Superposition and Standing Waves7.2 Waves and Thermodynamics SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE Many interesting wave phenomena in nature cannot be described by a single travelling wave. Instead, one must analyse these phenomena in terms of a combination of travelling waves. To analyse such wave combinations, we make use of the superposition principle. Iftwo or more travelling waves are moving through a medium, the resultant value ofthe wave function at any points the algebraic, sum of the values of the wave function of the individual waves. In other words, the wave function y(x, 2) that describes the resulting motion inthis situation is obtained by adding the two ‘wave functions forthe two separate waves: Me Dey (D+ yt) Waves that obey this principle are called linear waves. In the case of mechanical wave, linear waves are generally characterized by having amplitudes much smaller than their wavelengths. Waves that violate the superposition principle are called non-linear waves and are often characterized by large amplitudes. In this book, we deal only with linear waves. ‘One consequence of the superposition principle is that two travelling waves can pass through each other without being de- stroyed or even altered. For instance, when two pebbles are thrown into a pond and hit the surface at different locations, the expanding circular surface waves from the two locations do ‘not destroy each other but rather pass through each other. The resulting complex pattern can be viewed as two independent sets of expanding circles. Figure 7.1 isa pictorial representation of the superposition of two pulses. The wave function for the pulse moving tothe right is yi. and the wave function for the pulse moving to the left is 4»: The pulses have the same speed but different shapes, and the displacement of the elements of the medium is in the positive ‘y direction for both pulses. When the waves begin to overlap (ig. 7.1(b), the wave function forthe resulting complex wave is given by y, + y.. When the crests of the pulses coincide (Fig. 7.1(¢)) the resulting wave given by y, + y: has a larger amplitude than that of the individual pulses. The two pulses finally separate and continue moving in their original directions, Fig. 7.1(d)). Notice that the pulse shapes remain unchanged after the interaction, as if the two pulses had never met! The combination of separate waves in the same region of space to produce a resultant wave is called interference. For the two pulses shown in the figure the displacement of the . elements ofthe medium isin the positive y direction for both pulses, and the resultant pulse (created when the individual pulses overlap) exhibits an amplitude greater than that of either individual pulse. Because the displacements caused by the two pulses are inthe same direction, we refer to their superposition as constructive interference. Now consider two pulses travelling in opposite directions on atau string where one pulse is inverted relative tothe other as illustrated in figure. When these pulses begin to overlap, the resultant pulse is given by y+), but the values ofthe function ‘yz are negative. Again, the two pulses pass through each other; because the displacements caused by the two pulses are in opposite directions; however, we refer to their superposition as destructive interference. ‘The superposition principle is the centre point ofthe waves iminterference model. In many situations, both in acoustics and optics, waves comibine according to this the principe and ex- hibit interesting phenomena with practical applications. ‘Two pulses travelling on the same string are described by 5 *” Grnagen 4 a. In which direction does each pulse travel? by. At what instant do the two cancel everywhere? c. At what point do the two pulses always cancel? Sol. a At constant phase, @ = 3x ~ 4 will be constant. Then x=( +493 will change: the wave moves. Ast increases in his equation, x increases, so the fist wave moves tothe right Tn the same way, in the second case x= (9 — 4+ 63. ‘As increases, x must decreas, so the second wave moves to the left. be We require that, + EASE RE eel ao (Gx=407 +2" Gx+41-6) +2 ‘This can be written as (3x — 41)? = (3x + 4¢ ~ 6)? Solving forthe postive root, = 0.750 s ¢. The negative root yields (3x — 47) = ~(3x + 41-6) ‘The time terms cance, leaving x= 1.00 m.Atthis point, the waves always cancel The total wave i not a standing wave, but we could call the point atx= 1.00 m a node of te superposition. SUPERPOSITION OF SINUSOIDAL WAVES Let us now apply the principle of superposition to two sinusoi- dal waves travelling in the same direction in a linear medium. If the two waves are travelling to the right and have the samecos or @ =21n, when n=0, 1,23, ‘As 2a phase difference is equal to a path difference A, so Aven Thus from Eq. (v) Ray =A, +Ay Destructive interference: If two waves are moving to the medium such that they are out of phase (Fig. 7.6). ‘The resultant amplitude of the wave may be less than the sum of individual amplitudes of the waves. For minimum “amplitude using Eq. (v) cosy or 9 =Qn—1)x, where n= 1,2,3,... and Ax=(2n-1)42 ‘Thus from Eq. (¥)Rou, = Ay = ‘The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities x) Conditions of sustained interference: 1, Mathematically, interference phenomenon can take place between two waves of same frequency and different ampli- tudes. But for observable interference, the amplitude ofthe waves should be equal. In this case, 1 RA + A+ 2AA cose or R = 24" (1 +cong)=24" x 2 con® 28 R= 4A? cos" 9 cos @ Write R=1 and 4A?=1, = cost (xi) From Bq. (xi), the maximum intensity is 44? and minimum imtensity is zero. In the phenomenon of interference, the ‘energy is not destroyed but is only redistributed from the positions of minimum intensity to those of maximum intensity. At the maximum intensity positions the intensity ‘due to the two waves should be 24? but it actually 442. ‘As shown in Fig. 7.7, the intensity varies from 0 to 44? and the average is still 242. It is equal to uniform intensity of 24? which will be present in the absence of interference phenomenon between two waves. Hence the formation of maxima and minima is due to interference cof waves in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. DADA Sear ae oF * af Se ae SF Fig. 7-7 Imensity distribution in imerference of two waves For sustained interference, the phase difference between ‘the two waves must remain constant, it should not change with time, If the phase difference between the waves changes continuously, then the positions of the maximum and minimum intensities do not remain fix. ‘Two sound sourees of same frequency Produce sound intensities J, and 4/, at a point P when7.4 Waves and Thermodynamics with A) =5.00 m, 0 1200s" and +0.2502 rad ‘According to the principle of superposition, the resultant wave function has the form y+y=24,c0e(8)sia(ix—or-$) 4 with ampli A =24,c0s{ $) = ihe 21s.0000s( 4) 24 m and frequency f= = INTERFERENCE OF THE WAVES One simple device for demonstrating interference of sound ‘waves is illustrated in Fig. 7.3. Sound from a loudspeaker Sis sent into a tube at point P, where there is a T-shaped junction, Half the sound energy travels in one direction, and the other half travels in the opposite direction. Therefore, the sound waves that reach the receiver R can travel along either of the two paths. The distance along any path from speaker to receiver is called the path length r. The lower path length 1 is fixed, but the upper path length r, can be varied by sliding the U-shaped tube, which is similar to that on a slide trombone. When the difference in the path lengths Ar = |r,— 1h] iselther zero or some integer multiple of the wavelength 4 (that Z, Ar = nd, where m = 0,1, 2, 3, ..) the two waves reaching the receiver at any instant are in phase and interfere constructively as shown for this case, a maximum in the sound intensity is detected atthe receiver. Ifthe path length ‘ris adjusted such that the path difference Ar =A/2, 31/2, nA /2 (for mn odd), of the two waves is exactly 2 rad, or 180°, the two waves are out of phase at the receiver and hence cancel each other. Tis is the case of destructive interference, no sound is detected at the receiver. This simple experiment demonstrates that a phase difference may arise between two waves generated by the same source when they travel along paths of unequal lengths. This important phenomenon will be indispensable in our investigation of the interference of light waves. Mathematical Analysis of Interference Consider two harmonic waves of same frequency (coherent ‘waves). Suppose A, and A, be the amplitudes of the waves and @ is the phase difference between them. It is assumed that the waves are plane and move almost along a line. Thus wave equations are y= Asin) @ or yeArsin(le—o1+9) ai) on bere (2% om ‘When both the waves travel simultaneously, the resultant wave at P can be obtained by principle of superposition, * 6 Fig. 7.4 tye =A, sin (x00) + (A, sin (kr w1) cos g + A, cos (kx — 1) sing] = (A, +A. 6089) sin (kx — 01) + A, sin 9 cos (kx — 08) Let Ait Arcos = Reos0 i) and A,sing = Rsind ww) Squaring and adding Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get © As Tea, 21s wi) Also tan =—4:sing _ wit) +A, c056 ‘The resultant wave becomes y= Rin (xa) +0) iti) clearly the resultant wave has the same frequency and speed as the interfering waves Two Types of Interference i. Constructive interference: If wo waves are moving to the ‘medium such that they are in phase (Fig. 7.5). The resulting amplitude due to the superposition of the waves will be summation ofthe individual amplitudes of the waves. For constructive interference the resultant intensity will be greater than the sum of the individual intensities ofthe waves. For maximum intensity using Eq, (vi), we get¢. If he continues to walk along the line, how many more ‘maxima can he hear? Sol. When the man is ata large distance from the speaker, the path differences between waves starting from S, and S, and reaching at Q will be A = $,0 ~ $,0 = S,S, sind = 2 sin ~ 2 tan = 28 Also a, For the first minima Path difference A= b. Forthe first maxima, A=2 =520=0.55 0.55, O85 rad = 158° a 8 ‘¢ Maximum path difference = 2m If order of maxima is r, then 2 = rh QUINCK’S TUBE ‘This is an apparatus used to demonstrate the phenomenon of interference and also used to measure velocity of sound in ait. This is made up of two U-tubes A and B as shown in Fig. 7.11 Here the tube B can slide in and out from the tube A. There are ‘two openings P and Q in the tube A. At opening P, a tuning fork of a sound source of known frequency n, is placed and at the other opening a detector is placed to detect the resultant sound of interference occurred due to superposition of two ‘Sound waves coming from the tubes A and B. Superposition and Standing Waves. 7.7 Fig. 7.11 Initially tube B is adjusted so that detector detects a ‘maximum, At this instant if length of paths covered by the two ‘waves from P to Q from the side of A and side of B are |, and 4, respectively then for constructive interference we must have haha Md If now tube B is further pulled out by a distance x so that next maximum is obtained and the length of path from the side of Bis ; then we have heah+2x Gi) where xis the displacement of the tube, For next constructive interference of sound at point Q, we have t wena Gi) From Eqs. (i, (il) and (ii), we get or deed or x Ww) 2 ‘Thus, by experiment we get the wavelength of sound as for two successive points of constructive interference, the path difference must be 2. As the tube B is pulled out by x, this introduces path difference 2x in the path of sound wave through tube B. If the frequency of the source is my, the velocity of sound in the air filled in tube can be given as Vand =2ngx w In a Quinch’s experiment, the sound intensity being detected at an appropriate point, changes from minimum to maximum for the second time, when the slidable tube is drawn apart by 9.0 cm. If the speed of sound in air be 336 m/s, then what is the frequency of this ‘sounding source? Sol. As the siding tube is pulled out bya distance oF 9.0 em, the path difference effected is 2x 9.0m = 18.0¢m. Initially, the position of the tube corresponds 10 the minimum intensity. When maximum intensity is heard for the first time, the path difference increased by 2/2 and when heard forthe second time, there is an additional path aieeeech Therefore, the total path difference7.6 Waves and Thermodynamics used separately, Now, they are used together so that the sound waves from them reach P with a phase difference Determine the resultant intensity at P for o=0 W~=23 (ip =a ‘Sol. We know that Tah +h+ 2h cosy Tam, i foe Jp +4ly+2YUTgXAT) =9lu for g = 2n/3; 1= ly +4l,+2\UaNahe) cose My Ih, Forg =: =Io+4lo+2Y(ToXAh)oosm or T=], ‘Two identical sources of sound S, and S, produce intensity J, at a point P equidistant from each source. i. Determine the intensity of each source at the point P. fi, Ifthe power of S, is reduced to 64% and phase differ- ence between the two sources is varied continuously, ‘then determine the maximum and minimum intenst- ties at the point P. iii, Ifthe power of S, is recued by 64%, then determine the ‘maximum and minimum intensities at the point P. Sol. 4. Both the sources produce maximum atthe point P. mie =) a OY Since the sources are identical, therefore, 7, 1=41 of T= 1/4 fi, Now 1,=0641=0.161, And fot aten Jan =(Jli + Vie) =0.81 fo =(Vi-Vh) =001 1, fi, Now ~0164) fy =0.361 = 0.091, And =025 fy (Vi-+ VE} =0.61% Vi - Vb) = 0.0410 ‘Two’ stereo" speakers S, and Sy are separated by a distance of 2.40 m. A person (P) is at a distance of 3.20 m directly in front of one ofthe speakers as shown in Fig. 7.8. Find the frequencies in the audible range (20—20,000 Hz) for which the listener will hear a minimum sound intensity Speed of sound in air Fig. 7.8 Sol. Waves from $, to S, reach at point P. ‘Therefore, the path difference between waves reaching from S10 Swill be A=S.P-5,P Given S,P=3.20m SP = VA +8207 A=40-320=0.80 For minima, path difference a A=Qr-1) S3r=1,2,3, Grob F3r= 123. We have d = vin, where n isthe frequency qr) 0.80= 2r—1) > Orns Grae sprig Meripaintic ee Derg He=(2r—1)200 Hz ‘Therefore, the required frequencies are n= (2r~ 1) x 200 with 12,2, 50. Putting the values of rin the above equation, we get ‘n= 200 Hz, 600 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1400 Hr, 1800 Hy, ..., 19800 Hz Frequency ‘Two speakers S, and S; derived by the same amplifier and placed at y = 1.0 m and y = ~1.0m ig. 7.9) The speakers vibrate in phase at 600 Hz. A man stands at a point on the x-axis at a very large distance from the origin and starts moving parallel to the Y-axis. The speed of sound in air i 330 mis. Fig. 7.9 a. At what angle will the intensity of sound drop to a minimum for the first time? . At what angle will the sound intensity be maximum for the first time?