uscuna
M. Sojjta kawr janiw nayajj jumar churcsmati.

E. Sojjta kawr janiw nayajj jumar churcsmati.
M. jumajj nayar
E. Sojjta kawr janiw jumajj nayar churquistati.
M. pakallk wallpanac
E. Pakallk wallpanac janiw jumajj nayar churquistati.
14. jupajj jiwasar
E. Pakallk wallpanac janiw jupajj jiwasar churquistuti
M. jupajj jumar
E. Pakallk wallpanac janiw jupajj jumar churctamti.
M. quimsakallk asnonac
E. Quimsakallk asnonac janiw jupajj jumar churctamti.
M. nayajj jumanacar aljapcsmati
E. Quimsakallk asnonac janiw nayajj jumanacar aljapcsmati.
M. jumajj nanacar
E. Quimsakallk asnonac janiw jumajj nanacar aljapquistati.
M. pheska caballonac
E. Pheska caballonac janiw jumajj nanacar aljapquistati.
jupajj nanacar
E. Pheska caballonac janiw jupajj nanacar aijapquituti.
M. jupajj jiwasar
E. Pheska caballonac janiw jupajj jiwasar aljquistuti.
M. quimsa anunac
E. Quimsa anunac janiw jupajj jiwasar aljquistuti.
M. apakquistuti

361
LESSON XXXII' - Substitution Drill
E. Quimsa anunac janiw jupajj jiwasar apakquistuti.

N. nayajj jumar
E. Quimsa anunac janiw nayajj jumar apakcsmati.
N. Llatunc chawllanac janiw jupajj jiwasar. wajjt'apluistuti.
E. Llatunc chawllanac janiw jupajj jiwasar wajjt'apquistuti.
jupajj jumanacar
E. Llatunc chawllanac janiw jupajj jumanacar:wajjeapctamti.
E. Llatunc chawllanac janiw nanacajj jumanacar wajeapcsmati.
M. quimsa ovejanac catuyapcsmati
E. Quimsa ovejanac janiw nanacajj jumanacar catuyapcsmati.
T. jumanacajj nanacar
E. Quimsa ovejanac janiw jumanacajj nanacar catuyapquistati.
jupanacajj nanacar
E. Quimsa liq'i ovejanac janiw jupanacajj.nanacar catuyamllituti.
M. jupanacajj jiwasar churapquistuti
E. Quimsa liq'i ovejanac janiw jupanacajj jiwasar chu apquistuti.
jumajj nanacar
E. Quimsa ovejanac janiw jumajj nanacar churapquistati.
M. ma machak .aut
E. Ma machak aut janiw jumajj nanacar churapquistati.
14. nayajj jumar
E. Ma machak aut janiw nayajj jumar churcsmati.
N. jumanacajj nanacar
E. ma machak aut janiw jumanacajj nanacar. churapquistati.
M. mayt'apquistati
E. ma machak aut janiw jumanacajj nanacar mayeapquistati.
M. jupajj jiwasanacar
E. Ma machak aut janiw jupajj jiwasanacar mayeapquistuti.
N. scjjta ari cuchill
E. Sojjta ari cuchill janiw jupajj jiwasaoacar mayeapquistuti.
M. Haslirojj janiw nayajj jumar quimsa tunc pheskan c' awn aljcsmati.
E. MasUrojj janiw nayajj jumar quimsa tunc pheskan c'awn alcsmati.

uT9C
mossai iiixxx uopn3T4sqns ttZaQ
g ppedng avAeu
aun4 uelseqd umesa sT1n1Tnbpie
.a ppoansull mTurp ppednp aeAeu usmInb
creumc is"ExeN
umusa "Pu30Pre
'a PconsuN mtuuP. fpumnp aeTaBH usmTnb aunl ueAsaqd
H PeTaw aemnp
aunl umisatid umuip TamelorTe
.a rpanser4 mTuup ppsTauN armnP esmTnb
N Tu Em usonc soluem Tlmelooppam
3 ppoansen mTuep preTauK aumnP Tu
Rm vamp saluem Tamelooppem
ppoanalcuu Ppeoeuemnp .aeauueu
.a pcoaRaAvm ppeaeuemnp arm= to Hm esanC soluem .T4e1sTnbdeorpem
'N ppeoeuednp aeaeueu

1
.a ManakeN ccuovuudnc aeaeueu Tu Em vamp Tlnlinbdualqem
'N ppesemTg avoeuednp
2 proaniAeN presemTp auaeuednp Tu Em usanr
sow=
H mTuep Tu Em usonc saAnp puelosluem
Tluv3a1luem
3 ccoaulAn ppesemTr aupeuednp mTuep Tu Em vamp salinp
1,1 ppaRmAem ppetteu avoeuemnp
ppelieu aeoeuumnp mTueP Tu

Em rianp saAnp Tlemsadeouem
3 ppeapABH
0H ppednr aeaeuemnr
.a ppeaEmiCer4 ppednp aupeuemnp mTuef Tu Em esanp saAnp 0T4melodesluem
'pi CpeaeuesemTr aednp
Tu Hm esonc saAnp -Tauelodelluem
ea ppeaEmiteH ppeaeuesumTP aednC mTuep
'r puB43duintip
.a ppeaRmiceig ppeoeuesemTp aednp mTuec Tu Em usanp saAnf 0Tlue4advantlo
eAseqd oun3 uelfpos auueamen

aun4 uelppos aeueame4
83 PpeaRmArN ppoeuesemTP aedrIC mTuer
Taue4odeantio
14 aTsed ccaspeo mTuur cpednc ausumn 40-Ead -prilsTnbosum
a aTsed Ppesppeld mTueP pPednp aesemTp iotad T1n4sTnb1lLem
'J ppeoeuemnp audnp
-a aTsed ffesffetid mTueP rpaeuemni aednp loted TI.eladellicum
ppesor aeAvu
'a Pfasccull4.1Tsed mTurp quasor arAuu lotad T4n1Tnbilicem
'N Irrox TlnaTnbAnleo

Z9C,
NOSSTI uoTvilpsqnS TiTaa
3 aTsed Ppaspgrqd mTurg ppeasor arAeu Numx TrilTnbAnlro

'14 CceAru Aroeurdnr
'a ITTea rcesccrqd mTurc ccrAru arprued4 1TTox T43Anlro
X' ProanaAru
'a rroanaArm mTurC cpeAru arorued4 ITT01 -T134n3ro
pproeurdnp arAru
cpanaAril mTuer gporuednp auAru nyoll .TanqpbdrAnTep
'N pnlInbdrAT4rA
7i. UoiniAem mTurg pproeued4 ark= .T4n1TnbdrATTrA
*N. ccrtunC arAru
'a ccoanaArN mTueg Hemp arAuu T4r4sTnbAT4rA
N persumTp arouurdnp
.a PcoaniArm mTurg ccesemTp aroeurd4 pur4pAT4rA
cceTzell arAvu
.a CCoallaArN mTurc preTarm arAru .T41.11TnbAT4rA
rpErm op No pnaTnbantp
ziostio
.a ccoiniArm mTurg cceTarli arkeu rpTem .T4n4Tnbantio
'N iTsed greurmas pporuru arpruemnf

z. ITsrd cpaurmes mTurr ffraeuru aroeurmq rpErm vitip .Tlemsodrantip
Mat' - oeunay ruripeqoqd

uoTlaidmoo
egranto
ppeAril mTurc --armq pumsoanuo

Tvantio
NekeN aTurc arcing
rpeArm mTurc aroruumnp prmsodrantio

Tvantio
peReft mTurf arovuednp
Ccemnr mTusg arAeu pelsTnbantio
ardnr peqoaluto
prrtunr tiTuer
Premnr mTurc 290BUVU so1111%mwo

Tar4sTnbdrintio
praoantio
Ppranr La-turf arprurdric
ppednr aTurC -arAru TlnaTnbantio

Tweloantip
pan"' mTurc armq apnimmww.ORYIS..

333
LESSON XXXIII - Completion Drill
Jupajj jauiv jupar Churquiti

Jupajj janiw jiwasar churquistuti
Jupajj janiw jiwasanacar churapquistuti
Jupajj janiw nanacar churapquituti
Jupajj janiw jumanacar churapctamti
Jupajj janiw jupanacar churquiti
Jiwasajj janiw jupar . churctanti

Jiwasajj janiw jupanacar churapctanti/churci:alli
Jiwasanacajj janiw jupar churctanti

Jiwasanacajj janiw jupanacar churapctanti
Nanacajj janiw jumar chu,:apcsmati
Nanacajj janiw jupar churapcti

Nanacajj janiw jumanacar churepcsmati
Nanacajj janiw. jupanacar churapcti
Jumanacajj janiw nayar churapquistati

Jumanacajj janiw jupar churapctati.
Jumanacajj janiw nanacar churapquistati
Jumanacajj janiw jupanacar churapctati
Jupanacajj janiw nayar churapquituti

Jupanacajj janiw jumar churapctanti.
Jupanacajj janiw jupar churapquiti
Jupanacajj janiw jiwasar churapquistuti/
churquistuti
Jupanacajj janiw jiwasanacar churapquistuti/
churquistuti
Jupanacajj janiw nanacar churapquituti.
Jupanacajj janiw jumanacar, churapctanti.
Jupanacajjjaniw jupanacar churapquiti
Sojjta kawr nayajj jumar janiw (catuvafia) . catuycsmati

Sojjta'kawr jumajj nayar janiw (caluyala). catuyquistati

364
Quimsa kawr jupajj nayar janiw (churafia). churquituti
Sojjta kawr jiwasajj jupar janiw (catuyaria). catuyctanti
Quimsa wallp j iwasanacaj j jupar janiw (churafia). churapctanti
Quimsa wallp nanacajj jumar janiw (churana). churapcsmati
Pakallk chhiwchh jumanacajj nanacar janiw

(catuyafia) .
catuyapquistati
Pakallk chhiwchh jupanacajj jumanacar janiw . .
(catuyafia). catuyapctamti
Ma libra azucar nayajj jupar janiw mayt'cti
1'1 libra azucar jumajj jupar janiw (mayearia). mayectati

Pusi arrob ch'ok jupajj jupar janiw (payearia). mayequiti
MR libra azucar jiwasajj jupar janiw (mayeafia). mayectanti
Pusi arrob ch'ok jiwasanacajj jupar janiw

(churana). churapctanti
Pusi arrob ch'ok nanacajj jupar janiw (churana). churapcti
Pusi arrob ch' ok jumanacajj jupar janiw (churafia). churapctati
Pusi arrob ch'ok jupanacajj jupar janiw (churafia). churapquiti
chuymjana
NayrUrojj janiw nayajj jumar chuymjcsmati
NayrUrojj janiw jupajj jumar chuymjctamti
NayrUrojj janiw nanacajj jumar chuymjapcsmati
NayrUrojj janiw jupanacajj jumar chuymjapctamti
churafia
MaymBrajj janiw jupajj jiwasar quimsa jamach'inac

churquistuti
Maymarajj janiw jupanacajj jiwasar quimsa

jamach'inac churapquistuti
Nayrayp'ojj janiw jupajj jiwasanacar kollk churapquistuti
Nayrayp'ojj janiw jupanacajj jiwasanacar kollk

churapquistuti
mAyeafia
MasUrojj janiw nayajj jumar kollk mayecsmati
cunalaycutej j tatajjar maytlafiajjanwa.

MasUrojj janiw nayajj jupar kollk mayt'cti

cunalaycutejj jilajjar mayeafiajjkwa.
MasUrojj janiw nayajj jumanacar kollk mayeapcsmati
cunalaycutejj Pedror mayeafiajjdnwa.
NayrUrojj janiw nayajj jupanacar kollk , mayecti
cunalaycutejj cullacajjar mayeaiajjanwa.
vatiyatla
NayrUrojj janiw jumajj nayar , cunats jan yatiyquistati

yatiyista?
NayrUrojj janiw jumajj jupar , cunats jan yatiyctati
yatiy ajja?
NayrUrojj janiw jurajj nanacar cunats yatiyapquistati
jan yatiyapjjesta?
NayrUrojj janiw jumajj jupanacar , cunats yatiyctati
jan yatiyta?
chuymjafia, sismIgaujia
MasUrojj janiw jupajj nayar , antisaw chuymjquituti
chuym usuyitu
MasUrojj janiw jupajj jumar , antisaw chuyinjetamti
chuym usuytam
chuymiana, laruna
MasUrojj janiw jupajj jiwasar , antisaw chuymjquistuti
lurusi
rayrUrojj janiw jupajj jiwasanacar chuymjaqpquistuti
antisaw larusi
yatiyafia, imantana
Nayrllrojj janiw jupajj nanacar antisaw yatiyapquituti
imanti
NayrUrojj janiw jupajj jumanacar yatiyapctamti
antisaw imanti
NayrUrojj janiw jupajj jupanacar yetiyapquiti
antisaw imanti
Haymarajj janiw j iwasaj j jupar kollk (:navt'ana). mayt'ctanti

Maymgraj janiw jiwasajj jupanacar kollk (mayt'ana). mayt'apctanti
ilaymUraj j janiw jiwasanacajj jupar ovej .(churafia). churapctanti
..vtaymaraj j janiw jiwasanacajj jupanacar ovej (churafia).churapctanti

366
mayeatia.
Pasir semanajj nanacajj janiw jumar iquifi mayt'apcsmati
Pasir semanajj nanacajj janiw jupar iquifi mayt'apcti
Pasir semanajj nanacajj janiw jumanacar iquifi mayt'apcsmati
Pasir semanajj nanacajj janiw jupanacar iquin mayeapcti
Questions and Answers - Jisceananacampi iyaw safianacampi
M. Jumajj nayar churistati?

E. Nayajj janiw jumar churcsmati.
Nayajj jumar chursmati?
E. Jumajj janiw nayar churquistati.
Jupajj nayar churituti?
E. Jupajj jumar janiw churctamti.
U. Jiwasajj jupar churtanti?
E. Jiwasajj jupar janiw churctamti.
M. Nanacajj jumanacar churapjjsmati?
E. Janiwa,jumanacajj nanacar janiw churapquistati.
M. Sojjta kawr jumajj nayar catuyistati?

E. Sojjta kawr nayajj jumar janiw catuycsmati.
M. ma libra azucar jumajj jupar mayeati?
E. Ma libra azucar nayajj jupar janiw mayt'cti.
TI. Nayrarojj nayar chuymjistati?
E. Nayrarojj janiw nayajj jumar chuymjcsmati.
Nayarojj janiw jumajj nayar yatiyquistati, cunats jan yatiyista/
E. Nayrarojj janiw nayajj jumar yatiycsmati, nayajj armagtu.
M. Maymarajj jiwasajj jupar kollk mayeanti?
E. Janiwa, maymarajj janiw jupar kollk mayectanti.
Pasir semanajj iquifi mayeapjjestati/
E. Janiwa, pasir semanajj nanacajj janiw jumar iquifi mayt'apcsmati.
M. Tata Marcos, cuns jumajj nayar churista?

E. Janiw cuns churcsmati.
NI. Tata Enrique, jumajj pheska lamanamp pa phuqhump churistati?
E. Janiw churquistati.

367
LESSON XXXIII - Questions and Answers
El. Tata, jiwasajj Carlosar cuns churtan?

E. Chompanac churtan.
M. Yokalla, nanacajj jumanacar pelot anatafiatac churapjjsmati?
E. Janiw churapquistati.
M. Mama, jupanacajj jumanacar kollk alasipjjanamatac mayeapjjtamti?
E. Janiw mayt'apquituti.
M. Qhitis nanacar chompamp polleramp aljapjjetu?
E. Janiw qhitis aljapctamti.
Qhitinacas jumar vac lunthatapjjtam?
E. Janiw qhitis lunthatapctamti.'
FL MasUrojj jupaji jumar chuymj tamti?
E. Janiw chuymiquituti, antisaw laruei.
M. Masarmanthejj nanacajj jumanacar chuymjapjjsmati?
E. Janiw chuymjapquistati, antisaw larusipjjtajja.
NE. Pasir semanajj jupajj nayar iquifi mayeituti?
E. Janiw mayectamti.
N. Pasir semanajj jupajj jiwasanacar yatiyistuti?
E. Janiw yatiyquistuti.
Dialogue - Cuento
TIMOTEOJJ AYMAR CLASENQUIWA
Timoteo: Nayajj janiw aymar yatekan puedcti, camacharaquYjja....

Maestro: Jan llaquisimti, aymarajj ch'amawa, ucampis ma urojj parlatawa.
Timoteo: Secretariojj janiw leccionanac churquituti, janiraquiw
jumarojj churctamti.
Jichharmanthejj jupajj tunca pheskan leccionanac churitu,
ucampis uca leccionanacajj janiw walYquiti, wasitat nayajj
lura
T: Tata Juan, jumajj janYraw fiestanacat yatichapquistati,
cuarus yatichapjjetata?
I
Nf: Janitejj aymar yatekapcatajja, janiw yatichapcamati.
T: Uqhamajj nanacajj jichhayp'ojj aymar yatekapjja.
Waliquiwa.... Uqhamajj jutir semanaw fiestanacat yatichapjjama2

368
LESSON XXXIII - Dialogue

-r
T: Pablo amigojjajj janiw aymar yatekaii munquiti, cunalaycutejj

juparojj janiw leccionanac churapquiti.
M: Jupatejj aymar jan yatekcanejja, janiw Boliviar sarcaniti.
T: Nayaw jupar yanapa, pasir semanajj janiw yanapcti.
"1
M: Waliquiw tata Timoteo jichhajj horasawa, samarafiasawa.
Arumanthiw wasitat clasejj utjani, jutatati?
T: JYsa, jutHwa, amigojjajj jutaraquiniwa.
M: Waliquiwa, jiquisificama.
NOTES
1 future tense with pronominal object 'I am not going to
teach you.'
2 yijapjjkLatclla: future tense with pronominal object 'I am going to
teach you.'
TATA JOSEAJJ OVEJ KALLUNAC CHBAKAYI1

2
Jose: Utani...
Mama: Tatay...
J: Mama, anumarac achjitaspa.
Jutascaquim, acsa chekar mantasincaquim tata.
J: Ay mama, mayay jisceasima.
M: Cunach tata?
J: MasUruw jisc'a imillajjajj kollur ovej amp vacamp awatir anaquYna,
ucat jupajj pH disc'a ovej kallunac chhakayatayna, janit awatiri -
majj ufijcpacha?.5
M: Ay ucaw tata, tamajjan yakha ovejajj janiw utjquiti, inas

awatirejjajj ufijchi, jupar jisct'I chhH.4
(Hamajj awatiriparuw jiscei)
M: Lulu, janit tata Josean ovej kallunacap ufijcta? MasUrojj awatiri
paw ovej kallunac chhakayatayna.
I4du: Janiw ufijcti, awatiripajj janiw nayamp awatctnti, jupaij tata
Marianon awatiripampiw awatina, inas ucan tamapancchi.
6
M: Janit yatctasti? avisita, jan ucajj tiwulach achoke?
L: Janiw mama, inas tiwul achokchi, janiw unjcti.
(Mamajj tata Josear avisiriw mistuni)
M: Tata Jose, awatirejjajj janiw ufijcataynati. Awatirimajj tata
Marianon awatiripampiw swat --siwa. Inas tata Marianon tamapancchi.

LESSON XXXIII - Dialogue
J: . CamgcharaouTstis ughlimajj tata Marianon utap sari, sarawayK mami4
M: Saraquimay tata, mach uca ovej tamancpacha.

(Tata Joseajj tata Marianon utaparuw puri)
J: Tata, buenos dias.
7
Mariano: Visitt'aniquitay tata, aca chekar samaream tata Jose.
8
J: Ay tata, mg llaquiruw purta.
Mariano: Ay ucawa, cuna llaquiraquisti'
J: Ay tata Mariano, masilruw jisc'a imillajjajj koilur ovej amp vecamp
anaquYna, ucat jupajj pH jisc'a ovej kallunac chhakayatayna, mayni
mamajj juman awatirimampiw imillajjajj awatYn --situwa. Jichh?jj
ucat jutta, janit ovej tamamamp cnicdqui0
Mariano: Janiw tata, khanHapawa, munst ucajj utarasiscaquim, ovej
tamajjajj uyuncasquiwa.10
. . 11
(Joseajj oval tam ufihri)
Mariano: Inas tiwul mank'antchi, janit koll thaker sarctasti?
J: Janiraw sarcti, acajj janiw ovej taman cuna ovej kallunacaa
utjquiti, caacharaquYsti?
12
Mariano: Kollur saram, ucHcan lip'ichejj utjasepachawa.
J: Aqhilmajj tata Mariano, wall llaouitapinYtwa.
13
Mariano: Jah llaquisimt tata, inach ufistjjani.
14
(Joseajj Marianon utapatjj, kollu uncatatau earl)
J: Ay aqhHmajja, cawquincaracpach ovej kallunacajjasti? tiwulat
mank'antpache qhitich iniantpaehen
(Joseajj ma jach'a kala jac'an ovej kallunacapan lip'ichinacapac
ufiji. Uc ufijasinsti jupajj wal jachi, bcatsti utaparuW uca
lip'ichinac apasinjje. Ovej kallunacapjj tivulaw mank'antatayna. 16
NOTES
1 ovej ka7tu (iwij kallu) 'lamb' (lit.'sheep offspring!).
2 utani 'tz ter of the house' The -ni possessive suffix may be
attached to nouns; verb endings may be attached to form a verb
e.g. .autoni 'owner of the car' meaning 'to have, own ':
autoniwa 'he owns a car'

autonitwa 'I own a car'
autonicti 'I don't own a car'

370
LESSON XXXIII - Dialogue - Notes
3 anaquMna: 3rd person singular imperfect.

3rd person singular pluperfect. The pluperfect is
chhakayatayna:
frequently used in recounting stories, but seems to be rare in
also 'refers
colloquial Aymara. Rudimentos suggests that the tense
to facts of which the speaker has been previously in ignorance'
(p. 164).
The forms are as follows:
sarafia
saratilta saratPtan sarapijaatan

sarapjjatHta
sarat1ta saraujiatata
saratayna sarapjjatayna
The suffixes -wa and -tea may also be attached; in the 1st person
singular and plural, the final vowel is elided when a suffix follows:
saratatwa, sarapiiattitaa, etc. In the negative, -c- is inserted after
the end; in the
the verb stem (or plural infix) and -ti is attached at
negative, the plural infix takes the form -2s7:
e.g. nmiLimjajgang15gssi
nanacajj janiw sarapcat4tti, etc.
4 tama 'flock, herd'

jisct'ana [ ru] 'to ask'
chha 'let's see'
5 ssopancchi 'perhaps it is in the flock.'
6 ciwula 'fox.' (Cf. tiwula 'uncle' in vocabulary, Lesson I).

achokafla 'to bite off (with the mouth)'
samart'afia 'to rest'. The infix may have the meaning of

7
momentary activity or politeness.

'a trouble has reached ma)
8 ELllaguirgERurita 'I have troubles' (lit.
9 mayni ' the other'

chica 'together'
10 khana 'clear; light.' A verb stem may be formed by lengthening the
final vowel.

371
LESSON XXXIII - Dialogue - Notes
unjarasiscaquim 'just have a look around'

-ra- indicates action takes place in many places or involves
many activities.
-si- reflexive suffix
-sea- durative suffix
7.94.1-7 'only'
-m imperative suffix
11 ufijardia 'to look on all sides, around'.
12 lip'ichi 'leather,, hide, skin'

mliascana 'to be, have.' (durative of utiana)
13 ufistatia 'to appear, turn up'
14 utiatana 'to look at': passive participle
15 imana 'to hide'
16 uniasinsti 'seeing'
The infix -sine- attached to the infinitive stem (and after the plural
infix) forms a past active participle. The action of the particip;
in -sine.- precedes that of the main verb; the subject cf the
part'4.ciple and the main verb is the same.
e.g. mank'asina sarjjewa 'having eaten, he left.'
The suffixes -wa and EA may be attached to -sine-, with elision
the final vowel (e.g. mank'asinija)

372
LESSON XXXIV Quimsa tunc pusinir lecciona
arjjatana [ru] defender to defend

jabona (jawuna) jabOn soap
jisct'afia [ru] preguntar to ask
mayifia pedir to request
tijera (tijira(sa)) tijera scissors
wanu abono fertilizer
yanaca cosas things
I. Future tense with attached pronominal objects: the endings are

attached to the verb stem:
1 1
'I' to you sg. -Hma
'him' -a (=1st sing. future)
'you' pl. -(aPii)-Hma
'them' -a (=1st sing. future)
1
you ' to 'me' -it1ta
sing.
'him' -Hta (= 2nd singular future)
'us' (pl) -(apjj4etHta
'them' -Hta (= 2nd singular future)
":1e' to 'me' -itani

1
you' -Htam
'him' -ani (= 3rd sing. future)
'us' (dual) -istani
'us' (dual pl) -(apjj)-estani
'us' (plural) -(apjj)-estani
'you' (plural) -(apii)-Stami
'them' -(anii) =gai (= 3rd pl. future)
'we' to 'him' -an Hni (= 1st dual future)

(dual)
'them' -(apjj)*-afianl (= 1st dual (plural) future)

373
LESSON XXXIV - Grammar
'wee to 'him' -(apii)-anani (= 1st dual pl. future)

(dual plural)
'them' -(aPjj)-aani (= 1st dual pl. future)
'we' to 'you' -(an ii)111

(plural)
'him' -(22.11) :1 (= 1st plural future)
'you' pl. -(a0.j)-4ma
'them' -(a1:011)4 (= 1st plural future)
'you' to ms -(aqij)-eata
(p1)
'him' -(aolj)-hta (= 2nd pl. future)

'us' (pl.) -(apjj)-etRta
'them' -(Aaij)-Pta (= 2nd pl. future)
'they' to 'me' -(apij)-etani

'you'
'him' -(apj:9-eni (= 3rd pl. future)

'us' (dual) -(ap:Ii)*-e3tani
'us' (dual pl.)-(api)-estani
'us' (pl.) -(aotp-etani
'you' (pl.) -(aPii)-Mtam
'them' -(epjj)-ani (= 3rd pl. future)
The negative verb forms are identical to the positive forms, plus the
discontinuous negative infix: - c...ti.
e.g. churcamati, churcati , etc.

The prefixes -iia and -wa may be attached directly to the endings.
II. Word order: Subject + full proncmiral object + direct object

A -tac construction ('for, for the purpose of) enjoys a
free distribution.
e.g. lawnavei'u,ALaj_jnarLrutirsemarnatac73heskaiwinalima.
'Next week I'll sell you five blankets for your brother.'
Jutir maraw utataclimaiijumer calamin churama.
'Next year I'll give you tin for your house.'

VLE
NOSS31 AIXXX
.14 rCe4e14 aumnp ATTol -umNantio

.a cruxell aumnp Num' .umNantp
14 ppemnp auAeu
*H cpumnf arleu laTol 'ennantlo
ppudnp lesumTp
g prednr arsemTp NIT01 TuelsTango
misrqd Tau ouuniTtiono TuulsTilitem
a ppedni. ausumg u4satid Tau oeuouTiono Tue3sTslicum
14 ppeoeueu aemq
a geOEUEN aumnp elsoqd Tau peuormono emEppduslicum
.14 ppouuumnf avoutleu
.a Ppepeuumni aupeuuu elisaqd Tau outiormono sulpappdellAum
14 In unlappdualeo
.g Ppuzeuumnr aupeueu In selpappduAnluo
4 ppuoeuednc aeSuu
a ppeaeuednr auAeu In TuelappdvAn4up
cpuovuesumTp leouuednp
'a ppeouttesumTr aupeuednp ln TuRpuppduAnleo
14 quoeuumnp ardnc
ppuauuumnr lednp In .elgpdvAnwo
4 urns elapdealosTp
.a pfezeuumni audnp inns -unpcdellosTp
ppeoulleu aumnp
g fpupeueN armnr tuns .umgpdullosTp
'N CpuiSeu ardnp
g ppeAuN audnp urns RoosTp
pPe3uuudnp aupeuumnp
g ppeoeuudnr aupeuemnp inns .mulEppdellosTp
pPoInam pfelcuu aumnp eqsatid Tau TITtiono -umNantio
.a ppolnauqx ppeAuu aumnp e4satid Tau ITTIPTI0 'enan43
4 fpumnp leAeu
pfoluleta ppumnp ariteu eNsatid Tau ITTLIono sv3R3Tingo
esmTnb aapT4 elpTilAum

Sir
Nossaq taxxx ucT3n3T1sqns TiTia
g Ccoinauqx fiemnc auleu smtnb aectl p2T,;Aum as
ffetpuemnie CcednC aeAeu

3 Ccepuemniv Cpednp aekeu usmTnb aaCT4 .Tue3T'oicem
'N cceorueu aEmnc
.3 ffetpuemniv Creopueu aemnp esmTnb aepp ..empqdullSem
uocreC smgrdurie
;Fatpuemniv aemnp.Cceoeueu ucciec'esmTnb .um3cfctucte
geoeuesemTr aepeuednC
.g Ccetiwymniv fCroeuesemc lepeuednF esmTnb uoger .TuRtlecfclecTv
cco,dkeimix
.3 CCold4uaelx prepeuesumTf aezeuednp esmTnb uocier TuRueccdefte
rpeiceu leDeuednr
.3 ppidiceieqx ppekeu aeoeuednc esumb uocier .Ecie
T1 Hozsit7
3 cpidAexera ppeAvu aezeuednr Tem g,33sTF
N. ffeouemnC aviceu
.3 proldiceamix ppezeuemnC asAtu
Tea 0.0:2N2a4deoosTc
lg cgesemc xecinc
*2: cco4d4vaeqm NesemTp andnp Ten .TuNueozsTc

nTnbuleurtiondui: PAO uen TuEueantio
uem -Tugueinvo
.3 UoidAereqx ClesemTC aednr mTnbuleuellondelt PAO
ccepeuednC lekeu
spbeleuevndeA pito 1119k1 .Tue3aCcdeanto
.3 pcoadicareqx rgezeuednp ae4eu
'Yd ccuAum nfueg aumnc opempantio
.3 ppeiceN muer aumnr .Tzempantia
jg ppednr aekeu
.a ?Cedric arSeu mTuec .T3Tue3Tnbanp
TIlTumnburcae
3 ptednr leAeu mTuec TlywnTnbzecclu
gepeueu aemnp
3 eryeuem aemnf mTuec TTem.Rodevccae
,1 rcesemTC iednc
3 gesemu iednr mpeC T4Tupea4eccar
lg cCeAeu ispeuedaC

9/.
NOSSTI AIXXX - uopnlpsqns ITTaa
.3 quitem aeoeuednp mTuef

14 aTuuc PR0133sTP
ppekeR aupeuednp mTuec .T3HolvsTp
N Cprzeuumnp avoeueu
Cpeoeuetunr aepeueu mTuec .T3u4H4Tadeslosg
14 ffednp aupeueu
.a ppednr lepeueu mTueC .T4TumnbdeopsTp
14 quorq aupeueu
.3 ppemnr auDeueu mTuec ...p.e4H4TnbdeozsTP
oeuRA pe4R4Tnbdeinqo
.3 pemnr aepeueu mTuec peuRA T4e4H4Tnbdeinq3
IA ccepeuednf aeoeuemq
.3 ccepeuednr appeuemnf mTuec veuNA .pme4Rodeinqo
14 prepeuesumTp avoeuedric
H ppeoeuesemu p aeopuedn mTuef DeuRA T4Tunmeadvanqo
misatld TTPlon3 mufiguodeokem
rutiono .T4Turgezdeolem
a PPeoetresvmTr P avommidn mTuec elseqd
1
Carlo uum .Tlempicede
.N getpuetuniv mTuec ffeAeu ietanc
uem 'pump/cede
.3 qeqluemniv mTuec ffeAeu aemq P8410
'N predrq iesemg

uem smuu3sTnbAedu
71 qmpuewnav mTueC CCednp lesumTp Carlo
11 - geoeueu aeoeuum4
uum spewRodeArde
preqluemniv ccupeueu avoeuem4 mTuec calt0
N DeueiAnC pumpdeoppem
'a prailluemniv ppeamteu aeouumunp mruep
oeuei44 .pruillodeoppa
'14 iT34 claim Cpumnp aultuu
xprif ppiem 4=4 aeleu mTuup osueiAnc -FlunTynboccem
141 presemTC aeoeuednC
a army cceiem ccusemTp aeoeued4 mayuec oeueiAnc
epTuRuezoccem
*14 ppeoeueu 1e3eued4

