Numerical

CHAPTER THREE
THERMOPHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM
FRACTIONS AND CRUDE
OILS
Fahim, Al-Sahhaf & Elkilani, 2010

3.2.1 Specific and API gravity
liq (3.1)
SGliq =
water
The standard conditions are 1 atm (14.7 psia) and

15.6 oC (60 F
141.5
API =
SG (3.2)
131.5
Density measurement of petroleum fractions and

crude oils are carried out using either a pyscnometer
or a Mettler/Parr densitometer.
2
3.2.3 ASTM Distillation
Batch distillation with one equilibrium stage

and no reflux
Light products the ASTM method D86 which
is carried out at atmospheric pressure is
used.
Heavy petroleum products at pressures down
to 1 mm Hg are distilled using the ASTM
D1160 method.
3
3.2.3 ASTM Distillation
Initial boiling point (IBP).
End point (EP) is the maximum vapor
temperature when almost the entire sample
is distilled (above 95%).
4
3.2.4 True Boiling Point Distillation
It is performed in columns with 15

theoretical plates or equilibrium stages and
reflux ratio of 5.
Operation is at 760 mm Hg for boiling points
below 400 C (750 F).
5
3.2.5 Conversion Between
ASTM and TBP distillation
Method 1 (API Method)

(3.3)
TBP = a ( ASTM D86) b
TBP at 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 95 volume

percent distilled, in degrees Rankin.
6
Table 3.2 Constants for equation (3.3)
Volume % distilled a b
0 0.9167 1.0019
10 0.5277 1.0900
30 0.7429 1.0425
50 0.8920 1.0176
70 0.8705 1.0226
90 0.9490 1.0110
95 0.8008 1.0355
7
Method 2 (Daubert Method)
T50' = A4 (T50 ) B 4 T30' = T50' T3' T10' = T30' T2'
T0' = T10' T1' T70' = T50' + T5'
T90' = T70' + T6' T95' = T90' + T7'
Ti ' = Ai ( Ti ) Bi T1 = T10 T0 T2 = T30 T10
T3 = T50 T30 T5 = T70 T50
T6 = T90 T70 T7 = T f T90
8
Method 2 (Daubert Method)
T and T' in F.
Ai and Bi are constants given in Table 3.3
9
Table 3.3 Constants for Daubert's
distillation curves inter-conversion
method
Index number i Ai Bi
1 7.4012 0.6024
2 4.9004 0.7164
3 3.0305 0.8008
4 0.8718 1.0258
5 2.5282 0.8200
6 3.0419 0.7750
7 0.1180 1.6606
10
Example E3.1
A petroleum cut has the following ASTM D86
Distillation data. Convert these data to TBP data
using the API method. Plot the results and compare.
Volume %
0 10 30 50 70 90 95
distilled
Temperature, C 36.5 54 77 101.5 131 171 186.5
11
Table E3.1 Converted ASTM temperatures
TBP, C TBP, C
Volume % distilled D86 T, C API method Daubert method
Equation (3.3) Equation (3.4)
0 36.5 14.1 -5.3
10 54 33.4 27.5
30 77 69.0 66.7
50 101.5 101.6 101.7
70 131 135.2 138.1
90 171 180.5 184.6
95 186.5 194.1 201. 1
12
Figure E3.1 Conversion of ASTM D86 into TBP
250
ASTM D86
200 API TBP
Daubert TBP
150
Temperature, C
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
Volume % Distilled
13
MeABP for pseudo-component
Volume average boiling point (VABP)
T10 + T30 + T50 + T70 + T90
VABP =
5 T in F
mean average boiling points (MeABP)
MeABP = VABP
ln = 0.94402 0.00865 (VABP 32 ) 0.6667 + 2.99791 SL0.333
T90 T10
1
( MeABP) 3
SL = K =
SG
90 10
MeABP is in degrees Rankin
14
Example E3.2
Calculate the mean average boiling point
(MeABP) of the petroleum fraction of example
E3.1. If the API gravity of this fraction is 62,
calculate the Watson's characterization factor.
15
Solution:
Tare converted to degrees F.
VABP T10 + T30 + T50 + T70 + T90
VABP =
5
SL =2.6325
= 18.279
MeBP = 224.4 18.3 =206.1 F or 96.8 C
From API =62, SG can be calculated as:
1
(206.1 + 459.6) 3
K = = 11.94
0.7313
16
3.3.1 Breakup of TBP Curve
Into Pseudo-Components
TBP range Number of cuts
< 37.8 C (100 F) Use actual components (pentanes and lighter)
37.8 427 C(100 -800 F) 28
427 649 C (800 -1200 F) 8
649 871 C (1200 - 1600 F) 4
17
Atmospheric TBP Distillation Curve
X = pseudo components average normal boiling point (NBP)