‘Superposition and Standing Waves 7.9 Fig. 7.13 oh, eee isnot inter — oO, Q: ee JA lex] o, ope™ ole Fig. 7.14 ‘The formation ofthe reflected pulse is similar to the overlap of| ‘wo pulses travelling in opposite direction. Figure 7.15 shows two palses with the same shape, one inverted with respect to the other, travelling in opposite directions. As the pulses overlap and pass each other, the total displacement of the string is the algebraic sum of the displacements a that point in ‘the individual pulses. Because these two pulses have the same shape, the total displacement at point O in the middie of the figure is zero at all times. Thus the motion of the left half of the string would be the same if'we cut the string at point O, threw away the right side, and held the end at 0 fixed. The to pulses on the left side and’ on the right side then correspond to the incident and reflected pulses, combining so that the total displacement at 0 is always zero. For this to occur, the reflected pulse must be inverted relative to the incident pulse. Figure 7.16 shows two pulses with the same shape, travelling, in opposite directions but not inverted relative to each other. ‘The displacement at point Q in the middle of the fizure is not zero, but the slope of the string at this point is always zero. According to equation, this corresponds to the absence of ‘any transverse force at this point, In this ease the motion of the left half ofthe string would be the same as if we cut the string at point O and attach the end to a frictionless sliding ring that maintains tension without exerting any transverse force. In other words, this situation corresponds to reflection ‘of a pulse ata free end of a string at point O. In this case the reflected pulse is not inverted.7.8. Waves and Thermodynamics The frequency of sound emitted by the source will be 336m/s em eee I°7" Rox10%m STEEN tm an experiment related to interference, Quinck’s tube was employed to determine the speed of sound in air, A tuning fork of frequency 1328 Hz was used as the sounding source. Initially, the apparatus, yielded a maximum sound intensity. Later, when the slidable tube was drawn by a distance of 12.5 em, the intensity was found to be maximum for the first time. Determine the speed of sound in air. Sol. A distance of 12.5 em drawn aside implies a double path difference of 25 cm. Since the shortest path difference, which enables the imensity to become maximum once again is, obviously, 2. A= 250m v= 1328 1x25 em =332 m/s ‘Therefore, the speed of sound in air is 332 mis. ‘Pwo Kenta loudspeskers placed 3.00 m apart are driven by the same oscillator as shown in pip lal eeu ararsioappenlay from the centre of the line connecting the two speakers. The sae iodine wiper suai distance 0.350 m from O, and she experiences the first so minimum sound intensity, What is the frequency of the oscillator? Fig. 7.12 Sol. In this example, signal representing the sound is electrically split and sent to wo different loudspeakers. After Teaving the speakers, the sound waves recombine at the position of the listener. Despite the difference in how the spliting cours, the path difference discussion related to Fig. 7.12 can be applied here. Because the sound waves from two separate sources combine, we apply the waves in interference analysis model Figure 7.12 shows the physical arrangement ofthe speakers, along with two shaded right triangles that ean be drawn on the basis of the lengths described in the problem. The first ‘minimum occurs when the two waves reaching the listener at point P are 180° out of phase, in other words, when their path difference Ar equals 1/2. From the shaded triangles, find the path lengths from the speakers to the listener: (8.00 my +015 my (8.00 my +(1.85 m)° =8.21m Hence, the path difference is r,~ r, = 0.132 m, Because this path difference must equal 2/2 for the first minimum, 2 = 0.26 m, ‘To obtain the oscillator frequency, use equation y =A f, where ¥ is the speed of sound in air, 343 m/s. % 808m REFLECTION OF WAVES AT FIXED END AND FREE END Reflection of Waves—Fixed End Reflection of Waves—Free End + When the wave reaches the fixed end it exerts an upward pull on theend. According to Newton’s third law, the fixed point exerts an equal and opposite force downward on the string. Thus, there is phase change of zt for the reflected ‘wave, the wave is inverted as shown in the Fig. 7.13. | + Whenever a travelling wave reaches a boundary, some or all of the waye is reflected. ‘+ When itis reflected from a fixed end, the wave is inverted. | | + Ifthe end of the string is free to move vertically, the free fend overshoots twice the amplitude as shown in Fig. 714, + When a travelling wave reaches a boundary, all or part of it is reflected, *+ When reflected from a free end, the pulse is not inverted.Stationary wave by superposition of reflected wave sin(or—ky) and y,=Asin(or+ kx) [sin(we ~ kx) + simwr + kx)} = 2A cos kx sin wr Fig. 7.18, ‘The similar treatment can be done for other combination of ‘wave to get stationary wave. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF WAVE Consider a plane progressive wave travelling in 2 certain ‘medium (say 1) having the equation w= A sin(or— kr) @ where 4, is the amplitude. Incident wave HS Ww Refected wave() | _Tranamiued wave @) Fig. 7.19 IfA, and, be the amplitudes ofthe reflected and transmitted ‘waves, then their respective equations can be written as y= A.sin (orth) Gi) Ys= A, sim (wt — kx) Gi) For simplicity let us assume that the wave gets reflected at Since the wave is continuous, the resultant displacement at the two sides of the interface should be equal, ic, Ytnay at xe From Eqs. (i, (ii) and (ii), we get on substituting x = 0 Z A+A,=4, () From the condition of continuity of slope at the interface (ic.,x= 0), we have, dy) , do) _ dos) a dk de Me From Eqs. (), (i and (i), we get 00. Ak, costar ha) 402) Ack costwr+ kx) Ark, cos(t— kx) Superposition and Standing Waves 7.14 ‘Substituting these in Bq, (v) and remembering that x=0, we Bet, “Aik, +A,k; 2x on Qn (Z4(Z-4(%) . Since v= and fis constant, so, wd i ie wi) ‘From Egs. (vi) and (vii), A-A =A, (iti) (ix) ‘Thus, we get the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted ‘waves, in terms of the amplitude of the incident wave. When v, > vs, ie medium 1 is rare and 2 is denser, A,snegativeand | A, | and | , | both are individually less than | A, |- Negative value of A, indicates that the reflected wave suffers a phase change of x. If opposite is the case, ie., v, < vy, both A, and A, are positive. Also A, > Fixed end of a string: Since the fixed end is equivalent to astring of infinite linear mass density, v. = (77H) = 0, and wwe obiain, A and A, Free end of a string: In this case js» 0, $0 vy -» 00 and we ‘can show that, A= 2A, A progressive wave gets reflected at a boundary such that the ratio of amplitudes of the reflected and incident wave is 1:2. Find the percentage of energy transmitted. and 4,=A, Sol. Given 4 ; = Ratio of intensities is (4) fb A2. Hence the fraction of energy transmitted 1y_3 gE =1-(~ nG) “3 ‘The percentage of energy transmitted (of course per unit time) is 3/4 x 100 = 75%. TCISD A prosressive wave travels ina medium M, and enters into another medium M, in which its speed decreases to 75%. What is the ratio ofthe amplitude of the a. Reflected and the incident waves, and 'b. Transmitted and the incident waves?7.10. Waves and Thermodynamics CIISESMEALEE A string of length 20 cm and linear ‘mass density 0.40 g/cm is fixed at both ends and is kept under a tension of 16 N. A wave pulse is produced at ¢ = 0 hear an end as shown in Fig. 7.17(b), which travels towards the other end, When will the string have the shape shown in the Fig. 7.17(c). Ko gig fe er nga ho Sol. Given 10 g/em: 700%!) 040 kg/m aa ea talaga (oa jeans comer ene distance = 20 + 20 = 40 cm ‘Thus time period t = 0.40/20 = 0.02 s (EEAEME Consider a string fixed at one end. ‘A travelling wave given by the wave equation y = A sin (wt ~ kx) is incident on it. ‘Show that at the fixed end of a string the wave suffers ‘a phase change of x, i.e. as it travels back as if the wave is inverted. Sol. Wave equation of incident wave is y) =A sin (w1~ kx) (positive x-direction) ‘When the wave strikes the fixed end it must be reflected. The ‘wave will now be travelling in the negative x-direction, and so its equation is ‘The phase constant has been added to account for any phase change after reflection. Let us take x = 0 at the fixed end, The behaviour of a wave at particular positions is governed by appropriate boundary conditions, For fixed ends, the boundary condition is that the end point is a node. ‘The resultant motion due to incident and reflected wave is yeytys [sin (or— kx) + sin (r+ kx +9)] @ ‘The boundary condition that must be satisfied by the resultant wave on string is y= O at ‘On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we obtain sinor+ sin (wt+9)=0 sinot = -sin (ot + @) Gi ‘Equation (ii) must be satisfied at all times. For the sake of ‘convenience, we take wr = 7/2. = afr (5 ) 1 implis@ can have any ofthe flowing values. 34/2, In2, Man, . ‘Therefore @ can have any of the values 7, 3x, Sx, ete. All these values are physically possible and distinguishable. We ‘choose the simplest one, sop = 2 sin @ CITSETIMEAEI Consider the following wave functions: a. y= Asin(@r—kx), —b. y=Asin(kx—@t) ©. y=Acost@r—kx), de. e. y=Asinortke), Write the equations of reflected wave after reflection from a free and a fixed boundary. Also find the resulting stationary ‘waves formed by the superposition of its reflected wave. Sol. Reflected wave from free boundary, = 0 a y= Asin(aor— ke) y= Asin(@r + kx) b y= Asin(ker— oor) y= Asin(-ke—01) =—Asin(lx +000) sin (~kx=@1+ 2) = Asin(kr+ 001) © Acos(wot kx) Y= Acos(oor+ kx) Y= Acos(ot + kx + 2) a. y= Acos(kx— ar) Y= Acos(-ky-@t) = Acos(ke+ar) | y= Acos(-ke- r+) e ye Asin(or + kx) y= Asin (or — kx) Y= Asin(@r— ke +72) = —Asin(wr—kx) t y= Acos(wr+ kx) ‘Acos(oor— kx) Y= Acos (1 ~ kr +x) =~Acos(or— kx)b. The average power of a harmonic wave on a string is siven by pia’ = 580" py (asps=1) Now P= fetal wo From Eqs. (vi), (vii) and (viii), we can show that P=P+P,. (DUNEMENEAT to 0 stationary wave pattern that forms as a result of reflection of waves from an obstacle, the ratio ofthe amplitude at an antinode and a node is b = 1.5. What percentage of the energy passes across the obstacle? Fok An we! Live’sdjed tubs Ucldeat wive aod fefieced werk experniglll to produce setionary tvave, the-atia of amplitudes atantinode and-at nodels Predity ‘means 4% of the incident energy is reflected or 96% energy passes across the obstacle. Concept Application Exercise 7.1 1, Two sound waves. with amplitude 4 cm and 3 em interfere with a phase difference of a0 b a3 ean ax Find the resultant amplitude in each case. 2. Find the resultant amplitude and the phase difference between the resultant wave and the first wave, in the event the following waves interfere at a point; y= @em)sinor, y= empain( ors ys = Gem)sin(or +7) Superposition and Standing Waves 7.13 3. When two waves interfere, does one alter the progress. of the other? When waves interfere, is there any loss of energy”? A travelling wave has speeds 50 m/s and 200 m/s in two different media A and B. Such a wave travelling through A, gets incident normally on a plane boundary, separating A and B. Find the ratio of amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves. 6. Figure 7.20 shows a tube structure in which signal is sent from one end and is received at the other end. The frequency of the sound source can be varied clectronically between 2000 and 5000 Hz. Find the frequencies at which maxima of intensity are detected. ‘The speed of sound in air 340 mis. ae ae Fig. 7.20 7. ‘Two small loudspeakers A, B (I'm apart) are connected to the same oscillator so that both emit sound waves of frequency 1700 Hz in phase. A sensitive detector, ‘moving parallel to the line AB along PQ 2.40 m away. detects & maximum wave at P on the perpendicular bisector MP of AB and another maximum wave when it first reaches a point Q directly opposite to B. Calculate the speed c of the sound waves in air. 2am Fig. 7.21 8 A.source and a detector D of high frequency waves are a distance d apart on the ground. Maximum signal is received at D when the reflecting layer is at a height H. When the layer rises a distance fi, no | signal is detected at D. Neglecting absorption in the | atmosphere, find the relation between d, fh, H, and the wavelength 4 of the waves, sf o D os Fig. 7.22 9. ‘Two waves have the same frequency. The first has | intensity J,. The second has intensity 4/, and lags |T.A2_ Waves and Thermodynamics, Sol, Let A, A, and 4, be the amplitudes of the incidents, reflected, and transmitted waves. Given that, velocity in the medium refracted is 75% of that in the initial medium. i.e. the required ratio is - i.e, the required ratio is it A, A long wire POR is made by joining ‘two wires PQ and OR of equal radii. PQ has length 4.8 m and mass 0.06 kg: OR has length 2.56 m and mass 0.2 kg. ‘The wire PQR is under a tension of 80 N. A sinusoidal wave pulse of amplitude 3.5 cm is sent along the wire PQ from the end? No power is dissipated during the propagation of ‘the wave-pulse. Calculate ‘a, The time taken by the wave pulse to reach the other end Rof the wire, and b. The amplitude of the reflected and transmitted wave pulses after the incident wave pulse crosses the joint Q. Sol. Given tha m, = 0.06 kg, m, = 0.2 kg Let m’ be the mass per unit length then m= |= 0078125 kg/m Wire POR is under a tension of 80 N = 7). A sinusoidal wave pulse is sent rom P. 1.0125 kg/m, a, y, = velocity of wave on PQ -E2 m7 V0 bacuhaecate == ae ac aaa Cane eng =2;, 0 (48,258), 006 008 <0ids b. Amplitude of reflected wave: A, vty ( 80) 32+80, A, is~ve, so reflected wave is inverted Amplitude of transmitted wave: S=2em an), (2432 (eats) ‘A harmonic wave & traveling on string 1. At a junction with string 2 it is partly reflected and partly transmitted. The linear mass density of the second string is four times that of the first string, and that the boundary between the two strings is at x = 0. If the expression for the incident wave is y, = A, €0s (kjt ~ © 0). ‘a, What are the expressions for the transmitted and the reflected waves in terms of 4, k, and 0? by. Show that the average power carried by the incident ‘wave is equal to the sum of the average power carried by the transmitted and reflected waves. Sol a Since v= JT, T)=T, andy. We have, soci Me, ney @ Since the frequency does not change, that is, @,=0; ai) Also, because k = (@/), the numbers of the harmonic ‘waves in the two strings are related by OH 0 Ee » The amples are 4 (7a)4 MaMa “fF 2mny tlenal2* 4 (is ” ‘Now with Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iv), the transmitted wave can be written as ¢ J =Q2/3)A, cos(2kx—an) ‘Similarly the reflected wave can be expressed as A yaa Leos tix +014) -4 108(k,x-+0xt-+7)where y, represents a wave travelling in the +x-direction and y, represents one travelling inthe —r-direction. Adding these two functions gives the resultant wave function y. ey ty =A sin (or 01) +A sin (kx + 00) ‘When we use the trigonometric identity sin (a #b) = sin (a) cos (©) cos (a) sin (b), this expression reduces to = (2A sin kx) cos 4 @ Notice that Eq. (i) does not contain a function kx — 0. ‘Therefore, it is not an expression for a single travelling wave. ‘When you observe a standing wave, there is no sense of ‘motion in the direction of propagation of either original wave. ‘comparing Eq, (i) with equationx()=A cos (wt+g), we see that it describes a special kind of simple harmonic motion. Every clement of the medium oscillates in simple harmonic motion with the same angular frequency (according to the cos w* factor in the equation). The amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of a given element (given by the factor 2A in, the coefficient of the cosine function) depends on the location x ‘of the element in the medium. However, the amplitude of the simple harmonic motion of an element of the medium has a ‘minimum value of zeto when x satisfies the condition sin kx that is, when ke=0, x, 20,30 because k= 27/2, these values for kx give Aw x=0, yeh Fa 2 1.2.3 ® ‘These points of zero amplitude are called nodes. ‘The element of the medium with the greatest possible displacement from equilibrium has an amplitude of 2A. The positions in the medium at which this maximum displacement ‘occurs are called antinodes. ‘The antinodes are located at positions for which the coordinate x satisfies the condition sin dor=+ 1, that is, when x 3a Sx ttt ‘Therefore, the positions of the antinodes are given by Git) CHARACTERISTICS OF STATIONARY WAVES i. In a stationary wave, the disturbance does not move in any direction. The conditions of crests and troughs merely appear and disappear in fixed positions to be followed by ‘opposite conditions after every 7/2. ii. All the particles of the medium, except those at nodes, execute simple harmonic motion with the particle of the ‘wave about their mean position iii, During the formation of a stationary wave, the medium is broken into loops between equally spaced points called ‘nodes which remain at rest and in between them are points of maximum displacement called antinodes, iv. The amplitude of the particles are different at different points. The amplitude varies gradually from zero at the nodes to the maximum at the antinodes.76 10. . 2 14, 15. 16. 17, Waves and Thermodynamics behind the first in phase by 2/2. When they meet, find the resultant intensity, and the phase relationship of the resultant wave with te frst wave. Determine the amplitude of the resultant motion when two sinusoidal waves of same frequency, travelling in the same direction are combined. Their amplitudes are 3.0 em and 4.0 cm and they differ in phase by 2/2 radians. Ina large room, a person receives direct sound waves from a source 120 m away. He also receives waves from the same source which reach him after being reflected from the S-m high ceiling at a point halfway ‘between them. For which wavelengths will these two sound waves interfere constructively? ‘Sound waves from a tuning fork placed at a point P reach another point Q, by two separate paths PRO and PSQ. When PSQ is greater than PRO by 11.5 cm, there is silence at Q. When the difference is 23 cm, the sound becomes loudest at Q, and when 34.5 em, there is silence, and 50 on. Explain this effect and calculate the frequency of the fork if the velocity of sound is taken to be 331.2 mvs ‘Show that when reflection takes place from a boundary separating two media and the velocity in the second ‘mediums infinitely large, the amplitude of the reflected ‘wave is equal to the amplitude of the incident wave and there is a phase change of sin the displacement wave. Stationary waves are produced in a length of wire fixed between two points. Compare the amplitudes at ‘an antinode for the fundamental and the first overtone. Assume that the total energy of the initial waves is, fon an average, equally divided between the two modes. ‘Two speakers connected to the same source of fixed frequency are placed 2.0 m apart in a box. A sensitive ‘microphone placed at a distance of 4.0 m from their ‘midpoint along the perpendicular bisector shows ‘maximum response. The box is slowly rotated till the speakers are in a line. with the mierophone. The distance between the midpoint of the speakers and the microphone remains unchanged. Exactly 5 ‘maximum responses are observed in the microphone in doing this. Calculate the wavelength of sound wave ‘A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. 