'a apnr cpaym PPEDEUEU aeoeued4 mTuef peueiAnc ccem .T4Rode1
'14 vounl uelsaqd uociec Twdeinqa

NOSSTI AIXXX uoT3n3T4sqnS ITT1G
2T3nr gal= Cpoeueu aeoeuednC mTuec eoun2 =valid uoTec 73-,2d,anqo

pfekeu aeoeuetanc
anni quaem CceAeu aepeuemnp ATueC upu114 uelseqd uo4vc -2,umnodeantio
14 rpeleuemnp awJeueu
.g ITImf [Team ccepeuemnc auprueu mTusC youn4 umisaqd uoqaC -Tnihianqp
"Pen3
Cpcing anoeuvseigc
,a IT3nr ffeasm gpedric aeneuusemTp ATuec uoun4 ueNseqd uccief -subduarup
"FTP*4
1.1 puled nueaen yraol muu2spbdellAem
sa 2T3nr F;e2V111 rredn; avommsemTc mTuec Ed of 4unaem Tuan ulice a u -syi
"PP=
11 Muria:eq.' preaeuedn; aeAuu
.a Ccoapaequ creosueenc aeAeu taTuuC Delud luvium quox 4.4.RM .Tlyve7,Tabdui
4 tcoanaeu geAsu lemq IITT04 *2111Rant13
.a ccoanagqx CceAeu aemnp num' -auRanq3
cpovuednr avommu
.a Ccoanamix cfpoeurdng aupsum TEI011 Gpielaggdeantio
'14 mplup
a ccoaaleu cCepeurcITIC aemuru mtueC ITTo4 -T;lue4Tnbdeantio
Tue4eCrdeokem
a Proanaeu cppeuednC aymmu ITIoA Tup3accduil4em
14 apnc ffeuemas aukeuctednp
.a apnr Cpuemas ppednp aukau ATM 'T1103T,44em
14 &pup
a ITUT ccEUEMS ffecinC aelteu c hype xuol pTuu3Tnbi3Aem
ccepeueu avommunc
a afar ffeuemas CCepeueu aeostremnp aTuer Tyrol .pumodsolCum
pAsatid veugamln .emardeAnwo
.a apnr preuumes Nem= aeoeuemnf elsatid orueamel ..eultUdeknlep
4 Ccutiaem ccupeued4 imam'
.a Munn,' rfeapuednr avoeueu exsatid ovueamex .TuvlacCdeAnwo
miler
.a ccusaw rpoeuednc atioeueu ATtlec ensatid ammammi *T4TuelTnbd4AnTeo

378
LESSON XXXIV - Substitution Drill
M. jumajj jupanacar
E. Maranjj jumajj jupanacar janiw pheska kawranac catuycttati.
jiwasanacajj jupanacar
E. Maranjj jiwasanacajj jupanacar janiw pheska kawranac catuyapcanHniti.
M. pakallk ari cuchillonac aljapcanHniti
E. Maranjj jiwasanacajj jupanacar janiw pakallk ari cuchillonac
aljapcanHniti.
M. kharUrojj jupajj jumanacar
E. KharUrojj jupajj jumanacar janiw pakallk ari cuchillonac aljapcHtamti.
churatia
KharUruw jiwasanacajj jupanacar pheska warank churapjjanHni

kollk
KharUruw nanacajj jumanacar pheska warank
kollk churapjjka
KharUruw jumanacajj nanacar pheska warank
kollk churapjjetHta
KharUrum jupanacajj jupanacar pheska warank
kollk churapjjani
Kharayp'uw nayajj jupar pheska jabon churl

Kharayp'uw jumajj jupar pheska jabon churl ta
Kharllruw jupajj nayar tunca pheskan

chawllanac churitani
Kharayp'uw jiwasajj jupanacar pheska jabon churarigni
Kharliruw jiwasanacajj jupar tunca pheskan ari

cuchillonac churapjjaani
KharUrojj janiw nayajj jupar mank' churcHmati
Kharllroj j janiw jumajj nayar mank' churquitUtati
KharUrojj janiw jupajj jupar mank' churcaniti
Kharliroj j janiw jiwasanacajj jupanacar mank' churapcaaniti

KharUrojj janiw nanacajj jumanacar mank' churapcHmati
KharUrojj janiw jumanacajj nanacar mank' 11.40 churapquitatati
KharUroj j janiw jupanacajj jupanacar mank' . churapce'titi

'7^
LESSON XXXIV - Completion Drill
mart' of
Jurpgruw nanacajj jupanacar tunca mayan autonac mayt'apjjg

os..pmdOM.a
Jurpgruw jumanacajj jupanacar quiraserallk
autonac mayeapjPta
Jurpgruw jupanacajj nanacar quimsakallk
iquifianac payt apj jetani
catuyana,
Arumanthejj jiwasanacajj jupanacar janiw ovejauac

catuyapcafigniti
marajj nanacajj jumanacar janiw isinac
-atuyapcgmrti
Jutir marajj jumanacajj nanacar janiw ygnac catuyapguitgtaLi
Jutir marajj jupanacajj jumanacar janiw ygnac
catuyapcgtaml-i.
Jutir semanaw nayajj jumar jilamatac pheska

iquifi aljgma
Jutir semanaw jumajj nayar jilajjatac pheska
.quip Caliafia). aljitgta
Arumanthiw jupajj nayar amigojjatac machak
lib:onac (churana). churitani
Jutir semanaw jiwasajj jupar mamasatac machak
poller jazsyailaL apayafigni
Arumanthiw jiwasanacajj jupanacar tata Pablotac
machak isinac (211u1A40). churapjjafigni
Arumanthiw nanacajj jumanacar cullacamatac
walja pankaranac (churafia). cburapjjgme
Kharayp'uw jumanacajj nanacar acbilajj atac merk'e
isinac lchulafia).. churapjjetgta
Kharayp'uw jupanacajj jumanacar mama Mariatac
machak polleranac (aliana). aljapjjgtam
Jutir maraw utatac nayajj jumar calamin (churana). churMma

Jutir maraw yaputac jumajj nayar mg soma
arad (churana). churitgta

380
LESSON XXXIV - Completion Drill
mayt'afia
4M
JurpUruw mank' phayafiatac jupajj nayar machak
phuqhunac mayt'itani
Jutir maraw yap khech'afiatac jiwasajj jupar
picomp lampamp . mayeafigni
JurpUruw mank' phayafiatac jiwasanacajj jupanacar
machak phuqhunac mayeapjjaani
JurpUruw isinac t'ajjsinatac nanacajj jumanacar
tunca jabonanac mayeapjjgma
JurpUruw isinac eajjsifiatac jumanacajj nanacar
tunca jabonanac mayt'apjjetgta
KharUruw vacanac qharifiatac jupanacajj jumanacar
jach'a ari cuchillonac mayt'apjjgtam
Arumanthejj janiw nayajj jumar kollk (mayeafia), mayecgmati

antisas jurpUruw (mayt'afia). mayegma
KharUrojj janiw jumajj jupar kollk (churafia), churcatati
antisas churgta
Arumanthejj janiw jupajj jumar aut (maysIgna), mayticHtamti
:::::y::::w(:::::::::: mayegtam
KharUrojj janiw jiwasajj jupar yap (churana), churcafianiti
antisas jurpUruw (churafia). churafigni
Arumanthejj janiw jiwasanacajj jupanacar mank' waj j t apcafigniti

(wajjeafia), antisas jutir juevesaw (waiifaria). wajjeapjjafigni
Arumanthejj janiw nanacajj jumanacar mank' churapcgmati
(churana), antisas jurpUruw (churana). churapjjgma
JichhUrojj janiw jumanacajj nanacar mank' wajjeapquitatati
(wajjeafia), antisas kharUruw (wajit'afia). wajjeapjjedita
JichhUrojj janiw jupanacajj jupanacar mank' wajjt'apcaniti
(wajjeafia), antisas jurpUruw (wajjt'afia). waj j t' apj j ani
Nayajj jichhUrojj janiw jumar chuchill (catuyafia), catuycHmati

cunalaycutejj qhuch (qharifia). qharifiajjawa
Jupajj jichhUrojj janiw nayar chuchill (catuyafi2), catuyquitgtati

cunalaycutejj ovej (qharifia). qharinamawa
Jupajj jichhUrojj janiw nayar kollk (churana), churquitaniti
cunalaycutejj warmipar kollk (churana). churafiapawa
Jiwasajj jichhUrojj janiw jupar mank' (churais), churcangniti

cunalaycutejj wallpanacar mank' (churafia). churafiasawa
KharUrojj janiw jiwasanacajj jupar kollk (churafia), churapcafigniti

cunalaycutejj eant'amp azucaramp (alasina). alasipjjafiasawa

381
LESSON XXXIV
Questions and Answers - Jisceafianacampi ivaw sanatv2sErai
M. KharUruw jumajj nayar pheska warank kollk ch.zritgtati?

E. nsa, khartiruw pheska warank kollk nayajj jumar churgmawa.
M. Kharlirojj janit jumajj nayar mank' churqutata?
E. Visa, khargrojj janiw nayajj jumar. mark' churcgmati.
M. Kharnyp'ojj jumanacajj nanacar achilajjatac merk'e isinac churapjjrta-
tati?
E. J2sa, kharayp'ojj nanacajj jumanacar achilamatac merk'e isinac
churapjjgmawa.
M. Jutir lunesajj jumajj nayar pg jiscla poach catayitgtati? ,
E. nsa, jutir lunesajj nayajj jumar pR jisc'a ponch catuygmawa.

Jutir Rhajisejj jumajj nayar kollk mayeitgtati?
Jutir
E. Janiwa, /phajjsejj nayajj jumar janiw kollk mayt'cgmati.
r. Jutir marajj jumajj nayar calamin.churitgtati?
E. JYaa, jutir marajj nayajj jumar calamin ch-arHmawa.
M. Kharayp'ojj jumajj jupar pheska jabori chvrgtat5?
E. J!sa, kharayp'ojj nayajj jupar pheska jabon churZwa.
M. Arumanthejj nayajj jumar janit kollk mayt'egma:
E. Jisa, arumanthejj jumajj nayar janiw kollk mayequitgtati.
. Arumanthejj jiwasajj jupar janit wank' wajjt'afigni?
E. Janiwa, arumanthejj jiwasajj jupar janiw monk' wajjOcaligniti.

Khartirojj jumajj nayar cuns churltgta?
E. Mank' churHma.
Jutir lunesajj jiwasanacajj cuns jupanacar churapjjarigni?
E. Kollk churapjjafigni.
EL Arumathejj Pedrojj cuns jiwasar churistani?

E. Pakallk ovej churistani.
NE. Nayajj kharlirojj cuns jumanacar churapjjgma?
E. Ch'ok churapjjetgta.
N . Jupajj khartirojj cuns jumanacar mayipjjHtam?
E. Caballonac mayipjjetani.
N. Tata, juman yokamajj cuns Mariar .churani?
E. MI away churani.
EL Tata, juman achilamajj wank' aljitaniti?

382
LESSON XXXIV - Questions and Answers
E. JMsa, aljatamwa.
M. Tata, warmimajj cuns nanacar churapjjetani?
E. Janiw cuns churapcHtamti.
M. Mama, jupanacajj jiwasanacar liq'i vacanac aljapjjestaniti?
E. Janiw aljapquistaniti.
M. Jutir semanajj jupanacajj Mariar mamamatac kollk apayapjjHtHti?
E. Janiw apayapcHti.
M. JurpUrojj nanacajj jumanacar anatayapjjHmati?
E. Janiw anatayapquYtatati.
M. KharUrojj cunanacs jupanacajj jumar mank'ayapjjHtam?
E. Janiw cuns mank'ayapcHtamti.
Dialogue - Cuento
MX AWQUIMP YOKAMPEJJ CH'OK SATANJJAT PARLAPJJE'

satafiajja.
Awqui: Felipe, arumanthejj ch'ok satafigni, cuanlaycutejj niy horasaw
Takeniw satapjje.
Yoka: Tatay, cuna phajjsis ch'ok satatajj walejja?
A.: Todos Santos phajjsiw sumajja. Uca phajjsin satatajj ch'okejj
wal achuri.2
Y.: Jichhajj waliqu!scanit ch'ok satafiajja? Todos Santotaquejj
semanaw faltasqui, ucampirus vacaw jan utjquit ch'ok satafiata-
quejja.3
MasUruw nayajj
A.: WaliquTscaniwa. Vacjj Andres tiomat mayeasifiHni.
4 Jiwasajj juparojj arrob apill churafiHni, ucat
jupamp parltta.
jupajj jiwasarojj inaquiw vac mayt'stani.5
Y.: Ughlimajj jichhayp'uw apH tatay.

6
A.: PH arrob phinat apakawayam, ucat apam.
Y.: Waliquiw tatay, jichhpachaw uqhHmajj apR.

(Yokajj pa arrob apill apt'ataw tiopan utap sari)
7
Y.: Buenas tardes tio, buenas tardes tia, visiceanipjjkaya.
Tio: Acajjar mantasincaquim, jach'a k'epinis jutaatajg, cuns
k'epinta?8
Y.: Ay tio, tatajjaw apayanitu, nanacajj axumantbiw ch'ok satafi
munapjjta, ucampis vacaw jan utjquiti. Jichhajj nayajj eca pH
arrob ch'ok apanta, vacay mayt'apjjet tio, koli tia mayt'-
apjjetaya

it
LESSON XXXIV - Dialogue
Tia: Walic apantajj Felipe, vacajj ingsquiwa. Nanacajj apill munap-

jjaracta, ucat masUrojj tatamar achicasipEgyata, walicpia
apantajj Felipe.10
Tic: Jichhpachat vac anaquYtajja?
11
Y.: Jisay tio, wank' as uithataw..
12
Tio: Janiw karjayapjjgtati, karitajj aca vacanacajj wajjrasiriwa.
Y.: Janiw tio, mg yapuc satapjji. Jutir semcnaraquiw mayeapjjetHt
tio.
Tia: Jutir semanajj anaouisiscatava, cunalaycutejj vacajj inHscaniwa.

Y.: Uqhgmajj anaquiwayg tio, anaquiwayg tie, kharayp'uw anaquinjjg tic,
Tio: Waliqulw, waliquiw Felipe. Tatamarojj --walic apayanitojj
Y.: Iway tic), sarawayjjg.
13
Tio: Saraquitray, vacarac wajjrantiriptam.
NOTES
1 sataia !to plant (potatces, oca, etc.)!
alhuna 'to bear fruit.; produce' : achu 'fruit'
3 faltafia (p1-.1saLia.) 'to be lacking;' cf. Spanish faltar; ucempirus
4 NiyalLalampnafl.tta.'I spoke with her.' The pronominal object is
not necessary with the conjunction Men the full pro71Jmilpl
or -ta
object can be combined with -ru/of-is not expressed, the pronominal
object is attached to the verb:
e.g. AJEAmjamarat nar15.sta? 'Why don't, you speak to me in
Aymara: ?' (cf. Grammar, Lesson XXXII) ,
5 inaquiw 'are free.' A verb stem may be formed by IenEphening the final
vowel and attaching a verbal suffix: ingscafia 'to be free, unocetpied!
(inasciri 'one who does nothing').
6 phina 'pile of potatoes, oca.'

Verbal suffix -wava-, inserted before the endings, indicates that the
action is being performed 'in passing.'
7 visittlapiplama 'I have come ti pay you a visit.'

8 k'epi 'bund1W 'with a bundle' (lit. 'possessing a bundle');
k'epifla 'to carry a bundle'

384
LESSON XXXIV - Dialogue - Notes
9 apayanitu 'Ile sent me'

10 achicana [rtl] 'to ask; to solicit'
11 uchatawa (from uchafia 'to put') 'ready' (i.e. 'put out')
12 Imimlaljampiatati.'Don't tire them out.'
kritatiwtwaiimsiEila 'When they are tired, they can gore.'
(lit., 'be gorers').
waiirafia 'to gore;' wajjrasiri 'one who gores'
13 wajjrantiristam'(the cattle) could gore you.':

potential verb plus pronominal object. Verbal -nta- indicates
action from outside to inside.

383
LESSON XXXV Rniallea tMRS_PLAItiliLleccinnS

VocabuL:-.ry - z.icEirs.
caldo (caldu) caldo broth
chawila uallake sopa de pescado fish soup
ch'ejje gris gray
j0110i. tostado toasted corn, barley

m ifia
jap to toast
jiwcei tostadera jug used for toasting
khant'ana [ru] encarar to face, to confront
lunthatana robar to steal
lunthata ladrtin thief
purum orake tiprra virgen virgin land, soil
puruma virgin land
crake land, terrain
t'awra lip'ichi cuero de lana leather with tufts of
wool or fur on it
wac a faja sash
waneu kallu cria de conejo baby rabbit
Grammar - Sumasaylafiataqui
:. Imperfect verb with pronominal objects. The endings are attached

to the verb stem.
to 'you' -avasma
'him' -lygtE ( -1st sing. imperfect)
'you' (pl.) -(aPii)-Hvasma
'them' -ta (= 1st sing. imperfect)
t
you sing.
'you' to me -ista *
'him' -117Hta (= 2nd sing. imperfect)
'us' (pl.) - (apij)-esta *
'them' -.4yHta (= 2nd sing. imperfect)
'he' to 'we' - itHna
you
'you' -gyHtam
'him' - Hna (= 3rd sing. imperfect)
'us' (dual) -estana
'us (dual pl.) -(apjj1.7-estana

386
LESSON XXXV - Grammar
'us' (pl.) -(apii)-etHna

'you' (p1.) -(apii)-gatas
'them' -(apii)-Hna (= 3rd plural imperfect)
'we' (dual) to 'him' - nOtan (= 1st dual imperfect)

'them' - (apii)*-Hygtan (= 1st dual (p1.) imp.)
'we' (dual pl.) to 'him' -(apii)-gyitan (= 1st dual (pl.) imp.)

'them' -(apji)-Hygtan (= 1st dual (pl.) imp.)
'we' (pl.) to 'you' -(apii)-HyUsma

'him' -(apii)--Hyata (= 1st pl. imperfect)
`you' (pl.) -(apii)-HvHsma
'them' -(apji)-Hyata (= 1st pl. imperfect)
'you' (pl.) to 'me'

2nd
'him' -(apj pl. imperfect)
'us' (pl. -(apii)-esta*
'them' (= 2nd Pl. imperfect)
'they' to 'me' -(apii)-etana

you
'you' -(apii)-Hvatam
'him' -(apii)-Mna k= 3rd p1. imperfect)
'us' (dual) -(apii)*-eseAna
'us' (dual pl.) -(apii)-estana
'us' (pl.) -(apij)-e tgna
'you' (pl.) -(aptii)-Mygtam
'them' -(apij)-Mna (=3rd pl. imperfect)
*These forms elicited from two informants and described by Rudimentcs,

are identical to the punctual forms (cf. Lesson XXXII).
Ebbing gives other forms:
'you' to 'me '/ us ' (p1)-itanta/-ituna
Ebbing gives alternate forms for some of the other persons. Cf. alternate
forms for imperfect tense, Grammar, Lesson 23.
Negative imperfect forms require the addition of the discontinuous

negative infix -c...ti to the positive forms: churegyasmati, etc.

LESSON XXXV Grammar
The plural infix in the negative is 727 . When the negative -ti (or
and -wa) suffix is attached to the following verbs, the last vovel of
the verb is elided:

to 'him' (churcHygtti)
'he' to 'me' (churquitgnti)
'he' te 'him' (chu-ranti)
and when the subject and/or object of the above forms are plural in
number.
II. Preferred word order for positive forms: direct object :4-* subject
+ full pronominal object + verb:

e.g. IacachuraetgnPakallkchawll'uata. 'They gave me
seven fish.'
Preferred word order for negative forms: subject + full pronominal
object 1-jAELA.E + direct object + verb:

e.g. Masfiroi: na a :umar 'aniw cues churcg gemati.
'Yesterday I didn't give you cheese.'
M. Nayajj jumar pheska ovej chuaygsma.

E. Nayajj jumar pheska ovej churgygsma.
IL jumajj nayar
E. Jumajj nayar pheska ovej churista.
M. nayajj jupanacar
E. Nayajj jupanacar pheska ovej churlyata.
N. mank' Najjeffylita
E. Nayajj jupanacar mank' wajjegygta.
nanacajj jumanacar
E. Nanacajj jumanacar mank' wajjeapjjayasma.
Ii. jiwasajj jupanacar
E. Jiwasajj jupanacar mank' wajjegylitan.
jumajj jupanacar

NOSS31 AXXX - uoTanaT4sqnS ITTla
-a ccemnr leaeuednp oluem .ecreaNAHlacrem

4 aeueimex eCfeaRAR4naup
3 PPeunr aeaeuednp peueime% -efreaRARAnaea
la CpaeuesenTr iednC
.3 ccepeuesemTr iednc aeuelmel euelHARAnlea
'N ccepeuednp iesemTC
-a Cpaeuednr atistwrr avueimmi ..eupsTAnlvo
CCepeurtunr aeaeueu
-a qeaeuemnr aeaeueu avuelmeA .easefpwAnlea
UrAeu aeaeuemnp
-a cgeAeN avaeuemnf aeueimml .emsnAgpeAnlea
'N quol emsRkgpielialem
gpeArm aeaeuetunC InIo4 ermsNicardesaAem
14 ['poe' aeoeuednr
-a Cpeaeuem leaeued4 ATToll seanAgrdellicem
goinseN cCeAeu aelanC elseqd aeueuTnbT -emsHARintio
-a cCoanseN CpAeu aemq eAseqd peueupbT -emsRARintio
.N getanc ieSeu
.eastantia
.a CCoinseN rpeunc leiteu plisagd avueuTnbT
14 CCelieu aeaeued4
.a fpoinsem Creiteu avaguednC elseqd aeueutnbT weaRABanga
14 eauna Aueaem VET v3H4Ellude
lueaem ol nIT 'elEAPIede
.a qoansell Cculteu leaeuednp eauna
ppoiniAeN ppearueu avaeuemnp
ox ITT -emsRAHCCdelude
-a CpaniAeN 4eaeueu aezeuemq Boma lueaem
.N rcesemtc aeavuednp
lueiem Imo)! .ueaHARxede
.a Pp:male/4 FresetITC aeaeuednC Ealing
4 pfemnf avaeued4
Auelem 411 .uCP3011740"
-a cpanklem Ppemnf leaeuednp eauna
eaccos :Imam aeuedmotia
Negaem peuedmotio -ecceagfiludy
-a ppinakeN gewng leaeuednp earcos
N cceinwitem Creaeuesemq iednc
.a ppeaRmAeg gepeuesemTc aecinc eaccos
Amp= :medinotia .ueaRABcpeqede

G3E
mossai AXXX aopn4T1sqnS TTTIU
'N Frupeuvdnp iesemTC

Cfeatimicepl pezmued4 arseatc vlppos lutptem peuedmotp eurnserpenedv
cpaEmAvp1 jTTahEd= szgd aEUit yupsarcducT
cceivaSeN CcuolluednC ausrmiTc nieled ovirmsTO uumearCduCiy
cppmramnr avDruau
rpeaRmA41 rCvoyumunC auzeuvu Armed miTtispid swesoccdefTu
ppekeu auanuelunr
qvaHmkepl ppekeu anovuelunC Trueved ovuTtispld EalsRARCpurie
xnvuuencprvovuvu
a cPeaRMAER crUDBUEU ap7euednc vledInt sTqd
putt-Ell srlgi.RqclerTe
ppoiniLum cp.Avu nIupg.irm4 ecrewsWinapre

qoanalieR geAeu autanc LATurc envutsilApCie
pp-tan; lummc
ccoanakem ppemnp xemng mpreC pelEARopTe
ppoPPylv3 xvoruavp
.a Proinaken fpurpezel arovualec tiTuvf ..puRoCre
614 mTuec puflonemy
!quer .T...xf.pAumT
.1 ppoiwani fpecpam xe3r.1191.4
Cpuntaem PCydnr. aulivu
pp/Hu:Aril ccednp ieSzu mTuef Trap4TnblremT
PPOOVUEU immuemq
pailram creDEUVU aUDEUPWric mp.mf 412.emsR4RoduArmT
ppeoullemic .mauttuu
Crwmmice:H cceopumunc avortreu tt4i.mc plelsTn5dwiremT
aptec pulTnbdesluetin
cpaRwARN pporuemnc aoutreu mTutf TTelsTadelaum
aped prescceqd cCrleu aeOutyminc
iTsea Ccescpqd creAeu aummtunc mTuef pumsHipde4Juvq1
Cpcsymtf au3EUed4
iTsed Cresqeqd cresmair auovuednr ATIlup .FluelNicnoilue44
rCicuu iednf
itsua CcasCNO CCulieu iscinc muer .T32HAN343umil
mpler 7:410Roolcum

390
LESSON XXXV - Substitution Drill
E. Pasir phajjsejj nayajj jupar janiw mayeayHtti.

M. walUrojj
E. Wallirojj nayajj jupar janiw mayt'ayHtti.
M. nanacajj jupar
E. Wallirojj nanacajj jupar janiw mayeapayHtti.
U. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw nayajj jumar churaygsmati.
E. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw nayajj jumar churcHylismati.
M. nayajj jilajjar
E. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw nayajj jilajjar churcHyHtti.
jumajj nayar
E. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw jumajj nayar churquistati.
M. lunthatquistati
E. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw jumajj nayar lunthatquistati.
M. jupanacajj nayar
E. Suma wac'anac masayp'ojj janiw jupanacajj nayar lunthatapquidinti.
purum orak nayrUrojj apakapquitHnti
E. Purum orak nayrllrojj janiw jupanacajj nayar apakapquianti.
M. Joseajj nanacar
E. Purum orak nayrUrojj janiw Joseajj nanacar apakapquitHnti.
M. jumanacajj nayar
E. Purum orak nayrllrojj janiw jumanacajj nayar apakapaquistati.
r. nayajj jumanacar
E. Purum oral: nayrllrojj janiw nayajj jumanacar apakapaygsmati.
M. catuyapaygsmati
E. Purum orak nayrlirojj janiw nayajj jumanacar catuyapcgOsmati.
M. cullacajjan wawap wasgrmanthejj
E. Cullacajjan wawap wasgrmanthejj janiw nayajj jumanacar catuyapcHygs-
mati.
M. jiwasajj jakenacar
E. Cullacasan wawap wasHrmanthejj janiw jiwasajj jakenacar catuycHyd-
tanti.
jumanacajj nanacar
E. Cullacaman wawapwasHrmanthejjjaniw jumanacajj nanacar catuyapquistat!.
nayajj jupar

T6C
mossal AXXX uo-F4n3T3sqnS ITTaa
g urpporuna dema gaglurmaNsua nTurp ppeAm ardnr T4411AnoAnlro

4 pposdAraArg ppitru aumnp appsgo qouod eumsfiltaango
.g CCM/x/1(8N ffelteu amunc accalgo qouod .rmonitilango
ffrdnp arAeu
-a rfolditualeN ppednp arAm accalgo qouod .rupTango
N MtueC
-a pcoldAraAem Crydnp aria= mTurc olcalqp gouod .TzungTnbango
aroeurdnr.Cpeorum
pcolditraAril cryorum aromed4 mTurc go efra gouod .T43BARodyanga
cCoana4ru freAm ardnp
.a pcoanaken ffeAru ardnp miTurp appalgo qouod .T43gRoango
14 mtuol rimec T33E4A0,3ccem
ppoanaken: ppekeu ardnp apep oAuol. ..T4134113ppym,idmec

14 r4RXHoppe&
g CcoaDaArm CprAm ardnp oluo4 admec r4LAelqpfra
ccroyurdnp aromm
-a CcoinaiceN rpeovuudnc aromeu aqua; dulep .euipappdroppym
R rpromm arpruudnr
g proanakeN prepeueu arpeurdnp ovo3 idurec -e3RAgfpdroppea
cpragmitym mTurp
g pprap4r14 preorueu aeoeuedni tiTurC idmep.oluo2 T430pdroccum
T33}143derfelutruitRITmetio
.g ccrawnetem ppromuu aroeurdnr mTuuc wrimmla lurram 133010"ftv
'J frump armo2Tme
-a grapArK Cpetunp arraoTme 11.4 cAT nimulta Netteki T3e3HAR3cTe
Cpeorum arprurmq
ppeapArg Fporueu aromemnr m4114 eTTArtia VIVA 'PrulsOfloderie
4 Tangb Heim ffednr avAru
a Tango Pcuarm ppydnp aa4yu mTurp go viTme Nunea -FlupTnbcTr
uoT3aTdmop TITIQ 1757.7iiiTigbuunav
larsui alp loaaaoo mac); go -7iffIEETTS
qoanaSyg Pceitru :lump misagd pruTilmTP aM.' musEARango
qoanaArm Pi:Wm =Inc rnsaqd peuTibm-Fc unARango

392
LESSON XXXV - Completion Drill
Nayrlirojj nayajj jumanacar pheska jiwq'inac . churapjjgygsma
Nayrlirojj nayajj jupanacar pheska jiwq'inac . churHyHta
Sojjta wanc'u kallmaymgrajj jumajj nayar churista
Sojjta wanc'u kall maymUrajjjumajj jupar churgyHta
Sojjta wanc'u kall maymHrajj jumajj nanacar _. churapjjesta
Sojjta wanc' u kall maymgrajj jumajj jupanacar churgygta
Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj nayar churit1na
Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jumar churHyHtam
Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jupar chuana

Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jiwasar churistHna
Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jiwasanacal___. churapjjestka

Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jupanacar churapjjgna
Pusi jach'a trawra lip'ich jupajj nanacar churapjjetHna
Pusi jach'a t'awra lip'ich jupajj jumanacar . churapjOygtam
PH liq'i caball jiwasajj jupar churUyUtan
PH liq'i caball jiwasajj jupanacar churapjOyatan

PH t'ugha cdball jiwasanacajj jupar churapjjaygtan
PH eugha caball jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjjgOtan
Pheska wallp nanacajj jumar churapjjHyHsma
Pheska wallp nanacajj jupar churapjOygta

Pheska wallp nanacajj jumanacar antrapjOyasma
Pheska wallp nanacajj jupanacar churapjOyHta
Sojjta wanc'unac jumanacajj nayar churapjjesta
Sojjta wanc'unac jumanacajj jupar churapjjHygta
Sojjta wanc'unac jumanacajj nanacar churapjjesta
Sojjta wanc'unac jumanacajj jupanacar churapjjgygta
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj nayar churapjjetHna
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jumar churapjjgygtam
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jupar churapjjUna

Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jiwasar churistgna
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jiwasanacar churapjjastgna
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj nanacar churapjjetgna
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jumanacar -. churapjjaygtam
1
Pakallk chawll jupanacajj jupanacar churapjjana
MasUrojj nayajj jumar janiw ques churcayMstnati
MasUrojj nayajj jupar janiw ques churcayatti
MasUrojj nayajj jumanacar janiw ques churapcgygmasti
MasUrojj nayajj jupanacar janiw ques churcgyatti
NayrUrojj jumajj nayar janiw habas churquistati
NayrUrojj jumajj jupar janiw habas churcayEtati
NayrUrojj jumajj nanacar janiw babas churapquistati
NayrUrojj jumajj jupanacar janiw: habas churapciy1tati
Nayrayp'ojj jupajj nayar janiw tonk churquit&nti
Nayrayp'ojj jupajj jumar janiu tonk churcayEtamti
Nayrayp'ojj jupajj jupar janiw tonk churcgnti
Nayrayp'ojj jupajj j iwasar janiw tonk churquistanti
Nayrayp'ojj jupajj jiwasanacar janiw tonk . churapquisanti

Nayrayp'ojj jupajj nanacar janiw tonk churapquitanti
Nayrayplojj jupajj jumanacar janiw tonk churapaygtamti

Nayrayp'ojj jupajj jupanacar janiw tonk churapcanti
Insert the correct forms cf mayeana

Nayrarmanthejj jiwasajj jupar janiw ari cuchill mayecayatanti
1111M
Nayrgrmanthejj jiwasajj jupanacar janiw cuchill mayeapcayatanti/maye-

cgygtanti
..01.1
Nayrgrmanthejj jiwasanacajj jupar janiw cuchill mayecayatanti
Nayrarmanthejj jiwasanacajj jupanacar janiw

cuchill mayt'apc!yMtanti

394
Insert the correct forms of churafta.
IfasHrmanthejj nanacajj jumar janiw t'ant' . churapcgOsmati

Nasdrmanthejj nanacajj jupar janiw t'ant' churapcHyHtti
Masgrmanthejj nanacajj jumanacar janiw t'ant' . churapayHsmati
Maarmanthejj nanacajj jupanacar janiw t'ant' . churapcHyHtti
Maymdrajj jumanacajj nayar janiw ch'un churapquistati

MaymRrajj jumanacajj jupar janiw ch'un churapcHygtati
Mayulrajj jumanacajj nanacar janiw churapquistati
Maymgrajj jumanacajj jupanacar janiw ch'ufi churapcHygtati
Insert the correct form of wajjt'afia
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj nayar janiw mank' . wajjeapquitHnti

Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jumar janiw mank' . wajjeapaygtamti
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jupar janiw mank' wajjeapcEnti
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jiwasar janiw mank' 111.11 . wajjeapquistHnti/
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jiwasanacar janiw mank' wajjt'quistEnti
wajjt'apquistHnti
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj nanacar janiw mank' wajjeapquitHnti
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jumanacar janiw mank' . wajjeapaygtamti
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jupanacar janiw mank' .wajjeapcHnti
mayeafia
Nayrtirojj nayajj jumar janiw kollk 9 mayecHOsmati
cunalaycutejj tatajjar mayt'anajjHnwa.
Nayrtirojj jumajj nayar janiw kollk 9 mayt'quistati
cunalaycutejj tatamar mcyt'anamanwa.
Nayelrojj jiwasajj jupar janiw kollk mayec4yHtanti
cunalaycutejj jilasar mayeahasUnwa.
Pasir fiestanjj jupajj nayar janiw kollk mayequitanti
cunalaycutejj jilapar mayt'anapHnwa.
Pasir fiestanjj jiwasanacajj jupanacar janiw

machak isinac (catuyana), cunalaycutejj janiw catuyapcgyHtanti
isinacajj utjcgnti.
Pasir fiestanjj nanacajj jumanacar janiw machak
isinac (calmio), cunalaycutejj janiw isinacajj catuyapcgyllsmati
utjcHnti.