x
O = Defined components NBP
Defined x
components
x .
Degrees x
x
F x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
O
O
0 Liquid Volume % 100
18
Example E3.3
Using the TBP curve of the petroleum cut
of example 3.1, divide it into 20 pseudo-
components.
Calculate the volume percentage of each
pseudo-component.
19
Solution
In order to obtain the average boiling point of
the last fractions, the curve is extrapolated to
the final point of the distillation (100%) by
fitting the curve to a suitable polynomial.
20
Figure E3.3 Extrapolation of
TBP curve
TBP Curve
300
y = 0.0000001x5 - 0.0000287x4 + 0.0027144x3 -
250 0.1208156x 2 + 4.2608778x - 5.3573689
R 2 = 0.9999966
200
150
TBP, C
100 TBP Curve

ASTM D86
50
Poly. (TBP Curve)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-50
Vol%
21
Table E3.3 Pseudo-components
EBP of cut, C NBP of cut, C Vol% at end of cut Cut vol%
5.8 0.2 2.84 2.84

17.0 11.4 6.19 3.36
28.2 22.6 10.22 4.03
39.4 33.8 15.09 4.87
50.5 44.9 20.82 5.73
61.7 56.1 27.15 6.34
72.9 67.3 33.68 6.52
84.1 78.5 40.10 6.42
95.3 89.7 46.36 6.26
106.4 100.8 52.53 6.17
117.6 112.0 58.69 6.16
128.8 123.2 64.89 6.21
140.0 134.4 71.09 6.20
151.1 145.6 77.07 5.98
162.3 156.7 82.53 5.45
173.5 167.9 87.25 4.73
184.7 179.1 91.25 4.00
195.9 190.3 94.63 3.37
207.0 201.5 97.51 2.88
22
218.2 & Elkilani, 2010
Fahim, Al-Sahhaf 212.6 100.00 2.49
3.3.2 Breakup of TBP Curve Into Pseudo-
Components Using Generalized Form
1
A 1 B
T Tb 0 x = 1 xc

P = ln P = b
B x Tb 0
Tb is in degrees Kelvin
xc is cumulative weight, volume or mole fraction.
Tbo corresponds to the boiling point at xc =0 .
A and B are obtained by fitting the crude assay
23
3.3.2 Breakup of TBP Curve Into Pseudo-
Components Using Generalized Form
generalized equation can be converted to linear form:

Y = C1 + C 2 X
Y = ln P [ ( x )]
X = ln ln 1
(3.9)
1
B=
C2
A = B exp(C1 B )
The fitting procedure is to calculate P* knowing Tb 0

and plot Y versus X.
If Tb 0 is not known the value is assumed and varied until a
good fit is obtained R2=0.99.
24
Example E3.4
The following TBP data Volume % TBP, C
for a crude oil is available

5 40
with IBP of 17 oC.
Fit the data to the 10 85
generalized equation and

30 215
compare with the
polynomial fit. 50 340
70 495
25
Solution
Plotting the data in the from of linear
equation (3.9)
C1= 3.289 and C2= 0.936, which gives a
correlation parameter R2 =0.998.
A= 35.911 and B= 1.069.
26
Figure E3.4 TBP curve for Kuwait Export Crude
600
Generalized
500
Polynomial
400 experimental
Temperature, C
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Volume% Distilled
27
This example can be solved again if IBP is not known
as follows:
T Tb 0
Y = ln P = ln b
X = ln ln 1 [ ( x )]