7.28, at r= 0. The wave speed is 40 ms. (a) If point Ois fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at = 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 35 ms, 40 ms and 45 ms. (b) Repeat part (a) for the case in which point O is a free ie 49mm 400 soon sem A 0mm Fig. 7.23, A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. 7.24 at ¢ = 0. The wave speed is 5,0 mi. (a) If point 0 is fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at r= 1.0 ms, 2.0 ms, 3.0 ms, 4.0 ms, 5.0 ms, 6.0 ms and 70 ms. (b) Repeat part (a) for the case in which point 0 is a free end. 206m v2S0m (22y ° kal 10a Fig. 724 ‘Two triangular wave pulses are travelling toward each other on a stretched string as shown in Fig. 7.25. Both pulses are identical to each other and travels at 2.00 ems. The leading edges ofthe pulses are 1.00 cm apartat = 0. Sketch the shape ofthe string at!=0.250°, 1= 0500s, sora oom 10cm Tooem Loven Fig. 7.25 19. A sound wave may be considered cither as a displacement wave or as a pressure wave. When reflection takes place from as a rigid wall, what Phase change do you expect in its displacement representation and in its pressure representation”? STANDING WAVES In this situation, two identical waves travel in opposite directions in the same medium as shown in Fig. 7.26. These waves combine in accordance with the wave in interference model. Fig. 7.26 ‘We can analyse such a situation by considering wave functions for two transverse sinusoidal waves having the ‘same amplitude, frequency, and wavelength but travelling in ‘opposite directions in the same medium. Consider two waves MSA sinew) and y, sin (e+ 00)The two waves moving in opposite directions along the line between the two speakers will add to produce a standing wave with this distance between nodes. Distance nde to node = 4/2= 0.214 m Because the speakers vibrate in phase, air compressions from each will simultaneously each the point halfway between the speakers, to produce antinode of pressure here. A node of pressure will be located at this distance on either side of the midpoint, Distance node to antinode =2/4 = 0.107 m ‘Therefore nodes of sound pressure will. appear at these distances from either speaker: [1/2(1.25 m) + 0.107 m=0.732 m and 1/2(1.25 m) ~ 0.107 m=0.518 m] ‘The standing wave contains a chain of equally spaced nodes at distances from either of the speakers 0.732 m+0.214 m= 0.946 m. 0.947 m+0.214 m= 1.16m also at 0.518 m— 1214 m = 0,303 m 1214 m= 0.089 m ‘The standing wave exists only along the line segment between the speakers. No nodes or antinodes appear at distances greater than 1.25 m or less than 0, because waves add to give standing ‘wave only if they are travelling in opposite directions and not in the same direction. Thus, the distances from either of the speakers to the nodes of pressure between the speakers are (0.089 m, 0.303 m, 0.518 m, 0.732 m, 0.946 m and 1.16 m ‘Two sinusoidal waves combining in @ medium are described by the wave functions Y= (3.0 cm) sin (x + 0.600) ¥2 = (3.0 cm) sim (x — 0.600) ‘where xis in centimetres and ¢isin seconds. Determine the ‘maximum transverse position ofan clement of the medium at (a) x = 0.250 em, (b) x = 0.500 em and (c)x = 1.50 cm. (d) Find the three smallest values of x corresponding to antinodes, ‘Sol. The answers for maximum transverse position must be between 6 cm and 0. The antinodes are separated by half a ‘wavelength which we expect o be a couple of centimetres ‘According tothe waves in interference model, we write the function y, + y; and start evaluating things. 0.303 m — We get y=y, +3; = (6.0 em) singrx) cos(0.601) Since cos (0) = 1, we can find the maximum value of y by setting 1 = 0. Yiu (2) = 9; + ¥2 = (6.0 6m) sin (ex) Atx= 0.250 eM, Yo: (6.0 cm) sin (0.2507) = 4.24em Superpesition and Standing Waves 7.47 b, Atx=0.500M, Yu, ¢. Atx=1.50em,¥, (6.0 cm) sin (0.50022) = 6.00em | (6.0 em) sin (1.50) | = +6.00em 4. The antinodes occur when x= nh/4 for n = 1, 3,5, But k=2n/h =x,504 =2.00em and 4) =A/4= (2.00 emy/4 = 0.500 em 4, = 31/4 = 32.00 emy/4 = 1.50.em 4) = 5A/4 = 5(2.00 emy/4 = 2.50.em ‘Two of our answers in (4) can be read from the way the amplitude had its largest possible value in parts (b) and (c). Note again that an amplitude is defined to be always positive, asthe maximum absolute value of wave function. STANDING WAVES IN A STRING FIXED AT BOTH ENDS Consider a string of length Z fixed at both ends as shown in Fig. 7.31. We will use this system as a model for a guitar string or piano string. Standing wave can be set up in the string by ‘4 continuous superposition of wave incident on and reflected from the ends. Notice that there is a boundary condition for the waves on the string. Because the ends of the string are fixed, they must necessarily have zero displacement and are therefore nodes by definition. This boundary condition results in the string having a number of discrete natural patterns of oscillation, called normal modes, each of which has a characteristic frequency that can easily be calculated. L Fig. 7.31 “The normal modes of oscillation for the sting in Fig. 7.31 can ‘be described by imposing the boundary conditions that the ends bbe nodes and thatthe nodes and antinodes be separated by one- fourth of a wavelength. The first normal mode thats consistent with these requirements, shown in Fig. 7.32a, has nodes at its ends and one antinode in the middle. This normal mode isthe Tongest wavelength mode that is consistent with our boundary conditions. The first normal mode occurs when the wavelength 2, = 2L. The section of a standing wave from one node to the next node is called a Toop. Inthe frst normal mode. the sting is vibrating in one loop. In the second normal mode (Fig. 7326) the string vibrates in two loops. In this case, the wavelength 2 is equal to the length of the string, as expressed by 2, = L. The third normal mode (Fig. 7.32¢) corresponds to the case in which 2, = 23 and our string vibrates in three loops. In general, the wavelengths of the various normal modes for a string of length [fixed at both ends are7.16. Waves and Thermodynamics ‘¥ The maximum velocity is different at different points. Its value is zero atthe nodes and gradually increases towards the antinodes. All the particles attain their maximum velocities simultaneously when they pass through their ‘mean positions. vi. All the particles in a particular segment between two nodes vibrate in the same phase but the particles in the neighbouring segments vibrate in opposite phases, as, shown in Fig. 7.29. The energy becomes alternately wholly potential and wholly Kinetic twice in each cycle. It is wholly potential when particles are at their positions of maximum displacement and wholly kinetic when the particle pass through the mean positions. vil A stationary wave has the same wavelength and time period as the component waves, ix, The distance between two consecutive nodes and antinodes is 4.2. The distance between nodes and next antinode is 4. CETEMEEEALM Can two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travelling in the same direction give rise to a stationary wave after superposition? Sol. Let the two superposing waves be yi=A sin (otk) yA sin (wt —kr+ 9) where @ is the phase difference between the two waves. From principle of superposition the resultant wave function is Jay ty =A sin @r— ke) +A sin (rhe +g) = 2A 06 $sin{ wr +) A cos Ssin( wr ko 8 This is the expression for'a travelling wave with amplitude 24 cos $/2. Hence superposition of two waves travelling in the same direction give rise to another travelling wave with different amplitude, which depends on the phase difference between the two waves. COSTING two travelling waves of equal amplitudes and equal frequencies move in opposite direction along a string. They interfere to produce a standing wave having the equation. y= Acoske sin ot in which A = 1.0 mm, & = 1.57 em“ and @ = 785s". (a) Find the velocity and amplitude of the component travelling waves. (b) Find the node closest to the origin in the region «0. (c) Find the antinode closest tothe origin in the region +> 0.(d) Find the amplitude of the particle at x = 2.33 cm. Sol. The standing wave is formed by the superposition of the % sin(or+ky) $ sinor=ko) andy, i> ‘The wave velocity (magnitude) of either of the waves is @_ 385s" k 157em b. Fora node, cos kx =0. ‘The smallest positive x satisfying this relation is given by =50.cm/s; Amplitude = 0.5 mm dx=xR on, ne ‘ 2k 2X1.ST em Foran antinode, | e08 kx | = 1 ‘The smallest positive « satisfying this relation i given by ke=a on x= 2 =2em k 4, ‘The amplitude of vibration of the particle at xis given by | A cos kx |. For the given point, set arem taste ais7|24!] axetal® 6 6 ‘Thus, the amplitude will be 2.0 mm) | cos (x + 2/6) | = S* mm =0.86 mm CDISEIIEEETEE Two identical oudspeakers are driven in phase by a common oscillator at 800 Hz and face each other at a distance of 1.25 m. Locate the points along the line joining the two speakers where relative minima of sound pressure amplitude would be expected. (Use v = 343 m/s.) Sol. Let two loudspeakers (1) and (2) be separated by a distance 1.25 m, and observer moves between the two speakers along the line joining two as shown in Fig. 7.30. ai @ fem 9-125) m->4 Fig. 7.30 ‘Two identical waves moving in opposite directions constitute a standing wave. We must find the nodes. ‘The wavelength is 343 mis f 800 Hz 0.429 myea From the equation » = {2 we find that the frequency is three times as high. 7a 3h = 00 He The tension seems reasonable, and the third harmonic is three times the fundamental frequency as expected. Related to part (b), some stringed instrument players use a technique to double the frequency of a note by playing 4 natural harmonic, in effect cutting a vibrating sting in half. When the string is lightly touched at its midpoint to form a node there, the second harmonic is formed, and the resulting note is one octave higher (twice the original fundamental frequency). ‘STRING FIXED AT ONE END AND FREE FROM OTHER END Figure 7.35 shows a string that has one end fixed and the other end free. In the fundamental mode the free end is an antinode; the length of string L = A/4, In the next mode In general, i ; SS aaee ee lag A atid 4 ‘Seventh harmonic Superposition and Standing Waves 7.19 ‘Ninth harmonic —__ 1 Fig. 7.36 ‘The resonance frequencies are given by n=1,3,5, where "4L (fundamental frequency) ‘The natural frequencies occur in the ratios: 1:3:5:7 A string 120 em in length sustains a Standing wave with the points of the string at which the displacement amplitude is equal to 3.5 mm being separated by 15.0 cm. Find the maximum displacement amplitude. To which overtone do these oscillations correspond? Sol. When a string fixed at both the ends sustains 4 standing wave, there ae n (a whole number) segments of the length of thestrng, where particles in each segment ofthe string oxic in phase with eachother and ae out of phase withthe partcles of the adjacent segment, the string contains » loops between its ends. Under this condition the amplitude of the oscillation ‘aties from point to point on the string asa harmon function (asine function or a cosine function). A typical equation for the standing wave canbe given as y= yu sn x cos Fig. 7.37 Let the string be lying along the x-axis between x = 0 and 20 em, Let the amplitude variation along the length of the String be given by a = dg, sin kx, where K is the propag: meta Let the string be oscillating in its nth harmonic. The string will contain n loops with end points as node. The points in a loop, where the displacement amplitudes are 3.5 mm will be located symmetrically about antinode, as shown in the Fig. 7.37. Now BC=DE=--=15cm and CD=EF: First Method: =15em (A sine function given by y=sinx(0<.x m) is symmetrical about x= /2, etc.) CD=CN, +N,D7.18 Waves and Theemodynamics @ nel wy) ‘where the index n refers to the nth normal mode of oscillation. ‘These modes are the possible modes of oscillation for the string. The actual modes that are excited on a string. are discussed shorty The natural frequencies associated with the modes of oscillation are obtained from the relationship f = v/2, where the wave speed v is same forall frequencies. Using Eq, (iv), we find thatthe natural frequencies f, ofthe normal modes are ae ee ‘These natural frequencies are also called the quantized frequencies associated with the vibrating string fixed at both ends. (Serko crparaersom apnea its tension in the sting and is its linear mass density, we can also express the natural frequencies ofa taut string as is wo n fF 8 = aE a n=1,2,3,... wi ‘The lowest frequency f,, which corresponds to n = 1, is called either the fundamental frequency or the first harmonic and is given by Lift ft WEE 287 vi aE (vii) The frequencies of the remaining normal modes are integer ‘multiples of the fundamental frequencies of normal modes that exhibit an integer multiple relationship such as this form a harmonie series, and the normal modes are called harmonics. ‘The fundamental frequency f, is the frequency of the first harmonic, the frequency /,= 2; isthe frequency of the second ‘harmonic, and the frequency f, = nf; is the frequency of the nth harmonic. CESEITEZEM A string on a cello vibrates in its frst normal mode with a frequency of 220 Hz. The vibrating ‘segment is 70.0 em long and has a mass of 1.20 g. (a) Find the tension in the string. (b) Determine the frequency of vibration when the string vibrates in three segments. Sol: The tension should be less than 500 N (~100 Ib) since excessive force on the four cello strings would break the neck ‘of the instrument. Ifa string vibrates in three segments, there will be three antinodes (instead of one for the fundamental mode), so the frequency should be three times greater than the fundamental From the string’s length, we can find the wavelength. We then can use the wavelength withthe fundamental frequency 10 find the wave speed. Finally, we can find the tension from the wave speed and the linear mass density of the tring. ‘When the string vibrates in the lowest frequency mode, the length of sting forms a standing wave where L = 2/2 so ‘the fundamental harmonic wavelength is 4 = 2 = 2(0.700 m) = 1.40:m and the speed is (220 s"(1.40 m) = 308 m/s a. From the tension equation vy; ats “Va Vn Weeet T=y'm/L, (308 m/s)°(1.20%10 kg) 0.700 m o oT aN >. Forthe third harmonic, the tension, linear density and speed are the same, but the siring vibrates in three segments. Thus, ‘the wavelength is one-third of the fundamental wavelengthin tring will become stronger when resonance takes place, ie, the frequency of oscillation of source matches with any of the harmonic of the string vibration. Figure 7.39 shows basic structure and setup of a sonometer. Itconsists of a wooden box M on which a wire AB is stretched, by ahanging weight as shown in Fig. 7.39. On sonometer box there are two clamps C, and C, placed which can slide under the wire to change the length of wire between the clamps. ‘When an oscillating turning fork is placed in contact with the sonometer wire as shown in Fig. 7.39b some oscillations are transferred to the wire. If tension in wire is Tand mis the frequency of turning fork, the wavelength of wave in wire is we mm Vi o ee er 5 Fig. 7.39 ‘When the ength between clamps is an integral multiple of 1/2 then stationary waves are established in the portion of wire between C, and C,, To adjust this, clamp C, is fixed and C, is displaced so that a small rider (a piece of paper) on wire star jumping violently on wire and falls indicating that the oscillation amplitude of wire is increasing and stationary \waves are established. Let inthis situation the length between clamps be 1 Now again C; is displaced away from C; so that again resonance is obtained. This will happen again when the ‘lamp reaches the position C, and when next node of stationary ‘waves is present as shown in Fig 7.39(b). Let this length be [ So we can say that if J, and J, are the two successive resonance lengths then we have Superposition and Standing Waves 7.24 So wavelength of wave is A =2(1;~b). As frequency n, of oscillating source is known, we can find the velocity of wave in wire as vend =2ngly—1) Gi Equation (i) gives the partially measured value of velocity of transverse waves in a stretched wire. This can be compared with the theoretical valve of v given by JT7i ‘The fundamental frequency of ‘sonometer wire increases by 6 Hz if its tension is increased by 44%, keeping the length constant. Find the change in the fundamental frequency of the sonometer wire when the eEMAGRae ie amas See pled Gaugorty i, Were SS erring reals 2m ‘Atconstant length, ne VT or F @ i. New tension, T'=7+ 4. i00 fn’ is new frequency, then i) From Eq. (ii) or n+6=12n O.2n=6 orn ‘As tension is constant eet or nl =constant aii) When length increase by 20% 20 New length 20 p21 = 100! AS Therefore, constant 25 He7.20 Waves and Thermodynamics tm, (273) aie ene The oscillations correspond to the 4th harmonic (the 3rd overtone). The string will oscillate in 4 loops, There are a total ‘of 5 nodes (including the nodes on the end of the string) on the string. Recalling that from a node of the next node the distance is 4/2, the length of the string 1 = 41/2. V4=30cm or 2=60em me ae or AD= k Amplitude as function of xis = gy sinks = dau in( =) 30 Now at x=75, 12.5 cm,a=3.5 mm x 1 IS oisin( 75 ; s1(793) ie 35=a4,,, sin— == a finde AB guy = 3.592 = 4.935 = 5 mm Second Method: Suppose that the points shown in Fig. 7.38 represent the points which have equal amplitudes and are equally spaced. Now, distance between two consecutive nodes is 1/2. Therefore, Fig. 7.38 atbte=A2 @ From symmetry considerations azc=d Gi) Now, for such points to be equidistant throughout the string, i) From Eggs. (i) and (ii), b=2a From Eq, (i), we get or ww) b= 2a =A/4. The points where displacement amplitudes are 3.5 mm are 4/4 apart. 