C6C
NOSSal AXXX uoTlaIdtop TiTaa
aped pfuu4saTj ffeoruemnf lednf nTusf muoa s
$(.Tirec517.7/s) ffeznpAuTeuno mTuec ffo)iuo4 .Tauppn CCrm Tae4RSHode

aTsed cpeuemas ffeoruudnr ae/ieu mpref
7E
us-qi) '(up fferlokeTuano tATuef Croliuo2 Taupfln . .
TwfilTnbduilffem
suopsanb pug L' S1 Tamuorue4soDsTf MEAL TcauDvueues

aAT4Tsod voeuryiago
cfoanaAeg fpriCru armnf elsaqd zuuTil[InTf alums3ARantio

.2 gusxr ffoanalcuu crumnr arAuu elsaqd peuTsomg .u4sTantia
.14 raffosnourm -gallmA2111 c ffewn aukeu fle4sTantio
g 4usu rlfros nouem TTel qvaRuaem r arm cpukeu .emenkanqp

'II Rd TALIT ITuq=10 rcvsviiTc 1136nr ;Yltre3RARango
'Bsicr Rd Tsbn Ma:RD cceTaaTC audnz .uvaRACHantio
elsau auueuTTem rfupeueu aednc ijaa.4EARrfdranqo

-a 6.esu ulseqd oeuudnem PODEUVU aedng maRAEgfdeanvia
ffoansew ffednf aumnp sanb zramenAllanclo
a 6usisr fCoanseta fednf avAuu sanb ..eupTanqa
14 cfoanaAsn ffumnc aeAru suctria 4T1e3sTantio
3 6uscr CCoanalieu cfriteu aemnf sucleti emsRARantio
proidAeakeN fcudnc audnC luol

.a 6uslir ffosdAulAuu frudnf audng luol euNanqo
11 4'2.1v/cell creopuemnp aeaeueu urip cppasercdvantio
.a 6usxr cpravArm ffuovueu auDeuumnc Imago sulasHANfrduantia

rroanakaN cfrtanc avAeu savueuno LufFelsTanup
*3 caw ouuTsbmTf .uusHARantio
ffoanalcen cfaieu aumnf utplmetix qoaau zufpriuslikflantp
a 6usIr Tsnd qoaae ycolgo u3sTanqo

vT rpexpani cpedric ausenTf r4ffos uTnbT muNasTango
3 4usu umuillsTantio
cfeaumkell ffusymTr audnf umAn opium olmenAHantio

*a 6usiir umuunitHantp
14 fcupeuumnr aTsud cPeavm aeoeuudnf ganes1 LT4e4HAEccduftu
3 6usisf .um4HANfrdufie

396
LESSON XXXV - Questions and Answers

M. Nayrgrojj nayajj janit jumar pheska jiweinac churcgygsma?

E. Janiwa, nayrgrojj jumajj janiw nayar pheska jiwq'inac churquistati.
M. Pasir fiestanjj jumajj janit thokoy1ta?
E. Janiwa, pasir fiestanjj nayajj janiw thokcHydtti.
M. Masgrmanthejj nayajj jumar janit t' ant' churcayasma?
E. JYsa, masUrmanthejj jumajj nayar janiw t'ant' churquistati.
M. MasUrojj jumajj cuns jupar churtlygtajja?
E. Janiw cuns churcayUtti.
m NayrHyp'ojj jupajj jumanacar cuns churapjjayatam?
E. Janiw cuns churapquitgnti.
M. Nayrgrmanthejj jiwasanacajj kollk jupanacar mayt'apjjgyatanti?
E. Janiw mayeapcUygtanti.
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj nayar mank' wajjtiapjjetanti?
E. Janiw wajjeapquitgnti.
Qhuri marajj jupanacajj jiwasanacar nuwapjjestanti?
E. Janiw nuwapquist4nti.
Pasir fiestanjj jumanacajj nayar thokoyapjjestati?
E. Janiw thokoyapayUsmati.
N. Jumanacajj jupanacar lunthatapjjgygtati?
E. Janiw lunthatapcgyatti.
M. Jiwasajj jupar suma caldo churRyHtanti?
E. Janiw churcaygtanti.
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA MARCOSAJJ TATA CARLOSARUU KOLLK MAYT'ATAVIA
Narcosajj wall albat sarawayttna tata Carlosan utaparu. Tata Carlosan

anupajj wali khortlnwa, ucampis uca albajj janiw ucancanti.
Marcos: Tata...tata...anumarac achjitaspa...
Julia: Jutaseaquim tata... anojjajj janiw acancquiti.
Marcos: Wall ajjsarasaw jutta, --Anupach achjquitan --sasa.1

2
Julia: Janiw tata, janiw achjasiriquiti, ucampirus janiw acancquiti.

197
LESSON XXIX Dialogue
M: Ay mama, tatajj acancasquiti?

J: J!fsay tata, utancasquiwa, mantasincaquim.
M: Tata Carlos, nayaquiv visitasir jutta.
Carlos: Walic juttajj tata Marcos, camiascaract tata Marcos.
3
H: Jan waliquiw sarnakjjt tata Carlos.
C: Cunarac camHchjjtamsti?
Llaquinacaruquiw purjjta...janiquiw cunas walicjjeti.
C: Ay ucawa jan llaquisimti, waliquiscHtawa.
J: NayrUruw nayajj maman utap saran munHylita, ucampis janiw sarcti,
cunalaycutejj yap lurir saranajjkwa, inas jutir miercolesajj sarch!:1.
M: SaatapY mama, janiraquis jutcjjtatejj3.
J: Jutapiniw maman uca, cunUrus ucancascani?
H: Jutir miercolesajj jank7 cawcs sarcaniti, utancascaniwa.
J: UqhHmajj jut!' tata.
4
Ay tata Carlos, nayajj mu p'eken usumpiw jutsma.
C: Cunach tata?
14: Ay tata, maymHraw nayajj jumanacar koilk mayt'asipayHsma, neat
jichhajj jutawayta, kollket wali pist'at sarnakta, janiw cunampf.s
wawanacatac alasia puedcti, churawayjjetay tata Carlos, acaj :! my
pH mardjichejjaya.
C: Ay ucaw tata, nayajj wal ajjsarsma, janiquiw jichhacam churafi
puedcsmati.
J: JMs tata Marcos, nayas wal llaquisiscta, janiPiniw kollkejj utjqtliti.
NayrUrojj kollkejj utiHnwa, ucampis lunthataw kollk apsupjjetu,
walpin nayajj jachta.5
C: Ay tata Uarcos, janiquiy colerasimti, jutir phajjsiw churjjka.
Aca ovejarac uyrascta, inas mMqui 1i7' intchini.
142 AqhHmajja... Janit and kawkhas jichhajj utjaspajja?
C: Janipink7 utjapquituti janiw cuvamp alasins puedipcti.
N: iiird tata Carlos churjjaquitaya, warmis wal toketu, janejjay cunamp

alasifijamHcchisa.7
C: Ucapi, jan ucajj ovejch kallke lant churjjapjjHma.

M: Janiw tata, kollkec nayajj munta.
C: Uqamajj jutir phajjsiquipiniw churjjapjjHma, miry! tata Marcos.
M: Waliquiw tata, uqhHmajj jutir phajjscamaw suyt'Hma, sarawayjjM tata,
C: Suyt'aquimay tata, mauk'easiwayaan ucat sarjjHta.

M: Iyaw tata, uqhHmajj suyea.
(Carlosajj walja mank' tata Marcosarojj mank'ayi)
LIIIIMENNIMMIO SIONINNISOMINIIIIIIMMSVENNe....."^-r"
398
LESSON XXXV - Dialogue - Notes
NOTES
1 ajjsarasaw 'fearing.' The verbal suffix -sa- before endings creates
an active participle, whose action is contemporaneous with that of the
main verb and whose subject is the same as that of the main verb.
2 imillachigairLairi 'is not one who bites.' (positive form:
achjasiri)
3 sarnakafia 'to walk, get along'
4 ElleLeLLusu 'problem' (lit. 'head' + 'illness')
5 apsufia 'to take out'
6 lasiquiy colerasimti 'don't upset yourself' (cf. Spanish colera 'anger')

InHqui 'quickly'
liq'intana 'to fatten' (from ligli 'fat')
7 mired 'don't be like that'

tokeda 'to quarrel, wrangle'

09.
LESSON XXXVI - Quirusa tunc soiitanir lecciona
Vocabulary Azunaca
ircatana (ru) encarar to face, to confront
jucha pecado sin
mururana recortar cut (hair)
nic'uta cabello hair
yuspagarana (yuspajararia) dar gracias to thank

(ru) cf. Spanish Dios pagar4
Grammar Suma parlafiataiui
I. Potential/conditional and pronominal objects.

Endings are attached to the verb stem.
to 'you -irisma
'him' -irista (= 1st sing. pat./cond.)
'you'(pl.) (aPii)-erisma
'them' -irista (= 1st sing. pot./flon0
'you' sing. to
V
me I
-itasra
'him' -asma (= 2nd sing. pot./cor...d,)
'us' (pl.) - (apdj)-etasma
'them' -asma (= 2nd sing.pot.lcoad,)
'he' to e -itaspa
'you' - iristarn
'him' -aspa (= 3rd sing. pot./cond.)
'us' (dual) -istaspa

'us' (dual pl ) -(apjj)-estappa
'us' (pl.) (4211) :AtaRRI
'you' (p1.) -(Ridl=r115A1
'them' -am (= 3rd sing, pot./cond.)
(dual) to 'him' -sma (= 1st dual pot./cond.)
'them' -(apjj)*-sna. (= 1st dual (pl.)

pot./cond.)
'we' (dual pl.) to 'him' - (gujj)-arla (= 1st dual (pl.)

pot./cond.)
'them' -(apit)-sna (= 1St dual (pl)
pot./cond.)

400
LESSON XXXVI - Grammar
'we' (pl.) to 'you' (Apij )-erisma
'him' -(plij)-erista (= 1st pl. pot./

cond.)
'you' (pl.) -(apjj)-erisma

'them' - (apjj) - erista (= 1st pl. pst./
cond.)
'you' (pl.) to 'me' -(apii)-etasma
'him' - (apjj) -asma) (= 2nd p1. pot./
cond.)
'us' (pl ) -(apjj)-etasma
'them' -(apjj)-asma (= 2nd pl. pot./
cond.)
'they' to 'me' -(apjj)-etaspa

you -(apjj)-eristam
'him' -(apjj)-aspa (= 3rd pl. pot./
cond.)
'us' (dual) -(apjj)*-estaspa

'us' (dual pl.) - (apjj)- estaspa
'us' (pl.) - (apjj)- etaspa
'you' (pl.) -(,..12ji)-eristata
'them' -(apjj)-aspa (= 3rd pl. pot./

cond.)
The negative form requires the insertion of the discontinuous negative

morpheme and the negative particle Ian:
e.g. lancturguirismati
The plural infix is -13-:
1PEPALIKalmiti-Amati
The elision of the final vowel before the negative -ti (and -wa)
is required in the frames 'I /'we' to 'him' /them'.
Nayajj jumar usumat kollirisma.

E. Nayajj jumar usumat kollirisma.
M. jupajj nayar

1017
MOSSH1 IAXXX - uopnlpscins MICE
.2 ccedni ankeu 3eqnsn

1/1 ccvmmu imanc
.a ppeoutlem aemnp lemnsn .emspaccdeTTon
4 ied4
cps-en-Fr
'a cpsynu. ied4 lednsn .uusuol
4 delnoTy eusininm
fTesemu aydng de3n1orq uusxnanm
Ppezeuemnp amovueu
-a ccuovuemnr aepeueu cce4noTu .muselacrdeananw
14 preaeurranC aeoeuednp
.a ccepeuumnr lepeuednc de4noTu .rmseccdeinanw.
CCemnr aulBu
rcemnr aeiceu CculnoT .emvellinanm
Tem emselagNo3
'a rpemnr aySeu Tem *emse3a41103
*11 creoeuednr aeoeuum4
a ppepeuectrir aez-euetung Tex .mulspaccdepplo3
Nekeu auweued4
.a cpArm aeoeurdnc Tem selspecp404
cpromuu aemlumnp
.a UrpeueN iepeueunc Ten .ewsTieCcdecNol
.11 Tem emsTaeCCdes4DsTp
.a gezeuem aeoeuelunc Ten .umnaerplesiosTg
11 ppeamemnp aepeueu
.a fTVOTAIUMTT 1V3VUEU Ten *emselacldes3osTp
Cpeoeuem iednp Ten *e3spoCCdeopsTp
.2 peoeueN ardrc Tem 02sTaafrdeopsTp
14 quoeuemq le3eued4
'a rcepeuemnr leaeuednr rem umseccdeopsTP
1;1 ppetmoTC ppemq aednf
a qeqqaTr 4.0314 auchic Tem emseopsTf
zedelmq emsesweqx
ccrqq0T.0 quunc iednc 3edell.mq emselluetm
Ccepeuednc aupeueu

Z047
NO= IAXXX u0T3113T3sqnS TTPU
fra rcetillou ccepeued4 aeoeueu lerretionr -edselaccdellueql

ccesumTC aeoeuednr
-a cretitiou rpesemTC aeoeuednC ludetionc .eusauletm
rcVDEUEU aeoeuemnr
a Creqq3u cceoeueu aeoeuemq lemetionc emsTaafpleouetpl
la lumellonr gmspecgdu4B3IT
-a fferitiou cpeoeueu lepeuetunc Temetptir emsTaaCcdowpaT
rcatiluemnau CcesinC avaeuemq
-a Cratpuemnav fFecitiC avoeuewrIC lumetionc melstaacCde3e3aT
ccekeu aeoeuednl
-a cptpuemnav creAeu aypeuednf ledvq34 .elstapepaT
611 crepeutsemTc aepeuednc
-a ccetpueurtav rcepeuesemTP aepeuedric ledetionr .uuscpeleoaT
2eTnbmID euscpedaT
-a CcatpuemniV cppeuesemTr aeoeuednr Setnbritio BusUdedaT
14 rpoeuednf lepeuesekrcr
-a rcatiluemnav crepeurd4 araeuesumTG geTnimm eedselscpudat
4 rroanastm grednp aeAuu
-a croanaela Hump avAeu SeTnbntip sumselTdaT
'fa cceArti awanC mTuer lemnsn TlemsTaTnbumi
a preAuN aviunc mTuec lymnsu pumsTaTnbroA
4 Urcinf avAeu
-a ccednf aeAuu xpec Terrnsn -peds.e4Tnbuoll
gpeoeueu aemnr
-a Crepeuem xemnr mTuec 4umnsn -FlumsTaTnbderroll
14 ccesemTp aedng
ea rCusvmTr f aedn miueC 3ednen .TleusDderroA
de3napTu mTuer peuspananm
ea crusemTr iednC Tuec delninu -Fleusaananm
4 CCeoeuetunc aineueu
-a Cpezeuetunf aeoeueu mTueC Uelnioni .pums.mnbduananm
4 Cpeveuemnr aeoeuedrq
-a creopuemni ae3euedrIC mTuer delnoTu Tlemseodeananta

IAXXX.NOSSal - uoprwpsqns
pretunr aeituu
rremnr avAeu aTuec preanaop .T4emsu3Tnbananw

a-Fuer Tun TlemselTnbrpol
rpm'. auAuu aTuer Tea -petaselTnbrplo4
rreoeuednr aepeuemnr
rrepeuednf aeaeueunr aTuer Tem TameasTaTribderpiol
rreAuu araeuednr
preArN aeoeuednr aTuep Tug .T44sTaTnbrriol
rreoeueu auovuemnr
'a rreoeuem avoeuemnr mTuer Tem .pewsTaTnbderrno4
N rem TlemsTipbduslosTr
rrezmuem aeosuumnr mTuer it .prmsTaTnbdula3sTr
Cru3eueseaTr au3euednr
rrepeueseau aeoeuednr aTuer Tea .peus3deoosTr
Crepeuey aednr ueC .T44sTaTnbdellosTr
rrepeuey audnr uer T32sTaTribdopsTr
rreoeuemnr aupeuednr
rrepeuemnr aupeuednr urr .petusezdeoostr
rreqq3-4 rremnr ardnr
a rrtimou rremnr lednp usr .1.1.-emsepoosTr
ledetionr uer Tleusepouetil

a' rretplou rrumnr ardnr 4edulptlf uer spemseolaueql
rreoeuednr aeoeueu
a. rCempTi freoeuednr ae3sueu 4nrretionr uer .podsu4Tnbdealuelm
rrsemtr leovuednr
rretiliotr rreseaTr arovuednr 3edutpnr uup uspoueql 'tit
'N rfeavueu auzeuumnC

-a prequpu rfepeueu aupeuemnr lemetionr uer etTewsTipbdeoueqx
IA Temetpnr tier TqemsTaInbde4paT
sa Cretmou rreoeueu aeparemnr 4emerpnr Ca t .T4emsTipbde3epaT
rratiluemnie rfudnr xemrumric
-a ccatilumunav rrednr aeoeuumnr Temetionr uer .pule4sTaTnbde4epaT
.14 rrekeu avDruedng
-a ccalpumunav preiceu avoeuednr ludepnr ueC T44sTipb13uutpi

i7047
NOSSTI IAXXX uoprwpscps Tuaa
CreoeuesemTC avoeuednp
rregauemnav CrepeuesemTC aupeuedur ledutionr uer speusodesquetiq
qmegetpop uer peusodudaT
rretpuumnav CreoeuesemTC aeoeuednr qmecregoop uer ..peusodedaT

Crepeuedur aeoeueswiTr
rretpuemnay creoeuednr avoeuesemTp qmegepop uer pedse4sodedaT
Cremnr aeheu
Cratpuemnav CCemnr aeheu qwegelpop uer .pemse3TnbdaT
CCoandanf rpekeu arginr lnoTu .elsTaTananm
Croandanf Cruheu aednr vtioTu .u4sTaTananm
rrecInC aeheu
rroaudanr crednr aeheu lnipTu .edselTananm
uer
Croandanf Crednr aeiteu uer 4nioni pedse3Tnbananm
Cpeoeueu aeoeuednr
rroandanf Crepeueu aeoeuednr tier 4noTu eplsTaTnbdeananm
elsTaarrdeananm
Croandanr Cpeoeueu aupeuednr utiont seasTaarrdeananm
TedetionC eastaarcderrNoz
Croandani Crezeueu aepeuednr ledetionC eu3sTaarrdecrNo4

uer
Croandanf Crepeueu aeoeuednr uer Tedetionr pasTaTubderploa
rreheu avoeuednr
CCoandanf freheu aepeuednr tier Tedetionr T44sTaTnbrrlo4
apnr Creaem Crupeuemnr aeheu
apnr cream' crepeuemnr aeheu uer 4erCutipnr .Tlemse4Trtbdurclio3
rresumg aeoeued4
presear, avoeuedur apmr Creaem ueC Tedetpur Reusodurplo4
NTT01 Tleusodellhem
preseau aroeuudnr apnr Cream imp vuroA peusodeohem
Creheu avoeuemnr
rTeheN aezeuemnp aT4nr [Team tier -moll pemsTaTnbdellhem
emsTaarrdeohum
CreheN aeoeuemnr IT4nr rpaem Anol eemsTaorrdeilkem
Crepeuemnr aupeuednc
rpeoeuemng ae7)euednr at rpeima -4TioN

405
LESSON XXXVI

churafia
Nayajj jumar churirisma
Nayajj jupar churirista
Nayajj jumanacar churapjjerisma
Nayajj jupanacar churirista
Jumajj nayar churitasma

Jumajj jupar sosommuo
churasma
Jumajj nanacar chuiapjjetasma
Jumajj jupanacar churasma
Jupajj nayar 011111110 ./.80/./ churitaspa

Jupajj jumar churiristam
Jupajj jupar churaspa
Jupajj jiwasar churistaspa
Jupajj jiwasanecar churapjjestaspa
Jupajj nanacar churapjjetaspa
Jupajj jumanacar 1../wano.11101
churapjjeristam
Jupajj jupanacar churaspa
Jiwasajj jupar chursma

Jiwasajj jupanacar churapjjsna/cftursna
Jiwasanacajj jupar churapjjsna

Jiwasanacajj jupanacar churapjjsna
Nanacajj jumar churapjjerisma

Nanacajj jupar churapjjerista
Nanacajj jumanacar churapjjerisma
Nanacajj jupanacar P.... churapjjerista
Jumanacajj nayer churapjjetasma

Jumanacajj jupar churapjjasma
Jumanacajj nanacar 14......, churapjjetasma
Jumanacajj jupanacar churapjjasma
Jupanacajj nayar . churapjjetaspa

Jupanacajj jumar churapjjeristam

9047
mossai IAXXX uopaIdwoo Masa
ppuovuudnr audnp edsuppdvantio
ppuovuednr ausumg -sappdvantWedsv3sTantio

udsel
Ppuovuudnr aupeuesumTp vdsulsaPpdeanip

ppeouuednr aupeueu udsulappduanqo
ppuovuudnr auovuumnp measTaappdvantio
ppeluuudnr arpeuudnp udsuppdeango
CpuAuN awing ueP TlumsTaTnbanip

PpeAuN aednp uuP T4.1sTaTnbanto
PA-ert arouuemnp uup TaumsTaTnbdeantio
PRAuN avouuudflp uvP T44sTaTnbantio
pumr avAuu Imp pumselTnbantio

ccumnr audnp uep Tlumsupantio
PPutunr avouuvu uep pedsulTnbdeango

ppumnr aeouuudnp uvp pumsupantio
ppednr avAeu uep pudsurcnbantio

ppudnr aumnp uup pluvlstaTnbantio
ppudnr audnp uuP Tludsupantio
ppudnr ausumTp uep pudsulsolntio

ppudnr avouuusemTp uup pedsulsTnbduantio
ppudnr avoeuvu uup pudsulTnbduantio
ccednr avouuumnp uuf T4mulsTatnbduango
ccvdni aeovuednp uvP pudsupantio
PFusuaTr P audn uup puusaango

CPusvATr P aupeuudn uup Tquuspanto/T3uusoduantio
ppeoeuusemTr avdnP uup Tleusodeantio
ppepuuusemu auovuednp uup Tleusoduantio
ppuouuum autunp uvp TlumsTaTnbdeango

ppuouuuN audnp uup 44sTaTnbduantio
ppuauuum auovuumnp uup TlemsTaTnbduanqo

Ppeovuum avouuudnp uup T44sTaTnbduanqo
prupeuemnr avAuu uup TImmse4Tnbduantip

NOSSM IAXXX uoTleTdmoa UPC
Creoeuemnr aednr ueC peasrodeanqo
CCepeuemnr aeoeueu uep TlemeeqTadeantp
Cpeoruemni aeoeuednr ueC pumseodeinto
Cruleuednr aekeu Imp IledselTnbduantip
rpoeuednr aumnF usr TamelsTaTnbdeantio

T3edseodeanqa
rreoeuednr aecinC uer
Cppeuednr aesemTr C uE " 11/1 -dLantio/Tledse4soantio
Tledselspb
Creotuednr aeoeuesemTC uef T4edse4sTadeantp
rpe.peuednr aezeueu imp leds-e4Tnbdrantp
Cpepeuedni atmeuemnC qmzn)sTaTnbdeanip
Cpeoeuednr ae3euednp ueC Tledseodeango
ppetripTr CCeiCeu oueo.aemnC 777&peantio) cpemseunm emsTaTanqo
PelliPTr C CCemn aeLeu Cueaeu g(`ellWry) memseunm euse4TFte
ccvq4DIr C CCezeuemn apoeueu utnbt ummiapFdellitem

LTledswrea
reqqz-Fr C peoeueu C e .1133ru-eum .c.!.TnbT kem) (Eire g ems-Clapp:Wall=
Ccleunm
CCelpipTi CFesemTC aednp TETo4 4(eueogem) vueoccvm

medsITem
CruovuesemTC avoeuednr oluem
CCetitio
uusCCdeango
4T3edseCrdeunm
FCellipTf Cpezeuednr avAeu 50-4elettae) edselarFdeaerfae
Lpadsuccduunm
rcetploTr c Credn aumnC deA mint g(egyavueA) melstatdeueli
ipedsyrem
susTluv TIDTC CCuAeu aumnC g(euedeueA) rpatpuemnae vmsTaTdeueA

mTueF (eqedeueA) TTemeTaTnbdeueA
sespuv rCemnp aeiteu g(euedeui3) CCatiluemnle
titioTr umsezTdeuzA
mTueF (tWARiEFA) . T4emseaTnbdeueA
sespuv timaTC CpesemIC aednp 4(7.iiITTIV) eusTerFav

CCoanampl mTuer 01-1F-4-frciro peusoleppe
sesTluv titpTC rpoeuesemIC avoeuednr Num eusfrdeantio
.(iueantio) CCoanaeriq *(egeango)mTueF
peusodeantp
susTWV qqaTC CCednC aulteu '(0151711).TImulip edSelTrre

rgoanamill mTuvr
peds.e3Tnbpie

8017
NOM IAXXX - uoTletdmoD riTaa
sesTquv Cfepeueu iednf nequo

titioTc 4(Eiail"--quo) elsTiefpeAnlep
fretiquemnis mTuef e(eusAnTeo) Tq4sTaTubdeAngeo
sespuv q43 ffroeuemnp apAsu qn 6(EW5475) emselaCcdeAnleo

Hoinisql mTuf Criirez.) Tlemse4TubdeAnquo
sesTquv tploTP frepeuednc isosuemnf mns 6(se;757Tr.) me2sTaafpuoosTC

apnC preuemes mTuer s(eueopsT.) pmelsTaTnbdeopsTC
Cfeqemnr $(eriallTre) CCeAuu asmig go xo, (grre!.-fg) effemselTdeusA

ememsTaTcTe
Ccaludnr 6(L'uudetreA) CCeiceu isdnC xostio (eWe) efcedselTdeusA
vm3sTITCTB
CreTessmTr isdnC 6(euelei.lay) cfednf s(sue4ellie) effeus4sfpe
emedselsoeieleCCie
Cce4rosuesemTr ressuf 6(sue4e[fie) CfeseTTf efpeuscfde4sCfas
Mig)(Werm umedse4sgmAntio
CCe4speueN aemnf Tie ovum-ppm 4(elpalitem) ffeunC effemsTieffdellAem
avoeueu .(E1.7.es4Xem) smemselaffdeslicem
CCelsosuemnr asAeu 6(euel.mAnqp) fceAeu -muemnr ecfmnselerfdefmSnip
gale -(eusieVedsnA) L'aemsTleCCduae2edsnA
fplepeuednr 1=4 sxuem s(sueingo) Cfemnf epfuelsTaafpeintio
s(eueasedsnA) umemsexeSedsnA
suopsanb pue siemsuv ilititoeueueops-fT meAT Tdmeosueues

soa ant - epeueqatip
%I rceAem aemnC LTzemsTaTinto

.a susu cpmunc semseaTinqo
rfemnr isAsu iTlemselTinto

g gesu CfeAsu imanC emsTaTinto
11 fcessau asdnf LTTeusantio
g 4es41, CfesemTp iednC emeusintio

I ffeoeuem aemnC LTlemsTierpeintio
sg 6eszr pfeaeuemnf aeiCeu semselappeanto
N Ccepeuumnr isiteu 4.1emselerrdeantio
H i 'es; Cceosueu aumnp emsTieff'deintio
'eley snamilb sou DEUEOVA iypflsTaTintio

g apAni emse3Tingo

507
NOSSal IAXXX suopsenb pue saemsuv

a/NT:mod
ex 4epeue4y/ snamqb :,eppemsepcdeantio.3euoTTepo,e3n

-a mnaepeuemnr emsTaappdvanqa
ex 'ele1 ppeoeurmnp aveuednr zetouse Tiemsegdelnqo
3 4.esicr em4sTaePgdeanq3
ex ceme fcpeuesemTp TT-eAeqb T ZEUVD"RA aednp azeusppdepi
.3 geszr eemeusppdepTe
4 sung PPoeuednp aeltsu ulde4sepPdvanq3
g dmennoh nqbnqd du sedsRppduanqp
'N t,'31124,
rcV3IIMI .itneuednp epTen ATTol 4T43sTaaCrdeAzkem
-a .ememsePpdeolem4esicr
ex ppeqq0Tr gpeoeueu aeoeuednp ue3eppae LT4spappdeum
ea 6esu 'EMVWS2rcdEUTIM
URf 'eoeueleqo
iemnp LpumsTaTanqo
'
14 preltem
ea 4eaTuer ppemnp aeiteu mTueP T3'emselTnbanw
N Ppemnr aeLu aTuep i,emselTnbanqo
-a Ppelieu.4emTuer aemnp mTuep .T3emsTaTnbanqo
4 ardnperesemu azeusanqo
g 4eaTuer ppesemTp audap mTuer T3eusoanqo
'N rpednr aeheu 3Tuep Ledse3Tnbanq3
63 gmTuer Ppednp =imp mTuep pmegsTaTnbaaqo
ex PPeleueN zemnp 3Tuep ;,emsTaTnbdeantio
q gemTuer Cceaeuemnp aeAeu mTueP pmsegTadeanqp
ppezeuednr aekeu zpedselaPPdvanqo
-a gemTuer PCepeuednp mTue.P.aemap eT3melsTaTnbdzanlo
PpeOeuednr LTiedse3eppeanqo
*3 gemTuer mTueccceoeuednp eTweqsTaTnbdeanqo
ex 6.5.3ex cpuiceu ellseldiumnp oeueumeso LT3emspTple
63 mTuer eTTemse4TnbpTe
'N 'vmeli snamqb eon peuemei ppeoeueu zelsTaappdeLede
-a mTuer snamqb eTTemseodeicede
'N neqg Ccepeuemnp aekeu ,..c3eme3sefPdeopPem
-a mTurr -T3emsTaTnbdeoppem
ex 4r3s1 ppeoeueu aemap'ppoanavq4 2,T3emsTaeprdeuppe
eg mTuer ertemselTadeoTqoe
4 ccopled ppaqwemnae aese,:4? 14edse3sdeue4
3 mTuer epedselszdeit

LESSON XXXVI
Dialogue - Cuento
MX VOLUNTARIOJJ TATA JUANARUW CEBAD JAWK'AN YANAPI1

2
Voluntario: Tata Juan, cawquirus uca lawanac apt'at sarascte
3
Tata Juan: Qhaya pamp cebad jawkleriw sarasct tata, jumasti?
V.: Nayajj juman utam jutascgygta.
TJ: Ay ucaw tata, nayajj janiw jutanam yatcHygtti, yatiriscHygt
ucajj janiw cebad jawk'er sarquiriscgygtti.
V: Waliquisquiw tata, antisas nayajj jumarojj cebad jawk'afi
yanapafi munsma, sarascadgn tata Juan?
TJ: Nayaru?Ay tata, cebad jawleanajj wali ch'amaw tata, uqhgmarus

jakenacajj ufich'uquipjjetaspawa --gringompiw tata Juanajj
yanapayasi --sasa.4
V: Janiw jakejj parlcaniti, jin sarafign tata, nayajj ingsctwa.
5
TJ: Uqhgmajj sararillnisay tata, ucatarac kariscasma.
V: Janiw karcHti, nayajj wal cebad jawk'afi yatekafi munta.