Tb 0
2

n ( XiYi) Xi Yi
R2 =

2
(
n X i Xi
2
)
n Yi 2 ( Yi )
2

C1 =
Yi C Xi n ( XiYi) Xi Yi
C2 =
n X i ( Xi )
2 2
n n 2

The solver in Excel Spread sheet will be used

to set R2 cell equal to 1.0 by changing the
cell for Tb0.
28
n xc cum vol% Tb oC Y x*=1-xc X=lnln(1/x*) XY x^2 y^2
1 5 40 -2.1738 0.95 -2.97019525 6.4567 8.82206 4.7256
2 10 85 -1.2951 0.9 -2.25036733 2.9145 5.064153 1.6774
3 30 215 -0.3059 0.7 -1.03093043 0.3154 1.062818 0.0936
4 50 340 0.1666 0.5 -0.36651292 -0.0610 0.134332 0.0277
5 70 500 0.5599 0.3 0.185626759 0.1039 0.034457 0.3135
sum -3.0484 -6.43237917 9.7295 15.11782 6.8378
C2 0.848757
C1 0.4822
R 0.9950
R^2 0.9900
Tbo 8.0349 deg C
29
3.3.3 Calculation of Pseudo-Components
Specific Gravities
the definition of the K factor is used to calculate the

gravity of each pseudo-component given its average
normal boiling point.
30
Example E3.5
Calculate the specific Volume % TBP, C
gravity of each pseudo-
components of the crude 5 40
assay attached, knowing

that K = 11.94. 10 85
Plot the API gravity vs 30 215

Vol% and fit it to the
proper polynomial. 50 340
70 495
31
Solution:
The K factor for this cut is 11.94.
Using this value for each of the pseudo-
components and the TBP of each cut, the
specific gravity of the pseudo-components is
generated and then API is calculated.
TBP is calculated at the extended vol% up to
95% from the generalized fit
API = -0.0002vol%3 + 0.0238vol%2 -

1.7637vol% +80.471
32
Figure E3.5 TBP and API versus vol%
1400 80
TBP 70
1200
API 60
1000
50
TBP ( C)
800 40
o
API
600 30
20
400
10
200
0
0 -10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid Vol%
33
3.4 Thermophysical Properties Calculation
3.4.1 Molecular Weight
[ ( )]
M = 42.965 exp 2.097 10 4 Tb 7.78712SG + 2.08476 10 3 Tb SG Tb
1.26007
SG 4.98308
(3.11)
M= molecular weight of petroleum fraction.

Tb = Mean average boiling point of petroleum fraction in degree K
SG = specific gravity, 60 oF/60 oF.
34
Example E3.6
Calculate the molecular weight for the cut with

NBP of 216.4 C from example E3.5
Solution:
This cut has a NBP of 216.4 C or 489.55 K and a
specific gravity of 0.8029 from equation (3.5)
knowing that K = 11.94 from example E3.5.
Using equation (3.11), the molecular weight is
calculated to be 170.8.
35
3.4.2 Viscosity
log 210 = 0.463634 0.166532( API ) + 5.13447 10 4 ( API ) 8.48995 10 3 K ( API )
2
8.0325 10 2 K + 1.24899( API ) + 0.197680( API )

2
+
API + 26.786 2.6296 K
(3.12)
log 100 = 4.39371 1.94733K + 0.127690 K 2 + 3.2629 10 4 ( API ) 1.18246 10 2 K ( API )
2
0.17161K 2 + 10.9943( API ) + 9.50663 10 2 ( API ) 0.860218K ( API )

2
+
API + 50.3642 4.78231K
(3.13)
Where 100 and 210 are the kinematic viscosities at
100 F and 210 F, in centistokes.
36
3.4.3 Refractive Index
It is defined as the speed of light in vacuum
with respect to the speed of light in the
medium.
1 + 2I
1/ 2 (3.14)
n=
1 I
37
Values of I may be calculated from:
I = a exp(bTb + cSG + dTb SG )Tb SG f (3.15)
e
Where: a, b, c ... f = constants varying with

molecular weight range as given in Table 3.4.
38
Table 3.4 Constants for equation (3.15)
Constants Light Fractions Heavy Fractions
Molecular weight range 70-300 300-600
Boiling point range, oF 90-650 650-1000
a 2.266 x 10-2 2.341 x 10-2
b 3.905 x 10-4 6.464 x 10-4
c 2.468 5.144
d -5.704 x 10-4 -3.289 x 10-4
e 0.0572 -0.407
f -0.720 -3.333
n = refractive index at 20 oC (68 oF).