44 5 or 2 =600m Hence, a=Ais Note that only one value for b, ie. distance between two such consecutive points exist, hence only one such set of points exist, om the string and such points are 2/4 apart] Now length of string = 120 em 2L _ 2120 No.of loops = ===" ‘The string isin the 4th harmonic or 3rd overtone. ‘Mathematical analysis Let the amplitude variation along the string be given by Sem vtec ee sio(2 cx) 28 eee? 2n aks or ph aera t (oll ma 2 * x2 ¥ where & = 60 cm (calcula [eg ee (I XE 30 [Now to find the first and second such points do following analysis: for n = 0, you get x = x’, as we are not considering x < 0, Teave this Putn=1, Also, a'-x=15 .x'=22.5 and x=75 {Here by putting (i) n = 1, Gi) x'~x = 15, you ensure that you are analysing the equation forthe very first point and the ‘point next to it satisfying the required conditions This proves thatthe solution is correct. This also proves thatthe symmetry elements assumed by ‘you in the solution tothe problem stand true. Exercise : Taking 2 = 60 em and first such point being at 5 em prove that () all such points are equidistant and Gi) such points are 15 em apart from each other (consecutive points). SONOMETER is adevice used to measure velocity of transverse mechanical wave in a stretched metal wire. The principle of sonometer is based on resonance of string vibrations, Working oscillations are induced in a clamped string by an extemal source like a tuning fork or an oscillator and the corresponding oscillationsFrom Eqs. (i) and ii), ivi) = Gi) where fis the frequency of oscillation, If velocity of wave in wire (7) and (2) is v; and v;, respectively then ww) But where Tis the tension in the strings and w is the mass per unit length of string ihe wks & w aan From Eqs. a fe: ve A Vy mk [i m BN ds ‘+ The values of 2, and d,s, and wil be given The ratio n/n canbe calculated ‘© If we know the value of n, or n, from Eqs. (i) and can get the value of 2, and A,. + Afier knowing the value of 4, or, we can calculate the fundamental frequency of oscillation using v= + Then next higher frequency = 2f and soon (wi) From Eqs. (ii) and (vi, we Case If joint Pacts as aninode w @ No hath bad ‘Fig. 7.45 For string (1), OD 05 iy For string 2), ‘Superposition and Standing Waves. 7.23 Hence, (ii) Qn; =I) and or ity From Eqs. (vii) and (viii) Qm-)_ hd co) Qm-D bk LV ts © From Eg. (ix) we can calculate the value of n, oF ns © Once the value of nor n; is calculated we can calculate the value of 4, oF. © After getting the value of 2, or 4; we can calculate the value of ‘fusing the expression v = 2. LU ee ©6Two metallic strings A and B of dif- ferent materials are connected in series forming a joint. The strings have similar cross-sectional area. The length of Ais [, = 0.3 m and that B is f, = 0.75 m. One end of the combined string is tied with a support rigidly and the other end is loaded with a block of mass m passing over a frictionless pulley. Transverse waves are set up in the combined string using an external source of variable frequency, calculate a. The lowest frequency for which standing waves are observed such that the joint is a node and b. The total number of antinodes at this frequency. The densities of A and B are 6.3 x 10° kg/m’ and 2.8 x 10° kg/m’, respectively. Sol: Given that /, = 0.3 m, y= 0.75 m, d, =6.3 x 10° kp/m*. y=2.8 x 10 kg/m’ Let p = number of loops formed in string A and q = number of loops formed in string B. a. Both p and q will be integer numbers, as the one end is fixed rigidly, the other end is loaded and the joint P is a node mg, A= Ay =A, > ForstringA, m= ne 2, Vad, q(t ForstringB, n= | me ly VAds AAs both the strings are to be exerted by the same source of variable frequency, hence n, = ny. Bee a 2 VAdy ~ 2p VAds 03 [65x10" 0.75 28x10" 6 9 10 ™ 15 i7.22. Waves and Thermodynamics Change in fundamental frequency An=n'=n=25~30=-S Hz ‘An=5 Hz (decrease) Therefore, ‘The length of a sonometer wire between {wo fixed ends is 1.10 m. Where should the two bridges be placed to divide the wire into three segments ‘whose fundamental frequencies are in the ratio of 1:2:3? Sol. Let, l,l, be the lengths of three segments L+hthet10 0 hyde 2ve Iftension 7 and mass per unit length jz are fixed, then n «1/1 Given From relation 7 T 7 so nl = constant ey l= 6k, l, = 3k, ly =2k, k being a constant, From Eq. (i) 6k+3k+2k=110 or 1k=1.10. k= 110/11 20.1 x 0.1=0.6m x0.1=03m x01=02m, Therefore the bridges must be placed at distance 0.6 m and (0.6+03)=0.9m (UESETETEATAE wo tuning forks A and B produce 4 beats per second when sounded simultaneously. The frequency of A is known to be 256 Hz. When B is loaded with a little wax 4 beats per second are again produced. Find the frequency of 8 before and after loading. Sol. Since the beat frequency is 4 per second, the possible frequencies of fork B before loading are (25644) Hz and (256-4) Hz or 260Hz and 252 Hz Afier loading B with wax, again 4 beats/second are heard. ‘Therefore, after loading, the possible frequencies are (25644) Hz and (256-4) Hz or 260 Hz and 252 Hz But, by loading the fork its frequency can only decrease Hence, before loading fork B, its frequency can only be 260 Hr, so tat after loading it decreases to 252 Ha. Vibrations of Composite Strings We have discussed the vibration of a clamped string in previous section, now we discuss the stationary waves in a string ‘composed of two different strings as shown in Fig. 7.41. Here two strings S, and S; of different material and lengths are joined ‘end to end and tied between two clamps as shown. Now when we induce oscillations in this composite string, stationary waves are established only at those frequencies which match with any one harmonic of both the independent string $, and Ss. oops —— i Fig. 741 Oscillation of two strings Let two strings of lengths /, and I, having mass per unit length 1, and 1, respectively. Joint a ae bh ee Fig. 7.42 ‘The combined string is fixed at the ends. ‘Hence the end conditions will be ‘node’ and ‘node’ (N,N), re rN ™ Fig. 7.43, Here two cases are possible, ‘© Ifjoint is acting as a node (N). ‘© If joint P is acting as an antinode (A). Case I Joint P acting as a node (N): De et ry ” Fig. 7.44 + The end condition of string (1); (N,N). # Hence the number of loops in string (1) should be an integer, say n, loops. One loop length in terms of wavelength is 4/2, Hence, for string (1) @ Similarly for string (2) Gi)DEED tn Metae’s experiment, when. string isstretched by a plece of glassit vibrates with 7loops. When the glass piece is completely immersed in water the sting vibrates in 9 loops. What is the specific gravity of glass? Sol. IF, and F; are the tensions in the sting inthe two cases, then ER ee RR? 9 If Fis the buoyant force on the glass piece, then F, = F)~ Fy ‘Weight in air Specific gravity of glass = ges to a ee ake Loss in weight in water (UIE Middle C on a piano has a fundamental frequency of 262 Hz, and the first A above ‘middle C has a fundamental frequency of 440 Hz. ‘a Caleulate the frequencies of the next two harmonies of the C string, b, IfA and C strings have the same linear mass density and length Z, determine the ratio of tensions in the two strings. Sol ‘a, Remember that the harmonics of @ vibrating string have frequencies that are related by integer multiples of the fundamental This first part of the example is a simple substitution problem. Knowing that the fundamental frequency is f= 262 Hz, find the frequencies ofthe next harmonies by multiplying by integers: b. This part of the example is more of an analysis problem ‘than is part (a). ‘Use Eg, (iii) to write expression for the fundamental frequencies of the two string. ti Ai $= app Mh Vu Divide the first equation by the second and solve for the ratio of tensions fa Le fie VT. Superposition and Standing Waves 7.25 (i) “(gs Te \fe 262, Ifthe frequencies of piano strings were determined solely by tension, This result suggests thatthe ratio of tensions from the lowest string to the highest string on the piano would be enormous. Such large tensions would make it difficult to design a frame to support the strings. In reality, the frequencies of piano strings vary duetoadditional parameters, including the mass per unit length and the length of the string. If ook inside a real plano, you'll see that the assumption made in part (b) of Illustration 7.31 is, only partially true. The strings are not likely to have the same length. The string densitles are equal, bul suppose the length of the A string is only 64% of the length of the C string. What isthe ratio oftheir tensions? Sol. The ratio of frequencies; si ‘Notice that this result represents only a 16% increase in tension, compared with the 18.2% increase in part (b) of Ilustration 731. One end of @ horizontal string is attached to a vibrating blade, and the other end passes over a pulley as in Fig. 7.49(a). A sphere of mass 2.00 kg hangs at the end of the string. The string is vibrating in its second harmonic. A container of water is raised under the sphere so that the sphere is completely submerged. In this configuration, the string vibrates in its fifth harmonic as shown in Fig. 7.49%(b). What is the radius of the ° me Fig. 7.497.24 Waves and Thermodynamics ‘As we have to determine the lowest frequency hence the mode of variation will be as shown in Fig. 7.46. MV Ad, 3. [m0 2x03 VAXx6.3x 10° petite nth falMaian [acMics 2x03x10V63A 25.24 . The total number of antinodes at this frequency =3 +5 MELDE’S EXPERIMENT ‘This isan experiment for demonstration of transverse stationary ‘wave in stretched string. |IinMelde’s experiment, the one end ofthe string is connected to the prong of an electrically oscillated tuning fork. The other ‘end ofthe string is connected tothe scale pan. The string passes ‘over a smooth frictionless pulley. The distance between tuning fork and pulley can be adjusted. There are two different ways in which oscillations can be established in the string. Case I: Transverse Mode of Vibration ‘As shown in Fig. 7.47, tuning fork vibrates right angle to the length of the string. In this case the frequency of vibration of string is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork. First, we adjust the length of string so that stationary waves are formed in string. In this case the vibrations of string are enough so that the loop can be seen in the siring.If string vibrates in p loops as shown in Fig. 7.47(a), the frequency of the oscillating string ‘can be given as @ be ‘Sing moving: masa, loys ® Suing moving: em Sing a ext operon psn ‘eloity downwards © « Fig. 7.47 fn be the frequency of oscillation of tuning fork then we have p | an a Case II: Longitudinal Mode of Vibrations In this case the vibrations of tuning fork are along the length of the string. The orientation of tuning fork is shown in Fig. 7.48. In this case for one complete vibration of the tuning fork, the string completes only half of its vibrations so the frequency of vibration of string is half ofthat ofthe oscillation frequency of tuning fork. Swing ars: lowermost position i \ Sting moving: masimam velocity up © Fig. 7.48, We can see ifthe frequency of tuning fork remains constant from Eqs. (i) and (ii) we can write pT =consant If the tension in the string is changed then the number of loops in the stationary wave formed varies according to Eq, This is called as Melde’s law. ‘Thus, ifin Melde's experiment, stationary waves are formed at two different values of tension T, and T, at which p, and p; loops are formed in the string then we can write [Ass =constant] (ii)‘hy no pressure variation occurs at an open end by noting that the end of the air column is open to the atmosphere; therefore, the pressure at this end must remain constant at atmospheric pressure. ‘You may wonder how a sound wave can be reflected from an open end as it may appear that there is no change in the medium at this point: the medium through which the sound wave moves is air both inside and outside the pipe. ‘Sound is a pressure wave; however, a compression region of the sound wave is constrained by the sides of the pipe as. Jong as the region is inside the pipe. Since the compression region exits ai the open end of the pipe. the constraint of the pipe is removed and the compressed air is free to expand into the atmosphere. Therefore, there is a change in the character of the medium between the inside of the pipe and the outside even though there is no change in the material of the medium. This change in character is sufficient to allow some reflection, pa Anu csr sae 4 Al ee ae ae XX) mame XOX (@) Open at both ends, 4 (6) Closed at one end, open atthe other Fig. 7.50 With the boundary conditions of nodes or antinodes. at the ends of the air column, we have a set of normal modes of oscillation as is the case for the string fixed at both ends, ‘Therefore, the ar column has quantized frequencies. ‘The first three normal modes of oscillation of a pipe open at both ends are shown in Fig. 7.50(a). Notice that both ends are displacement antinodes (approximately). In the first normal mode, the standing wave extends between two adjacent antinodes, which is distance of half a wavelength. Therefore, the wavelength is twice the length of the pipe, and the fundamental frequency is f, = v/2L. As Fig. 7.50(a) shows the frequencies of the higher harmonics are 2f,, 3, In a pipe open at both ends, the natural frequencies of oscillation form a harmonic series that includes all integral ‘multiples of the fundamental frequency. Because all harmonics are present and the fundamental frequency is given by the same expression as that for a string, ‘we can express the natural frequencies of oscillation as Superposition and Standing Waves 7.27 | l| N N N Fundamental note First overtone Second overtone ‘Various modes of vibration showing pressure nodes snd aninodes, Fundamental note First overtone Second overtone Fig. 7.51 Various modes of vibration showing displacement nodes ‘and antinodes So where n= 1, 2,3, . q = n=l, @ Analytical treatment: Consider an open organ pipe of length Lying along the x-axis, with its ends at x = 0 and x = L. The sound wave travelling along the pipe can be represented as AP, = AP, sin(ker—w2) The reflected sound wave from open end (rigid boundary) is represented by AP. AP, ‘The resultant stationary wave is given by AP=AP, + AP, = AP, sin (kx- w0) + AP, sin (kx + 01) or AP=2AP, sin(kx) cos (wt) for all values of r, the resultant pressure variation is zero for which sinkx=0 in (-kx wt +2) = AP, sin (kx +014) or keen or ‘These points of zero pressure variation are called pressure nodes.7.26 Waves and Thermodynamics Sol. Imagine what happens when the sphere is immersed in the water. The buoyant force acts upward on the sphere, reducing the tension inthe string. The change in tension causes, 4 change in the speed of waves on the string, which in turn causes a change in the wavelength. This altered wavelength results in the string vibrating in its fifth normal mode rather than the second. The hanging sphere is modelled asa particle in equilibrium. (One of the forces acting on itis the buoyant force from the water. We also apply the waves under boundary conditions ‘model tothe string Apply the particle in equilibrium model tothe sphere in Fig. 7,49(a), identifying T, as the tension inthe string asthe sphere hhangs in at. Ti=mg @ Apply the particle in equilibrium model tothe sphere in Fig. 7.49(b), whete T, isthe tension in the string as the sphere is immersed in water. > B=me-T, “i the radius of the sphere, will appear in the expression for the buoyant force B. Before proceeding in this direction, however, we must evaluate 7; from the information about the standing wave, ‘Write the equation for the frequency of a standing wave on a string twice, once before the sphere is immersed and once after. Notice that the frequency f is same in both the cases because itis determined by the vibrating blade. In addition, the linear mass density « and the length ofthe vibrating portion of the string are same in both cases. Divide the two equations a fh . (iy) w Solve for 7; n= (2) n-(2}asem-s 14N ‘Substituting this result into Eq. (ii) =mg—T;=19.6N~3.14N=165N Now 3 =P acon =Prun §( 421°) Solve for the radius of the sphere: “tJ i 3016.5 N) 42(1000 kg/m )O.80 mi =738 x 10?m= Notice that only certain radii of the sphere will result in the string vibrating in a normal mode; the speed of waves on the string must be changed to a value such that the length of the string is integer multiple of half wavelengths. The radii of the sphere that cause the string to vibrate in a normal mode are quantized. 