Janiw tata, pasir phajjsejj nayajj tata Andresaruw yap luran
yanapta, janiw karjquituti.... Jichhtlrojj janiw cuna
luranajjas utjquiti.
TJ: Sarafign tata, aca lawanac apafi yanapt'it tata.
(Voluntariomp Juanampejj cebad jawk'apjje)
6
TJ: Jawklan kalltafign tata.
V: Waliquiw tata, cuna sutinis aca lawajja?

7
Hanacajj aca lawarojj --jawk'gna --sap jjtwa. Jawk'afia
TJ:
satawa. Juman marcaman jawlegnajj utjaraquiti?
V: Ay tata... nanacajj marcajjanjj maquinampiw jawk'apjjta, janiu
amparamp jumanacjam jawklapcti.8
TJ: Ilayajj uca maquin alasid munirista, ucampis kollkew jan
utjquiti, wall car8pachajjaya. Inas jutir marajj alaschi.
V: Jis tata, ucampis jumatejj alasifi munapinismajja, mg urojj

jawk'an maquinamajj utjaspawa. Aca cebadajj sumaua.
Cawqhans aljata?
TJ: Achacachir aljiriw apt, uca kollkempejj wawanacajjataquiw
machak isinac alI, ucat jupanacarojj m1 suma regalo churg.
Aqhgmaw jawk'afiejj tata...
V: Ah, wali chlamas1...10

1
TJ: Ucajj tata, niy cebad arcunac tucuntjjtanwa, karjpachgtamwa..
V: Janiw wal karjquituti.
TJ: Samareangn tata, acajj manklajj mank'easingni...

(Voluntariomp tata Juanampejj marojj wal trabajapjje)

411
LESSON XXXVI - Dialogue
NOTES
1 jawklana 'to thresh'
2 uca lawanac apt'at 'with those.sticks' (lit. carrying those sticks').
Besides functioning as passive participles, verb forms in -.4-a nay alp,'
serve as active particles.
3 p_a_ati.a 'pampa, plain' (cf. Spanish pampa)
4 unchluauina 'to look at, watch.'

"ak.L.enaca'iunch.iletaspawa 'the men can see me.'
gastaz 'he allows himself to be helped.
5 ucatarac kariscasma 'Imtch that you not the out.' (infinitive

karisina). The optative is often used to denote care, attention.
optative is equivalent to the negative potential/conditional Without
the negative suffix Ucatarac 'by (means of) that'.
6 kalltafia 'to begin'
7 jak'gfia 'threshing instrument'
8 maquina 'machine' (cf. Spanish mgauina)

1....a'ulTlIsiEra 'like you'. The suffix -lama, with elision of the prece::imr,
vowel, also has the meaning 'like.'
The suffix (-diama- may also be preceded by the suffix -r(u)'to'
e.g. iiwasaij wajchanaeariamapijtanwa 'we are' like orphans'
jiwasaji wajskanacjamarjjtanwa
9 rtga,22 (ri:iabi) 'gift' (cf. Spanish regalq).
10 The suffix -s1 indicates exclamation.
11 arcu 'pile of unthreshed barley'

412
LESSON XXXVII - Quimsa tune pakallkonir lecciona
amuyasifia darse cuenta to realize

arnakana (ru) gritonear to call to
azot'ina ( azut'ina) (ru) azotar to whip
Cu" vez (one) time
ke chuyma sobrio sober
horasapana a tiempo on time
jakonucuna (ru) botar to throw out
jaysalia (ru) aceptar to accept, agree
jawsana (ru) liamar to call
munana querer, amar to love

nuwana (ru) pegar to hit
sareafia (ru) visi.tar to visit

ttikena (ru) renir to quarrel, wrangle
umata borracho drunk
warariiia (ru) gritar to shout
wayunucuna (ru) botar (de las manos) to throw out (with the
bands)(people, e
objects)
Grammar - Suma parlatiataoui
I. Dubitative present with pronominal objects: endings are attached to the

verb stem.
I' to you
'you' -sma (= 1st sing. punctual with
pronominal object)
'him' -sta (= 1st sing. dubitative) i
'you' (pl.) -(apjj)-sma (= 1st pl. punctual
with pronominal objects)
'them' -sta (= 1st sing. dubitative)
I I
'you' singular to me - chista
'him' -sta (= 2nd sing. dubitative)

-1
'us' (pl.) -(apjj)-chista
'them' - sta (= 2nd sing. dubitativc)
'he' to 'me' -chitu

you
'you' 7:q94
'him' 'chi (= 3rd .".ag ,lubitatliva)

LESSON XXXVII - Grammar
'us' (dual) -ebistu

'us' (dual Pl.) -(9Ajj)-chistu
'us' (pl.) -(apii)-chitu
'you' (pl.)
'them' -ippjj)-chl (= 3rd pl. dubita-'
tive)
(dual) to 'him' -stan (= 1st dual dubitative)

'them' -(ErLia!::sazl (= 1st dual (pl.)
dubitative)
'we' (dual pl.) to 'him' 1st dtial pl.

dubitative)
'them' ist dual pl.
dubitaticre)
we to you
'you' (= 1st pl. punzt-:al
with pronominal object)
'him' -(Apii)-sta (= 1st pl. dubita-
tige)
'you' (pl.) -(a21-!)-3ma (= 1st with

pronominal objecLa)
'them' -(mit)-sta (4,== 1st pl. dub-;_ta-
ti7e)
'you' (pl.) to I
me I -(apjj)-chista
'him' -(apj j) -sta (= 2nd pl. dubita-
tive)
'us' (pl.) -(ARii)MS111115A

'them' -(apii)-sta. (= 2nd pl. dubita-
tive)
'they' to 'we' (mil) AjALI

'you' -(apii)-stam
'him' - (ARin-chi (= 3rd pl. dubita-
tive)
'us' (dual) - (EptiTc-chista

'us' (eual pl.) -(aPjj)-chistu
'us' .01
'you' (pl.) -(apil)-stam
'them' (= 3rd pl. dubita-
tive)

LESSON XXXVII - Grammar
II. Negative forms require the insertion of the discontinuous negative

-c...ti with !an: Jan churcsmati, etc. The plural infix in the
negative is 7.42-: jan shurapcsmati, etc.
Uhen the subject is 'we' (pl.) and the object 'him/them,' the last
vowel is elided before the negative -ti: jan jaysapcstti. The ending
-sta with a 1st person subject only ('I' to 'him/them') is replaced by
-sti in the negative (not -stati; -stati is the form for the 2nd person
subject).
III. -jjata 'concerning, about': requires elision of the preceding vowel.

e.g. uywanacjjat 'about animals'
jarcitat 'about the village'
IV jan amuvasis: 'without realizing.' Present active participles after

jan 'not, without' are formed by replacing the infinitive ending by -sa:
e.g. inas_ialiamuasistu 'perhaps they bit me without
realizing it.'
It is not necessary to insert a negative infix in the participle.
(Ebbing also lists such participles with a negative infix. The
differences are not clear. Perhaps if the main verb is negative, then a
negative infix would be expected in the participle as well (added to
the verb stem):
e.g. inas i,_Iyascas'anianant nuwapcchituti 'perhaps they didn't hit me
without realizing it.' The problem requires further research.)
V. -na in the meaning of 'time when': maran(a) 'in a year'

e.g. na maran utajj luranani 'we will build the house in a year.'
In this construction, -ta can also be used:
and marat utajj luratiani.
VI. Addition of -guiri- /-cori-/-curi- (also -iri-/ -ori-/ -uri-) to the
verb stem creates a verb phrase meaning 'who is - - -'; the forms are
always the object of a verb:
e.g. Marcar sarir unjapjjtwa 'We saw him (while he was)
going to the village'. .
The subject of a verb in -(au)iri- is not the same as that of the mai1
verb. When the subject of -(s.92isi- 5.s the sar,e thL, of the main

415
LESSON XXXVII
verbs participles in -sisa are used instead (attached. to,tbein4initiv.T.

The suffixes -par(u) and -nach(a) may be attached to the verb foigm).
e.g. apianacaliiumanicar inas iachauirparT7ayunucupjjatam
'Perhaps they threw you *out (while you were) crying'.
Ea..tali impanacar inas wararcuirDach jareksta
'Perhaps I screamed at them (while they were) drunk'.
Substitution Drill - l!asa arunac uscuiia
M. Nayajj jumar inas t'ant' chursma.

E. Nayajj jumar inas t' ant' chursma,
jupajj nayar
E. Jupajj nayar inas t' ant' churchitu.
M. jumajj nayar
E. Jumajj nayar inas t' ant' churchista.
M. ques aljchista
E. Jumajj nayar inas ques aljchista.
IL nanacajj jumanacar
E. Nanacajj jumanacar inas ques aljapjjsma.
E. Jumanacajj nanacar inas ques aljapjjchista.
E. Jupanacajj iumanacar inas ques aljapjjstam.
M. jachquirpar wayunucupjjstam
E. Jupanacajj jumanacar inas jachquirpar wayunucupjjstam.
N. jiwasajj jupar
E. Jiwasajj jupar inas jachquirpar wayunucstan.
E. Jupanacajj nanacar inas jachquirpar vayunucupjjchitu.
nayajj jupanacar
E. Nayajj jupanacar inaq jachquirpar wayunucsta.
M. wararquirpach jareksta
E. Nayajj jupanacar inas wararquirpach jareksta.
M. nanacajj jumar

MOSSY' IIAXXX - uoT1n4T3scinS TTTaa
-a /enquart aymnp smut wydaTnbaviem -vmspcdmiarep

'N Pcepeuesemg avoruudric
6g fproeuesvmTf aepeuednp smut goudaTnbauxem .uelscpuNpaup
1q PryAeN xemq mit Temetionc vmsluoiT
.g ccekem aumq smut zummionc .vmsTepaT
/4 predlic atIvu
fa rcudnf avAeu smut 4vccetionf n4TwaroaT
ccemnp auAeu
-a prumnr lekeu smut Tecpetionc ..e3splozepaT
i4 warm Em Ono lies e4sTqp1
.a Cpemnr aulteu suuT uviem Em 4no B1sTtiollivs
14 cceovueu ishoeuumnp
.2 gpaeueN avamemq seat uvivtu Hm Ono semsccdelues
ccupeuemnp aupeueu
21 cruovuemnr avorueu sent mama Hm via u4spi3cpullaus
Cpouuednp aupeuumnp
-a prpovuudnr aeoeuemnp suuT ueiem Hm Ono melscpyilaus
'N tpudlumn smut mulsUdennu
g ffeoeuedrif avopuemnp smut wedlumn me4sffdemnu
14 ccesemTp ard4
H ccesemu audnr scut wedTemn uelsmnu
g ccuouuednc aeopuvu
-a cPaaeuedur avovueu sent tord4ymn n4Ttlogdnmnu
34 prekeu avoeuednp
-a ppekeN zuouuednp smut tpudTemn .elsmnu
'N vftem NTT04 v4sOkem
-a leovueducTrekem seat yftea ATToA .elsokem
4 ppeouueu aemnp
-a ppepuuem avmnr sent rftea NIT0A .ewsUdellAum
14 preaeuesumTp aupeuminc
'a ppouuesemT1 aeoBuedrq smut ecTum TET0A Pue4s4des4Aum
g ppekell aemq smut uec T3emsodeueA
.g ccedieN aymnp smut uec epemsodeuvA

417
LESSON XXXVII - Substitution Drill
I. jupajj nayar
E. Jupajj nayar inas jan yanapcchituti.
M. jamajj nayar
Jumajj nayar inas jan yanapcchistati.
He achicchistati
E. Jumajj nayar inas jan achicchistati,
E. Nanacajj jumanacar inas jan achicapcsnati.
E. Jumanacajj nanaaar inas jan achicapcchistatie
E. Jupanacajj jumanacar inas jan achicapcstamti.
M. jakonucupcstamti
E. Jupanacajj jumanacar inas jan jakonucupcstamti.
jiwasajj jupar
E. Siwasajj jupar inas jan jakonvccstantie
M. nayajj jupanacar
E. Nayajj jupanacar inas jan jakonuccstti.
M. umat arnakcsti
E. Nayajj jupanacar inas jan umat arnakcsti.
M. nanacajj jumar
E. Nanacajj jumar inas jan umat arnakapcsmati.
E. Jiwasanacajj jupanacar inas jan umat arnakapcstanti.
E. Nanacajj jumanacar inas jan umat arnakapcsmati.
M. Nayajj jumar inas jan chawll churcsmati.
E. Nayajj jupar inas jan chawll churcsmati.
U. jupajj nayar
E. Jupajj nayar inas jan chawll churcchituti.
M. jumajj nayar
E. Jumajj nayar inas jan chawll churcchistati.
M. kollk mayecchistati

8117
NOSS3'I IIAXXX uoT4n4T4sqns TiTaa
.3 ffemnr avAeu seat uef WITcl 'TTelsT110313Aum

H fpepeuvu avcreuemnf
.a ffeovueN avovuemnp sent uvf ITIoN eTTemszdeillem
14 ppepeuemnf avoeueu
3. pfuovuemnr avoeuvu sent uuf VET011 eTaeasploodeolem
N pfepeuednp avoeuumnf
'a ffeoeuedni avoruemnf sent trec l'['[01 T4mulsodeokem
lemn Tweasodeleme
.3 ffeoeuednr avovuemnp seuT upp Temn .pmelsodexeme
'N ffusemg avdnf
a ffesemTr audnp suuT uef leum fluelsoAeuie
N ppeovuednp avoeueu
.a fpoeuednr seuT.aeoeueu uef lemn .T1n4Ttioadelleuae
xt ffeAvu aeoeuednf
'a ffeleg aeovuednf seuT iref TOM T4solieuxe
avolo mAntio psomnu

.3 pfeAuN aweuednf seuT uvf avolo mAnto .T3somnu
ffuovueu aemnp
.3 ffuovueN aumnp scut uef vamp mAntio .T3emsodennu
'N ffeoeuesemTf avoeuednf

.3 fpeovuesemu avoeuednf scut uuC availlo mAntio Tlue4sodemnu
TA ffeArN aemnf seuT wedaTnbaexem .emsonunAem
ppeAeN aumnf sent wedaTnbaeaem -emsonunAva
fpeoeueu aeovuemnf
.3 ppepeueN aeovuemnp smut wedaTnbleaeA emsffdnonunAem
14 uup
53 ffuovueN aeoeuemnf scut uuf goudaTnbauaem .pumsodnonunAem
N dull puleuvani Tlemsodeoppe
fpeoeueN avoyuumnf seuT uvf dull peaeueanT TlemsodeoTtioe
ppeovuemnf avoeuvu
a pfeaeuemnr aeovueu suet imp drA peleuvani .T4e4sTwodeoppy
II . elsplopfdeoppe
.3 pfeoeuemnr avoeuvu sent dell ov3vgvanT elsploffdeoppe

':1
LESSON XXXVII - Substitution Drill
H. jupanacajj jut anacar

E. 'Jupanacajj jumanacar leas yap luranatac achicapjjstam.
M. jan wal!pan jakonucupjjstam
E. Jupanacajj jumanacar inas jan walipan jakonucupjjstam.
jiwasajj jupanacar
E. Jiwasajj jupanacar inas jan walipan jakonucstan.
E. Jupanacajj nanacar inas jan wal!pan jakonucupjjchitu.
M. nayajj jupanacar
E. Nayajj jupanacar inas jan walipan jakonucsta.
M. jayrgpan azot'sta
E. Nayajj jupanacar inas jay gpan azot'sta.
M. nanacajj jumar
E. Nanacajj jumar inas jayrgpan azot'ipjjsma.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. Nayajj jumaracer inas jayrgpan azot'ipjjsma.
Insert the correct form of churana.
Nayajj jumar inas kollk chursma
Nayajj jupar inas kollk chursta
Nayajj jumanacar inas kollk churapjjsma
Nayajj jupanacar inas kollk chursta
mays' aDA
Jumajj nayar inas mayechista

Jumajj jupar inas kollk ...11aLf.4111.011M mayesta
Jumajj nanacar inas kollk nayeapjjchista
Jumajj jupanacar inas kollk mwammoomlnommem.
mayesta
wad' ana
Jivasajj jupar inas pokot wajjeana
Jiwasajj jupanacar inas pokot 0.1.1= elIONOl.
wajjestan/wajje-
apjjstan

-
mossal IIAXXX uoTandmoD ITTaa
Frepeuesemu audrq smut 3oNod mascpusafTem

Hezeuesumu aeoeuednc smut aolod uuasCpuoccum
equunm
ccednr auAeu smut Miler T434B1. nappunm

ccedni ammiC sruT 6 MTUVP .T4B4041:19A masunm
ffedrif audrq smut 6 mTuec .TaTnbauA Tqounm
Updnr aesumTr scut 6 aTuuf .TaueaoauA n4sTqaunm
ccednr aupeuesemTp scut nasTpCpuunm

T411B43dT4"
ccRdilf 1E321= suuT m 6 MTUVP 'T404124 nappfcdeunm
ppedrif aupeuumnp soul 6 ATUVP T1940#424( meascpeunm
gpedni aupuudnp scut 6 tut TaTnbdTauA TqopCdeunm
geAnauo e
ccepeuem aemnr smut Trum 6 MTUBP vmsrpeAnauo

TapdTseame
ppeoeurN ledric smut ITTOI 6 MTUVP easpCduAnaup
TaodTsulme
quorum aupuumang suuT umscpeAnauo
TvdTsTquA
prepeuem aeoeuednp sent ITT031 6 mTueC eascpuAnaup
TapdTsTleA
UMBI3OST.
crepeuumnf avAeu seuT aerpaem e3STI1Orrde1TOSTc

ccupeuemni ardric soot luppaum eascpulaosTc
ccupeuumnr avosueu smut 3upplum uasploppeapsTp
ppeoeuemnr aupeuudnp smut aupplem eascpuslosTC
uegoTauK e
Frepuuedni auAuu seuT aeffouuumAn naTtioCpulpTauA

Cpeoeuedni aemnr. smut aurrouuemAn meascputiaTleA
rfupeuednr aemq suuT aucCouueriAn TippcdutpTauA
ccupeuednr ausemTp smut augouuemAn nasTprpeppeA /
rpsTqatiolleA
quouuednr asouuesemTC suuT TeUpeuenAn nasploCcduppeA

LESSOO Completion Drill
Jupanacaj laanacar inas uywaLar:jjat /100111.111015.41

y.etichapjjchii:u
Jupanacajj jumanacar inas uywanacjjat yatichapjjstam
Jupanacajj jupanacar inas uyvanacjjat yatichapjjchi
churana
Nayajj jumar inas jan kollk churcsmati
Nayajj juDar inas jan kollk churcsti
Nayajj jumanacar inas jan kollk churapasmati
Nayajj jupanacar inas jan kollk churcsti
mayttana
Jumajj nayar inas jan kolik mayttcchistati
Jumajj jupar inas jan kolik mayttcstat4
Jumajj nanacar inas jan kellh mayt'apcchistati
Jumajj jupanacar inas jan kollk mayttcszati
iawsana
Jupajj nayar inas jan jewssch.;:tuti

IMINOOMOISIMN.M1
Jupajj jumar inas jan jawsctamti
Jupajj jupar inas jan jawscchiti
Jupajj jiwasar inas jan jawscstuti
Jupajj jiwasanacar inas jan 011no jawsapcchistuti
Jupajj nanacar inas jan jawsapcchituti
Jupajj jupanacar inas jan j awsapcstamti

01140.11.1.00,...414.0.0aummommOdrwinsiMO.1
Jupajj jupanacar inas jan 11./.IIIMMIMIIIMVINNINVIMeNIIMIIIIO

jawscchiti
ERidtlgia
Jiwasajj jupar inas jan pokot wajjecstanti
Jiwasajj jupanacar inas jan pokot waj j t t cs taut iiwaj j t -
apcStanti
Jiwasanacajj jupar inas jan pokot wajjt'apcstanti
Jiwasanacajj jupanacar inas jan pokot . wajjttarcstanti
taxsafia
Nanacajj jumar inas jan jaysapcsmati
Nanacajj jupar inas jan jaysapcstti
Nanacajj jumanacar inas jan jaysapcsmati
Nanacajj jupanacar inas jan jaysapcstti

mossaa IIAXXX TleTdmo3 uo TTTia
euellies
Tlelsploodeslies
ppepeuemnr aekeu scut ueC ueduseloq
cCepeuemnf audnc seuT ueC ueduseioq
pelsodesues
Ccepeuumnr aeoeueu scut uep uedeselog Tlelsploodesurs
peoeuemnf lepeuednF scut ueC uedeselog pelsodellies
euemnu
naTtioppemnu
Cpeoeuednr avAeu scut ueC sTseAnwe
CCepsuedni aulanC scut u8C sTseAnwe melscCdemnu
Ttioffdemnu
PCepeuednr audnC scut ueC sTsuAnme
-Cpiemnuin4svpmnu
CPeoeuednr lesemTC sent ueC sTsuAnue n4sTtio
Cpeopurdnf aeoeuesemTf scut uec ueC sTseAnwe

ppeAnu n4spl3
n4Ttopplemnu
CCepeuednr leaeueu seuT ueC sTsuAnme
me4sCCdemnu
rpeoeuedni aeoeuemnr scut ueC 6TseAnme
ploppiemnu
CCe3euednr aezeuednp SHUT lief' sTseAnure
emsintp
CpekeN aumnp suuT pelemeTe4 xuol 4(Wnlro)
mTueC floselme
easTvintio
Ccemnf auAeu seuT Deleffele4 uTol 4(eueingo)
mTuer -poselme
n4Tipantlo
Ccednr xuAeu seat aeloapaa xTIox '(fileanip)
mTuep T3Tnbselme
uelsinip
gesumTr aednC smut peledezel ATTol 6(eueintp)
mTuer -Flue4oselme
rcepeuesemu aeoeuednr seuT pe4e4n uTmeTeo
g(eueslAvu) mTuep 0T4uulDdTseame uelsgdellitem
Cceoeuem avaeuemnc smut oulemeoeueTTC

Imp=
oeuTsT f.(eUeinuo) mTuec TvdTseure umsCpeintp
TiTtiono
freaeumunf xelteu seat tfanqb pezepTiegb
g(euellAem) mpreC al/oselme
Cpuilkem e4sTt3
ppezeuednf aeoeuemnr scut tionqb peTeuTieqb

me4sgde1altem
6TEITIA-Triffi)TIN0n3 mTuer T4TnbdTselme
'A uyeAnzeo
CCetimou Nekeu aumnp scut IMP CaAO pewspAnlep
T4e4sTtioDAnze3
CCetplou Ccemnp leAvu scut uec PAO
pue3so4n4ep-
getimpu CCesemTC aupeued4 smut uup paAo

L
LESSON XXXVII - Completion Drill
yenapana
EasUrojj nanacajj jupar inas jan yap luran yanapapcsti
MasErojj jumanacajj nayar inas jan yap lurafi yanapapcchistati
MasErojj jupanacajj nanacar inas jan yap lurad yanapapcchituti
MasErojj jupajj jupanacar inas jan sum (_hami.iiiis). chuymjapcchiti

Fayriirojj jiwasanacajj jupanacar inas jan
(chuymtapp). chuymjapcstanti
VI. munafia
Nayaj j jumar jichhajj inas , janiw amuyascti. munsma
Jumajj nayar jichhajj inas , janiw munchista

amuyascti.
Jiwasajj jupar jichhajj inas , janiw inuns tan
amuyasctanti.
tokena
Jupajj jumar jichhajj Inas janiw tokstam
amuyasctati.
Jiwasanacajj jupanacar jichhajj inas , tokepjjstan
janiw amuyasipctanti.
Nanacajj jumanacar jichhajj inas , janiw tokepjjsma
amuyasipcti.
Jumanacajj jupar jichhajj inas , janiw tokepjjsta
amuyasquiti.
Jupanacaj j nayar jichhajj inas (chuvmiafia), janiw 'chuymjapjjchitu

amuyascti.
Questions and Answers - Jisceananacampi ivaw sadanacamni
M. Jumajj nayar inas kollk churchistati?

E. Jisa, nayajj inas jumar kollk chursma.
M. Jiwasajj jupar inas pokot wajjestanti7
E. JMsa, jiwasajj inas pokot wajjestan.
Jupajj jumar inas munstamti?
E. Jisa, jupajj inas t.ayar munchitu, janiw yatcti.
Jumanacajj inas kollk catuyapcbistati?
E. Nanacajj inas jumar kollk catuyapjjsma, janiw amtasipcti.
Lk....w.,,,,................12'r-1_.2:..-
Nossaa Halm -
uopeTdmoo Tula
N CCepuuumnr scut aultuu luCparm 1,T3u3splogcluoosTC

.a 'usu. rpouuuu zumnp scut 2ucCoiem .umsgpuslosTC
.N Cruouuednr smut 3uCCoeuumAn LT3mu3sCputiopuA
.2 'usu. CCupuuudrIC au/Wu scut lufforuumAn naTtiodutioTleA
'N CCumnr audnp suuT Triol 1,T3u3soArm
4ussr CCukuu scut audtIC u3solum
'N Ccedur =uric suuT uuC LT3uu3sosmuC
.a 'usu. rCedric luicuu smut uur -T3n3TposmuC
'N CpuTpu aukeu cputanc soul uur LT4u4sTvounm
'emTuur ffeiteu aumnf CCutitipTC soot -umsunm
CpumnpuTei aukuu oueo LT3u2sTantp
a set!' emsantio
.N 4-emum CfucinC aumnr Aostio LTamelintio
.2 soul n3Ttpantip
,1 goapad u3u3 qesoTau0 aupuuumnC drum cpmulgduantlo
.a suui -n3T43CCduantio
'N rCupeuudnr aupuuumnp zuumpuod LT3me3CCdeinip
soul 112Ttipprdeingo
N. fpeouuudnr IB3BUVU Tsbn outworn. cpnlappeCTu
.2 seta me3scCduCTe .
'N CCupeuesumTr auzuuudnC Trrol cpue3CCduoccum
Suul uulsCcduoCCum
ffedrir ausemTC pus:Lao LT4n3sTo6vm
.a suui Inasplookem
14 CCesumTr =Inc Cpansum zfluu3Crinu
.2 suui uu3sgmnu
Ccupeuednr aupeueu elgos ouueuTnbT cculleCpTueLedu

.2 sea' smulsCpTuuliedu
Ur/Cum aumnr opium LTzemsoffum

semi .u3spipoCCum
uweN 'uTaulq cpuovuednC ccoausem aukuu LT3n3aCcdemnu
'a suui melsffdemnu
u3eI 'ozueioi CCuouuumnf aukeu .TI.u4saCCdumnu
soul umspiumnu

LESSON XXXVII
Dialogue - Cuento
TATA LUCASAJJ CHHIJCHHI JARQ'IR TATAMPIV PAR&

Tata Lucasajj ma estancianjj jilir jakewa. Jupajj wal llaquisi, cunalay--w-
cutejj sapa maraw chhijchhejj yapunac apsuwayi.2 iichha marajj Lucasaruu
wact'i chhijchhi jarq'ir thakafiapataqui.3 z a albatasti Lucasajj
jarq'irin utap sari. Uca tatan sutipajj Jaime satanwa.
Lucas: Tata... tata... mama,.. mama...

Jaime: Qhitisa?
rayat tata, nayaquIp7 visitasir jutta, vsiteanYmay tata. Nayaw
aca albat sarnakascta.
J: Ah, tata Lucasjaracatasa, cunarurac aca albat sarnaktasti:
L: Ay tata Jaime, juyranacaij wali sumapiniw jichha marajja. UcampL;
tatanacajj wal llaquisipjje. PalUruw jupanacajj tantachasipjjc,
ucatsti chhijchhi jarq'ir tat thalzanan sapjjewa. Jichhajj rayajj
ucaruw jutta, yanapeapjjetay tata Jaime, jumajj yatstajjayno
J: Ay ucaw tata, nayajj aca urunacajj janiw inUcti, janiw tiempojj
utjquituti, jan ucajj yanaptbasiristwa. Chuquiag sarafiajjawa.
L: Mira, tat suma, jan uqhamamti.
J: Ucapi, camacharaquinanisti?
L: Pasir semanajj chhijchhejj cebad apsuwayi. Wawanacajj wal
wararipjjana, jakenacas ughamaraquiw nin phuchhapjjana waif
arnakasisa --Kollur saram achachila, Lollur saram achadaila --
sasina.4
J: Jisay, nayas uctirojj wal ilawuista. Ughamajj nayaw yanapa?ijama.
Sapaquiw nayajj inciensomp phuchhasta.5 Jakenac munapjjchi
ucqhajja, nayajj yanapeapjjamawa. Cunapechataquirac munapjjesti
L: Kharayp'utaquiw munapjje, cunanaca alapjjeristjje
J: Liamp'u, kawra sullu, wanc'u kallunaca, coca, color papela,
alcohola, color t'awra, take ucanaca.6
L: Waliquiw tata, nayaw take ucanac alt, arumanthpachaw Chuquiag
sararaquY.
J: Waliquiw uqhMmajj tata Lucasa.
L: Kawkha yauapirs mungtajj tata?
J: Quimsakalikon muna tata, paninejj kotaruw phuchhir apani, 7
paninisti jach'a kolluru, paninejj pamparu, paninisti alayaru.
L: Uqhanmjj nayaw achica kharayp'utac tata. Waliquiw tata, jichhajj
sara.
J: Waliquiw tata, jiquisificamay tata.