I = Huang characterization parameter at 20 oC (68 oF).
Tb = mean average boiling point, in degrees Rankin.
M = molecular weight of petroleum fractions.
SG= specific gravity of petroleum fraction, 60 oF/60 oF.

39
Example E3.7
Calculate the kinematic viscosities and the refractive
index for oil which has a mean average boiling point
of 320 C and API gravity of 34.
Solution:
The boiling point is 593.15 K or 1067.7 R.
SG = 0.855
K factor is 11.95.
100 = 5.777 cSt, and 210 = 1.906 cSt.
From equation (3.14) and (3.15), the refractive
index n is calculated to be 1.481 (M is 257.1 as
calculated from equation (3.11)).
40
3.4.4 Molecular Type Composition of
Petroleum Fractions
For heavy fractions (M> 200):

xp = a +b(Ri)+c(VGC)
xn = d +e(Ri)+f(VGC) (3.16)
xa = g +h(Ri)+i(VGC)
xp , xn , xa = mole fraction of paraffins,
naphthenes, and aromatics, respectively.
41
a, b, c,..., i = constants varying with molecular
weight range
Table 3.5 Constants for equation (3.16) &
(3.24)
Constants Light Fraction Heavy Fractions
Molecular weight range 70-200 200-600
a -13.359 2.5737
b +14.4591 +1.0133
c -1.41344 -3.573
d +23.9825 +2.464
e -23.333 -3.6701
f +0.81517 +1.96312
g -9.6235 -4.0377
h +8.8739 +2.6568
i +0.59827 +1.60988
42
Ri = refractivity intercept
d
Ri = n
2
n = refractive index
d = liquid density grams/cubic centimeter.
VGC = viscosity gravity constant
10 SG 1.0752 log(V100 38)
VGC =
10 log(V100 38)
SG 0.24 0.022 log(V210 35.5)
VGC =
0.755
V is the Saybolt viscosity at 100 or 210 oF

43
(V) is related to the kinematics viscosity in cSt
1 + 0.03264100
V100 ( SUS ) = 4.6324100 +
(3930.2 + 262.7100
2
+ 1.646100
3
) 10 5
V210 ( SUS ) = 1.0066856V100 ( SUS )
For light fractions M 200

VGF = 1.816 + 3.484SG 0.1156 ln 100
VGF = 1.948 + 3.535SG 0.1613 ln 210

xp = a +b(Ri)+c(VGF)
xn = d +e(Ri)+f(VGF)
xa = g +h(Ri)+i(VGF)
44
Example E3.8
Calculate the parrafins, napthenes and aromatic
mole fraction for the crude having the
properties listed in example E3.7.
Solution:
From example E3.7 , SG = 0.855 then d =
0.855 g/cm3
n = 1.481 then Ri = 1.0535
M = 257.1 heavy fraction
100 = 5.777 cSt then VGC = 0.8348
xp = 0.789, xn = 0.164 and xa = 0.046
45
3.4.5 Pseudo-Critical Constants
3.4.5.1 Pseudo-Critical Temperature
(15,410 100,688SG )
Tc = 189.8 + 450.6 SG + (0.422 + 0.1174 SG )Tb +
Tb
(3.25)
Tc and Tb are in degrees K.
46
3.4.5.2 Pseudo-Critical Pressure
0.0566 3 4.12164 0.213426

ln Pc = 5.689 SG 10 Tb 0.436392 + + 2
SG SG SG
11.819 1.53015 10 3 9.901
+ 10 7 Tb2 4.75794 + + 2 10 Tb 2 . 45055 + 2
SG SG SG
where Pc is in bars.
47
3.4.5.3 Acentric Factor
For Tbr < 0.8
= (ln Pbr 5.92714 + 6.09648 / Tbr + 1.28862 ln Tbr 0.169347Tbr6 ) /(15.2518 15.6875 / Tbr
13.4721 ln Tbr + 0.43577Tbr6 )
For Tbr > 0.8