38m, RESONANCE ‘We have seen that a system such as a taut string is capable of cscillating in one or more normal modes of oscillation. If a Periodic force is applied to such a system, the amplitude ofthe resulting motion is greatest when the frequency of the applied force is equal to one of the natural frequencies of the system. This phenomenon, known as resonance, was discussed in previous section. Although a block spring system or a simple pendulum has only one natural frequency, standing wave systems have a whole set of natural frequencies. ‘Consider a taut string fixed at one end and connected at the opposite end to an oscillating blade as illustrated in Fig. 7.49. The fixed end is a node, and the end connected to the blade is very nearly a node because the amplitude of the blade's motion is small compared with that of the clements of the string. As the blade oscillates, transverse wave sent down the string are reflected from the fixed end. AS we learned in previous section, the string has natural frequencies that are determined by its Iengths, tension and linear mass density. When the frequency of the blade equals ‘one of the natural frequencies of the string, standing waves are produced and the string oscillates with a large amplitude. In this resonance case, the wave generated by the oscillating blade is in phase with the reflected wave and the string absorbs ‘energy from the blade. If the string is driven at a frequency that is not one of its natural frequencies, the oscillations are of low amplitude and exhibit no stable pattern. Resonance is very important in the excitation of musical instruments based on air columns. ‘STANDING WAVES IN AIR COLUMNS The waves under boundary conditions model can also be applied to sound waves in a column of air such as that inside an organ pipe. Standing waves are the result of interference between longitudinal sound waves travelling in opposite directions Ina pipe closed at one end, the closed end is a displacement node because the rigid barrier at this end does not allow longitudinal motion of the air. Because the pressure wave is 90° out of phase with the displacement wave, the closed end of an air column corresponds to a pressure antinode (that is, a Point of maximum pressure variation). The open end of an air column is. approximately a = 37+ Rearranging, and substituting L = 0,860 m, the side to side resonant frequencies are ‘= n(206 Hz), for each n from 110.9, ‘With L’ = 2.10 m, the top to bottom resonance frequencies are 355 mis "= "22.10 m) = n(84.5 Hz), for each n from 2 to 23 wwe found the allowed values for n by checking which resonant frequencies lie in the vocal range between 130 Hz and 2000 Hz. If the equations in this problem look like formulas for 4 pipe open at both ends or a string fixed at both ends, you should draw pictures of the vibrations instead of just thinking about formulas. The shower stall is different from any organ Pipe, because it has nodes at both walls instead of antinodes. The shower stall is different from a string because the ait wave is longitudinal. An equation like dy, = 1/2 is true for all one-dimensional standing waves, so the best solution is based on diagrams and on this equation, with f= v/A. A function generator connected to a loudspeaker, with your ear as detector, is all you need to do a nice experiment to observe this phenomenon in any small room with hard parallel walls. Listen at different distances from one wall, and you may even discover whether your ear responds more to or to air pressure. ‘A section of drainage culvert 1.23 ‘m in length makes a howling noise when the wind blows across its open ends. a, Determine the frequencies of the first harmonics of the culvert if iis cylindrical in shape and open at both ends. Take v = 343 m/s as the speed of sound in air. 'b. What are the three lowest natural frequencies of the culvert if is blocked at one end? Sol. The sound of the wind blowing across te end ofthe pipe contains many frequencies, and the culvert responds to the sound by vibrating atthe natural frequencies ofthe ar column This example i a relatively simple substittion problem, 8. Letus first find the frequency of the first harmonic of the culvert, modelling it as an air column open at both ends, _y 343. ms A= 20> 2023 m) = 159 He Find the next harmonics by multiplying by integers. f= fi = 278 He fa3,=417 He 1b. Find the frequency of the first harmonic of the culvert, ‘modelling it as an air column closed at one end: _» _ 43 ms A= 40> 4023 my = 07 He Find the next two harmonies by multiplying by odd integers f= ¥i =200 He f= = 349 He CS EGE Find the number of possible natural oscillations of air column in a pipe frequencies of which lie below v, = 1250 Hz. The length of the pipe is != 85 em. The velocity of sound is v = 340 m/s. Consider two cases i. the pipe is closed from one end, ii, the pipe is open from both ends. First Method Sol. 4, Pipe is closed from one end: An air column in a pipe closed from one end oscillates only odd harmonics {1st harmonic (fundamental mode), 3rd harmonic (Ist overtone), Sth harmonic 2nd overtone), 7th harmonic Grd overtone) ete,} Fundamental frequency v 340 7p 3s 7 None 100 Other modes of oscillation are: 3rd harmonic frequency = 3 x 100 = 300 Hz ‘Sth harmonic frequency = 5 x 100 = 500 Hz 7th harmonic frequency = 7 X 100 = 700 Hz ‘9th harmonic frequency = 9 x 100 = 900 Hz {1th harmonic frequency = 11 x 100 = 1100 Hz ‘13th harmonic frequency = 13 x 100 = 1300 Hz Only those natural oscillations are to be counted frequencies of ‘which lie below v, = 1250 He, the harmonics till 11th harmonic are to be counted. ‘Since number of possible natural oscillations =I (stharmonic) + 1 (rd harmonic) +1 (Sth harmonic) + 1(7th harmonic) ++ 1(9th harmonic) + 1 (11th harmoni ‘Second Method All the frequencies possible are integral multiples of fundamental frequency which is 100 Hz. Using the fact that integer which is multiplied by fundamental frequency is the ‘number of harmonic itself you get, highest harmonic predicted = [12.50/10] where [x] represents greatest integer less than ot equal to.x= [12.5] = 12. Now for closed pipe, only odd harmonics are possible and ‘the highest harmonic possible = | lth. The possible harmonics are 1,3,5,7,9, LI which are six in number. =6Fig. 757 Consider an organ pipe shown in Fig. 7.58. Here we consider a wave is propagating towards its open end. Due to Tongitudinal wave medium (air), particles oscillate along. the length of pipe as shown in Fig. 7.57. But the oscillations are ‘along the length of the pipe within the boundaries ofthe pipe, ‘When wave reaches the open end, due to collisions the medium particles outside the pipe scatters in the direction away from Pipe and due to this, medium (air) density reduces outside the pipe and from the region of this rarer medium the wave is reflected Here we can see that when a wave reaches the open end of pipe it penetrates atmosphere up to a small depth where the density is decreased and then it is reflected back into the pipe. ‘Thus, the wave is not exactly reflected from the open end of the pipe. Hence in the formation of stationary waves in organ pipe we say that an antinode is formed always alittle above the ‘open end as shown in Fig. 7.58. The distance above the open ‘end where an antinode formed is called the end correction and is represented by e. AN Superposition and Standing Waves 7.33, Itis observed that the end correction depends on the radius of organ pipe and is experimentally determined and expressed €=06r @ ‘Thus, for abroad pipe the end correetion is more than a narrow pipe. When we find the different harmonic frequencies of oscillations of air column in organ pipe, we must account the end corrections. Now taking into account the end correction the fundamental frequency ofa closed pipe of length can be given as Faxe (One end open] i) and fundamental frequency of an open pipe of length /is taken as 2+2e) [Both ends open] Gi, A tng fork of frequeney 340 He is vibrated just above a cylindrical tube. The length of the tube is L = 120 cm, Water is slowly poured into the tube. Determine the minimum height of water required for resonance, (Take velocity of sound in air y = 340 m/s) Sols Ht he tuning fork vias in res th the sic Shee tig pepe pos cot Tcveagioeacy Stic arene pues OF = where n= 1,23... 4 ‘The length of the air column is given by pT aay; 7025" B=2SHEM 1=25.m, 75 em, 125 em Since the length of the tube is 120 cm, therefore, the possible Tengths of air column are 1225 em or 1275em If his the height of water filled in the tube, then 1+h=1206m f= 120-1 For minimum value of h, is maximum, thus Fe, =120~ lpg =120— EDIE te first’ two lengths “of an air column, in a resonance column method, were found to be 32.1 em and 99.2 cm, respectively. Determine the end correction for the tube. If it is known that velocity of sound in the laboratory is 332 tl, thea ind the frequency ofthe vibrating tuning fork. Sol. Here, ,=32.1¢m and ‘Sem 99.2.em7.32 Waves and Thermodynamics 4,=2 134 em=268 em, and 4,2 1T0em=340em Since velocity v= Af +. Velocity of sound in air», = Jf = 26.8 emx1270 ‘Velocity of sound in wooden rod v, =A, = 340 emx1270 s* = 4318 mis MUI A Kumor’s- tube experiment is conducted with a 1 m long glass rod, twice, one with air and the other with hydrogen gas filled in the tube. In the first case, there were 11 heaps of Iycopodium powder within a length of 64.4 cm between the first and the last. ‘The corresponding parameters in the second case are 5 nodal heaps within 99.7 cm length. Find the velocity of sound in glass and in hydrogen, ita in air be 338 mis. Sol, In case of air, distance between two consecutive nodes heaps of powder) oe 2644 em i0 IfA, and 2, be the respective wavelengths of sound in air and in rod, then Aq=2 x 644 em and 1,= 2 100 em Since the frequency remains the same, 50 fen 2 de, _ (2100 cm) "ha (2x64 em) 335 m/s=5.2 km/s Ifv, and A, correspond to the velocity and wavelength of sound ‘waves in hydrogen respectively, then A (99.7 cm/4) 4335 m/s=13 kiwis 6.44 cm : RESONANCE TUBE Its used to determine the speed of sound in air with the help of tuning fork of known frequency. It is @ close pipe whose length can be changed by changing the level of liquid in the tube. When a vibrating tuning fork is brought over its mouth, its air column vibrates longitudinally. If the length of the ait column varies until its natural frequency becomes equal to the frequency of fork, then resonance will occur and loud sound is heard. Figure 7.56 shows the setup of a resonance tube experiment. ‘There is along tube 7'in which initially water is filled up to the {op and the water level can be changed by moving reservoir R up and down, \uy a Fig. 7.56 ‘A tuning fork of known frequency nj is struck gently on ‘rubber pad and brought near the open end of tube T due to Which oscillations are transferred to the air column in the tube above water level. Now the water level is gradually decreased. This air column behaves like a closed organ pipe and the water level as closed end of pipe. As soon as water level reaches a position where there is a node of corresponding stationary wave, in air column, resonance takes place and maximum sound intensity is detected. Let at this position, length of air column be 1. If the water level is further decreased, again ‘maximum sound intensity is observed when water level is at another node, ie., at a length /, as shown in Fig. 7.56, Here if We find two successive resonance lengths /, and I, we can get the wavelength of the wave as ‘A h or A= 2-1) Thus, sound velocity in aircan be given as v= nj =2n (I; =) We have discussed that in an organ pipe the incident and reflected waves superpose and give rise to establishment of stationary waves at harmonic frequencies. First, we discuss how a wave is reflected from the open end of an organ pipe.Sol, Let v be the velocity of sound and f be the frequency of the note. Thus, the wavelength of sound produced is ae 7 ‘The wavelength of first overtone of open pipe is A=14+20¢= 40420 Sawos2e (Aaa) ‘The wavelength ofa overtone of closed pipes A(t\asite Z alz}=3 (AeA) By eliminating v/f from the above two equations, we get 3 (40420) =31+e 40426) =314, = e=2em ‘STANDING WAVES IN RODS Standing waves can also be set up in rods. A rod clamped in the middle and stroked parallel to the rod at one end oscillates as depicted in Fig. 7.61(a). The oscillations of the elements of the rod are longitudinal, and so the curves in Fig. 7.61 represents longitudinal displacements of various parts of the rod. For clarity, the displacements have been drawn in the transverse direction as they were for air columns. ‘The midpoint isa displacement node because itis fixed by the clamp, whereas the ends are displacement antinodes because they are free to oscillate. The oscillations in this’ setup are analogous to those in a pipe open at both ends. The lines in Fig. 7.61(a) represent the first normal mode, for which the ‘wavelength is 2L and the frequency is f= v/2L, where v is the speed of longitudinal waves in the rod. Other normal mode ‘may be excited by clamping the rod at different points. For example, the second normal mode (Fig. 7.61b) is excited by clamping the rod a distance 1/4 away from one end. ei Fig. 7.61 Superposition and Standing Waves. 7.35 tis also possible to set up transverse standing waves in rods included triangles, marimbas, xylophones, glockenspicls, cchimes, and vibraphones, Other devices that make sounds from ‘vibrating bars include music boxes and wind chimes. ‘An aluminium rod 1.60 m long is held at its centre. It is stroked with a rosin-coated cloth to set up a longitudinal vibration, The speed of sound {in thin rod of aluminium is 5100 mis. (a) What is the fundamental frequency of the waves established in the rod? (b) What harmonies are set up in the rod held in this manner? (e) What would be the fundamental frequency if the rod were copper, in which the speed of sound is 3560 m/s? Sol. Standing waves are important because any wave confined toa restricted region of space willbe reflected back onto itself by the boundaries of the region. Then the travelling waves ‘moving in opposite directions constitute a standing wave, The rod can sing at a few hundred hertz and at integer-multiple higher harmonies. The frequency will be proportionately lower with copper. ‘We must identify where nodes and antinodes are and use the fact that antinodes are separated by half a wavelength with yea ‘Since the central clamp establishes a node atthe centre, the fundamental node of vibration will be ANA. Thus the rod Tength is L= dy =A/2. (Our first harmonic frequency is v_ vy _ 5100 mis f= 7307 32pm = 159k bh. Since the rod is free at each end, the ends will be antinodes. ‘The next vibration state will not have just one more node and one more antinode, reading ANANA, as shown in the diagram, with a wavelength and frequency of 2L a= and 3h 3 a fi Since f, = 2f, was bypassed as having an antinode at the centre rather than the node required, we know that we get only odd harmonics. 27.34 Waves and Thermodynamics = the end correction is given by 99.2 em-3%32.1.em 2 Also, from v= 2f (J; ~ 1.) the frequency of the vibrating tuning fork is given by =1.45 cm vy 332 ms %L=i) 2009.2-32.) x10 m CO Asimple apparatus for demonstrating resonanceinan air column is depicted in Fig. 7.59.A vertical Pipe open at both ends is partially submerge in water, and 4 tuning fork vibration at an unknown frequency is placed near the top of the pipe. The length L of the air column ‘can be adjusted by moving the pipe vertically. The sound waves generated by the fork are reinforced of the pipe. For a certain pipe, the smallest value of L for which a peak ‘occurs in the sound intensity is 9.00 cm. f = 247.4 He umone) Tw ® rentance ‘arts amon) Fig. 7.59 a, What is the frequency of the tuning fork? b, What are the values of Z for the next two resonance conditions? Sol. Consider how this problem differs from the preceding problem. In the culvert, the length was fixed and the air column ‘was presented with a mixture of many frequencies. The pipe in this example is presented with one single frequency from the tuning fork, and the length of the pipe is varied until resonance is achieved. ‘This example is a simple substitution problem. Although the pipe is open at its lower end to allow the water to enter, the water's surface acts like a bartier. Therefore, this setup can be ‘modelled as an air column closed at one end. The fundamental frequency for L.