LESSON XXXVII- Dialogue
NOTES
1 chhijchhi 'hailstorm'
jasqlaiia 'to intercept, impede'
IP 1
chhijsniisn'iri 'one who is in charge of intercept5ng or preventing
hailstorms'
2 muyafia 'carry off' (in this context,'to ruin')
3 waceafia 'to fall to one's lot'
4 nina 'fire'
phuchhafia (also phichhafia) 'to burn piles of dead grass, etc.'
achachila 'evil spirit' (cf. achila, achachila 'grandfather')
5 incienso (incinso) 'incense'; cf. Spanish incienso.
6 llamp'u 'uncooked llama fat'

kawra sullu 'llama fetus' (cf. sullca 'younger; a minor')
coca (cuca) 'coca'
e
color (culur) papella 'colored paper' (Spanish loan words combined
according to an Aymara pattern.) Cf. Spanish construction papel
de color.
color (culur) t'awra 'dyed wool.' Cf. Spanish construction lana de color.
7 akya a short form for 'north'; also means 'above, over'

The terms for direction are as follows:
'East' inti-jalsu (lit. 'sunrise'); also ialsu (from jalsufia 'to go
running.')
'West' inti-ialnnta (lit. 'sunset'); also jalanta (from 'to run,
'South' avnach-inti (lit. 'below' + 'sun'); also aynacha

'North' alay tok'e (lit. 'above' + 'direction')

427
LESSON XXXVIII Ouimsa turc quim:eallkonir lecciDnr
Vocabulary - Arunace
ajjsariri timid() shy (person)

alcatana (ru) depositor confianza to place confidence in
en algo something or someone
amuyeayana (ru) dar consejos, orientar to advise
asqui luedwi obra buena good piece of work
casofia (ru) ester prudarte to be prudent
jach'a,jach' tuctiia enorgullecerse to become proud
jach'a big
tucuna to finish, to become
jan casosir imprudente imprudent
liaphi docile
pantjayana (ru) hacer equivocar to cause one to make
a mistake
pantjata error mistake
take chuyma de buena voluntad of good will
ylikata (ru) respetar to respect
Grammar - Suma parlanatagui
1. Future dubitative with pronominal objects endirgs are attached to he

verb stem:
'I'
to you
'you' -chima
'him! -chi(= 1st sing. future dubitative)
'you' (pl.)-(vpii)-chYma (V = infinitive stem
vowel)
'them' -chi (= 1st sing. future dubitative)
Iv you' to 1
me 1 -chitilta
'him' -chMta (= 2nd sing. future dubita,-

tive)
'us' (pl.) -(Vpii)-chitUta

'them' -chita (= 2nd sing. future dubita-
tive)
'he' to 'me' -chitani

'you' 791TUA

428
LESSON XXXVIII - Grammar
'him' -chini (= 3rd sing. future dubita-

tive)
'us'(dual) -stani
'us'(dual pl.) - (Vpjj) -stani
'us'(p1.)
'you' (pl.)-(V0i)-chitpa
'them' -(Vgji)-chini (= 3rd plural future
dubitative)
'we' (dual) to 'him' -chiani (= 1st dual future dubita-

tive)
'them' -(Vpjj)*-chiani (=1st dual (pl.)

future dubitative)
'we' (dual pl.) to 'him' -(Vpij)-chin ni (= 1st dual plural

future dubitative)
'them' -(Vpii)-chiani (= 1st dual plural

future dubitative)
'we' (pl.) to 'you' -012iiimshYma

'him' -(yhjj)-chi (= 1st plural future
dubitative)
'you' (pl.)-(VpjA)-chYma
'them' -(Vpjj)-chi (= 1st plural future
dubitative)
'you' (p1.) to 'me' -(ypij)-chitHta

'him' -(Vpij)-chYta (= 2nd pl. future
dubitative)
'us' (p1.) -(V0i)-chitgta

'them' -(Vpij)-chYta (= 2nd pl. future
dubitatIJc)
'they' to 'me'
'you' -0/0:0-chtna
'him' -(Vp1j)-chini (= 3rd pl. future
dubitat:Ive.)
'us'(dual) -(V0i)*-stani
'us'(dual pl.) -(Vpjj)-stani
'us' (pl.) -(Vpjj)-chitani
'you' (pl.)-(Vpjj)-chitoa
'them' (2 2rd plural fut/:.;:e
dubilatli7e)

4 9 r)
LESSON XXXVIII - Grammar
Negative forms require the insertion of the discoutinuous infix

with jja: lasAlisacch2nati. The plural infix in the negative is -Voc-
where V = the infinitive stem vowel): janajdsviati.

III. Forms with the suffix -iii- may function both as nouns and adjectives:
e.g. ImpanastijAnyAlILEAgstriaREELI. 'They are not respected people.'
Imonacajj jach'a jach' tucur lakenacapiitalm. 'They are proui

people.'
IV. asqui lurall. 'good piece of work'

-Vwi (V = infinitive stem vowel) primarily indicates place where the
action takes place (cf. Crammar. , Lesson. XYXI;. A second meaning
custom or habit of doing the action:

e.g. anatawi 'place to place, habit of playing.'
Finally, -Vwi, in a few cases, seiveb to form a passive participe
(-ta is far more productive in this capacity)';
lurawi 'done, made'
2E.IL1247ipa 'his education, Instru,:tion'
A. Nayajj jupar inas jakonucchi.

L. Nayajj jupar inas jakonucchi.
M. jupajj nanacar
E. Jupajj nanacar inas jakonucupjjchitani.
A. jumajj nanacar
E. Jumajj nanacar inas jakonucupjjchitata.
M. azot'ipjjchittta
E. Jumajj nanacar inas azoeipjjchitgta.
E. vTiwasanacajj jupanacar inas azoeipjjehingni.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. I:ayajj jumanacar inas azoeipjjchNa.
M. lupajj jumanacar

0E17
mossal IIIAXXX - uoT2nlpscinS ITTaa
ccedni aupeuumnp smut edlpioccdTslozm

N edlyloppdelesPe
Ppednf aeoeuumnc seuT sudapoccdulescce
.N Ueoeueu auouuumnp
CfeDeueN aeoeuemnp spuT .emplorpeausrce
'N ffeoeuetunp avoeueu
cruovuumni avoeueu smut sulnaTtioppeaescp

N fTesumTf audnr
.a cCusenTr audnc smut TunuTtpaescpe
'N 2umn TuRuppleuau
*a ccusutaTr audnc seuT Temn eTunuTtioNeuae
`N rcepeuednC ae3eueu
.3 rpeoeuedni aeoeueu suuT lumn Tue2ploccduAeuau
'N Cpednp avAuu
qednr avAeu smut 2emn TuelTimuule
am ppeSum armnp seuT Ppanautm -emyloskep
'a cpageg aumnC scut Ccoanaeqx iumplosAup
-N [Ter:Inc aeoeueu
pedni aeorueu seuT ffoanaexpi TuvaTtiocCdpskeC
i4 CCepeuedng aypeuemnp
ppeoeuednr avoeuemng seuT Cfoanaum .me2plopplesliec
pCuelem mulivloppeleore
Cpeoeuednr aeoeuemnp seuT ffuvaem .m.e2414aCcdelene
14 cCepeuesemg aeoeued4
-a Ue3euesemu aupeuednp smut Crueaem TuRuTtioffde2epie
cpukeu aupeuumnp
-a ffekeN aypeuemnr seuT CCueaem symylocCdeTene
'N cpeolnc aupeuemnp
-a qudnf araeuem4 ccueaem, seuT --ed2isqaccdelepie
lg ffunanose seuT ud4yloccdulalA

-a rrminf aeoeuemq !:cueTenose seuT .ed2zgarpenflA
g crepeueu aeoeuemnr
-a fpoutlem aupullemnf crucIanaso seuF ..emagarrdunN4

421
LESSON XXXVIII - Substitution Dell
E. Jumanacajj nanacar escuelanjj inas ygkapjjchitgta.
M. jiwasajj jupar
E. Jiwasajj jupar escuelanjj inas yUkchifigni.
M. fiieut mururchingni
E. Jiwasajj jupar escuelanjj inas fiic'ut mururchifigni.
M. jupanacajj nanacar kharayp'ojj
E. Jupanacajj nanacar kharayp'ojj iras escuelanjj fiic'ut mururapjj-
chitani.
M. jupaj j nayar
E. Jupajj nayar kharayp'ojj inas escuelanjj nic'ut mururchitani.
M. Nayajj jupar inas jan yanapcchYti.
E. Nayajj jupar inas jan yanapcchiti.
M. jupajj nanacar
E. Jupajj nanacar inas jan yanapapcchitaniti.
M. jumajj nanacar
E, Jumajj nanacar inas jan yanapapcchitgtati.
M. cuchill mayeapcchitgtati
E. Jumajj nanacar loos jan chuchill mayeapcchitgtati,.
N. jiwasanacajj jupanacar
E. Jiwasanacajj jupanacar inas jan cuchill mayeaucchifigniti.
M. nayajj jumanacar
E. Nayajj jumanacar inas jan cuchill mayeapcchYmati.
M. jupajj jumanacar
E. Jupajj jumanacar inas jan cuchill mayeancchYtamti.
M. asc lorapcchitamti
E. Jupajj jumanacar inas jan asc lurapcchYtamti.
N. nenacajj jumaracar
E. Nanacajj jumanacar inas jan asc lurapcchYmati.
E. Jumanacajj nanacar inas jan asc lurapchitgtati.
M. jiwasajj jupar
E. Jiwasajj jupar inas jan asc lurnchifigniti.
H. take chuym alcatcelifigniti

ZVI
NOSSTI IIIAXXX - uoT4n4T3sqns luau
a pfesemf iednr seuT uvr alel mAntio T4TuRyT4polvore
rpovuednc aeoutleu
'a Cceoeuednr avoeueu suuT tzeC aNe4 micrap Tnuelppodelexce

14 CcednC avAeu L
cCednr aeAvu seuT uer 0)1E44 mAntia T4Tue4Ttrap3ene
14 - cCeAeN aednC seuT uer mns -TlimpAvilAnme
CceAvN avdriC seuT ueC mns TlisqopAvilAnme
Cpednp avoeueu
'a ppednr avoeueu seuT uvC mns .T4Tuv3ploodvAvoAnme
-11 cCepeuemnp avoeueu
ppeovuumnr aeprueu seuT C ue mns .TleapploodeAvilAnme
-14 avolo Tlelpppodevuie
mAntio Imp
preovuemni AVOEUVU seuT walla mAngo ueC .T4v4H3Tgoode4euie

14 CpuovuesemTp avoeued4
'a CCepeuesemTr avoeuednp seuT allostio mAntio uvp sT3TuRuppodelvuie
ppeAvu xepeuemnp
ppeAvn avoeuemnp seuT avitio mAntio uvp sTlemAquodelemie
14 CpudnC avoeuemnp
pCudnr avovuemnp seuT op amp mAntio uLC T4mezypode4euxe
uep Tnbsv 4vCCovuTmilinT TamentloodeAT4vA
sa CCednr avoeuemnp seuT urP Tase lepCovuTmninT .T4melypodvAT4vA
N geovueu aupeuemq
Cpeoeuvm avoeuemnp seuT uep Tnbse leCppeuTmHanT .T4vmyloodeAT4vA.
Cpuovuemnp avoeuvu
Cprovuemnr avovueu seuT ueC Tase TeppovuTmRInT T3v4N4Ttl3odeATIRA
14 ppesumTC audnC
a presemu iednr seuT uep -mine 48CCoeuTmHani T4TuBuTtiozAT4vA
deA peleuvani muguppoppe
ea CCesemTr audnp smuT uec deaf oulevani .T4TuRuppoppe T
Cpeovuednp avaeuvu
a prepeuedni lepeueu smuT uvC deA peleuvanI T4TuulTtp3deDpipe
14 CrednC IvAvu
.a ppedni leAvu seuT treC deA ovqvueanT T3TuV1Ttpoppe e

Nossari IIIAXXX - uoT7013TIsqnS TIT:a
CCoinium CCeAeu seuT iednc xqpzesCre

rce4uu.CCoinauqx seT iedric %-vioaesCce
creprueu aydnr
proinarqx ccupeueu seuT audnc wipprdexescce
uec
Ccoglieqx crupeueu sent uec iedric .TaBoodelescre
irolnivu
ccoailieqx lCemnp avoeueu

seat urC eT3r3N3Tqoodearsfra
Tle41.11.Tupode,ideUeA
Ccoanaeqx ffemng scut 4eavueu C uE -T4a4R3modeildeue4
ccoandanc crepauessmTr aeoeuednc
ppoindinr CcepauesamTp arpeuednr seuT Cer .TaTupploodeodeueA
TupploppeodeueA
Ccoandanr crepeuesemTg arovuednc sauT 2TuNuTqaccdpi4deuel.
'N rceAeu aezeuemnp
rcoandinr cracteu aeoeuemric scut -emIT4cda,3dareA
"N rcadric isoruwwng
a croand;nr rgedni avommunc scut .mul.wpi:cdealdeuW:
'N elsaqd uoram Arran seat ue44qopCdainqo
'a Croladinr CCedn; :momlemur scut exseqd
uoium InTox .1.13.elpprplainqo
'N frueivir ccepeueu aypeuemnp

62,r [Tue.xell Ueoeueu avaeuemq seuT elsaqd uoITTm %um' useazqoUdainvo
uer
.a ffueieN cCepaueu aypeuemq seuT use: misaqd uomm :11-p=i Tleurpozdeantp
14 . fcypeuednC ABOVUEU
ucruum Arm. -Tqozduanqo
.a CcuriaN Creaeuedric aupeueu seuT uac exsaqd
T4Tuel
'11 PresamTp iedriC
uorum )1-awl qp sT4TuRuppoan
a qtre.rqvi rcesemTP aedric seuT uuC elsaqd

LESSON XXXVIII
churana
Inas nayajj jumar kollk churchima
Inas nayajj jupar kollk churchY
Inas nayajj jumanacar kollk churapj j chima
Inas nayajj jupanacar kollk churchl
6
may t ana
Inas jumajj nayar kollk mayOchitHta
Inas jumajj jupar kollk mayttchita
Inas jumajj nanacar kollk mayeapjjchiata
Inas jumajj jupanacar kollk mayechYta
yanapafia
Jupajj inas nayar yap luran - yanapchitani
Jupajj inas jumar yap lurafi yanapchitpa
Jupajj inas jupar yap lurafi yanapchini
Jupajj inas jiwasar yap lurafi yanapstani
Jupajj inas jiwasanacar yap luran yanapapjjstani
Jupajj inas nanacar yap luraii yanapapjjchitani
Jupajj inas jumanacar yap luran yanapapjjchitpa
Jupajj inas jupanacar yap luran yanapapjj chini.
ircataria
Jiwasajj inas jupar juchapat ircatchiflani

Jiwasajj inas jupanacar juchapat ircatchifigniarcatal,-
jjchiani
Jiwasanacajj inas jupar juchapat ircatapjjchiani
Jiwasanacajj inas jupanacar juchapat ircatapjjchiani
laysafia
Nanacajj inas jumar jaysapjjchYma

Nanacajj inas jupar jaysapjjchY
Nanacajj inas jumanacar jaysapjjchima
Nanacajj inas jupanacar jaysapjjchi

NOSS37 IIIAXXX ulTandmoD mac(
ruaynuoilFr
ppypeuemnr suuT arAvu e42Tqappdnanuollep
ppeoeuemnr seuT aednp ezLpfpdnonuollef
pPeoeuemnr seuT aeaeueu p4ITTqoppdmnuollep

ppepeuemnr seuT aeoeuydnp ylypprdflonuollep
E4T140ZE
ppeavuudnr seuT aeiteu TuellTqlppdToozu
ppeoeuednr strut aemnp .../. edayloppdTs4oze
ppepeuedni sum; aednp TuppppdTs4oze

pprosuedu seuT aesemTp -ccdTt3ozeiTue4ssloze
Tue4s
ppepeuednf SBUT 1V3211VSVMTP TuelsppdTooze
pproeuednrMIT XRDEUEU raulTqoppeTslon.
pPeoeuedu MIT avosmemq ed.listpppdTs4oze
ppeaeuedu suuT avoeuednC Tuppr:dTsgoze
yueausqe
seui ppeAeu aemng uep pauTgazaysppy
seyi ppeAeu aydnf uep T47,twaasppe
seta ppekeu lepeumnp uuP TTemwodeaecppy
sell/ ppeAeu aepeuednp uep Tlistmassppe
eUETA112
seu/ ppemnp ayAuu C uE 3emn TTe4114Tgooleuxe
seui ppemnr aednp uep Temn Tle341374euay
sell/ Ppemnp avoeueu Imp Temn ITe3R2Tgo-Jde4uuly
sell/ ppemnp aupeued4 Tier Temn TTe4Ntioodelleuau
U4V133STL
sEUI ppednP aeAula tier ----- T3Tue4TtiozaTzsTp
seui ppednp lump tier T3edlyp000sTP

sEUI ppednp aydnp uep T4TupposlosTp.
sell/ ppednp ausemTp uep T3TuelsosTosTp
seui Ppednp avoeuusymTp tier mus4spdps43sTp.

soul cpEcinc aeoeueu imp muelppodyslosTp

9E47
NOSSH1 IIIAXXX - uoTmdmoD TTTia
seu/ Credne /sometime use -plue4yods,43sTr

suul Cesdne isocuedne use T1TuTtioglosTc
sue.mAntip
ssui eresume iedne use T1TuEuTtp3rm1ntip
mu/ CessemTe isomedne use /T4TuRuppodurmAntio
T4TuRuppormAntio
sell/ resoeussumTr amine uee TaTuRuppodefwAnqo
sett/ CesomessmTe isomedne use T1TuNuppodurmAntio
eires4XeS
fecoeucti suuT use /mune pemstooduslass
CesomeN seuT use ardne Tlypodeoass
Cesomum suuT use isomemnf Tvmpoodsolus
CesomeN seuT uur isomsdne pploodsoiss
sus4stps
resomemnr suuT use 1s4eu
.
TzellimoodeTerpu
Cesomemnr seuT uur ledne T12341130du4ucc1e
eeposumunf seuT UBc imuusu pe4R4T1133dulucc1r
ersoeumunf scut use imeuednr ccie Tau4ppodul1
euekellusd
Cesomedni seuT use av4eu T4Tue4Tpods6erausd
rempuednf seuT use ismnr Tuis4vmdeAsr3ued
CCuosuudnf seuT use assmiTe -luedimuulsolisraued
muu4sodeltep
Ceeosuudnf suuT use ispeuessmTe mus4sodukerausd
resomsdnr sent use imuusu ;:4Tus2Tippds1urlued
Cesomednr seuT uee immemne TwulppodeAsplued

resomednr seuT uer aupylludnp T/TuppodeAsplued
rreAuN seuT isdnr 124 oluem 4(sgs44[4um)

rralmkeTsum nsaAnr usC -T4Tnbr4n
rrumnr sent isdnr isdnr usr glum MI:pot:Tem)
prelnpAsTeuno meiATIC uur -T4Tnbr4n
rpsdni ssuT avAell usf CpanoAsTsunAsus4err1s)
prednr TOuTT smalur
rrssumTr seuT isdnr C us Xeue4s1.4e) cagnoAsTuuno 1.
rCednr nem

437
LESSON XXXVIII - Completion Drill
Jiwesanacajj inas jupanacar jan (ybkana),cuna-, ybkapcchidziniti

laycutejj jupanacajj jach'a jach' tucur jakenacawa
Nanacajj inas jumar jan (72.1aticunalaycutejj ygkapcchYmati
jumajj jach'a jach' tucur jaatawa.
Jumanacajj inas jupar jan (achicafia),cunalay- achicapechitati
cutejj jupajj jan casosir jaket7a.
Jupanacajj inas nanacar jan (achicana),cunalay- achicapcchitaniti
cutejj jupanacajj jan ygkasir jakenacawa.
Fayajj jumar inas (yakada), cunalaycutejj lurg- ylakchTma

wimajj asquiwa.
Jumajj jupar inas (ygkana), cunalaycutejj lurg- ygkchYta
wipajj asquiwa.
Jiwasajj jupanacar inas (alcatafia), cunalaycutejj alcatchifigni
jupanacan kollkepajj utjiwa.
Jiwasanacajj jupar inas (alcatafia), cunalaycute3j alcatapjjchifigni
jupan utapajj jach'awa.
Nanacajj jumar inas (pantigyafia),cunalaycutejj pantjayapjjchYma
nanacajj pisi chuyma jakenacgpjjtva.
jumanacajj nayar inas (antayani),cunalaycutejj punt:;ayapjjchLtace
jumanacajj jach'a j ach' tucur jakenacgpjjtawa.
Jupanacajj jumanacar inas (casoria),cunalaycutefj casopjjchMtpa
jupanacajj jan ajjsarir jakenacawa.
Kharlirojj inas nayajj jumar kollk (c)lurana). churchMma

KhaArojj inas jumajj nayar kollk (chvrana). churchitata
Jurptirojj inas jiwasajj jupanacar usupat (kollana) kollchifigni
Jurptirojj inas jupajj nayar usujjat (kollaia). kollchitani
Nazanjj inas jiwasanacajj jupanacar (mTaulija). yanapapjjchifigni
Maranjj inas nanacajj jumanacar (yanarapa) . yanapapjjchima

Kharayp'ojj inas jumanacajj nayar (arijatafia). arjjatapjjchitgta
Kharayplojj inas jnpanacajj jumar (arilatana). arjjatapjjchMtpa
Questions and Answers - Jisct!.afianacatni iyaw safianagampi
N. Nanacajj inas jumar jakonucupchMmati?

E. nsa, jumanacajj inas nayar jakonucupealtgta.
N. Inas nayajj jan jupar ajjsarchMti?
E. Jisa, inas jumajj jupar.ajjsarchMta.

MOM IIIAXXX - pue.suoTasanb s;:rmsuv Si.17
.N suui ppuAeu audnp ATM LT3Illoang3

.3 gun'. suui ppumnp audnp I1101 133Ploantio
soul pPumnp avAuu 1TToN z-prelnlItizslAem
.3 gusu suui quAuu aumnp ATToN .emppolum
PpusumTr suui ludutionp olTunuTtpleoaT
.3 ppusumTr suui audnp ludegonp .TuRuTtioquoaT
*TA ppeouuuN suui aupuuumnp olumwoppdusAup
.3 'user pcuouuumnp suui auouuuu 6e4n4TtiopPdesApP
suui pPednf uup LpTuulTtio3433sTp
.a soul ppudnp aumnp uup TledlictposlosTc
'N suui Ppuouuudnp uep aludlwpollosTp
a. suui PPuaeuudnp uup aukeu .T3TuelppollosTP
.11 rponanauu suui ppukeu aemnp Irrox LTqumpoantio
.a ppoanauqx sour ppumnp avAuu x1[0.4 "03R4Twantio
.N ppoandanr suui ppudnp auAuu quiPpnsn LT1TuulpprEoA
.a pPoandanr suui ppudnp aumnp ludnsn *13(1141.13TI0X
u4uy gsoTau0 %TVA OlumsulT0Aum
suui umiitiollArm
guluy ppumnp ulul aoppd eAutib puuTtIonqb cpumsuptu
.3 suui g4tiopTe muaTuup spoquA
uquy goapaa uumuzurrno duouuousu aukeu LurpumsulTPTe
.a suui gumplopre sTdmuon mTuup .floquA
'14 fpuovuudnr audnp duA muanT 6TludsuppduduuuA
.3 Saul -Tuploppdaduue4
gAeluy dmumnp PPadmeAuu ausoTauD ludutionp 04TunuulupaT
a. suui TunupplupaT
14 gumuN ppuouuumnP auouuuu zTlemselsaCpusAup
.a .umictioppdusAtip
ppudnr uzmutiou3ual aupuua4up cpudsuausppu
.a suui sTuTtpausppr
.N umeN 6usaan ppeAuu aumnP zp.dmsTaTsAuc
suui uuP TqulnlpposAup
N ppuouuednr auouuuu oluum ou2uPPumum LT4Tuulappdvantio
a suui uup .T1mulypoduantio
ppuouuusumTr auouuednp ipTunuuppdupipemAntio
a suui C ua .T4TunimpodePtiouwAntio
quouuumnr auouuuu ppoanautm lumn cpulnqappduyivuau
a suui uup T1nm4qoppluuau
N Ppuouuadnr uuTaud auovuesemTp 03TuulsrPduATsupquud

a suui Imp .T4TuelsodTsuPluud
anSoreTa oquanD
rrvuomoa NH aHHOVIIIHD Ithsa ITIOX
:aovoa guTey mina zmulsn sun mnqbn ;u1.44e
mqnsa &v gulel znsn gnqnquo mTuup sTdmuuno T1TnbnurepuTsunol
:fa seqbmuo gmulsn lTsTau g,ntplo ppuXuu umumsTaTuox
:n riaTH guaoloop.uAulTsuorrox suppeovuumum svccumaum Tram
mulTnbuTT 'appdeleuars mTnbuaTuef Tqn4Tnbdepqn Auem
oeuum ilTnbeqvuTsuTu

LESSON XXXVIII - Dialogue
5
Cuuapachats uqhgmatajja?
U: Pasir phajjsiw yungas sarta, ucat walja kokanac taypiruW mantta,
nayajj wal,ajjsargygta, ucat ma jamach'iw sustjitu, ucat p'ekejj
wal usutu.
?7
Thalaytamti
U: Jfs doctora, wal thalayitu, camgcharaquYsti?
.1:!: Ay ucawa, jan llaquisimt tata, waliquiscatawa, kollajj aca usutaquejj

utjiwa. Jichhajj jumaw amtiyeasifiamajja, aca utarnant kollayasifi
munta, jan. ucajj Chuquiaguruch saran munpmajja?8.
Amparam ayasinim chhg, venat liamcedma.' CuerTon ustamti?
U: Takpach cuerpow usut tata, janiw ch'amajj ucjquituti.10 JumaquYy

kolleasitajj doctora, tuna ovej qhdrits churjjgmawa.
D: Quinina sutin koll umafiamawa, ue_hamaraquiw sapa mg ur quipat mg

inyeccion uchayasifiama, waliquiti?il
J. Kawkhas inyeccionanacajj cuesti?
D: Janiw car3quiti, ucampis jumatejj waliptafi mun.7;tajja, kollanac

alasifiamawa.
U. Waliquiw tata. Ovejajjajj pheskaquiwa, nayajj uca ovejanac aljg

kollanac alasifintaqui. JA's tata, waliquiwa. Inyeccionataquejj wal
ajjsart doctora, janit koilac umirista?14
D: Waliptafi munstajja, koll umafinmawa, ughamaraqui inyeccion uchayasifiamaw,:.,

jan ucanacampejj janiw waliptcasmati."
14
U: Uqhgmajj uchayasicchgjjaya, yanapt'aquitay doctcra, koli doctora.
15
D, Jichhajj aca koilac umegta, arumanthiw inyeccion uchgma.
U: Waliquiw doctora, arumanthejj suygmawa.
Jichhajj aca and botell quinin koll jaytawaygma, sapa l hora pasipan
pg kol umantgta, jan armasisa, ucatarac armasiscasrda.16
U: Janiw armaecgti, nayajj waliptaiijjay munstjja.
Dt Sarawayjjg tata, arumanthiw jutg.
U: Ay yuspagar doctora, arumenthiw suygm doctora.

440
LESSON XXXVIII NOTES
1 chhuichhu 'malaria'
2 alyf.:.ofia 'to moan, groan'
3 usuw catutu 'the illness has seized me'

ianiw hollgailiEguiti 'there's nothing frith which to cure myself'
4 Hill 'please'
Wawanacajias -Leitalwa.ri wall llaquitaw 'my children and my wife are very
dejected!
-sa...-sa 'both and'. The -sa...-sa may also be translated as 'and'
(and as such synonymous with -mpi); -sa...-sa differs from
in emphasizing the separateness of the units being joined. Cf. the use
of -sa to denote a count noun mentioned above.
Note that the passive participle llaquitaw (likeadjectives and nouns)
need not agree with its subject in number. (The plural may be formed
by either the nominal or verbal pluralizing infix: -ta + naca or
-pjja + ta: e.g., jutatanacama or jutapjjatama 'your arrival'.)
5 Cunapachats ughgataija? 'Since when have you been like this?'
6 yalia kokanac taypiruw mantta 'I entered into the midst of many trees'.
taypi 'middle,centee
susufia 'to hover (of a bird)'
7 thalayafia 'to shake (out)'; thalafia 'to shake, jolt'
8 Chuquiaguruch 'or to La Paz': the interrogative suffix -cha frequently
has the meaning of 'or' and may be attached to all parts of speech (with
elision of the final vowel), including negative lard (without elisLon):
e.g. Yapumaji luratat ,janicha? 'Are your fields worked or not?'
Cunch munta? '(Or) what do you want?' (= 'Do you want something?')
Nuntat janicha? 'Do you want it or not?'
The expression 'or...or' is rendered in Aymara by repetition of -cha:
e.g. Umcha vincha muntajja? 'Do you want water or wine?'
9 aytaina 'to raise'
vena (wina) 'vein'; cf. Spanish vena.
111 ch'ama 'strength'
11 quinina 'quinine'; cf. Spanish quinina.
sutin koll 'the medicine's name'
quipet 'in turn': from quiptafia'to (re)turn'
inyeeciona (inticasiona) 'injection', cf. Spanish invecci6n.
uchayafia 'to have taken': from uehafia 'to put'.
12 Inyeccionataqueij wal alisart 'I'm very scared of injections'.
The use of -taqui with the verb ajisafia seems to be equivalent to
the use of the suffix -ru (the latter may be modeled on Spanish
tengo miedo a).
13 waliptafia 'to get better'. The verbal suffix may be attached tr.
nouns and adjectives to form a verb stem with the meaning 'to
e.g. llamptu 'smooth, soft, mild' / llamptuptafia 'to become sct-0
uma 'water' / umaptafia 'to become water(y)'
mojjsa 'sweet, savoury' / molisapcafia 'hot bc,come r-anelt'

LESSON XXXVIII - NOTES
14 koli 'please'
15 umt'Uta 'you will drink': .=.t'a- implies an action circumscribed in
time or space.
16 botella (nutilla) 'bottle.; cf. Spanish betella,
nasipan: on verbs with the suffix -Apar:IL cf. grammar, lesson XXVI.
ucacarac armasiscasma 'take care lest you forget'.
LESSON XXXIX - Quimsa tunc llUtuncanir lecciona
ala precio compra price; purchase
ala pata mercado pequefio small market
anaquipaila llevar rebafio de un to more the herd from one

lado a Qitro place to another
synokafia poner (objetos largos) to put down (large objects)
colerasifia (culirasifia) enojarse to ?get mad

(Spanish c5lera 'anger')
chicachasifia unirse to join
chulluchafia remojar to ti: et, soak
eknokafia poner (objetos flexibles) to put down (soft objects)
ichjjllsifia toner en los Brazos to cradle

(also ichufia)
jakoquipafia cambiar de lado to turn over
janiraqui tampoco ror, neither
4arifia levar to pick up
jathjafia pesar to weigh
jiwarayafia matar a muchos to kill a great deal; one

by one
junt'uchasifiaWru) calentarse to warm oneself
juri mojado wet
jurichasifia mojarse to get wet
jurparmanthi ayer por la mafiana yesterday morning

LESSON XXXIX - Vocabulary
kora hierba grass
liwinucufia hacer caer to cause to fall

(liwifia 'to fling')
maysajjata al revgs the other way around
sutiyana dar nombre, bautizar to name, baptize
tiempo (timpu) tiempo time
tumpeafia hecharse de menos to miss
thaquichniia hacer camino to build a road
tharufia aporcar to weed and turn over the soil
eurufia comer tostado; roar to eat toasted beans; to

gnaw, chew
ucatarac, ucatraqui cuidado be careful, take care
ufiachayafia mostrar to show
ufiaquipana mirar a ambos lados to look to both sides
Wistaria aparecer to appear
wafiachasifia secarse to dry oneself, off
wafisufia secar to dry
waranucufia echar to throw out

(cf. wayanucufia (ru), lesson XXXVII)
Grammar - Sumaparlafiataqui
I. Permissive mood: to express the notion 'then, I'll ' or 'let

then', permissive endings are attached to the verb stem for the
2nd and 3rd persons, followed by the compound suffix -242E; the 1st
person singular, dual, and plural are identical to the
future
1 sarffsaya sarafisa a sarapi a
a a Lrinjiks am_a
2 saramsaya s arapj 1 amsaya
3 sarpasaya sarinif2q.part

LESSON XXXIX -- Grammar
Endings: (future) (=future, (=future)

(= future)
-am- -am-
-217
e.g. Nayajj sarasaya,'I'll go then; let me go then'.
Jutir maraj j naysi j uca yapu tayp thaouichasaya
'Newt year let me build a read across that field'
Aca k'afiunac payaji waranuclisava 'Let me throw out the
garbage'
Nardi aca arad aca chekar aynokasava 'Let me leave this
Mow here'
II. Ucatarac 'be careful' is followed by the optative mood, which expresses
a wish. The optative is formed from the infinitive stea plus -c-,
followed, by personal endings. (Ebbing and 'Rudimentos list alternative
forms for the optative.) The optative is very similar to the potential/
conditional present which is given alongside for comparison.
(positil,a)
Note the identity of the dual plural/form. Cf. also discussion of
potential/ conditional present and the optative after anchaciLI.Lt ia
lesson XXVIII.
Positive optative
1 saraquirista saracsna sarapijsna
mmtiaallisiEtg.
2 EamslEisma sarapijaquisma
3 lAan2422a saraiztiaqtzista+
pasitimmleatial/ conditional resent

1 sarirista sarsna sarapjjsna
2 sarasma ggaRiiSsma
3 sarasaa sareptiama
In the negative optative, -c- is removed from the verb and attached
either to lard.- (to form janic) or to the adverb which -introduces
the optative clause: ucatarac jan...; -ti is attached to the verb
endings.
111116111iliaMbilrairshie0011111111
LESSON XXXIX - Grammar 444
Negative optative
1 sariristti sarsnati sarapjjsnati
sarapjjeristii
2 sarismati sarapjjasmati
3 sarimasi sarapijaspati
Etagt;ntia./corlit-tional present
1 sarquiristti sarcsnati sarapcsnati
sarapouiristti
2 sarcasmati sarapcasmati,
3 sarcaspati sarapcaspati
e.g. Ucatarac alaii jan tatiassaszati 'Be careful that there

isn't any on sale'
III. -quipan (-qui + pan) 'having ' is attached to verb sterns
to form a present active participle:

e.g. Navajj tiemp utiquipan mU rat waw ichiigsisava 'Having a
moment's time, let me cradle the child in my arms'
IV. Word derivation.
(a) Nouns and adjectives may be used as verbs through th3 addition
of the suffix -chafia (cf. also lesson XXIX):
thaqui 'road' /Iltagaila 'to build a road'
junt'u 'hot' / iuneuchafia 'to make hot, warm'
,juri 'wet' / jurichafia 'to wet'
wafia 'dry' / wafiachafia 'to dry (off)'
The reflexive infix precedes the infinitive ending:
junt'uchasifia 'to get warm'
imrichasina 'to get wet'
wafiacb.14.ifia 'to get dry'
(b) vel-al in before the infinitive ending indicates

cample0on of the action, often with the notion of disengagement
from the action:
warafia 'to throw' / waranucufia '.co throw out'
liwifia 'to fall' / liwinuevfia 'to cause to fall (and leave)'
antutafia 'to let lor.se, unfasten' / 'to let free
(aad leavc)'*
*(In verb stems with more than two syllables, the infinitive sten
vowel is elided.)