= 0.090 m: y 343 mis 41 (0.050 m) fi ‘Because the tuning fork causes the air column to resonate at this frequency, this frequency must also be that of the tuning fork 1b. Use equation y = Af to find the wavelength of the sound wave from the tuning fork. v 343. m/s 353 Hz =0360m Notice from Fig. 7.59(b) that the length of the air column for the second resonance is 34/4, L=%/4=0270m Notice from Fig. 7.59(b) that the length of the air column for the third resonance is 54/4 L=Si/4=0450 m [An air column ina glass tube is open at one end and closed a the other by a movable piston. The air in the tube is warmed above room temperature, and a 384 Hz tuning fork is held at the open end. Resonance is heard when the piston is 22.8 cm from the open end and again when it is 68.3 cm from the open end. (a) What speed of sound is implied by these data? (b) How far from the ‘open end will the piston be when the next resonance is heard? Sol, The resonance is heard as amplification, when all he air in the ube vibrates ina tanding-wave patter along withthe ‘tuning fork. osm Jt Fig. 7.60 ‘The air vibration has a node at the piston and an antinode at the {op end. For an air column closed at one end, resonances will ‘occur when the length of the column is equal toA/4, 34/4, Sk/4 and so on. Thus, the change in the length of the pipe from one resonance to the next is dy, = 2/2, In this case, 4/2 = (0.683 ~ 0.228) m= 0.455 m and 4=0910m a. v =f = (84 Hz) (0.910 m) = 349 mis b. £=0.683 m +0455 m= 1.14 m rm ‘An open pipe 40 em long and a closed pipe 31 cm long, both having same diameter, are producing their first overtone, and these are in unison, Determine the ‘end correction of these pipes.Since the ends of the rod are free, therefore, antinodes are formed at cach end of the rod or at one end of each end part is ‘an antinode and atthe other end is a node. It means that number of loops in each end part will be an odd multiple of half. Let these be (2n—1)/2 where m is an integer. Then, 2n=1)2 (Bete ee oe (ena 120em Gi, Dividing Ea, () by Ea. (i), m2 Gry 3 Hy Minimum. possible frequency corresponds to maximum possible wavelength, hence, minimum number of loops. Hence, from Eq. (i), for minimum frequency m should be ‘equal to 2 and (2n~ 1) should be equal to 3 or n = 2, Substituting m = 2 in Eq, ( Maximum wavelength 2, = 40 em Minimum frequency. 10 kHz "Next higher frequency corresponds to next higher integer values of m and n which satisfy Eq. (i). Hence, for this case ‘and n~ 1)=9 orn=5. Substituting m = 6 in Eq. (i, 4-8 cm or Thereforesmext higher frequency, f= =30 kHz Sex (t means rod oscillates with odd harmonics.) BEATS: INTERFERENCE IN TIME ‘The interference phenomena we have studied so far involve the superposition of two or more waves having the same frequency. Because the amplitude of the oscillation of elements of the ‘medium varies with the position in space of the element in such a wave refer to the phenomenon as spatial interference. ‘Standing waves in string and pipes are common examples of spatial interference. ‘Now let'sconsider another type of interference, one that results from the superposition of two waves having slightly different frequencies. In this case, when the two waves are observed at point in space, they are periodically in and out of phase. That ‘Superposition and Standing Waves. 7.37 is, there is a temporal (time) alteration between constructive and destructive interference. As a consequence, we refer to this phenomenon as interference in time or temporal interference. For example, iftwo tuning forks of slightly different frequencies are struck, one hears a sound of periodically varying amplitude. ‘This phenomenon is called beating. ‘Beating is the petiodic variation in amplitude at a given point due to the superposition of two waves having slightly different frequencies ‘The number of amplitude maxima one hears per second, or the beat frequency, equals the difference in frequency between the two sources as we shall show below. Consider two sound waves of equal amplitude travelling through a medium with slightly different frequencies f, and f. We use equations similar to equation y = A sin (kx ~ at) to represent the wave functions for these two waves ata point that wwe choose so that kx = 2/2: nin Asin (3-011) «Aeon axr9 =Asin(Z-0.) ye Asin($-ay cos (20rft) Using the superposition principle, we find that the resultant ‘wave function at this point is Y= y+ y= A (Cos 2p; +c0s Qf) ‘The trigonometric identity cosa+ cosb =2c0s (#5* eos(“*) allows us to write the expression for y as ith [za Graphs of the indi shown in Fig. 7.67, From the factors in Eq. (i), we see that the resultant wave has an effective frequency equal to the average frequency (f; + f2/2. This wave is multiplied by an envelope ‘wave given by the expression in the square bracke ae 2 fo ee ee resultant sound vary in time. The dashed line in Fig. 7.67(b) is _pablalepeaienSregaap owe hea Ges Seeker a eee detected whenever ov (EeLjon 2 Hence, thee are two maxima in each period of the envelope ‘wave, Because the amplitude varies with frequency a, f/2, the number of beats per second, or the beat frequency fy is tovice this value. That is,7.36 Waves and Thermodynamics © For a copper rod, the density is higher, so the speed of sound is lower, and the fundamental frequency is lower. vy _ 3560 mis = 2b 320m = LIT RH: ‘The sound is not at just afew hundred hertz, but is a squeak for a squeal at over a thousand hertz. Only a few higher harmonics are in the audible range. Sound really moves fast in materials that are stiff against compression, For a thin rod, itis Young’s modulus that determines the speed of a longitudinal wave. ‘A metalic rod of length 1 m is ighlly clamped at its midpoint. Longitudinal stationary waves are set up in the rod in such a way that there are two nodes on either side of the midpoint. The amplitude of an antinode is 2 10-* m, Write the equation of motion ata point 2 cm from the midpoint and those of constituent waves in the rod. (¥ = 2% 10! Nim and = 8» 10° kgf) Sol. As found in case of sting, in case of rods also the clamped point behaves as anode while the fee end antinode, The situation is shown in Fig. 763, x= Fig. 7.63, Because the distance between two consecutive nodes is (2/2) ‘while between a node and antinode is 4/4, hence oot} Further, itis given that Y=2 10" Nim? Hence, from =n, and p =8 x 10° kgim* ax" 8x10" = 5000 mis Now if incident and reflected waves along the rod are yi=Asin(or—kx) and y,=A sin (ot +hx +9) ‘The resultant wave will be (sin (otha) + sin @r +k +9) =2Acoe(t+8 snore ’) = yt); ‘Because there is an antinode at the free end of the rod, hence amplitude is maximum at.x= 0, So cos(4x0+8)= Maximum = ie, geo And Aga =2A=2X10° m (given) : y=2%10" cos kxsinor ys 2x10" eon incor) Putting values of A and n, we get X10" cosSarxsin 250002 Now, because for a point 2 em from the midpoint x = (0.50 + (0.02), hence y=2210" cos5z(0.5+ 0.02)sin25000%¢ ‘A metal rod of length {= 100 cm is clamped at two points A and B as shown in Fig, 7.64, Distance of each clamp from nearer end is a = 30 cm. If density and Young's modulus of elasticity of rod ‘material are p = 9000 kg/m’ and Y = 144 GPa, respectively, calculate minimum and next higher frequency of natural longitudinal oscillations of the rod. t 1 em 1 100m ’}——___eieen Fig, 7.64 Sol. Speed of longitudinal waves in the rod is FE =s000 ms ° Since points A and B are clamped, therefore, nodes are formed at these points or rod oscillates with integer number of loops in the middle part. Let number of these loops be m. Fig. 7.65 Since, length of each loop is 4/2, therefore, mi2=(1-2a) or m= 800m 0Ao h Vi 110 Hz, T, = 600N, and T; =: SION With f, 40 N, we have f= (110 Ha) 104.4 He 600" The beat frequency is f, = If, - fl = 110 Hz ~ 104.4 Hz = 5.6Hr As expected, the beat frequency is only a few cycles per second, Cea ‘Two wires are welded together end to end. The wires are made of the same material, but the diameter of one is twice that of the other. They are subjected {to a tension of 4.60 N. The thin wire has a length of 40.0 cm and a linear mass density of 2.00 g/m. The combination is fixed at both ends and vibrated in such a way that two antinodes are present, with the node between them being precisely at the weld. (a) What is the frequency of vibration? (b) Find the length of the thick wire, Sol. The mass per volume density, the tension, and the frequency ‘ust be the same for the two wires. The linear density, wave speed, wavelength and node-to-node distance are different. ‘We know enough about the thin wire to find the frequency. The thick wire will have a predictably higher linear density, ‘which will tell us the node-to-node distance for it. a. Since the first node is at the weld, the wavelength in the thin wire is 2 80.0em ‘The frequency and tension are the same in both sections, so Siete a TON x af tm) 0.00200 kgm °° M* b. Since the thick wire is twice the diameter, it will have four times the cross-sectional area, and a linear density 4 that is four times that of the thin wire. "= 4(2.00 gim) = (0.008 00 kg/m. ae 2 2f) 2f Yu =20.0cm ‘Note that the thick wire is half the length of the thin wire. We could have reasoned the answer by noting that the wave speed ‘on the thick wire is half as lange, so the wavelength should be half as large for the same frequency. Superposition and Standing Waves 7.39 Concept Application Exercise 7.2 1, Iftwo waves ofthe same frequency differ in amplitude ‘and are propagated in opposite directions through ‘medium, will they produce standing waves? Is energy transported? Are there any nodes? 2. Iftwo Sound waves of frequencies 500 Hz. and 550 Hz superimpose, will they produce beats? Would you hear the beats? Al harmonics are overtones but all overtones are not harmonics. Explain Resonance produces louder sound than that produced by the forced vibrations of a body. Why then is reso- nance purposely avoided in many instruments? 5. If, and fy be the fundamental frequencies of the two segments into which a stretched string is divided by ‘means of a bridge, then find the original fundamental frequency fof the complete string. 6 Two tuning forks A and B produce 4 beats/s when sounded together. A resonates to 32.4 cm of stretched wire and Bis in resonance with 32.em of the same wire. Determine the frequencies of the two tuning forks. A glass tube of length 1.5 m is filled completely with water; the water can be drained out slowly at the bottom of the tube. Find the total number of resonance ‘obtained, when a tuning fork of frequency 606 He is Put at the upper open end of the tbe, yauy = 340 mvs. 8 Calculate the speed of sound in a gas in which two ‘waves of wavelengths 50 cm and 50.5 cm. produce 6 beats/s. 9A stationary wave is given by mx y= Ssin™ cosdoxr y conan ‘where x and y are in cm and ris in second. a. What are the amplitude and velocity of the component wave whose superposition can give rise to this vibration? 'b. What is the distance between the nodes? €. Whats the velocity of a particle ofthe string atthe position x= 1.5 em when r= 9/8 s? 10. In Quinek’s acoustic interferometer, it is found that the sound intensity has a minimum value of 100 units at one position of the sliding tube, and continuously climbs to a maximum of 900 units ata second position 1,65 cm from the first, Find (a) the frequency of the sound emitted by the source and (b) the relative amplitudes of the two waves arriving at the detector. ‘Velocity of sound in air = 340 mis, 1. Two tuning forks produce 5 beats when sounded together. Ais in unison with 40 cm length of a sonometer wire under a constant tension and B is in ‘unison with the same wire of length 40.5 em under the same tension, Calculate the frequencies of the forks.7.38 Waves and Thermodynamics a= Wi fil aii) For instance, if one tuning fork vibrates at 438 Hz and a second one vibrates at 442 Hz, the resultant sound wave of the combination has a frequency of 440 Hz. (the musical note A) and a beat frequency of 4 Hz. A listener would hear a 440 Hz sound wave go through an intensity maximum four times every second. Fig. 7.67 ‘Two identical piano strings of length 0.750 m are each tuned exactly to 440 Hz. The tension in ‘one of the strings is then increased by 1.0%. If they are now struck, what is the beat frequency between the fundamental of the two strings? Sol. As the tension in one of the strings is changed, its fundamental frequency changes. Therefore, when both strings are played, they will have different frequencies and beats will be heard. We must combine our understanding of the waves under ‘boundary conditions model for strings with our new knowledge of beats. Set up a ratio of the fundamental frequencies of the two strings using equation fe O:/21) vs fh WD Use equation » = 77H to substitute for the wave speeds on the strings, ft SE fh tu NT Incorporate that the tension in one string is 1.0% larger than the other; that is, 7;= 1.010 T,, f_ fioioT fi T Solve for the frequency of the tightened string: ‘Su 1.005 f, = 1.005 (440 Hz) = 442 Hz Find the beat frequency using Eq. (i hon = 442 He ~ 440 Hz = 2 He Notice that a 1.0% mistuning in tension leads to an easily audible beat frequency of 2 Hz. A piano tuner can use beats to tune a stringed instrument by “beating? a note against a reference tone of known frequency. The tuner can then adjust the string tension until the frequency of the sound it emits equals the frequency of the reference tone. The tuner does so by tightening or loosening the string until the beats produced by it and the reference source become too infrequent to notice Wavelength of two notes in alr is (90/175) m and (90/173) m, respectively. Each of these notes produces 4 beats/s with a third note of a fixed frequency. ‘Calculate the velocity of sound in air. Sol. Given: 4=90/175m and 4 =90/173m If f, and f, are the corresponding frequencies and v is the velocity of sound in ir, we have v= fia and ant jt Since, A, f Iffis the frequency of the third note, then fi-fe4 and f-fa4 Incertain anges of piano keyboard, ‘more than one string is tuned to the same note'to provide extra loudness. For example, the note at 110 Hz has two strings at this frequency. If one string slips from its normal tension of 600 N to $40 N, what beat frequency is heard ‘when the hammer strikes the two strings simultaneously? Sol. Directly noticeable beat frequencies are usually only a few hertz, so we should not expect a frequency much greater than this Combining the velocity and the tension equations v = fh and v = /T7fi, we find thatthe frequency is F = Since and 4 are constant, we can apply that equation to both frequencies, and then divide the two equations to get the proportion.30. A piano string 1.5 m long is made of steel of density 1.7 10? kg/m and Y'=2 x 10" Nine. Is maintained at a tension which produces an elastic strain of 1% in the string. What is the fundamental frequency of transverse vibration ofthe string? 31. ‘Two sound waves travelling in the same direction are superposed. Their frequencies are 300 and 302 Hz and their amplitudes are 0.2 and 0.3 mm, respectively ‘a. Whats the number of beats per second? . What are the maximum and minimum values of resultant amplitude during the formation of beats? Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum intensities ofthe resultant sound. 32. Two tuning forks A and B when sounded together produce 3 beats/. What are the possible frequencies of B, if the frequency of A is 400 cycles? how can you verify which of the possible values is correct? Bienes ‘A standing wave 1s setup, in a string of variable length and tension by a vibrator of variable frequency. Both ends of the string are fixed, When the vibrator has a frequency f, in a string of length L and under tension 7, nm antinodes are set up in the string. (a) If the length of the string is doubled, by what factor should the frequency be changed so that the same number of antinodes is produced? (b) If the frequency and length are held constant, what tension will produce » + 1 antinodes? () If the frequency is tripled and the length of the string is halved, by what factor should the tension be changed so that twice as many antinodes are produced? Sol. In (a), we expect a lower frequency to go with a longer ‘wavelength. In (b), lower tension should go with lower wave speed for shorter wavelength at constant frequency. In (c), We vill just have to divide it out. a. Wehave n[t Sas ® Keeping n, T and constant, we can create two equations. nf l= 5 and fl'= af ant ur=2 fe Dividing the equations gives i IL’ =2L, then f= 12, ‘Therefore, in order to double the length but keep the same ‘number of antinodes, the frequency should be halved. ‘Superposition and Standing Waves 7.41 1b. From Eq. (i), we can hold L and f, constant to get, n_ ft n VT From this relation, we see that the tension must be decreased to (25) so patucen + 1 anodes ‘c. The time, we rearrange Eq. (i) to produce ket area ete Then dividing gives bY (24) Z) CE) ‘The water level in a vertical glass tube 1.0 1m long can be adjusted to any position in the tube. A tuning fork vibrating at 660 Hz is held just over the open top end. of the tube. At what positions of the water level will there be resonance. Speed of sound is 330 mis. Sol. Resonance corresponds to a pressure antinode at closed end and pressure node at open end, Further, the distance between a pressure node and a pressure antinode is 2/4, the condition of resonance would be, length of air column Here, and, My = 1.125 m Since J, > 1 m (the length of tube), the length of air columns ccan have the values from /, to, only. Therefore, level of water at resonance will be (1.0= 0.125) m= 0.875 m (.0~0.375) m = 0.625 m (1,0 0.625) m = 0.375 m and. 2.0 ~ 0.875) m = 0.125 m7.40 2 4 15. 16, a7. wv. 2. Waves and Thermodynamics Find the ratio of the fundamental frequencies of two identical strings after one of them is stretched by 2% and the other by 4%. A wite of density 9000 ke/m’ is stretched between two ‘clamps 100 cm apart while subjected to an extension ‘of 0.05 cm. What isthe lowest frequency of transverse vibrations in the wire, assuming Young's modulus of the material to be 9 x 10" Nim*? An open organ pipe has a fundamental frequency of 300 Hr. The first overtone of a closed organ pipe has the same frequency as the first overtone of the open pipe. Find length of each pipe. The velocity of sound in air = 350 mis. ‘A wire of uniform cross-section is suspended vertically from a fixed point, with a load attached at the lower fend. Calculate the fractional change in frequency of the wire due to rise in temperature by PC. The coefficient of expansion of the wire isc ‘A tuning fork is found to give 20 beats in 12 s when sounded in conjunction with a stretched. string vibrating under a tension of 10.2 oF 9.9 kgf. Calculate the frequency of the fork. ‘A wire isin unison with a tuning fork when stretched bby a weight of density 9000 kg/m? in a sonometer ‘experiment. When the weight is immersed in water, the same wire produces 5 beats/s with the same fork. Find the frequency of the fork A tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz and an open organ pipe of slightly lower frequency are at 17°C. When sounded together, they produce 4 beats/s. On altering the temperature of the air in the pipe, it is observed that the number of beats per second frst diminishes to zero and then increases again to 4. By how much and in what direction has the temperature of the air in the pipe been altered? Show that the period of the fundamental mode of a stretched string is equal to double the time the ‘component waves forming stationary waves in the string take in traversing the distance between the fixed ends. AA pipe is closed at one end by a membrane which may be considered a seat of displacement node and provided with apiston atthe other end. The membrane is set to sonic oscillations of frequency 2000 Hz. Find the velocity of sound if on moving the piston, resonance occurs at the interval of 8.5 cm. ‘An open organ pipe of length 11 em in its fundamental mode vibrates in resonance with the first overtone ‘of a closed organ pipe of length 13.2 em filled with some gas. Ifthe velocity of sound in the air is 330 m/s, calculate the velocity of sound in the unknown gas. ‘A string of length 25 cm is stretched by a load of 10 kg. What is the highest overtone that a man of normal hearing capacity can detect? The mass of the string is 2. - A wire of diameter 0.04 em and made of steel of ‘A tuning fork A is in resonance with an air column 32 cm long and closed at one end. When the length of this column is increased by 1 em, itis in resonance with another fork B. When A and B are sounded together, they produce 40 beats in 5 s. Find their frequencies. Find the fundamental frequency and the first four overtones of a 15 cm pipe (a) if the pipe is closed at cone end, and (b) ifthe pipe is open at both ends. (c) How many overtones may be heard by a person of, normal hearing in each ofthe above cases? Velocity of sound in air= 330 rvs, A steel wire of length 1 m and density 8000 kg/m’ is stretched tightly between two rigid supports. When vibrating in its fundamental mode, its frequency is 200 He. ‘a, What is the velocity of transverse wave along this wire? 'b, What isthe longitudinal stress in the wire? ¢. Ifthe maximum acceleration ofthe wire is 800 mi/s*, ‘what is the amplitude of vibration atthe midpoint? density 8000 kg/m? is under a tension of 80.N. A fixed length of 50 cms set into transverse vibrations. How ‘would you cause vibrations of frequency 840 Hz to predominate in intensity? ‘A tube closed at one end has a vibrating diaphragm at the other end, which may be assumed 0 be @ ,[-]- [aber =162 Hz ay 4 2x06 ol ‘A uniform rope of length 12 m and mass 6 kg hangs vertically from a rig support. A block of mass 2 kg is attached to the free end of the rope. A transverse Superposition and Standing Waves 7.43 ulse of wavelengths 0.06 m is produced at the lower end of the rope. What is the wavelength of the pulse when it reaches the top of the rope? Sol. Tension at the lower end of the rope, 7,=2g=298=196N Tension atthe upper end of rope, T,=Q+6)g=8x98=784N Let and v, be the speeds of pulse atthe lower and upper end, i w Wa) Wise As frequency is independent of medium, therefore if 4, and 2, are wavelengths at lower and upper ends respectively, Then v.enk, and y,= nk, ue So, ae dh, ‘Therefore, the wavelength of pulse at upper end = 24, =2x0.06=0.12m ‘The vibrations of a string of length 60 em fixed at both ends are represented by the equation yo4ta(2) one where x and y are in em and tin second. i. What is the maximum displacement at x = 5 cm? fi, Where are the nodes located along the string? iii, What is the velocity of the particle at x = 7.5 em at 120.258? iv. Write down the equations of component waves whose superposition gives the above waves. Sol. The given equation for standing waves in the string is yeasin (eos on @ i. The amplitude of the waves is given by A=4 sin i sins a) ‘Therefore. the maximum displacement or amplitude at7.42. Waves and Thermodynamics me In all the four cases shown in Fig. 7.68, the resonance frequency is 660 Hz but the first one is the fundamental tone or first harmonic, The second is first overtone or the third hharmonic and so on. ees _— [EMOTEAY Two radio stations broadcast their Programmes at the same amplitude A, and at slightly different frequencies «, and «, respectively, where a, — &, = 10° Ha. A detector receives the signals from the two stations simultaneously. It can emit signals only of intensity 22a, 1. Find the time intervals between successive maxima of the intensity of the signal received by the detector. ii, Find the time for which the detector remains ide in each cycle ofthe intensity of the signal. Sol. 4. Let the signal waves be given by yi=Asin 220% yy=A sin rw ‘The resultant disturbance is given by Y=yi+y:=A sin 270044 sin 20 t ae 24 2080 x =2Acosx (0,—o isin 2x GAO Let @)=0,0,=0 +40 Therefore, 0 +0; =20 Y= 2A-cos 1(@,—w )esin2ot Thus, the resultant disturbance has ampliwde 2A cos (@;-0,)t For maxima: cos x(w or x(@;-w "= ra, r=0,1,2,3 1 2 Clearly time interval between successive maxima tease! @,-0, 10° i, The resultant intensity is given by TH Af +AS+24,A, cos d When 3 = 0, intensity is maximum i. = 44? ‘When A = 1/2, intensity 1= 247 When A =2, intensity Jy, =0 When A = 3:72, intensity /= 24? When A = 22, intensity Ing = 44? ‘The detector remaining idle from @ = x/2 to 31/2 or in ceach half cycle, Hence the required time T_10° oe = 10% s ‘A metal wire of diameter 1 mm is held on two knife edges by a distance 50 cm. The tension in the wire is 100 N, The wire vibrating with its fundamental frequency and a vibrating tuning fork together produce 5 beatsis. The tension in the wire is then reduced to 81 N. ‘When the two are excited, beats are heard at the same rate. Calculate i. the frequency ofthe fork and ii, the density of material of wire Sol. Lethe frequency ofthe tuning fork bem. When easion in the string is decreased, the number of beats remains unchanged. This means initially the frequency of metal wie is higher than that of fork. As number of beat per second, ‘Therefore initial frequency of mene oh cae ona 2nd)” 2x03 Wm [Since T= 100 N, 1= 50 em = 0.50 m) ‘When tension is reduced to 7; = 81 N, the frequency of wire becomes n;= n= 5. Then Z a i cromrtnes fale) o® 4. Dividing Eq, (i) by Ea. (i), we get Solving frequency of fork, n = 95 eyclests. i. We have m= mass per unit length = Ad = 2d. ‘Substituting this in Eq, (i), we get 1 (22) 2x05 Vara. *m=Sx10“ m 10 [Va14x(Sx107%a d= 12.7 x 10° kg/m ntS= mm’ here n=95,r: Putting all values 95 + EESIIIEAD > atuminium wire of cross-sectional area 1 x 10° m* is joined to a steel wire of the same cross- sectional area. This compound wire is stretched on a sonomneter, pulled by a weight of 10 kg. The total lengthFig. 7.70 Distance of centre C from Ns is 4/8 2m dap BAR AP = AP, cos *F 7h . At antinode, the pressure variation is minimum (zero), therefore at antinode pressure remains equal 10 P, (always), ‘Therefore, at antinode Pay = Poa = Py AB isacylinder of length 1.0 m fitted with a thin flexible diaphragm C at the middle and two others thin flexible diaphragms A and B at the ends. The portions AC and BC contains hydrogen and oxygen gases, respectively. The diaphragms A and B are et into vibrations ‘of same frequency. What i the minimum frequency of these vibrations for which the disphragm C is a node? Under the conditions of the experiment, the velocity of sound in ‘hydrogen is 1100 m/s and in oxygen is 300 m/s. A c B H, o Fig. 7.71 Sol. When diaphragms A and B ate set in oscillations, antinodes are formed at A and B while a node is formed at C 10m CB=I(say)=12=05m ‘The portions AC and BC behave as closed pipes. Ina closed pipe, the modes of vibration are given by 3A or a r+ Forhydrogen 4 = 41/@2n +1) Foroxygen 2; =4U(2r, +1) Superposition and Standing Waves 7.45 In both gases the frequency is same As or wy Ah Gn+h As ie, 241 _ 3 +1 For minimum frequency, the integers r, and r, should be least. ‘Therefore by inspection n=l and 25 safes Gequcmcy ol cecttlens a given by » » Degneyt oad =@x1+)x eae, 1650 Hz 4x05 2 Tn a resonance tube experiment 10 determine the speed of sound in air, pipe of diameter 5 ‘mis used. Te ai column in pipe resonates witha tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz, when minimum length of air column in 16 cm. Find the speed of sound in air at room temperature. Sol. Fundamental frequency of air column closed at one end is Alte) R, 4+0.3D) Given “n= 480 Hz, D=Scm=5 x 107m 6c 4n(I+03D) 4x 480 [16 x 10° +0.3 x5 x 10] m/s =4 x 480 x 17.5 x 10? m/s = 336 m/s ‘Two narrow cylindrical pipes A and B have the same length. Pipe A is open at both ends and is filled with a monoatomic gas of molar mass M,. Pipe B is ‘open at one end and closed at the other end and is filled witha diatomic gas of molar mass M,. Both gases are atthe same temperature. a. If the frequency to the second harmonic of the fundamental mode in pipe A is equal to the frequency of the third harmonic of the fundamental mode in pipe B; determine the value of MM,7.44 Waves and Thermodynamics =Asin60°= 47> = 23 =2x1.732=3.464 cm fi, The position of zero displacement or nodes are given by sin =2=0 or Tere (where r=0,1,2,3,..) 15 15 x= 157% x=0, 0.15 cm, 0.30cm, Ail, Differentiating Eq, () with respect to, we get velocity of particle $4 n96esin(# an 496m sin( =) i962) Substituting x = 7.5 em and 125 s. x15 15 w= 3 sin( #73 in 96n0.25) =-384sin(n/2)sin(24n)=0 {Using the relation 2sinA cos B= sin (A +B) + sin (A ~B) Equation (i) may be expressed as al al y=2 [sn{4-+ 610} +2sin{4—6no}] =2xin{ £2 + 96nt}+25in[ 296m} dtd 15 5 “Therefore, the component waves are given by i= 2sin( soni =) 15 2sin( 96x12) 5 a The first overtone of an open organ pipe beats with the first overtone of a closed organ pipe with a beat frequency 2.2 Hz. The fundamental frequency of the closed organ pipe is 110 Hz, find the lengths of the pipes. Take velocity of sound = 330 m/s. Sol. Let J, and /, be lengths of open organ pipe and closed ‘organ pipe respectively Ft ren pen np poeta =2 x=? First overtone of closed organ pipe = 31, =3 * Gj 5 Bigs According to question, -— 7 = 422 Oo} As mis the fundamental frequency of closed organ pipe 330. x10 From Eq. (i), 3n; £22 ‘Taking negative sign adm -22=3x110-2.2 = 327.8 vy _ 330 ‘3078 3278 oe DBRS Te aie in w pipe closed at one end made to vibrate in its second overtone by a tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz. The speed of sound in air 330 m/s. End correction may be neglected. Let P, denotes the meat pressure of any point in the plpe and AP, the maximum {implies of preanure variation, a. Find the length L of the air column, b, What is the amplitude of pressure variation at the ‘middle of the column, . What are maximum and minimum pressures at the open ‘end of the pipe? Sol. The fundamental frequency of the closed organ pipe = v4 In closed organ pipe only odd harmonics are present. Second overtone of pipe = Sv/4L. Given SW/AL = 440 ‘Onsolving, we get Sy__$x330_15 15 m=09375 4x40 4x440 16 a =93.75 em b. The equation of variation of pressure amplitude at any distance x from the node is AP =AP, cos kx Pressure variation is maximum at a node and minimum (zero) at antinode,‘em apart. In its fundamental mode, it vibrates with a frequency 1000/64 Hz. Find the Young's modulus of the wire, ‘A'3 m long organ pipe open at both ends is driven to third harmonic standing wave. If the amplitude of pressure ‘oscillation is 0.1% of the mean atmospheric pressure (P,=10°Nim’), Find the amplitude of 1. particle oscillation and fi. density oscillation, Speed of sound v = 330 mvs, density of air py = 1.0 kg/m? Sound from two coherent sources $; and , are sent in phase and detected at point P equidistant from both the sources. Speed of sound in normal air is Vj. but in some part in path Sj, there is a zone of hot air having temperature 4 times, the normal temperature, and width 4, What should be minimum frequency of sound, so that ‘minima can be found at P? Simen, Fig. 7.74 ultrasonic sound of frequency 1000 kHz in air, Ifthe sound meets a water surface, itgets partially reflected back and partially refracted (transmitted) in water, What Would be the difference of wavelength transmitted to wavelength reffected (speed of sound in air = 330 mvs, ‘Bulk modulus of water = 2.25 x 10°, yay = 1000 kg/m) . Figure 7.75 shows a tube structure in which a sound signal is sent from one end and is received at the other end. The ‘semicircular part has a radius of 20.0 em. The frequency of the sound source can be varied electronically between 1000 ‘and 4000 Hz. Find the frequencies at which maxima of Fig. 7.75 A source emitting sound of frequency 180 Hz is placed in front of a wall at distance of 2 m from it. A detector is also placed in front of the wall at the same distance from it, Find the minimum distance between the source and the detector for which the detector detects a maximum of sound. Speed of sound in air = 360 mvs. 2. Two coherent narrow slits emitting wavelength 2 in the same phase are placed parallel to each other at a small separation of 24, the sound is detected by moving a detector on the screen $ at a distance D (>A) from the slit ‘Superposition and Standing Waves 7.47 ‘5, as shown in Fig. 7.76. Find the distance x such that the intensity at P is equal to the intensity at 0. #¥———__ p> Fig. 7.76 10. The following equation represents standing wave set up in medium, y= eos singoms Where x and y are in cm and 1 in second, Find out the amplitude and the velocity of the two component waves and calculate the distance between adjacent nodes, What is the velocity of a medium particle atx = 3 cm at time 183? 11. A waveis given by the equation (0 sin 2r(100r~ 0.02x) + 10 sin 2 (1001 + 0.02) Find the loop length, frequency, velocity and maximum amplitude of the stationary wave produced. 12, A set of 56 tuning forks is arranged in a sequence of increasing frequencies. If each fork gives 4 beats/s with the preceding one and the last fork is found to be an octave higher ofthe firs, find the frequency of the frst fork. 13, Two tuning forks A and B are sounded together and Sbeats/s are heard. A is in resonance with a column of air 32 cm long in a pipe closed at one end and B is similarly in resonance when the length of the column is increased by one em. Calculate the frequency of forks. 