. ralhara.I.
4'45
(c) The verbal infix -iigsi- inserted after Cie-verb St_MI E:.-
phasizes the prolangeticn cf the action:
ichufia 'to. carry in one's arms' / ichligsifia 'to cradle in
one's arms (for a while)'
(d) The verbal infix -ra- following the infinitive stem connotes
distribution of the action: 'to one by one, all over';
-ra- precedes other suffixes:
liwafia 'to die'/ jimaiia 'to kill' / liwarayefia 'to kill
one by one, all over'
miatufia 'to leave' / misturafia 'to leave one by one'
fiusafia 'to rot' / fiusarafia 'to rot throughout'
(e) The compound infix -quipa- preceding the infinitive ending
implies that the action is carried out from two sides, or in
two directions:
ufiiafia 'to look' / ufiaouipafia 'to look to both sides'
tharuia 'to weed' / tharuquipafia 'to turn over the soil'
jakofia 'to throw, hurl' / jakoouipaia 'to turn over'
The infix may also denote action through or along:
jalgia 'to run' / jalaguipafia 'to walk along, pass by'
thokoiia 'to dance' /1htsmialill 'to jump on top of somthi-ag'
avisafia 'to advise' r ayisliaLmil 'to advise from one tc the
*(In verb stems with more than two syllables, the infinitive
stem vowel is elided.)
M. Nayajj arumenthejj yap lurasaya.
E. Nayajj arumanthejj yap lurtisaya.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj arumantheij yap lurpasaya.
M. nanacajj
E. Nanacajj arumanthejj yap lurapjjgsaya.
M. Pablon utap ufiachayapjjgsava
E. Nanacajf arumanthejj Pablon utap ufiaehayapjjgraya.

LESSON XXXIX - Substitution Drill 446
N. jumanacajj kharayp'ojj
E. Jumanacajj kharayp'ojj Pablon utap ufiachayapjjamsaya.
M. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj kharayp'ojj Pablon utap ufiachayapjjpasaya.
M. ch'ufi chulluchapjjpasaya
E. Jupanacajj kharayp'ojj ch'ufi chulluchapjjpasaya.
M. jiwasajj jutir semanajj
E. Jiwasajj jutir semanajj ch'ufi chulluchafignisaya.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj jutir semanajj ch'ufi chulluchpasaya.
M. Marian wawap sutiypasaya
E. Jupajj jutir semanajj Marian wawap sutiypasaya.
M. nanacajj maranjj
E. Nanacajj maranjj Marian wawap sutiyapjjgsaya.
jiwasanajj
E. Jiwasanacajj maranjj Marian wawap sutiyapjjgsaya.
M. ninar juneuchasipjjafignisaya
E. Jiwasanacajj maranjj ninar juneuchasipjjafillnisaya.
M. nayajj
E. Nayajj maranjj ninar juneuchasYsaya.
M. Naya.:j kha-'rojj wallpa-lac aljgsaya, ucatarac alajj jan utjascaspati.
E. Nayajj kha...:rojj x;ollpz,;aac aljgsaya, ucatazac ja-1 utjascaspati.
N. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj khargrojj wallpanac aljapjjamsaya, ucatarac alajj jan
utjascaspati.
N. jupanacajj jan wal aljasipcaspati
E. Jupanacajj kharilrojj wallpanac aljapjjpasaya, ucatarac jan wal
aljasipcaspati.

Z. - SuLsc.ituzior ^l ill 447
M. arumanthejj yap tharupjjpasaya
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj yap tharupjjpasaya, ucatarac jan wal
tharusipcaspati.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj arumanthejj yap tharumsaya, ucatarac jan wal tharuscasma :i.
jiwasajj
E. Jiwasajj arumanthejj yap tharungnisaya, ucatarac jan wal tharuscslmti.
U. uca jach'a uy liwinucufignisaya
E. Jiwasajj uca jach'a uy liwinucufignisaya, ucatarac jan wal
liwinucusasnati.
M. nanacajj kharayp'ojj
E. Nanacajj kharayWojj uca jach'a uy liwirucupjjgsaya, ucatarac jan wal
liwinucusipquiristti.
N. jumanacajj
E. Jumanacajj kharayp'ojj uca jach'a uy livinucupjjamsaya, ucatarac
wal liwinucusipcasmati.
M. nayajj
E, Nayajj kharayp'ojj uca jach'a uy liwinuctlsaya, ucatarac jan wal
liwinucusquiristti.
M. khcru anunac jiwaraygsaya
E. Nayajj kharayp'ojj khoru ariunac jiwaraygsaya, ucatarac jan wal
jiwareyasquiristti.
jumajj jutir domingojj
E. Jumajj jutir domingojj khoru anunac jiwarayamsaya, ucatarac jan wal
jivareyascasmati.
M. jiwasanacajj
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir domingojj khoru arunec jiwarayapjjafignisaya,
ucatarac jan wel jiwarayasipcsnati.

LESSON MIX - Substitution Drill 443
M. Aca k'afiunac nayajj waranucUsaya, ingscaractsa.
E. Aca k'afiunac nayajj waranucUsaya, inagcaractsg.
M. jupajj
E. Aca k'afiuna jupajj waranucpasaya, ingscaraquisH.
M. jumanacajj
E. Aca k'afiunac jumanacajj waranucupjjamsaya, inasipcaractasH.
M. uca juri isinac maysUjjat jakoquipapjjamsaya
E. Uca juri isinac maysajjat jakoquipapjjamsaya, ingsipcaractasa.
M. jupanacajj
E. Uca juri isinac maysajjat jupanacajj jakoquipapjjpasaya,

inIsipcaraquisa.
M. nanacajj
E. Uca juri isinac nanacajj maysajjat jakoquipapjjasaya, inasipcaractsg.
M. janiraquis cuna, lurafias utjquitejja
E. Uca juri isinac nanacajj maysgjjat jakoquipapjjasaya, janiraquis

cuna lurafias utjquitejja.
M. qhaya wafia koranac pichanucupjjasaya
E. Qhaya wafia koranac pichanucupjjasaya, janiraquis cuna lurafias

utjquitejja.
M. jumajj
E. Qhaya wafia koranac jumajj pichanucumsaya, janiraquis cuna lurz.fias

utjquitejjg.
N. naya;:i
E. Qhaya nayajj pichanucUsaya, ctna luafias

utjquitejj1'1.
M. janiraquis jumajj lurafi munctatejjg
E. Qhaya wafia koranac nayajj pichanucUsaya, janiro:iuis junajj lurafi

munctatejja.
N. aca merk'e utanac liwinucUsaya
E. Aca merk'e utanac liwinucUsaya, janiraquis jumat lurafi munctatPlil!.

LEE 3:i =IX - Substitution Drill
N. jiwasajj
E. pica merk'e utanac liwinucufigniraya, janiraquis jumajj luran

mundtatejja.
N. jupajj arumanthejj cullacap lant is eajjspasaya.
E. Jupajj arumanthejj cullacap lant is eajjspasaya.
M. jumajj
E. Jumajj arumanthejj cullacam lant is eajjiimsaya.
N. jupanacajj
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj cullacap lant is t'ajjsipjjpasaya.
M. vaca aych lant ques alasipjjpasaya
E. Jupanacajj arumanthejj vaca aych lant ques alasipjjpasaya.
nanacajj khaarojj
Nanacajj khaarojj vaca aych lant clues alas:!pjjgoaya.
M. jumanacajj
L. Jumanacajj khaarojj vaca aych lant ques alasipjjamsaya.
M. Chuquiag saran lant suma manleanac mank'rpjjamsaya
E. Jumanacajj khaarojj Chuquiag saran lant suma mank'anac mank'apjjemsaya.
M. jiwasajj jutir domingojj
E. Jiwasajj jutir domin3ojj Chuquiag saran lant suma mank'anac

manktaaaisaya.
N. nayajj
E. Nayajj jutir douingojj Chuquiag saran lant sum. menk'anac mank'gsaya.
M. wawa sutiyah /ant nieut muasaya
E. Nayajj jutir domingojj waw sutiyan lant fiieut murUsaya.
M. jupajj
E. Jupajj jutir domingojj craw sutiyaii lant nic'ut murpasaya.
M. jiwasanacajj

450
LESSON XXXIX - Substitution Drill
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir domingojj waw sutiyan lant fiic'ut murupjjafignisaya.
M. ch'oke lant apill satapjjafianisaya
E. Jiwasanacajj jutir domingojj ch'oke lant apill satapjjaanisaya.
H. nanacajj khardyP'-gj
E. Nanacajj kharayp'ojj ch'oke lant apill satapjjasaya.
Completion DIM - Arunac phokachana
I. Insert the correct form of sarafia
e.g. Nayajj Josean utap sarUsaya
Jumajj Josean utap saramsaya
Jupajj cullacapan yapup sarpasaya
Jiwasajj tatasan utap saraanisaya
Jiwasanacajj Marian utap sarapjjafianisaya
Nanacajj Chuquiag sarapjjasaya
Jumanacajj Susanan marcap sarapjjamsaya
Jupanacajj Rositan estanciap sarapjjpasaya
Nayajj arumanthejj tiojjarojj(ufistana) . unstUsaya
Jumajj arumanthejj tiomarojj (ufistana) ufistamsaya
Jupajj kharayp'ojj Pedroj j Marian utap(unachpvafia).ufiachaypasaya
Jiwasajj kharayp'ojj Pedrorojj Marian utap

(ufiachayaria). ufiachayaanisaya
Jiwasanacajj jutir semanajj ch'ufi (chulluchafia). chulluchapjjafiani.sa-la
Nanacajj jutir semanajj ch'ufi (chulluchafia). chulluchapjjasaya
Jumanacajj jurparojj waw (sutiyafia). sutiyapjjamsaya
Jupanacajj jurpUroji waw (sutiyafia). sutiyapjjpasaya

451
LESSON XXXIX - Completion Drill
Jutir marajj nayajj uca yapu tayp (thaquicTiafia). thaquichasaya

Jutir marajj jumajj uca yapu tayp (thaouichana). thaquichamsaya
Arumanthejj jupajj ninamp juneu um (iyatiuchasifia)junt'uchaspasaya
Arumanthejj jiwasajj ninamp junt'u um
(juneuchasifia). junt'uchasianisaya
Kharlirojj jiwasanacajj isinac (wabachasIna). wafiachasirijaani.saya
Kharilrojj nanacajj juri isinac (lailachasina). wanachasipjjHsaya
Maranjj iumanacajj kamirinucamp (chiatachasix). chicachasipjjam3ayA
Maranjj jupanacajj kamirinacamp (chiclachaa:iiia). chicachasipjjpasaya
II. Insert the proper permissive and optative forms:

e.g. Nayajj chawll (11,1Laya), ucatarac alajj jan (utiascaspati).
Jumaj j chawll (aliafia), ucatarac alajj jan aljamsaya

(utiana) . utj ascaspati
Jupajj marc (sarafic), ucatarac umamp sarpasaya

(ipsichasifia). jurichasisrasra
Jiwasajj marc (sarefia), ucatarac Mariajj saranHnisaya
(wawachasifia). wawachasiscaspa
Jiwasanacajj waw (sutiyafia), ucatarac Susanajj sutiyapjjafignisa7a
(colerasifia). coleraaisaaspa
Vanacajj waw (sutiyaaa),ucatarac sutejj jan sutiyapjjasaya
(waliscafia). walYscaspati
Jumanacajj waw (iarifia), ucatarac ('AchAra). jaripjjamsaya
jachascaspa
Jupanacajj pankar (ayrufia), ucatarac (wafisuila). ayrupjjpasaya
wafisuscaspa
III. e.g. Aca k'afiunac nayajj (waranucgsy2), inascaracta.
Aca klanunac jumajj (waranucufia), inHsca%.actasg. waranucumsaya

Uca merk'e isinac jiwasajj (ch'ucuila), inHscar- ch'ucuanisaya
actana.
Uca merk'e isinac jupajj (ch'ucufia), indscara- ch'ucpasaya
quisH.
Qhuri ch'oke yap jiwasanacajj (tharuna), tharupjjaanisaya
korajj waliraquisa.
Qhuri ch'oke yap nanacajj (tharufia), koaajj tharupjjHsaya
waliraquisH.

ZSV
NOSSTI XIXXX uoTlaTdmoo TTTia
VW/ ouunue CCeoutiumnC e(upeAuaumT1.) -gym yAusmuCCdeApiumTC

*HsTnbeiyouunim
uov ouunuu CCuovuednr 4(eueAulumTl) TIum phfl3suoiCCdrAvivmTC
*EsTnbuivouunimil
'AI *2*8 quAum you puir Yoe amlatio g(vAysmiouAy) HsnTynbeauCtRuC
CCumnr on prig yon auliatio g(uxmloulm) yAusmuAouke

Esme4ovauppeC
CCednr you ouuTsT Boy 4(euelomia).reAatio yAusudqoula
*HsTnbriuCaul
Cpesemu roe ouuTsT roe a:mow 4(uumpula) yAusTupymomia
isn2soyaufaux
CPuovuesumu You vigour An g(ennonuTmTT) mTT yAusTuRquffdnonuT
*Nsuu4ziravodTsBuT
CCuouuell you ustiour An g(unnonuTmTT) -auodTsRuT yAusgfdnonuTmTI

*ploy
CCuovuumnr eAuqb Imp= in g(vuudTnbuun) -uTsure nAvimeppTuudTnbuun
spray *NCCe4Cpuunm
quouuudnr yAuqb lutpum rn 4(vuedTninun) -wsnu rAysydfCdTuudTnbeun

souae BCcerCdrunm
s2sa quAyN Ccatpuumniu ounufario uAutib num' led (suAusiinbeuu)
CCumnr CCatpuumniv ovuuCalio yAuqb nTTol Ted

(i-ETIW31re) uAusurnbelly
cCednr Croinamin avamiaNyc s(ylludTninTite) 1.A-es&dTnbsTAy
CCvsymTr ppoin:zstm auovualuC iaTnbsTAu)s(u yAusragnedTnTIcTAu
CCuovuesumTr apriC Cpaym civic ffrearritomotp0 -EperpdvdTniquotil

?Avolu
CryoutieN iTlnp Cream duA *(uuedTnbTuotiN) ,:;AusNCCdedTnbTITotIN
cpuovuumnr HatiquumandanC loop u4esmeCfgedTnbnimil
Cleavuednr gatiluemandanC g Nog *ff7TiTITTIal) -7AusudcpdvdTnbniptil
2a CpeAum 2uTnbntio Cfatiquetunay CCuITC 4un s(rAusilaus)
CCumnr 2uTnbnin Cratpuumniutwig lay' (uneies) * eAusmeaus

Crednr apnC Cpuuumas duqoA lun duA (KUI5f) *
ukubr.danl
cCesumus xT1nC Cpuemas seloA we' duA (7115F70 * eAusTuri-!.eznT
Cpeoeuusumu CpoidAyautm youeil quuy vol

(eunit-to) ul...7sTutnuCCdningl

S-17
mosso'', xixxx aidmoD not Tula
preouuull cposdAeautiq roues3 3uuT uo CiarTTeur) u1exsgpnant4

quovuutuni proidAudan; alogqo 3ueT Tudu .(ocre3es) eliesueppules
ppepuuednr rpolditudan; a)lostio lueT Tudu eAused;Cdu3vs
.TA .2-a .quituN dmap uedTnbpn zeaRm num (.15raTcum77757)
ccumnr dmap uedTnbpin Rm lea am sluusEr7150 eAremTsgpm

pcudnr seaoll uudpbuTand s(egusAr.em) viCesedoluum
PesemTi seami uudtnbuTand .(5(717gozzi) eAusTuRueoluem
;PeavuusumTf rep uudpftrem ximn4 at, .(puurez) vAusTunueppeaus
rpleuem ae; uedTribuen aTodmn4 .(uuraas) ukesecdeaus
quou.aumnr uer uedTnbprien loapaa
(E11ROCTiriii) ' uAusuiecgdel3prem
ppezvuudnr uu; uudpbronsn acaped iuEm
Ce4e,314-vti) * -3Ausudffdeoprem
suopsanb pue saamsuy 03sTf Tdmeopueue t.leAT Tamemluurs .
cpamni. mason du4n LTleAumeaes

a 4mTnlynym ppeAuu masof du3n B.41.1sflays
'pi peouuemnr 22Tnbam LtleAusmeffdyaus

.a gm.pnbneli ccUDEUEU aeTnbrma .esegragdexes
'N cpekeil Pgailluemnam ccoaup;cp zT4H3sr,
a 6-esIc ccumnf pplemop .-31;esuelsun
lg ;Cranium pcoandan; KEA 26rdeAnns

a ;Ce3euemnr groandan; mum .ukeemuppeceApms
apnr ccuaum ton du4 TdAs; 2,pipetizrprIbutil
7/ inn'', ;paw von Tske3AuA *.eliesporbetp

'X Pcmanf itmego 2:PA:mg-re
'a gelpibTTem Cu
pAe umuuo -eir_esare
'N eon aslaem oruTsT Cpedn; zmunoniqp
'a 4mInbITem uon asAaam ouuTsT fredng .eAusedoa,qo
4 ccumni. ;;9114uumnau OVUE;79A0 u4uteo nuoN Ted Lppl-mbeue
*g pcuAeu Cfacpuemnau puus.pAo viZetfo mum led .vicesInbuve
'j ;gum'. pcalacemilau meTTC ImeT Sulanto ,;pipeaus
ri

454
LESSON MIX - Questions and Answers
E. JMsa, nayajj arumanthejj jilejj-lant sarHsaya.

M. Jupajj horas purquipan mank'aniti?
E. JYsa, jupajj horas purquipan mank'pasaya.
M. Tata Marcos, jumajj Chuquiag maestro thaker sarasmati?
E. Sarasaya.
N. Tata Lucas, jumajj qhaya mank'anac mank'antasmati9
E. Jan qhitis mank'afi muncch, ucqhajj mank'asaya.
M. Tata Juan, warmimajj walja mank' fiestatac phayaspati?
E. Cunrac luranejja, phaypasaya.
M. Jumanacajj arumanthejj Rositan wawapar sutiyapjjasmati?
E. CamachapjjaraquUjja, sutiyapjjHsaya.
M. Tata Marcos, uca arad uca chekar aynokasmati?
E. AynokHsaya, jathiraquisH.
M. Jiwasanacajj uca jach'a uyunac yapuchanatac liwinucupjsnati?
E. Liwinucupjjaanisaya, janiraquis cuns lurctantejja.
M. Tata, jiwasajj marc sarsnacha9
E. SaranHuisaya, ucatarac mamam Mariajj wawachasiscaspa.
M. Varna, jumajj uca isinac aca mesa patar eknokasmacha?
E. EknokHsaya, waljaraquisH.
M. Tata Juan, tiemp utjquipan jumajj wawanac ufijasmacha?
E. Uf-jasaya, ucatarac jachasipcaspa.
N. Jlimanr22jj lharaypicjj choke lant apill satapjjas-ati?
E. SatapjjUsaya, ucatarac jan walYscaspati.
M. Nanacajj Pedron usuaquipan ucqhajj mank' wajjt'apjjeristti?
E. Wajjeapjjamsaya, vr:atarac jiwascaspa.
Dialo3ue Cvento
The following Aymara folktale "The Duck and the Fox" was recorded by
Vincr;_lte Quispe.
1
WALLATA/T TIUDIAMPI
MU cutejj wallatamp tiwulampiw jiquisipjjUn, siwa. Wallatajj wija
2
suma paru wawanacanin, siwa. Tiwulasti wawanazaniraquin, siwa.
3
Ucampis tiwulan wawanacapajj janiw sumanacHpant, siwa.

LESSON XXXIX - Dialogue
Tiwulajj, wallatan suma paru wawanacap unjasajj, wallatarojj shawl:

--Mama wallata, cunatarac wawanacamast suma naruquYpjjesti? --sass. Ucat
4
wallatajj tiwulai pisi chuymftap uhjasinjja, anwa. --Ay mamdtiwnla,
janit juoajj yatctajja? Yatira, nayajj. urojj nin japuchta.5 Uca nina
jr-Turuw wawanacajj allintta, ucatsti sapa "khonct" ucqhaw nayajj --Mh

6 Ucatsti
kellka --sas muytta. Uqhamcamac tunc "khonctadcam" muytta.
mayat mayat nina japut wayurta, vawanacajjasti ucdrut ucsaruw suma
7
narunacHjjapjje --sasina.
8
Tiwulajj uca arunac ist'asajj wal muspharka. Jupajj wasitat
9
wallatarojj jisceascaquiwa: --rama wallata, chekapunit ucajjal --sasa,
Mama wallatasti tiwularojj anwa: --Mama tiwula, jan pachasimti,
cunjgattejj nayajj lurct ugham lurascaquim, wawanw::amasti sum paruqu'lp-

10
jjaraquiniwa --sasa.
11
Tiwulajj wall lup'isisaw utapar sarjfan, sfaaa. Utar purisinsti
nin japuchcatHn, siwa. Ucatsti wawanacaparojj uca nina japursai

12
wararquirpach allintHn, siwa. Takpachanir allintjjasiasti, tiwulajj Ica
japu jac'an suyascHna, "khonctir" ist'anataqui, ucatsti wallatan arsuta-

parjam lurafiataquiracui."
lt
Acatjamatac mayajj "khoncan", siwa. Tiwulasti uc ist'asajj "ma
kellka" --sasaw muytHn, siwa.
Tunc "khonctjjepansti", mama tiuuiajj wawanacap nina japut c'uchigu:_w

15
apsufi kalltHna, --Jichhajj wawanacajjajj suma paruquYpjjpachawa
--sasina. Ucampis janiw uqhHmacanti wawanacanajj ninamp k' alga naghan-
16
taapjjanwa.
Mama tiwulajj uc ufijasajj wal wararYna, wall colerataraquiw mama

17 Jupajj
wallatan utapar jalara. Mara uallatasti janiw utapancjjanti.
18
kotaruw jaltjjana.
Tiwulasti uc yatisinjja, kota uncatataw warart'asis jaThn, siwa.

19
Jupajj waliataruw catj an mundna.
Kotalacar purisinsti, tiwulajj walatarojj kota pampan zuyuaquir

20
migu, siwa. Ucat tiwulajj wall jacblat arnakagn, siwa:21 - -Mama

456
LESSON XXXIX - Dialogue
wallata, may parleafiki --sasa. Mama wallatasti janiw tiwularojj !seal

muncHnti, cunalaycutejj jupajj yatinwa tiwulan wawanacapar jiwarayat epa.
Tiwulajj juc'amp colerasMna, ucat amuyupanjj s1nwa: --Aca kot

umcHwiw wafit'aya, ucat wallatarojj catjH, jisc'a jisc'a pelanokH --sasira.
23
Tiwulasti wall coleratv:Y um lakhon kallana. Umasti janiw want' Inn
24
anti, tiwulan puracapaquiw phallirjamHjjHna. Tiwulajj janiw sartlr-
jamtcjjanti, ucat jupajj utap uficatataw warart'asis jutjjan, siwa:
25
--Sicuyaw junt'itan, ch'aphiw junt'itan --sasa.
Niya utap jac'an mayac sicuyajj tiwulan puracap juneHna.26

Tiwulan puracapasti phalljjHnwa.
Uca pisi chuyma pobre tiwulajj wawanacap jiwurayasinjja, jupajj

jiwjjaraquinwa. Pisi chuymHfiajj janis walYquetejjH:27
NOTES
1 wallata 'du I, '

2 karti col,)red'
3 sumantsk125 'weren't pretty' (imperfect tense).

4 un'asinj.,-12, 'seeing': the participial infix -sina - indicates an action
which of the main verb; the subject of 'isth verbs is -he

ia s=eems to mean 'now, already .; cf. below, #25.
5 japanci. 'to burn (r-,;bble, red-hot coals) in the fields'. The under-
lying noun is jlanl 'red-hot coal, burnt ash'.
6 allf-::-.afia 'to bury'

- ,
Emr:1 14.
:urn ct../er'
"Ittt" ylloci.on'
kellwl
7 mayat ne-rt 'ow! by one'

yayu'r.iia '.co take out one by one.' On Grarri,r notes abo...-%
ucUru
8 iseafia 'to hear'

muspharana 'to marvel'
.1.11.1=116.M.I.m....1=w*
LMoo isOm ism
a
457
LESSON XXXIX - Dialogue - Notes
9. chekapunit 'is it really true?'
10 2achasina 'to doubt, be of two opinions' (The root is pi 'two')
11 lup'ina 'to think, reflect'
12 wararina 'to shout, cry'; vararquirpach 'who were crying'
13 arsutaparjam 'according to her words (of the duck)'

arsune 'to speak' -riama 'according' may also occur in the form
-jama, (without -ru-) in which case the preceding vowel is elided:
arsutaoj ama.
14 acat'amata 'all of a sudden'
apsufia 'to raise, to take out'. The verbal .infix -su -, heforo the i n-
finitiv ending,indicates the action takes place '.,pwards, outwards':

e.g. ialaiLa 'to run'helsufia 'to run up; to set (of the sun)'
anafia 'to carry, take way'/ansuna 'to take mat'
16 k'ala 'completely'
naohana 'to scald, burn, be consumed by fire.'
17 wararifia 'to cry, shout, bawl'

'to run'
18 kota lake'
19 catjana 'to catch'
20 kotalaca 'lakeshore'
tuvuha 'to swim, float (in air or water)'
21 arnakafia 'to shout; insult'

22 umcilwiu passive participle of umefia 'to drink'
want'ana 'to dry up (something)'
pelanokafia 'to pluck' (cf. Spanish pelar).
23 lakhofia 'to lick'
24 tzEica. 'stomach'
phallana 'to explode'

458
LESSON XXXIX - Dialogue - Notes
25 sartir imperfect tense 'could not get up'; -iama- with

elision of the preceding vowel with verb stems indicates 'opportunity,
ability.' The infix -.ilia, following the negative -c-, has the
meaning of 'now, already,' implying that the action is about to be
performed.
sicuya 'straw'
iunt'afia 'to puncture'

ch'ap hi 'thorn'
26 mayaqui 'all of a sudden'
27 'It's not good to be stupid in this world.'

439
LESSON XL - Pusi tunavir lecc:4.onc:
anchati mucho, demasiado; Mas Bien rather
armeasifia olvidarse to forget
chiji desgracia misfortune
inamaya en vano in vain
ian walt'ana extraflar to miss
juyphifia estar fro to be cold
kenaya nube cloud
kheparafia quedar to remain stay
liamayuna cosechar (papas, ocas); to reap (potatoes,

escarbar con instrumento oca): scrape wich
an instrument
2asafia p.isar to erdure
nisi chuymafia estar tonto to be stupid
3aparu cada dia each day, daily
thayafia estar frio to be cold

waleafia acoatumbrarse to become acoustom
to
Grammar - Suma parlariatagsi
I. Optative: these forms are discussed and presented in grammar,

lesson XXXIX. Cf. also discussion in lesson NXVIII.
Positive optative:
e.g. Khararojj mzjimarc saraouirista 'I hope t.o go to town tomorrow'

Jichharojinayaii isinac tltisisEixista 'I hope to wash
clothes tomorm77
Jutir maradiEgysjj ut alasisluirista 'Next year I hope to
(be able) to buy a house'

LESSON XL - Grammar- 460
Negative optative': the -c- infix of the positive optative is attached

to Tani- ,in negatime.senterices:
e.g. Arumanthe_ja nayaii 'lame llaquisiristti Would that I
not be sad tomorrow'
KharUrojj jam:it jasis chawll caturistti 'I hope not to go
fishing tomorrow'
Arumanthej luraquirista, ianic jalloii purispati
'I hope to work the field tomorrow; I hope it doesn't rain'
Maranji ut utachaquirista. anchati tata4iaii munanelia 'This
year I hope to build a house, if my father wants to'
(N.B. anchaquiti+ optative; itnchati + future)
When the interrogative suffix -ti is added in positive questions,
the final vowel of the 1st person singular and plural ending is
elided:
e.g. Saraquiristti? 'do I hope to go?'