14, A certain fork is found to give 2 beats/s when sounded in conjunction with a stretched string vibrating transversely under a tension of either 10.2 or 9.9 kg weight. Calculate the frequency of fork. 15. The two parts of a sonometer wire divided by a movable knife edge, differ in length by 2 mm and produce 1 beat/s, when sounded together. Find their frequencies if the ‘whole length of wire is 1.00 m. 16, ‘Two tuning forks A and B give 18 beats in 2s. A resonates with one end closed air column of 15 cm long and B with both ends open column of 30.5 long, Calculate their frequencies. 17, Six antinodes are observed in the air column when a standing wave forms in a Kundt’s tube, What is the length of the air column if stee! bar of 1m length is clamped at the middle. The velocity of sound in steel is 5250 m/s and in air 343 mis,7.46 Waves and Thermodynamics '. Now the open end of pipe B is also closed (so that pipe B is closed at both ends). Find the ratio of the fundamental frequency in pipe A to that in pipe B. Sol. If Lis the length of each pipe A and B, then fundamental frequency of pipe A (open at both ends) Pipe A Pipe® Pipe Pipe A 4 Li - ” s A o,<.. 2 2 o a az Fig. 7.72 2L wy Fundamental frequency of pipe B (closed at one end) Gi) Given Git) But ics 1. Two wires of different linear mass densities are soldered together end to end and then stretched under a tension F. ‘The wave speed in the first wire is thrice that in the second. If a harmonic wave travelling in the first wire is incident on the junction of the wires and if the amplitude ‘of the incident wave is A = 13 cm, find the amplitude of reflected wave. EXERCISES q a For monoatomic get u ola @) Me (3) ~3-% mG b. When pipe Bis closed at both ends, fundamental frequency of pipe B becomes o Using Eqs. (i), 2. The pulse shown in Fig. 7.73 has a speed of $ cm/s. If the linear mass density of the right string is 0.5 that of the left string, find the ratio of height of the transmitted pulse to that of incident pulse, ef as Fig. 7.73 3. A40 cmlong wire having a mass 3.2 g and aree of cross- Section 1 mm is suetched between the support 40.05Te 2 08 (kx) cos (wt + kx) 2.=A cos (t+ ky) cos (200 ~ 2ky) A stationary wave will be formed by superposing a. g,and 2, b, gjand z © zandz, @. zyand % “Two pulses ina stretched string whose centres are initially 8 cm apart are moving towards each other as shown in Fig. 7.80, The speed of each pulse is 2. cm/s. After 2s the total energy of the pulses will be b. purely kinetic . purely potential 4. party kinetic and parly potential ‘Two identical sounds 5, and S; reach ata point P in phase. ‘The resultant loudness at point P is n dB higher than the Joudness of 5). The value of m is a2 bea ce a6 ‘The ratio of intensities between two coherent sound sources is 4:1. The difference of loudness in decibels (4B) between maximum and minimum intensities when they interfere in space is a. 10 log (2) b. 20 og (3) . 10 log (3) . 20 log (2) Mark the correct statement: a Incase of stationary waves the maximum pressure change occurs at antinode. », Velocity of longitudinal waves in a medium is its physical characteristic «. Due to propagation of longitudinal wave in ar, the ‘maximum pressure change is equal to 2 nafpv. 4. None of the above. ‘Which ofthe following statements is correct for stationary waves . ‘a, Nodes and antinodes are formed in case of stationary transverse wave only b. Incase of longitudinal stationary wave, compressions and rarefactions are obtained in place of nodes and antinodes respectively . Suppose two plane waves, one longitudinal and the other transverse having same frequency and amplitude are travelling in a medium in opposite directions with the same speed, by superposition of these waves, stationary waves cannot be obtained 4. None of the above Superposition and Standing Waves 7.49 13. A sound wave of wavelength 2 travels towards the right horizontally with a velocity V. It strikes and reflects from a vertical plane surface, travelling at a speed v towards the left. The number of positive crests striking in a time interval of 3s on the wall is a. V+ yA b. 3V- ya V+ i)Bi dV = vy3h 14, A sonometer wire of length 1 vibrates in fundamental ‘mode when excited by a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. If the length is doubled keeping other things same, the string will ‘a vibrate witha frequency of 416 Hz bi vibrate with a frequency of 208 Hz . vibrate witha frequency of 832 Hz 4. stop vibrating. 15. Two closed-end pipes, when sounded together produce 5 beats/s. If their lengths are in the ratio 100:101, then fundamental notes (in Hz) produced by them are a. 245, 250 b. 250, 255 ©. 495, 500 4. 500, 508. 16. Velocity of sound in air is 320 mis. The resonant pipe shown in Fig. 7.81 Cannot vibrate with a sound of frequency, Im Fig. 7.81 a, 80 Hz b. 240 Hz . 320Hz 4. 400 Hz 17, Waves of frequency 1000 Hz. are produced in a Kundt’s tube. The total distance between 6 successive nodes is 82.5 ‘em. the speed of sound in the gas filed in the tbe is a. 33 cm/s b. 33 mis ©. 330 m/s 4. 660 mis 18, Ina Kundt’s tube, the length of the iron rod is 1 m. The stationary waves of frequency 2500 Hz are produced init ‘The velocity of sound in iron is a. 1250 mis 'b. 2500 mis ‘e. 5000 m/s 4. 10,000 m/s 19, Twostrings A and B, made of same material, are stretched bby same tension. The radius of string A is double of the radius of B.A transverse wave travels on A with speed v, and on B with speed vs. The ratio viv is a 12 b2 elm a4 ‘A closed organ pipe and an open organ pipe have their first overtones identical in frequency. Their lengths are in the ratio7.48 Waves and Thermodynamics 18. A column of ait at 51°C and a tuning fork produce 4 beats/s when sounded together. As the temperature of air column is decreased the number of beats per second tends to decrease and when temperature is 16°C the two produce 1 beat/second. Find the frequency of tuning fork. 19. A uniform horizontal rod of length 0:40 m and mass 1.2 kg is supported by two identical wires as shown in Fig. 7.77. Where should a mass of 4.8 kg be placed on the rod, so that the same tuning fork may excite the wire on left into its fundamental vibrations and that on tight into its first overtone? g = 10 mvs? Fig. 7.77 20. A sonometer wire under tension of 128 N vibrates in resonance with a tuning fork. The vibrating portion ‘of sonometer wire has length of 20 cm and mass 1g. ‘The vibrating tuning fork is now moved away from the vibrating wire at constant speed of 0.75 mis and an observer standing near the sonometer hears I beat/s. Find the speed of sound in air. 21. A.rod of nickel of length lis clamped at its midpoint. The rod is stuck and vibrations are set up in the rod. Find the general expression for the frequency of the longitudinal vibrations of the rod. Young’s modulus and density of the rod is ¥ and p, respectively. 22. A string is stretched by a block going over a pulley. ‘The string vibrates in its fifth harmonic in unison with @ particular tuning fork. When a beaker containing a liquid of density p is brought under the block so that the block is completely dipped into the beaker, the string vibrates in fits seventh harmonic in unison with the same tuning fork. Find the density of the material ofthe block 23. An audio oscillator capable of producing notes of frequencies ranging from 300 Hz to 1500 Ha is placed near a 25.0 cm long uniform stretched wire under a constant tension 7: The linear mass density ofthe wire 1 0.75 g/m. Itis observed that by varying the frequency of the oscillator over the given permissible rang the sonometer wire sets into vibration at frequencies 840 Hz and 1120 He. a. Find the tension in the string. i, What are the frequencies ofthe fist and fourth ‘overtone produced by the vibrating string? 24 A closed organ pipe of length 4, is resonating in Sth harmonic mode with rod clamped at two points J and 31 from one end. If the length of the rod is 42 and itis vibrating in first overtone, find the length of the rod. [Velocity of sound in air = v,..Young’s modulus for the rod ¥ and density 1, The displacement of a particle is given by x= 3 sin (Sr1) +4 cos (Sz). The amplitude of particle is a3 ba eS a7 2, The equation of displacement of two waves are given as ia rosin axr+2), yi =5fsin3ar+ V3.cos3ne] ‘Then what is the ratio oftheir amplitudes 1:2 b2:1 eid 4. None of these 3. On sounding tuning fork A with another tuning fork B of, frequency 384 Hz, 6 beats are produced per second. After loading the prongs of A with wax and then sounding it again with B, 4 beats are produced per second. What is the frequency of the tuning fork A. 388 Hz b. 80H, . 318 Hz . 390 He 4. Two tuning forks A and B give 4 beats/s when sounded together. The frequency of A is 320 Hz. When some wax is added to B and itis sounded with A, 4 beatss per second are again heard. The frequency of B is a. 312 He b. 316 He . 324 Hz 4, 328 Hz ‘5S. Forty-one forks are so arranged that each produces 5 beat/s when sounded with its near fork. If the frequency Of last fork is double the frequency of fist fork, then the frequencies ofthe first and last fork, respectively are 1 200, 400 b. 205, 410 195, 390) 4. 100, 200 6. The equation of a stationary wave is y = 0. sin 200 77 where x is in em and ¢ is in s. The separation between consecutive nodes will be a. 20cm b. 10cm. © 40cm, 4. 30cm. 7. The following equations represent progressive transversea. 20>, oe ©. 10, 20, 30, ete. 4. 15, 25,35, ete. ‘Two waves are passing through a region in the same direction atthe same time. Ifthe equation of these waves, are ete. b. 10,5,2.5, ete anemetoi-n and yi =bsin“@for— 09485) a then the amplitude ofthe resulting wave for x = (/2) is a. |a—D) bath eva" +b" d. Va’ +b? +2abcosx ‘The vibrations of string of length 60 cm fixed at both ends are represented by the equations y=4 sin (2/15) cos (960r1) where x and y are ‘in em and ¢ in s. The maximum displacement atx=5 em is a. 2¥3 cm b. dem © zero 4. 4V2 em ‘Two instruments having stretched strings are being played in unison. When the tension in one ofthe instruments is increases by 1%, 3 beats are produced in 2s. The inital frequency of vibration ofeach wire is a. 600 Hz , 300 He c. 200Hz @. 150 Hz ‘The displacement £ in centimetres of a particle is = 3 sin 314+ 4 cos 314 t. Amplitude an phase are 4 3 a. Sem, tan" + 3em, tan! > m, tan" by Bem, tan a4 © dom, tan d. 40m,0 A stretched string of length I m fixed at both ends, having a mass of 5 x 10 kg is under a tension of 20 N. Itis plucked st a point situated at 25 cm from one end. The stretched string would vibrate with a frequency of a. 400Hz b. 100 Hz ©. 200 Hz 4. 256 Hz ‘A sonometer wire supports a 4 kg load and vibrates in fundamental mode witha tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. ‘The length of the wire between the bridges is now doubled. In order to maintain fundamental mode, the load should be changed to a. kg b 2ke © 8kg 4. 16g A piano wire having a diameter of 0.90 mm is replaced by another wire of the same material but with a diameter of 0.93 mm. If the tension of the wire is kept the same, then 45. a7. 49, Superposition and Standing Waves 7.51 the percentage change in the frequency of the fundamen- tal tone is 8 43% be 43.2% © 32% 4.3% In the sonometer experiment, a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz is in resonance with 0.4 m length of the’ wire When the iron load attached to free end of wire is 2 kg. If the load is immersed in water, the length of the wire in resonance would be (specific gravity of iron = 8) a. 037m b. 0.43 m © 031m 402m ‘An air column in a pipe which is closed at one end will be in resonance with a vibrating tuning fork of frequency 264 Hz. The length of the air column in em is (velocity of sound in air = 330 m/s) a. 31.25 b. 625 ©. 93.75 4.25 fy, ¥2 and v5 are the fundamental frequencies of three segments of stretched string, then the fundamental frequency of the overall string is ay trst ys ‘An organ pipe P, closed at one end vibrating in its first overtone and another pipe P, open at both ends vibrating in third overtone are in resonance with a given tuning fork. The ratio of the length of P, to that of P, a 83 b.38 ei ais ‘Two vibrating tuning forks produce progressive waves sven by, y, = 4 sin (5001) and y, = 2 sin (5060r4), These tuning forks are held near the ear of person. The person will hear ‘@ 3 beats/s with intensity ratio between maxima and ‘minima equal to 2 bi, 3 beats/s with intensity ratio between maxima and ‘minima equal to 9 ©. 6 beats/s with intensity ‘minima equal to 2 4. 6 beats/s with intensity ratio between maxima and ‘minima equal to 9 ‘A metal rod 40 cm long is dropped on to a wooden floor and rebounds into air Compressional waves of many frequencies are thereby set up in the rod. Ifthe speed of ‘compressional waves in the rod in 5500 m/s, what is the lowest frequency of compressional waves to which the rod resonates as it rebounds? a, 675 Hz b. 6875 He . 16875 Hz 4. 0H between maxima and7,50. Waves and Thermodynamics 2. 2 25. a2 B23 ead 4 ‘Two organ pipes, both closed at one end, have lengths 1 and [+ Al. Neglect end correction. If the velocity of sound in ai is V, then the number of beats /'s is v v “a a v v « 4a ata w 2 ‘A closed organ pipe has a frequency ‘7’. If its length is doubled and radius is halved, its frequency nearly becomes, a halved , doubled c. trebled 4. quadrupled In a resonance tube experiment, the first resonance is ‘obtained for 10 em of air column and the second for 32 em. The end correction for this apparatus a, 05 cm b. L0cm, e. LSem @.2em ‘Two waves having intensity / and 91 produce interference. {Af the resultant intensity at a point is 7/, what is the phase difference between the two waves? ae b. 60° «. 90° 4. 120° ‘A sonometer wire, 100 cm in length has fundamental frequency of 330 Hz. The velocity of propagation of transverse waves along the wire is a. 330m/s ‘660 m/s ©. 115 m/s 4. 990 m/s Ina resonance column experiment, the first resonance is obtained when the level of the water in the tube is at 20 cm from the open end. Resonance will also be obtained when the water level is at a distance of ‘a, 40 em from the open end b, 60.em from the open end «. 80m from the open end 4. 100 em from the open end ‘Along glass tube is held vertically in water. A tuning fork is struck and held over the tube. Strong resonances are observed attwo successive lengths 0.50mand0:84mabove the surface of water. Ifthe velocity of sound is 340 mis, then the frequency ofthe tuning fork is a, 128 Hz b. 256 Hz e384 Hz 4. $00 Hz . A. glass wie of 1.0 m length is filled with water. The ‘water can be drained out slowly at the bottom of the tube. If a vibrating tuning fork of frequency 500 cls is brought at the upper end of the tube and the velocity of sound is 330 m/s, then the total number of resonances obtained will be ad 2 b3 at 31. 32. When the string of a sonometer of length Z between the bridges vibrates in the first overtone, the amplitude of vibration is maximum at 2 U2 4) and U4) e. (1/6), (31/6) and (SL/6) L 3h SL Th B88 ‘A standard tuning fork of frequency fis used to find the ‘velocity of sound in air by resonance column apparatus. ‘The difference between two resonating lengths is 1.0 m. ‘Then the velocity of sound in airis a. fms b. 2fmis c.f mls a. 3fmis {A sufficiently long closed organ pipe has a small hole at its bottom. Initially, the pipe is empty. Water is poured into the pipe at a constant rate, The fundamental frequency of the air column inthe pipe ‘a, continuously increases first increases and then becomes constant . continuously decreases 4. first decreases and then becomes constant ‘An open pipe resonates with a tuning fork of frequency 500 Hz It is observed that two successive notes are formed at distances 16 and 46 cm from the open end. The speed of sound in air in the pipe is a. 230 m/s b. 300 mis ©. 320ms 4. 360 mis Ifthe length of a stretched sting is shortened by 40% and the tension is increased by 44%, then the rato of the final and initial fundamental frequencies is add 43 13 a.21 ‘Two uniform strings A and B made of steel are made to vibrate under the same tension, If the first overtone of ‘Ais equal to the second overtone of B and if the radius of A is twice that of B, the ratio of the lengths of the strings is = 2. ee 34 a 13 ‘A sonometer wire resonates with a given tuning fork forming 5 antinodes when a mass of 9 kg is suspended from the wire. When this mass is replaced by a mass m, the wire resonates with the same tuning fork forming three antinodes for the same positions of the bridges. ‘The value of M is a 25 kg b. sky e. 125kg 4. (125) kg In a large room, a person receives direct sound waves from a source 120 m away from him. He also receives waves from the same source which reach, being reflected from the 25 m high ceiling at a point halfway between them. The two waves interfere constructively for a wave- length of