In negative questions, -ti is attached to jani- and the verb ending
remains intact.
e.g. ianit saraquirista? 'don't I hope to go?'
II. -cha: interrogative suffix which introduces the notion of doubt; it
may be translated as 'or' in some contexts. Cf. notes for the Dialogue,
Lesson XXXVIII.
M. KharUrojj nayajj ut utachaquirista.

E. KharUrojj nayajj ut utachaquirista.
N. jumajj
w.
E. KharUrojj jumajj ut utachaquisma.
nanacajj
E. KharUrojj nanacajj ut utachapjjaquirista.
M. vac aljapjjaquirista
E. KharUrojj nanacajj vac aljapjjaquirista.
maranjj jupajj
E. Maranjj jupajj vac aljaquispa.
M. jiwasanacajj

mosssa qx - uoTan4T4sqns TTtaQ
'a PPEOVUOSEMTI ccUEXUM 3VA EUSOEccdEPIE '

Prupeuudnp
.g queauN PrE3VUPdric 317A adsTnbecpvcie
u3 Rio, EdsTnbeccdnitumert
-g
trueaeN pcupeuednr Nostp .edsTnbuccdnAumeTT
14 apnc rcasccuild gcBsEmTp
-a apnr ccascputid ccusumTP -eusonArwurr
cpeseu
apnr ccascceild ccu.Ken Aoop sulsTaTnbnAemeTT
.14 fieopuvWnf
-a apnr cfascpetid pezeuetanc lostp .vmsTnberpnAemeit
.14 masTnbuCcdeananm'lniotn
-a apnr ccasquqd pcuovuumnp qnsoTu .umsTnbeccduanahm
14 ccoandan!: ccupeuvu
g ccoandanr ppoeuen 4neopz eqs.p4nbuccdeananm
..
Crednf
.a ccamndanr qedric 4noTu eedsTnbuananm
.14 ccalpuetanav PeAun duA 4u4sTaTnbuanT oTusic gromp .T.TudsTand
a ccatpueanav cpAeu duA 4u4sTaTnbuanT oTuec crotivr .pedstand
m Cremnt
.a pretpuumnav ccumnp dui AumsTabuani oTutic cpurTuT 'pedsyand
ccesumTP
g ccatiallumnaV ccesuaTc deA 6euspeanT oTnup ccorrec .pudeTand
otter pudselnc.ccetplocTujp
ccellauemnay pfesum-Fr deA u3soeani 6 pTiec rcaumacTi.wo -TTedsu4np
pcoanam ppeAeu loaga u7sTaTnionArmeu

g Ccoanaugn ccuAyn loop deqsTaTnbaccemuu 3Triec ffuggoriqqa epedse4nr
'm pcBoeuuu
a ccoanautix Peounun Aosca gelsTaTabeccdnAumeu oTner Hetilloppigo 4nc
T4eds
.
CreounewnC
ia froanauu ccuoenumnp Ao4tp cutunnlyerfdnAumeTT aTuup ccaggoppup
oppdseqnp
ej4 3-Fur!: pemsecrdTseaAec
.g fcoarlaum Pi2eovuetanC loop InmsTnbscrduAnumil oTuer: -sercdTselAec

Z9f7
NOSSHI IX - uoT4n4T3sqns "[Ma
.14 iTanc goveges rrumnr

iT4nr rropeqes gemnr gumsTnImAemeTT aTuec -RomsTsea/Cur
14 rpodinc oeuTst edsTnbronaga
a IT3nr goveges rrednr aollow aeuTsT gedsTnbnonsgo aTuer -T4edsTsuaAer
*14 cresemTr
I apnr rCopecres posumg 9011am aeuTsT geusanansgo oTuet .T3oussaa/Cor
1 oTueC peusseomie
a apnr Promos gesenTr aoliam oeuTsT 4-eusanonigo aTuer -aquae
-.Rousse
.14 goad/Camp; gezeuesemTr eusaerrdetionunito
.a gold/Calm; preauuesuriTr 'eusourrdeganunigo aTuer eTletISMITSUOMae
PO
N Crukeu
a gold/Seim; rra/Cou gelsTaTnbegonuniga oTuer *T44sTiTsellwae
parezni rreAeu aTuer TlasTappvc

a mmuni cracteu oTuer T24sTaTtpur
Crupouou
-a guazeR rreaeuou oTuer T13sTiorrdegour
14 rrezeuumnr
H queiag geouuemnr aTuer iTarmserrdegoer
'j oTuer TlumserrdTsurquod
*a qualow geopuewnr oTuec -RemsercdTserwed
4 rroaniegl crednc
a pcoinami rcodur oTuur TludsTserwod
4 gusemg
ia goinautim rpecemTr oTuer peusserluod
4 cpeoulrednr
-a cgoinieqx rropeuedur oTuur -RedsurrdTserlued
4 oTuer losqo TTedserrdn/Cemerr
-a rcoinaum rreaeuedur aTuor 3loola -iludserrdnAemen
4 CCe/Ceu
.a roaflzegx r ccuiceu meet stia No *T43sTaogeweiT
14 Prualem gemnr
H rruarow gamic aTuec Aolgo TlemsniComen
4 preoeuusumTc

MOSSTI IX - u0T2n3T3sqnS ITT1C
ccuvaull rrpoutresemTc oTup.,(7 Ilooto -cauuscgdnkemeTT

'N loop puuscCduquo
rel.
gruvisw rpeovuus814 oTuer lo,qo T4puscCdples
.. ..
CCedrif itanC CfasCCeqd
aTanc piescceqd gednf: oTtleC xo,qo Tledsvlvs
Heoeutaing
apnc presccuqd geoeuemnr lloop.oTuer --clumsergdel.es
apnr gpasrpelid olmec ATToN 6T34sTatAzIuqqo um3sTaisutdtnimem
aTanf ccoscruqd oTuec "UPI 4T33sTITAullegq0 .emsTipTATnimum
Uvoutieu
apnr rcasquqd crropueu oTueg TEToN 4T23spaprclukenrqqo --eccdpbnum
.eml,sTaTuTd
'N ppeoeuming
apnr crescpeqd puovuumng oTuur Imay gpeusrffdeAvv.qqo -4,111ITIvm
-ummistuTdvg
'14 ccumnr 3tV13 P'eULStStnDB1
'a annf pcissCpeqd ccumnr oTuec "pumsTsTnbwri ewierasTityrdTnbTrea
'N ememnuTdvlIsTsno
*a apnr grasgpqd rcetunr opler 'TzetusTsTnbuiT .1-ImewsLutd-mstsno
'N CCurame
a ccurauki rcemnp oprec 4-putusTsTnbsu ..eArmsiiuTdp4TsTsno
rfuovuecInC
a gueaull geoutlydnp oTuer 4p3cIsvcrdTsTnbyTT .ymndlTuTdurcdptsTeno
Tez snanclus lamedsTuTd4cdpRo)loql
ppeoeuednp oTuec 474edsvccdTsTnbwri snaridev -sgpIpRoAoql

.emedsTuTd
oTuer yuno snagTqo TzedsuccdTand
a gueivm gpoeuedng oprer euno enaTry.qo 4-pedsegrdTand snandes
.r.npdsTuTdercdpEoxoq3
pcoanaeql C:Wen
,71 cgoiniem gruiteu oTuvg eurto snagTqa 6p4sTaTand snandvs -LaRoToql
*.emsTalcuTd
rprovuesukig
a croinieqx creoeuesemTc oTueC num snaTCTIo gpeusgpltand snalides
.ekluusuTdeCcdskimoq4

*1791i
MOSSTI IX - uoTzn3T3sqns TETaa
snandus umeusuTduppyibppno
.g pro:In/au rcepeussymTP oTuyp yuno snaTcpp 4-peuspcdTand snandes
-emeusuTduppyabRipno
opmc trec qoavoutregesneki TTousqdTand
.g rPoinima PpeovuusemTp oprep trep cpauvetreuesTrum 4-putiscCdTand
snandes vmuusuTd4cdpirponso
uopaTdmoD ITTIQ ouuniv vuutpuxoqd
laasui loaLloo mio; JO EUEIES
ppoinagu quAuti Daum vlsTaTnbeays
pcoinaeu qumnp plum musTavaus

ppoinamm ccvdrq plum vdsTnimaus
ppoinavu ppesumTC Daum EUSDEIES
ppolveu CpspeuusemTp plum eusoCpules

croinipu Ppm= arm t:sTaTnlyaccdvivs
ppoiflamix ppopuemnp Diem ------ emsTnbeCrdexes
ppoinieu ppoutred4 DIEM edsTnbecpuirs
.
Es3 EUTSi
PPEAVU OUUTST 132ST2TribTSCPEO
premnr petrysT tusTnbTsquo u
ppecinc ovuTsT dsTnbtscp44 e
cceslamic ovuTsT yusoTsccuil
ccupeuusemTC ovuTsT yusaeccdTscps4
PPoutivil peuTsT N4sTatnbygpdTscps4
ppeommainc ovuTsT umsTnbuccdTscrus3
quoutiednC DeuTsT eds-mbeccdTspela
ygTsne
apnr cculum TpeAuu 4n 3sTiTnbtsns. u
iTanc Uviem ffemnr an ems-pbTsere
iptic PPermu 4'2414 4n udsTnbTsvie
iTlnt ccelym ppesemTP In uuszTgere
apnc 4plum ffeavuesem-4 4r1 uswepptsvie u

aptlf pfexem cpaeuuu 411 r4cIaTnlyel:cdTsate

455
LESSON XL - Completion Drill
Jutir marajj juManacajj ut alasipjjaquiscia

Jutir marajj jupanacajj ut alasipjjaquispa
ilaauirdia
Arumanthejj nayajj janic llaquisiristti
. .
Arumanthejj jumajj janic. we/~4M.

Arumanthejj jupajj janic llaquisispati
Arumanthejj jiwasajj janic ilaquissnati
Arumanthejj jiwasanacajj.janic,. llaquisipjjsnati
Arumanthejj nanacajj jaaic
Arumanthejj jumanacajj janic llaquisipj jasmati
Arumanthejj jupanaaajj janic Ilaquisipjjaspaa
catuni
Khaarojj nayajj janic chawll Alow caturistti
KharUrojj jupajj janic chawll catusma-ci
KharUrojj jupajj janic chawll catuspati

KharUrojj jiwasajj janic chawll catccaati.
KharUrojj jiwasanacajj janic chawll catupjjsnati

KharUrojj naLacajj janic chawll A catupjjeristti
KharUrojj jupanacajj janic chawll catupjjesmati
KharUrojj jupanacajj janic chawll 11 catupjjaspati
Naranjj nayajj janic (jachang). jachiristti

Maranjj jumajj janic (j achafia). jachasmati
Maranjj jupajj jaaic inamay Ch'ok (17.apuc;.aiia). yapuchaspati
Maranjj jiwasajj janic inamay ch'ok (TaDuctinna). yapuchsnati
Jutir semanajj jiwasanacajj janic inamay marr
(saraiia) . sara?jjsnati
Jutir semanajj nanacaj j janic inamay mate
(saratia). sarapjjeristti
Jutir phajjscjj jupanacajj janic inamay kawr
(awatifia). awatipjjasmati
Jutir phajjsejj jupanacajj janic inamay kawr
(awatina). awatipjjaspati

99V
NO= ZX - uoTlaTdm00 TITaa

ettuanT
Ccatpumanav ' 0TuBc ccorpc .pudsTand ulsTaTnbeinT
ccatpumnav it dm ppyrref3Tuec sprdsTand umsTnbeinT
[Tatiluumnly (WA 6 3Prec cconuT -FludsTand edsTareini
Harpuumnav duA aprec prorrec illudsTand uusovinT
Proinieu oulesu3u3 deA g(euTTENI) nusc eusougdram

FratIdAnc .cludsecln
Proinieu 3u4vrce123 duA ce-4TTICITPO nueC u3sTainbucCdmotil

gatIdAnc pudsucln
cpanauqx orlumu3u4 Aoltp g(Euulus) 3Tuup umsTnbuccdulus
-pudsullnCtpatippTivio
Uoiniumx ouludaTmu losq3 g(ullulus) 3-pup udspbrUdelus
Pcallippppla -Fludse34
egetpuln
LTUBIEN ln g putpue cruPpely4 u4sTatnbTsmpuln

tacreuuun B
ccuBarN In 6 ;Amp= ccume3y4 uffauuunm umsTnbTsugaeln

CP1E1E14 In 6 I4B11311V rPeSeTel .UPPUUMM BUS3TSVPV4n
CptdAuautix ccatidAnc g(uuNdAht) putpuu udsTribpIdAnc

Uounitio uffauusud
proldAuxeqx unitp g(upetionunitp) :putpue uusoupcdutionunitio
cpunitio uppuused
proldAuaula ABD (upet43uAu3) 6 pm/pm 4'-eAuo 11.1sTaTnb2rputpukeo
euCcauesed
CcoldAuautlx AV3 g(uuutpuAu3) putpue CcuildAnc prasTriburputpeAup
-effaupidAnC
CColdAuamix gnaw g011utionunitp) petpue ccatidAnc ums-pbeccdutpnunito
suCcauNdAnc
Uointivu ccomc g(lir71171) oplup ccadnT udsTnbTand

qUilTanT) TludsTdni
4ointitinr gadni c(irffal) DTuuc ppekeuaA edsTnbTdnT
FIEUT5B) pudsupn
qoantitpu prednT gOETEED oTuuC CreAutil udsTnbTdni
ffi11775) ' pedseAmp
rfoxilaela quuod 4.(UunmuU) *Tuvr mywor eusmmus
(66fifia) . Tirdszaud

467
LESSON XL - Completion Drill
KharUrojj marc (sarana), janic jiar jakenacajj sarcpjjaquisra

(colerasina) . colerasipjjaspoti
KharUrojj ch'ok (11amayinia), janic thayajj 31amayupjjaquispa
(tha7Mila). thayUspati
Maranjj aymar (22Lthana), janic pisi (4111LELE). yatekapjjaquiriEta
chuymMpjjeristti
Maranj j Boliviar (sarafia), janic (kheparana). sarapjjaquisma
Ehe7arapjjasme-i
Maranjj nriqucn marcap (saraHa), janic sarapjjaquispa
(jayrasina). jayrasipjjaspati
Questions and Answers - Jisceafianacrmni ivarl sananacamoi
KharUrojj nayajj marc saraquiristti?

E. Xisa, kharUrojj jumajj marc saraouisma
N. JichArojj nayajj isinac t'ajjsiquiristtii
E. nsa, jichhUrojj jumajj is t'ajjsiquisra.
M. Jutir marajj nayajj ut alasiquiristti?
E. JYsa, jumajj jutir marajj ut alasiquisma.
Arumanthejj nayajj llaquiciristti?
E. Janiwa, arumanthejj jumajj jardc llaquisismati.
M. Arumanthejj nanacaj j liaquisipjjeristti?
E. Janiwa, jumanacajj arumanthejj janic Ilaquisipjjasnati.
M. KharUrojj nayajj jnit caturistal
E. J5'sa, kharUrojj jumajj janic chawll catusmati.
Maranjj nayajj jachiristti'
E. Janiwa, maranjj jumajj janic jacEasrati.
M. Arumanthejj nayajj yap luraquiristti?
E. Ji'sa, arumanthejj jumajj yap luravisma, janic jail purispati.
Maranjj nayajj ut utachasiquiristti
E. Jisa, maranjj ut utachasiquisma, anchati tatamaij munani.
KharUrojj jall purisp ucqhajj jumajj yap lurasmati?
E. Janic purispati, yap luraquirista.
N. JichhUrojj nayajj isinac t'ajjsielstti?
Lb_
468
LESSON XL - Questions and Answers
E. Ucapi, t'ajjsiquisma.
N. Jumamp nayampejj jutir marajj utanac alasnati?
E. Alasicsna, kollkejj utjaquispa.
M. Tata Andresan mamapajj masUrojj jiwicha?
E. asa, jupajj janic llaquisispati.
M. KharUrojj jiwasanacajj kotan chawll catupjjsnacha?
E. UcaAjanic thayaj j thayaspati.
M. Tata, arumanthejj nanacajj qhaya alay khath sarapjjeristcha?
E. nsa, sarapjjasmawa, janic usuntapjjasmati.
E4 Jumanacajj jutir semanajj qhuchinac inamay qharipjjasmati?
E. UcapY, janic inamay qharipjjerYstti.
N. Mama, phuchamajj cervez umaspache
E. Janie umaspati.
M. llama Teresa, nayajj qhaya liq'i vacanac alicha9
E. Alaquisma, janic carUspati.
M. Tata Mateo, jupanacajj qhuri kalanac utachnnatec apanipjjw;:paci-L-.?
E. Apanipjjaquispa, janic jayrasipjjaspati.
N. Mama Cristina, arumanthejj jumanacajj apill cayachapjjatache
E. nsa, cayachapjjgquirista.
Mamay, nayajj arumanthejj ch'ok ch'ufiuchgcha?
E. JMsa, ch'ufiuchaquisma, janic jallojj purispati.
Dialogue - Cuento
THOKOR TAWAKONACAMP I JAN UP T' WAYNANACAMPI
Nayra pachanacanjja tawakonacamp waynanacavpejj arumaw kollu patar

1
thokor sarapjjerina. Jupanacajj suma mank'anac apasipjjerina, ulhamar-
aqui a3,7ohola, coca apasipjjerina.
Waynanacamp tawakonacampejj sapa mayniw purapat uneasipjjana,

9
takpacU:niw mank'asipjjerYna, coc acullipjjegno, thokopjjaraquirine.
arumasti acatjamatac pani jan ufiteat wcynoracajj kollu pater
saraphSna, ucanacasti tawakonacampiw thokopigna. Uca arumajj jarliw
qhitis uca pani waynanacarojj &lean' puedipeInti, cunalayeutejj jen
uneanjamapanti.

463
Lesson .11, - Dialogue
Uca pani jan ufit'at waynanacajj suna isinacanYpjjgnwa, wari

3
chainni, wari ponchoni, suma sombreronacani.
Mg waynajj uca pani writ' at waynaracarojj Mank'asipjjafign
tatanaca sasaw sIna. Ucampis uca pani jan ufit'at waynanacajj
janiw munapcHnti. Cunapachatejj tawakonacajj thdkopcgn ucqhaqui.7
jupanacajj thokor taypir mantasin thokopjjgna. Tawakonacasti jaw:-
raquiw ufit'afi puedipcgnti Qnitinacaraqapach acanacasti? --saca;
4
jupanacajj lup'isipjjtina.
Uca jan unit' at waynanacajj n semanaw jayp'unacajj sarapjjgna.'
Tawakonacasti ufit'afipin munapjjgna uca jan ufit'at waynanacaru.
Maurojj estancian takpach waynanacamp tawakonacampiw tanta-
chasipjjgna, ucansti takeniw amtapjjgna uca pani jaa uat'at wayna-
6
nacar catuntafiataqui. Uca arumajj wall amuyasisaw tawakonacamp
7
waynanacampajj kollur sarapjjgna. Qhitinacatejj jan sa-..au ja-zYcvs
uca waynanacamp tawakonacampejj sarapjjaraquYnwa, cunalaycute.j

jupanacajj ufit'an nunapjjaragana uca pani jaa afit'at waynnnacaru,
Niy arumthapjjepansti, uca pani jan ufit'at waynanacajj joy2.:aa
3
waynanacampir tawakonacampirojj uhch'uquipjjana. Cunapac-aatejj
thokofi kalltapjjgn ucqhaw jupanacajj sarapjjgna tawakonacanp

thokohataqui.
Tawakonacajj uca pani jan ufit'at waynanacarojj wal thokoyapjj
na, janiw cuns jisqhifi munapcHnti, amuquiu tawakonacajj jupanacaba
9
thokosipcgna. Laynanacajj janiraaciu uca pani jan ufit'at wayna-
nacarojj cuns parljjayapcgnti. Uca arumajj janiiw mank'ajj utjognti,
j aniraquiw samareapcaracuinsa, cunalaycutejj tawakonacajj janiw
10
uca pani jan uneat waynanacarojj.antutafi munapcqnti.
Niy khanjtanjjepansti, uca pani jan uneat waynanacajj wal
achicasipjjgn tawakonacarojja Antutita cullaquitas antutita
11
cullaquita sasa.
Tawakonacasti janiw antutafi munapanti, jupanacajj wal catuntap-
jjgna. Uca pani San uheat waynanacasti niy khangjjepanjja wal
wararipjjgna: Antutitay cullaquita, pacha khar khar khar.
.12
Antutitay cullaquita, naka khar khar khar, sasina .
Sinti urE3jjepan3ti uca pani 5a ukit'ar waynanacajj tiwularuquiw

13
tucupjAna. Uca jaa ufit'at pani waynanacajj jaker tucusaw tawako-
nac taypirojj thokor 5utirMtayna, Waynanacasti uc ufijasajj tiwularojj

470
LESSON XL - Dialogue
catuficamaw arctapjjana, catjasinsti putup k'al allinokapjjana, tiwulana-

14
carusti jiwayapjjaraquYnwa.
13
Uqham tiwulanacajj aynacheapjjana, sint inempseiripjjatap laycu.
NOTES
1 navra 'early'
pacha 'time'
aruma 'might'
sarapiterias (imperfect) 'they used to go' (sarafia + -iri)
2 purapa 'both'
acullifia 'to chew oca'
3 isinacanYpjjanwa 'they had clothes'

wari 'vicuna'
chala 'scarf'
4 lup'ifia 'to think, meditate'
5 ma semanaw jayp'unacajj 'in the afternoons for a week'
6 awtafia 'to agree'

catuntafia 'to capture': cf. catufia 'to seize, catch'
7 amuvasifia 'to think, reflect'
8 arumthapijepansti 'when it was already dark:'

jamatas 'from afar'
9 amuqui 'quiet'
10 antutafia 'to abandon, free'
11 khanjta 'dawn': khana 'light'

12 pacha..., naka denote exclamations
13 sinti 'much'
sinti urlijjepansti 'when it was already verybr ;ht daylight'.
tucufia (ru) ' to become'

471
LESSON XL - Dialogue - Notes
14 arctafia 'to follow, chase'

putu 'cave'
k'ala 'completely, all'
allinokafia 'to destroy'
15 masttlaTia 'to jail' (from avnacha 'below; south')

sintinansu 'for doing many vain things (i.e., .1"o
doing what they ought not to have been doing).'.
1.aysu 'for'
AYMARA FOLX SONCS
The following songs were dictated by Mrs. NellyJde Vega.

English and Spanish translations are appended.
Asnitujiaoui utlitaspe
Asnitujjaqu5_ utjitaspa, vidita
khartirpachaw sarjjerista
polleritajjata caronani, vidita (bis)
waq'itajjata sinchitan.
Qhitisa saquitasapana, vidita

jan uca ingratur munamti
uca ingratusti senorita, vidita (his)
mal pogo churasiriwa.
Si yo tuviera un burrito If I Had a Little Burro
Si yo tuviera un burrito, vidita If I had a little burro,

mafiana mismo me irla Tcmorrot' I would leave
con montura de mi ?ollerita, vidita With the saddle of tity skirt
y con cincha de mi fajita. And with the cinch of my belt.
Alguien que me hubiera dicho, vidita Somebody :les said to me,

no lo quieras a ese ingrato Don't love that ungrateful,
ese ingrato, senorita, vidita That ungrateful boy, senorita:,
mal pa go el sabe dar. Because he, doesn't know how
to make you happy.

AYMARA FOLK SONGS 472
Casarjetta casarjjeta
sullca phuchamampi
uywascawa, uywascawa (bis)
ch'oke khatitampi.
Sarjjafiani, sarjjaiiHni
suma torcasita
sarjjafiUni, sarjjaiiHni (bis)
Chuquiagu marcaru.
Hazme casar Marry Me
Hazme casar, hazme casar Marry me, marry me,

con to hija menor, To your younger daughter.
la voy a estar criando I am going to nourish her,
la voy a es.:ar criando I am going to nourish her
con papa cocida. On the staff of life.
Nos iremos, nos iremos We will go, we will go

buena palomita Good little dove,
nos iremos, nos iremos We will go, we will go
a la ciudad de La Paz. To the city of La Pai.
Jiwata wawita
Acansa qhurinsa amtaquiway

urunsa, arumansa eljaquiway
munata wawita tucusitaw
orak mankharu allintataw.
Wasara pampana iquintataw (bis)

jaya marcana imantataw
munata wawita tucusitaw
orak mankharu allintataw.
Ninito muerto Little Dead Boy
Aqui y alli lo recordarg Here and there will I remember

en el dia y en la noche lo verg him,
el nifio querido estg acabado I see him during the day and
dentro del suelo enterrado estg. during the night.
The dear little boy is dead,
En un campo desierto estg durmiendo He is buried in the,ground.
en un pueblo lejano estg guardado
el nil% querido estg acabado He is sleei-ing in a deserted
dentro del suelo estg enterrado. field,
He is concealed in a far ton,
The dear little boy is dead,
He is buried in the ground.

47?
ankPLEMENT
Pedramp sarapifs_
1::-dromp Joseampejj Estados UnidoE marcanquir waynanacawa.

Jupanacajj sinti waynacgpjjewa. Pedromp Joseampejj r'arc
saaapjjc. Uca marcajj Bolivia patawa. Pedrompir Joseampirojj mankiat
autjapjje, ucat jupanacajj ma utar sarapjje. Uca utajj tata Andresan
u*aapawa. Tata Andresan utapajj jisc'a jichhu utaquiaaa Pedromp Joseampejj
tata Andresarojj sapjjewa:
----. Tata, cawqhans tiendajj utji? Nanacajj t' ant' munapjjta, cunalaycutejj
nanacarojj mankiat autjapjjetu sasiaa.
Tata Andresajj siwa: .Ay tata, tiendajj jariw acp jiscia marcanjj utjqui::1,
almalaycutejj jiscia marcaquiwa, jakenacajj janiw waljHquiti. Pedromp
Joseampejj llaquisipjjewa.
Texa Andresajj Pedrompir. Joseampirojj plank' ahurafi puni. Ucampis jupan
mank'apajj janiw utjquiti. Tata Andresajj esposapan cullacapan utap
eant'amp lechemp aliriw sari. Tata Andresajj uca eaatiamp lechemp
Pe6rompir Joseampirojj churl.
Paaromp Joseampejj cusisitaw mank'apjje, cunalaycutejj jupanacarojj
mankiat autjapjje.
Juseajj tata Andresarojj siwa: --- Tata, umat pharjiau sasa. Tata
Any tasan umajj janiw utjquiti, ucat jupajj cullacapan utap wasitat sari.
Tata Andresan cullacapajj ma jach'a botellaruw am chur-21. Tata Andresajj
um Josearojj churaraqui. .Pedromp Joseampejj walpin tata.Andresarojj
T...apagarapjje: Yuspagar tata, yuspagar tata sasa.
Jichhajj janiw jupanacarojj mankiat autjquiti, cunalayeutejj tiant'emp
lechemp mankiapjje
Ucjjarojj, Pedromp Joseampejj is tiajjsiriw jawir saran munapjje, cunalaycutej:
jupanacan isinacapajj leanuwa. Pedromp Joseampejj jawir sarapjje.
J7..anacajj jawir qhurcatan ma liq'i vac ufijapjje. Tic:a jach'a
vacajj tata Marcosan vacapawa. Pedromp Joseampejj uca amc alan munapjja,
eunalaycutajj aych mankian munapjje.
Tata Farcosajj janiw vacapjj Pedrompir ioseampirojj aljafi munquiti,
cunalaycutejj uca vacajj suma liqii vacawa.
Ucjjalojj, Fedromp Joseampejj tata Alfredon utapar sarapjje.
Jtyanacajj wall karitapjjewa, cunalaycutejj jupanacajj liq'i waynanacapjjewa.
Pedrojj tata Alfredorojj siwa: --- Tata, anumarac achjitaspa sasa.
Tata Alfredojj siwa: Jutascac!uim, tata, anojjajj janiw achjasiriquiti.
Tata Alfredojj and sum silla Pedrompir Joseampirojj maytiii Jupanacajj
uca sillaruw kontiasipjje. Tata Alfredojj jupanacarojj situ :. --- Tatanaca,
cawqhats purinipjjta? sasina.
Psdrojj siwa: Nanacajj Estades Unides matc marcat purinipjjta sasa.
Juseajj siwa: --- Tata, janiraw aymar sum paricti, wasitat sum chhU sasa;
Tata Alfredojj wasitat jupanacarojj jisctii: Cunanacas juman marcaman
utji? sasa.
Pedrojj siwa: Ah, tata, tata, marcajjanjj jachia utanaca'i utji, machak
isinaca' utji, machak autonacaw utji, jach'a maacanacau utji, walja jakenacaw
utjaraqui.
Pedromp Joseampejj seal cusisipjje, cunalaycutejj jupanacajj tata Andresampi
tata Yarcosampi, tata Alfredompejj aymarat parlapjje.

SUPPL EMENT b. 74
wali kftritglijjewa,
Pedromp Joseampejj utaparuw sarjjapjje. Jupanacajj
jupx:acajj uali
cunalaycutejj jupanacarojj iquiw puripjje. Jichhajj
cusisitaw utapan icjjapjje.
II. Mama Franciscan chachapajj usut,wa

achjitaspa?
Francisca: Dios asqui ur churgtam, mama, anumarac
Hazel: Jutascaquim mama, anojjajj janiw.utiquiti.
F: Mama, visitiriw jutsma. Nayajj sinti
llaquitgtwa.
H: Cunat, mama?
janiw wank' munquiti. Juparojj
F: Ay mama, esposojjaw wart usuta. Jupajj
p'ekew usu, janiraquiw sartafi puedquiti.
kollapjjtajja?
H: Ay mama, ucajj llaquisifiawa. Cunanacampis
utjquituti. Tiojjajj Chuquiagitr
F: Mama, nayajj pobrgtwa, janiw kollkejj
apam situwa. Camgchas, mama?
Mg enfermeraw Cuerpo de
H: Jan llaquisimt mama. Esposcmajj waliquiscaniwa.
satawa. Jupajj suma
Paz satan utji. Uca enfermerajj Mary Harrington
jakewa. Juparaquiw esposomarojj kollani.
nayajj ajjsartwa.
F: Waliquiw mama. Cawqhas uca enfermeran utapajja9 Mama,
Jupajj aymar parlaft yatiti?
Nayaw jupampejj pariL
H: Jan ajjsaramt mama, jupajj aymar parliwa.
sinti llaquitgpjjaraquiwq,
F: Ay koli mama, yanapeitay mama. Wawanacajjajj
janiw mank'an munapcaraquiti.
Chachamajj utamanLasquit:
H: Jin sarafign mama. Enfermerajj utapancasquiwa.
jupajj janiw
F: Ji's mama, esposojjajj utajjancasquiwa. Masgrojj
inas jichhgrojj manlechini.
H: Cunanacs manlean muni?
F: Janiw cuns munquiti. Jupajj suma t'ant'anacac muni.
ufijgtajja, wawanacamaruw
H: Ay mama, usutarojj sum ufijafiamawa, jan .:sum
usojj maqhatani.
F: Cunjgms unjajj mama?
mank'asifi platonacap
H: Isinacap t'ajjsita, iquifianacap t'ajjsirapita,
Enfermerap
wallaket umampiw jarita, umanapataquejj um waiiakeyarapita.
juc'amp yaticgatp mama.
nayajj escuelar sariricti,
F: Ay mama, nayajj janiw yatcti, janiraquiw
janiw leen yatcti, ni kellkafis yatcaractti.
kellkafia. Sapa jayp7uw ici7c
H: Mama, jan llaquisimti, jumajj yatekgtawa lee la,
ajjsaras saram escuelar
Fernandojj leen kellkafi yatichasqui. Jumajj jan
mama, yatekgtawa.
ucampis esposojjaw usut
F: Waliquiw mama, nayajj escuelarojj saran muntwa,
H: Jan llaquisimt mama, esposomajj waliptjjaniwa.
puripjje)
(Hazelamp Franciscampejj enfermeran utaparuw
sutIpajj Franciscawa.
H: Mama Mary, visitiriw jutapjjta. Aca maman
Esposopaw usuta.
Mary: Mantasinipcaquim, aca chekar kont'asipjjam.
F: Buenos dias mama.
M: Buenos dias mama, camisac mama?
Yanapt'itay mama, kollearapiti...
F: Walic mama, ay mama, esposojjaw usuta.
Cuna usutasa?
F: Mama, p'ekew usut siwa. Janiw sartan puedcquiti, wall calenturr...

SUPPLEMENT
475
M: Kawkha urus niy usutajja?

F: Niy pg semanaw usut mama.
M: Ah, jan llaquisimt mama, esposomajj waliqugjjaniwa. Jin sarafigni,
nayaw kollg.
F: Waliquiw mama.
H: Mama Mary, jichhpachat sarafigni?
M: Jisa, jichlIpachawa.
H: Uqhamajj sarangni.
(Quimsanejj usutan utap sarapjje)
F: Mantascaquifign mama, anojjajj jani' utjquiti.
H: Walic mama, wawanacamajj utancaocuiti?
F: Janiw mama, jupanacajj kolluruw ovej.awatir sarapjje.
MI: /lama, cawquir utanquis esposomajja?
F: Esposojjajj cocinanauiwa.
M: Waliqui, uqhamajj mantafilni.
(Hazelamp Mariampejj aruntasipjjewa)
M: Tata, ustamti?
Tomas: Jis mama, usutuwa.
M: Cunas ustarn, tata?
T: Mama, aca p'ekejjaw usutu, janiw iquifi puedcti, sint usut mama,
kolleasitay mama.
14: Tata, jan llaquisimt tata, nayajj kohl jumataquejj apanta.
T: Waliquiw mama, kolleasitay mama.
M: Tata, aca koll umeam.
T: Ay mama, yuspagar mama, yuspagar mama.
M: Janiw cunats tata,jichhajj waliqugjjataw tata.
T: Cunanacs jichhajj manieg mama'
M: Mankvasim ch'oke, aycha, eawna, pokota, naranja, duraznp, lechuga,
zanahoria yakha ch'ojjfianacampi.
T: Waliquiw mama.
H: Tata, aca mamajj enfermerawa. Jupajj take Usutanacaruw aca estancianjj
kollasqui.
T: Ucajj wall sumaw mama. Nayajj jichhajj cusistua.
H: Tata, jan llaquisimti, waliqugjjatawa. Jutir lunesaw wasitat jutapjja.
T: Waliquiw mama.
F: Ay koli mama, yuspagar mama, yuspagar raw. Eama, aca quesojj jumataquiw
mama, apasim mama. Aca quesojj jumataquiraquiw mama, apasim mama.
H: Walic mama, yuspagar mama.
yuspagar mama, quesomajj sumaw mama. Jutir lunesaw jutapjjg. Jumajj
esposomarojj sum ufijgta.
Waliquiw mama.
M: Sarawayjjapjjg mama, sarawayjjg tata, jiquisificama.
F: Jiquisincam mama, jiquisificay.
T: Walic mama, walic mama, yuspagar mama.
III. Supplementary expressions
Samay. Tell me.

Arsumay, parlamay Speak, talk.
Sitay Tell me.
Parlitay. Tell me.

SUPPLEMENT
476
Yanapt'itay ampi. Help me, please.

Saramay. Go.
'Mantanimay. Come in.
Amuquimay. Be quiet.
Ist'amay. Listen.
Ist'itay. Listen to me.
Aca chekaruw koneasim ampi. Please sit down here.
Cunas sutimajj tata? What is your name, sir?
Cuna sutiatasa? What is your name, sir?
Cuna sutinis wawamajja? What is your boy's name?
Cunas wawaman sutipajja? What is your boy's name?
Cunilrus jichhUrojja? What day is it today?
Tata, aymarat parlam. Sir, speak in Aymara.
Tata, aymarat parlt'ita ampi. Sir, please speak to me in Aymara.
Tata, may jiscf'asima. Sir, I have a question for you.
Cunach tata? What is it, sir?
Parlt'ayita ampi. Please let me speak.
Past'ayita ampi. Please let me pass.
Tata, cun sans mun uca arojja? What does that word mean?
Tata, cun sans mun ...? Uhat does...mean?
Tata, camsafias aymaranjj...? How do you say...in Aymara?
Janiw amuyct tata. I don't understand, sir.
Janiw entiendct tata. I don't understand, air.
Wasitat sam chha. Repeat it.
Mayamp sam chha. Repeat it.
Nayajj janiw sum aymar parlafi yatcti. I can't speak Aymara well.
Nayajj janYraw aymar sun paricti. I still can't speak Aymara well.
Jan sawcasimti. Don't play jokes.
...muntati? Would you like...?
T'ant' muntati? Would you like (some) bread?
Saran muntati? Would you like to go?
Nayamp saran muntati? Would you like to go with me?
Camstasa? What do you say?
Camsafiachejj...janiw yatcti. I don't know how to say...
Asno p'eke. Donkey head.
Anu p'eke. Dog head.
Kolike chuyma. Money-grubber.
Iqui pucuchu. Sleepy=head.
Iqui thusu. Sleepy-head.
Iqui ch'awa. Sleepy-head.
Kont'asim. Have a seat.
Iyawl yt koneasi. Fine, I'll have a seat.
Sayt'asim. Stand up.
Iyaw/ yd sayeasY . Fine, I'll stand up.
Catokt'ita. Accept this for me.
:yaw/ ya catokeama. Fine, I'll accept it (from you)
Sirvt'asim. Help yourself.
iyawi yd sirveasi. Fine, I'll help myself.
Umeasim. Drink up. Iquisjjam. You can sleep rwv,
Mank'easim. Eat up. Iquisjjapjjam. You (p1.) can
Winct'asim. Lie down. sleep now.
Samart'am. Take a rest.
Korpacheita. Put me up in your
house.

GLOSSARY 477
aca / this amuyafia / to think

aca chekaru / to this place amuyasifia / to realize
acgca / these places anaquifia / to herd
acancana / to be here anaquipanaa I to move the herd from
acancascafia / to be here oneA)lace to another
acapacha / world anata / carnival
acatjamata / all of a sudden anatdaa. / to play
acawja / in this place ancha / much
accata / on.this side anchati / rather
achachila / evil spirit; anchaquiti / would that
grandfather antra / outside
achacu / mouse anti / pink
achicafia / to ask, request antisasa / rather, instead
achila / grandfather aatutafia / to abandon
achjafia / to bite anu / dog
achokafia / to bite off apakafia / to take away
achthafia / to grab, seize apada / to carry
achu; / fruit' "- apanifia / to bring
aclaufia / to bear fruit apayafia / to send.
acs4 / over here apilla / oca oxalis with yellow
acsara / to this side flowers
acullifia / to chew oca apillanifia / to have oca
adobe (aruwi) / adobe apsufia / to take out, raise
ajanu / face apsuyafia / to carry off
ajjsarana / to fear apthapifia / to get, pick up.
ajjsariri / shy; shy person arado (aratu) / plow
ala I price, purchase arctaia / to follow, chase:
ala pates ./ small market arcu / pile of unthreshed barley
alala / cold (water) ari / edge (knife), sharp.
alana / to buy arjjatafia / to defend
alasifia / to buy (for oneself) armana / to.forget
clay tok'el north armasifia / to forget
alaya / up, above; north armeasifia / toforget,
alba (alwa) / dawn arroba (arruwa) / 25 lbs.
Alcalde (Alcanti) mayor arroza (Arrusa) / rice
alcatafia / to trust arsufia / to speak
alcohola (alcula) / alcohol aru / word
aljafia / to sell aruna ! night .
allirokafia / to destroy arumanthi / tomorrow morning

allojja / a lot, amply arumanthpacha / tomorrow (exactly)
alma / soul asno (asnu) / donkey
almanifia / to have a soul to whom asqui lurgwi / good piece of work
to pray asquichafia / to arrange
amigo (amiju) / friend auto (awtu) / car
=par aytafia / to raise the arm autoni (autuni) / owner of a car
ampar luc'ana / finger autot (ewtut) sarafia / to go by car
ampara / hand avisaHa / to inform
empi / isn't that so aviseafia /'to inform
amt401,. / to agree awatifia / to graze, pasture
amtasifia / to remember awatiri / shepherd
amuqui / quiet awayo / shawl.
amuyeayafia / to advise awicha / grandmother

GLOSSARY
478
awqui / father, old man cawcs / whera to
awti / drought, autumn cawqha / where
awti pacha / rainy season cawqhana / where
awtjatana / to be hungry cawqhata / from where
awtjafia / to be hungry cawqui / where
ay ampi / oh cawquiacasquisa / 'where is (durative)
ay chhuy / you don't say cawquWa / where is (punctual)
aycha / meat cawquiri / which
eykofia / to moan, groan cawquits / from where.
aynacha /down; south caya / frozen oca
aynach-inti / south cayachafia / to make frozen oca
aynacht'afia / to fail cayu / leg, foot
aynokafia / to put down long cayu luc'ana / toe
objects cayut sarafia / to go by foot
ayrufia / to plant cebada (ciwara) / barley
aytafia / to raise cebolla (ciwulla) / onion
azot'ifia / to Yhilp cerveza (cirwisa) / beer
azucara / sugar clavo (calawu) / nail
azula / blue coca (cuca) / coca
cocina (cucina) / kitchen
bollsillo (pulsicu) / pocket colerasifia / to get angry
botella (putilla) / bottle color. (eulur) papela /-colored paper
color (culur) t'awra / dyed wool
caballo (cawallu) / horse colora (culura) / color
caballot (cawallut) sarafia cosa (cusa) / thing
to go on horseback cuaderno (cutirnu) / notebook
cafe (cawia) / coffee cuartela / barrack
caldo (caldu) / broth cuchillo / knife
calamina / tin roof cullaca / sister
calentura (calintura) / cullaquita / young lady, miss
temperature can ianejja / of course, why not'
callachi / shoulder tuna / what thing
camachafia / to do something cunacha / what is it
camisa / shirt cunalaycuti / because
camisaqui / how are you cunama / how
camiscafia / to be how cunHmats / in some way
camsafia / to say what cunamps / what else
cancha / sport's field cunanaca / things
cana / cane cunapachasa / when
carga / load cunaru / for what
caro (caru) / expensive cunata / for what, why
carta / letter cunaymani / every kind
casarasifia / to get married cunca / neck
casaru / married cunjamata / how come
casofia / to be prudent cunjamsa / how
castellano (castillHnu) / cusiscawifia / to be enjoying
Spanish cusisifia / to be happy
catjafia / to catch cuti / time (occasion)
catokafia / to receive, welcome cutinifia / to return
catuntafia / to capture c'achha / slowly
catufia / to seize, take; fish c'achhata / slowly
caturi / fisherman c'awna / egg
catuyafia / to give over,
surrender

GLC,Wri:
479
c'umara / healthy doctors (tuctura) / doctor
c'uarlfia / to be healthy doming() (tuminju) / Sunday
chaca / bridge dulce (tulci) / candy
chacha / man, husband
chala / scarf eknokafia / to put down flexible oc
chamara / sack, coat soft objects
chawlla / fish escuela / school
chawlla wallake / fish soup estancia / community
cheka / true; place
chekpacha / certainly faltafia (phaltafia) / to lack
chekpuni / (really) true fiesta (fists) / party, fiesta
chica / together
chica uru / noon gastafia / to waste, spend
chicachasifia / to join
chicat aruma / midnight habas (jawasa) / beans
chicat nayra / horasa / hour
chicat pasata (pasata) / p.m. horasapana / on time
chicata / half, middle
chiji / misfortune ichjOsifia / to cradle in the arms
chulluchafia / to wet, soak ichufia / to cradle
Chuquiagu (Chuquiaju) / La Paz imana / to save hide
churafia / to give imantafia /to hide'
chuym usuyafia / to resent imasina / to have (left)
chuyma / heart imilla / girl
chuymjafia / to console inacha / maybe, perhaps
chha / let's see, so inamaya / in vain
chhakata / lost inRfia / to be free
chhakayana / to lose. inasa / maybe, perhaps
chhijchhi / hailstone incienso (incinso) / incense
chhijchhi jareiri / person in ingeniero (injiniro) / engineer
charge of controlling the inti / sun
fall. of hail during the inti jalanta / sunset; west
cold season; a kind of inti ialsui u/Tsunrise; east
witchdoctor
inurunaca /,orpays
inyecciona klntLcasiona)
chhiwchhi / little chicken iqui / dream
chhokha / duck iquifia / to sleep; blanket
chhujchhu / malaria iquifiat sartafia / to get tp from 4:!:2e
ch'ajjch'uquipafia / to sprinkle 'bed
ch'ama / difficult; force iquYwa / place to sleep
ch'amanYfia / to have strength irayasifia / to send
ch'amufia / to suck ircatafia / to face, confront
ch'anqha / woolen thread irpafia / to guide
ch'ejje / gray isi / clothes
ch'ighi / intelligent isthapitafia / to be dressed
ch'iyara / black ist'aiia / to listen, hear
ch'ojjfia / green iya / verrwell, okay
ch'oke / potato
chtokenifia / to have potatoes jabona (jawuna) / soap
ch'ucufia / to sew jacafia / to live
ch'ucuyasifia / to have sewn jaceana / to count
for oneself jac'a / near
ch'ufiu / frozen potato jac'u / flour
ch'ufiuchana / to make frozen jacLafia / to cry
potatoes jacheyana / to cause to cry

GLOSSA RY 480
jachawYfia / to be crying jichhpacha / right now
jachiri / one who cries jichhu / straw
jach'a / big jichhUrcama / until today
jach'a tansa / tall jichhUru / today
jach'a jach' tucufia / to become jichjatafia / to meet
proud jila / brother
jake / person, man jilakata / leader of the community
jakUfia / to be, become a man jiliri / oldest
jakonucuila / to throw out jina / let's go
jakoquipafia / to turn over jifichu / ear
jak'afia / threshing instrument ji;hani / back (body)
jalafia / to run jiquifia / to meet
jalanifia /to come running jiquisifia / to meet
jalanta / sunset jisa / yes
italsu / sunrise jisc'a / small
jalsufia / to jump jisc'a tansa / short
jallu / rain jisceafia / to ask
jallufia / to rain jisearafia / to open
jalluntafia / to rain in jiseararapifia / to open (for someone)
jamach'i / bird jiwafia / to die
jamp'i / toasted corn, barley jiwarayafia / to kill a great deal,
jamptina / to toast one by one
jan / without jiwasa / we (you and I)
jan casosiri / imprudent jiwasanaca / we (you pl. and I)
jan ucajja / if not, otherwise jiwayafia / to kill
jan ufit'ata / unknown jiwq'i / jug used for toasting
jan walt'ana / to miss juc'a / few, a little
janc'a / fast, soon jueampi / more
janipini / never juc'at juc'ata / little by little
janiraqui / nor, neither jucha / sin
janiwa / no, not juch'usa / thin
janjaw / I don't think so juma / you (sg.)
jank'o / white jumanaca / you (pl.)
japu / burnt ash. junt'afia / to puncture
japuchafia / to burn herbs junt'u / hot
jachufia / to count junt'u urea / breakfast
jarekafia / to wash juneuchasifia / to warm oneself
jarina / to bathe, wash jupa / he, she
jarisifia / to wash (oneself) jupanaca they
jarq'afia / to intercept, intercede juri / wet
jathi / heavy jurichasifia / to get wet
jathjafia / to weigh jurintafia / to wet
jawira / river jurparmanthi / yesterday morning
jawk'afia / to thresh jurpayp'u / the day after tomorrow
jawsafia / to call over in the afternonn
jaya / far, distant jurpUrojja / the day after tomorrow
jayu / salt jutafia / to come
jayp'u / afternoon jutir / next
jayra / lazy jutjjafia / to come back
jayrasifia / to be lazy juyphi / frost
jaysafia / to accept juyphi pacha / cold season, fros.
jicjjatana / to obtain, receive junhina / to be cold
jichha / now juyra / food staples (not meal,
jicharmanthi / this morning juyronitia / to have food staplec2

431
CIA5.1,21
kala /stone k'epifia / to carry a bund3u
kalarara / stony k'ellu / yellow
kalltafia / to begin k'oma / clean
kallu / suckling k'omachafla / to clean
kamiri / rich, rich person
kamirifla / to be rich laca / mouth
kapu / spindle laka / rapid
kapufia / to spin lakhofia / to lick
karifia / to become tired lak'a / ground, dust
karjafia / to tire lak'arara / covered with dust, duEty
karjatafia / to tire lak'o / worm
kawkha / how much, how many lamana / large bowl
kawkhUru / in how many days lampa / metal shovel
kawra / llama lanqhu / thick
kawra sullu / llama fetus lanti / instead of
kellka /card lapiza / pencil
kallkafia / to write larcawifia / to be laithing
kenaya / cloud larusifia / to laugh
kilo (quilu) / kilo lawa / stick
koka / tree laycu / for, for the sake of
koli / please leche (lichi) / milk.
kolla /medicine lechuga (lichuga) / lettuce
kollafia / to cure leefia (liyifla ) / to read
kollasifia / ko cure oneself Libra (liwra) / pound
kolliri / doctor libro Muni ) / book
kollkefiey lip'ichi / leather, hide, Ain,
kbllkenifia / to have money liq'i / fat
kollu / hill liq'intafia /.to fatten
konkori / knee liwida / to fling, cast
konL'asiria / to sit liwinucufia / to cause to fall
kora / grass liwisifia / to fall
kota / lake lulu / little girl
kotalaca / lake shore lunesa (lunisa) / Monday
khana / clear, light lunthatafia / to steal
khanjta / claim lupi / sunshine
khant'afia / to face, confront lupjafia / to feel the heat of the
kharayplu / tomorrow afternoon luptifia / to think, reflect
kharUru / tomorrow lurafia / to do, work
khatifla / to cook lurayafia / to have made
khathu / market, fair llamayuda / to scrape notatoes, oca
khech'afia / to irrigate llamp'u / uncooked llama fat
khepa / following llamp'uptafia / to become soft
kheparafia / to remain, stay liaphi / docile
khepata / after, immediately llgtunc tunca / ninety
khepeafia / to be late ligtunca / nine
khepUru / the following day llaqui / pity
khollifia / to plow llaquisifia to be sad
kholliri / ploughman, farmer ilaquita / sad
khoru / bad lluch'u / cap
k'ala / all, completely lluphafia / to cover
k'afiu / dirty
k'aflufia / to be dirty mg / one, a
k'apha / active machaka / new
kepi / bundle mallk'a / throat

482
GLOSSARY
nayrap'u / the clay before yesterday
mama / mother, senora
in the afternoon
mank'a / food
nayrRrmanthi / the day before yester-
mank'afia / to eat
day in the morning
mank'ayafia / to feed
nayreafia / to get ahead
mantafia / to enter
nayritru / the day before yesterday
mant'afia / to lend
ni / no
manteca (mantica) / lard
nina / fire
maqui / quickly
niya / now, already
maquina / machine
nuwala / brown
maqhatafia / to scale, ascend
nuwala / to hit
mara / year
fiek'e / mud
marca / town
fiic'uta / hair
martesa (martisa) / Tuesday
masarmanthi / yesterday morning
of icina (ophisina) / office
masayp'u / yesterday afternoon
oke / grey
mastiru / yesterday
orake / ground, terrain
maya / one
ovej kallu (iwij kallu) / lamb
mayamps / no more, never again
ovej wanu / fertiIizdr
mayaqui / all of a sudden
oveja (iwi3a) / sheep
mayat mayata / one by one
mayifia / to ask for, request
pa / two
maymara / last year
pa tunca / twenty
mayni / other
pasha / time,season
mayninaca / the others
pachasifia / to doubt
maysajjata/the other way around
pakallk tunca / seventy
merk'e / rather old (only of
pakallko / seven
things)
pampa / pampa, plain
mesa (misa) / table
pankara / flower
faiercolesa (mirculisa) / Wednesday
pantalona / pants
millona (milluna) / million
pantjasifia / to be mistaken
minuto (minutu) / minute
pantjata i mistake
mira / don't be like that, please
pantjayafia / to cause one to make
mistufia / to go out
a mistake
miseufia / to allow to leave
papela / paper
mojjsa / sweet, savory
parlafia / to talk
mojjsaptafia / to become sweet
parlasifia / to converse
morko / half used (only of
parleasifia / to talk
things)
paru / wheat colored
munafia / to want: love; authority
pasafia / to endure
mururafia / to cut (hair)
pasir mara / last year
muspharafia / to wonder, marvel at
pasir phajjsi / last month
muyufia / to turn over
pasir semana ( semana) / last wekk
pasto (pastu) / grass
nanaca / we
pata / over
naqhafia / to scald, burn, be
pataca / one hundred
consumed by fire
pelanokafia / to pluck
naranja (laranqha, laranja) /
pelota (piluta) / ball
orange
pesada (pisata) / weighed
nasa / nose
pico (picu) / pick
naya / I
pichafia / to sweep
nayra / early, before; eye
pichHfia / broom
nayrakata / first
pisi / lacking, less

483
GLOSSARY,
nisi chuyma / stupid qhg / that over there
pisi chuymIiia / to be stupid qharifia / to behead
piseafia / to be consumed qhaya / that over there
pobre (puwri) / poor qhaygca / those places over there
pobrefia 64Wrifia) / to be poor qhitafia / to send
pokota / banana qhiti / who
pollera (pullira) / skirt . qhuchi / pig
poncho (punchu) / poncho qhunu / snow
ponchosifia / to put on a poncho qhunu kollu / snow-covered mountain
profesor (prufisura) / professor qhurcata / on the other side
puedifia (purifia ) ./ to be able qhuri / way over there
purirl:z / to arrive qhuri maymKra / before last year
puncu / door qhurYco / those places way over
puraca / stomach there
purapa / both q'ispifia / cookie made of quinua
puriwi / place of arrival
purum orake / virgin land rato (ratu) / a while, ,moment
puruma / virgin land rebajeafia / to lower
pusi / four regalo (rijalu) / gift
pusi tunca / forty reloj (relojo) / watch
putu / cave rezayafia / to have prayers said
phajjsi / month
phallafia / to explode sabado (sawaru) / Saturday
pharjafia / to be thirsty saco (sacu) / sack, coat
pharjatafia / to be thirsty samarafia / to rest
phayafia / to cook samareafia / to rest
phayiri / cook safia / to say, speak
pheska / five sapa / each
pheska pataca / five hundred saplir / each day, daily
pheska tunca / fifty sarakafia / to go down
phina [pile of potatoes, oca sarana / to go
phishi / cat sarnakafia / to walk
phisna / light (in weight) sarnakawi / living place
phokhata / complete sartafia / to get up
phucha / daughter sart'afia / to visit
phuchhafia / to burn piles of satafia to plant :(potatoes, out',
dead grass sawufia / to weave
phuju / well (for water) sawurapiiia / to sew (for someone)
phuqhu / pot, pan Secretario General (Sicritar
p'eke /head Ginirala) / Secretary General
p'ekefi usu /problem semana (simana) / week
p'itafia / to weave sicuya / hay
silla / chair
queso (quisu) / cheese sinti / much
quimsa / three siwa / it is said
quimsa tunca / thirty sojjta / six
quimsakallk gunca / eighty sojjta tunca / sixty
quimsakallko / eight sombrero (sumiru) / hat
quinina / quinine sullca / youngest
quintala / hundred-weight suma / good, well
quipata / in turn sumgfia / to be nice, fine (of things)
quiptafia / to (re)turn susufia / to hover (bird)

484
GLOSSARY
suti / nama thakafia / to look for
sutiyafia / to name, baptize thalafia / to shake, joly
suyafia / to wait, expect thalayafia / to shake (out)
suycawifia / to be waiting all thantha f old (only of things)
the time thaqui / road
thaquichaila / to build a road
take / all tharufia / to weed and turn over the
take chuyma / of good will soil
tama / flock, herd thaya / cold; wind
tansa / stature thayafia / to be cold
tanta / meeting thayjafia / to be cold
tantachasifia / to meet thokofia / to dance
tata / father, senor thokori / dancer
tawako / young woman thujsa / fetid, stinking
tayca / mother thujsafia / to stink
taypi / middle t'ajjsifia / t'ajjsufia / to wash
techa, teja (tichu, tija) / t'ant'a / bread
the roof t'arwa / t'awra / wool
terno (tirnu ) / suit t'awr yawifia / to shear (wool)
tia (tiya, tiyala) / aunt t'awra liq'ichi / leather with tuts
tienda (tinta) / store of wool or fur on it
tiempo (timpu) / time eugha / thin
tijera (tijira(sa)) / scissors eurufia / to eat toasted beans;
tincuyafia / to fall and stump gnaw, chew
(a tree)
do (tiwu, tiwula) / uncle uca / that
tiwula / fox ucaea / those places
Todos Santos (Tol Santu, ucalaycu / because of
Turu Santu) / All ucampirusa / nor
Saint's Day ucarapisa / but
tokefia / to quarrel ucapacha / that time
tomate (tumati) / tomato ucapY / so it is
tonko / corn ucarjama / regarding that
trabajafia (rawajafia) / to work ucaru / for that reason
trabajonifia / to have work ucata / therefore
tucufia / to finish become ucatarac / take care
tumpeafia / to miss ucatraqui / take care
tunca / ten ucatsti / after, then
tunca llatuficani / nineteen ucchaficama / in the meantime
tunca payani / eleven ucjja / sufficiently, so (much)
tunca pakallkcini (:.seventeen ucqha / that moment
tunca payani / twelve ucsa / immediately
tunca pusini fourteen ucsara / to that side
tunca pheskani / fifteen ucspacha / at once, immediately
tunca quimsakallkoni / eighteen uctiru / then
tunca quiUsani / thirteen uchafia / to put, place
tunca sojjtani / sixteen uchasifia / to put, place
tupufia / to measure uchayafia / to have taken
turcafia / to change ujufia / to cough
turqui / change ukhamaraqui / likewise
tuyufia / to swim, float (in air uma / water
or water) umafia / to drink

485
GLOSSARY
umaptafia / to become water(y) wajjrafia / to gore
umata / drunk wajjrasiri / one who goras
ufiachayafia / to show wajjeafia / to present; invite
ufiaquipafia / to move the herd walarmanthi / yesterday morning
from one place to another wali / very
uficatasi / in front of raliptafia / to get better
ufichu'quifia / to llok at, watch waliqui / fine, well
ufijafia / to take care of, see wariquifia / to be well, fine
ufijarafia / to look on all sides, walja / much, many
around walpini / very, certainly
ufijasiri / one who takes care walt'afia / to become accustomed to
ufijatafia / to look at walUru / day before yesterday
uastafia / to appear wallata / duck
ufitafia / to look, watch wallpa / chicken
ufit'afia / to %nag wanc'u / rabbit
uqhama / so waneu kallu / baby rabbit
uru / day want'afia / to dry up (something)
usu / sickness wanu / fertilizer
usuntana / to be seriously ill wafia / dry
usuta / to become sick wafiachafia / to dry (something)
usuta / sick wafisufia / to dry
usuta /to be sick waquichafia / to prepare
usuyana to maKe sick waquichasifia / to prepare oru
uta / house waquisifia / to be possible
uzachafia / to build waranka / thousand
utachiri / builder waranucufia / to pour out
utani / master of the house. wararifia / to shout
utanifia / to have a house wari / vicua
utjafia / to have warmi / woman, wife
uyu / yard, corral was ! rmanthi yesterday morning
uyu pata / on top of the corral wasayp'u / yesterday afternon
uywa / domestic animal wasUru / yesterday
uywa uyu / corral, barnyard wasitata / again
uywafia / to raise wawa / son
uywanifia / to have Oomestic wawachasicta / to give birth
animals ,-ayna / young ran
wayucha / pitcher
vaca (waca) / cow wayunucuna / to threw out (with the
vaca kallu (waca kallu) / calf hands) (people, objects)
vena (Wina) / vein wayurana / to take out one by one
ventana (winana) / window wily / red
viernesa (mirnisa) / Friday wisghu / sandal
visitafia twisitana) / to visit
visiteafia (wisiteafia) / ygkafia / to respect
to visit yakha / another, other
vakhepa / another, other
waceafia / to correspond to; yHmas / at least
fall to one's lot yHnaca / things
waculla / large narrow - mouthed yanapafia / to help
pitcher yapu / plot of land, field
wac'a / sash yapuchafia / to cultivate
wajcha / orphan yapuchliwi / place of sowing

486
GLOSSARY
yapuchiri / worker
yatekafia / to learn
yatichafia / to teach
yatichiri / teacher
Yatichirinifia / to have a teacher
yatina / to know
yatisifia / to get to know
yatiyafia / to make known,
communicate
yawifia / to shear, cut
yoka / son
yokalla / boy
yungasa (yuncasa) / yungas region
yuspagara ( yuspagara) / thanks
yuspagaraha (yuspajarafia) / to
thank
zapato (sapatu) / shoe

Aymara para Angloparlantes

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Beginning Aymara

Course for English Speakers

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Lesson XXXII. Pronominal objects with punctual verbs (positive) ;

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ARGENTINA 411.0 MI. *WWI ApkoximAre SouNDARte

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I. Scone of the present work. This volume is the product of preliminary

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de gramgtica aware 1963 (Canadian Baptist Mission), Ebbing 1965 (titles

comprise the following sections: (1) vocabulary, (2) grammatical analysis,

given greater familiarity with the material, we might wish to drastically

left to subsequent revisions.

sentatives of at least three independent language families are spoken:

references, cf. J. Jijtin y Caama4).)

influenced by Aymara. Chipaya nutters about 800 speakers on the southern

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have seen attempts to institute primary school instruction in the native

follow Spanish orthographical norms. Aymara also serves as a medium of radio

languages is no doubt propelled by the sudden introduction of the Indian

policy also contributed indirectly to the preservation of the native languages

witness in Bolivia the elevation of any Indian language to the level of

number of national languages in Europe has rapidly proliferated within the

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III. Research possibilities. The study of Aymara offers the student of

immediately apparent to the most casual observer that a large stock of

common vocabulary). Detailed historical studies gill reveal to what extent

IV. Problems. To some extent in this material we have had occasion to

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grammatical descriptions and historical studies. A comparison with older

V. Orthography. The material is presented in the orthography adopted by

Canadian Baptist Mission, La Paz: Rudimentoslesmaltiamam. La Paz,

P. Juan Antonio Garcia, S.J.: GramgticaArnara (sabre la base de una ediciOn

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Thomas Sebeok: "Aymara 'Little T'ed Ridinghood' with Morphological

C.F. 7=leteela:111: twiojan=ronoolotaloLlitui:at11:evft71:ano. 6,

"La lengua Aimara despues de la

PrOlogo del editor

I. Alcarce de esta obra. Este volumen es el producto de investigaciones

Harris continuo' el trabajo prgctico en Bolivia con la ayuda de Vicente

invierno de 1966-67 durante el programa de entrenamiento en Seattle de

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senora Welly de Vega, antigua maestra de Achacachi, Bolivia, como infor-

obra representa ideas y contribuciones de muchas personas, solamente

complete del aimara de acuerdo a los principios estructurales de investi-

segmentos de la poblaciiin de habla aimara tienen conocimientos pasivos

substituciOn, (4) prgcticas de completamiento, (5) preguntas y

descripci8n de contornos de entonaci6n, porque las lecciones vienen ,11

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requerirla mucho mgs datos e investigaci6n.) Los diglogos sirven dos

prop6sitos: utilizer el vocabulario recign presentado en la 2.cciOn

material, quiz querramos acortar drgsticamente los ejercicios de

II. historis externa del idioma. Dentro de las fronteras de Bolivia,

se habla representantes de por lo menos tres families independientes