= 7.904 + 0.1352 K 0.007465 K 2 + 8.359Tbr + (1.408 0.01063 K ) / Tbr
Where K is the Watson characterization factor.
48
Example E3.9
Calculate the critical temperature and pressure and
the acentric factor for an oil which has a mean
average boiling point of 320 C and 34 API gravity.
Solution:
The boiling point is 593.15 K and the specific
gravity is 0.855.
Tc = 165.5 K and Pc = 15.26 bar.
The acentric factor is 0.777
49
3.4.6 Generalized Equation for Thermophysical Properties
= exp(a bM C )
50
Table 3.6 Constants for the Riazi-Al-Sahhaf
a b c
Tb 1080 6.97996 0.01964 0.67
SG 1.07 3.56073 2.93886 0.1
d20 1.05 3.80258 3.12287 0.1
I 0.34 2.30884 2.96508 0.1
Tbr 1.20 -0.34742 0.02327 0.55

-Pc 0 6.34492 0.72390 0.3
-dc -0.22 -3.2201 0.00090 1
- 0.30 -6.2520 -3.64457 0.1
30.3 17.45018 9.70188 0.1

8.60 2.29195 0.54907 0.3
51
Example E3.10
Use the Riazi-Al-Sahhaf equation to
calculate the properties for an oil
which has a mean average boiling SG 0.859 dc 0.252
point of 320 C and 34 API gravity.

d20 0.855 0.798
Solution:
The molecular weight is calculated I 0.2824 28.55
as 256 from equation (3.29) using
the boiling point. Using this value
Tc 773 8.055
other properties are calculated and
the values are shown below
Pc 12.5
52
3.5 Calculation of Enthalpy of
Petroleum Fractions
The Lee-Kessler generalized correlation
Z = Z 0 + Z 1
(3.30)
Equation (3.30) can be used to calculate the molar volume
as: V=RT/P or the mass density as M/V. The departure
functions H-Hig is given by
H H H H
ig
H H (3.31)
ig
o
ig
1
= +
RTc RTc RTc
53
The enthalpy change (3.33)
H 2 H 1 = ( H 2 H 2ig ) + ( H 2ig H 1ig ) ( H 1 H 1ig )
To calculate the enthalpy with respect to a reference

state set , H 1 = H ref = 0
If the reference state is at low pressure (ideal gas),
then (H H ) = 0 1
ig
1
The enthalpy equation becomes

H = ( H H ig ) + ( H ig H ref
ig
)
54
The ideal gas enthalpy change
T2
H H
ig
2
ig
1 = C igp dT
T1
The ideal gas heat capacity

C igp = A + BT + CT 2
A = 4.1843 M ( 0.33886 + 0.02827 K 0.26105CF + 0.59332CF )
B = 7.5318M ((0.9291 1.1543K + 0.0368K 2 )10 4 + CF (4.56 9.48 )10 4 )
C = 13.5573M (1.6658 10 7 + CF (0.536 0.6828 )10 7 )
CF = ((12.8 K )(10 K ) /(10 )) 2
55
Example E3.11
Calculate the molar volume and enthalpy of an oil at 450 C and
3.45 bar. The oil has a mean average boiling point of 320 C and
34 API gravity. The reference state is ideal gas at 298 K.
Solution:
SG=0.855 and the K factor is 11.95.
Tc = 765.5 K and Pc = 15.26 bar. = 0.777.
M=257.12.
Tr = 0.9447 Pr = 0.2261
From the Lee-Kessler tables:

Z 0 = 0.9029 Z 1 = 0.0325
Z = 0.9029 + (0.777 )( 0.0325) = 0.8776
56
ZRT (0.8776)(8.3143)(450 + 273.15)
V = = = 15294.5
P 0.345
o 1
H H ig H H ig
= 0.1487 = 0.2882
RTc RTc
H H ig
= 0.1487 + (0.777)(0.2882) = 0.3727 ( H H ig ) = 2371.9
RTc
A = 8.74721 B = 1.44929 C = 0.000581

B 2 C
H 2ig H 1ig = A(T2 T1 ) + (T2 T12 ) + (T23 T13 )
2 3
( H ig H ref
ig
) = 312,088.8 kJ/kgmol
H = ( H H ig ) + ( H ig H ref
ig
) = -2371.9+312,088.8
H = 309,717 kJ/kgmol or 1223 kJ/kg
57
Example E3.11
A petroleum cut has the following ASTM D86 Distillation data:
Volume % distilled 0 10 30 50 70 90 95
Temperature, C 36.5 54 77 101.5 131 171 186.5
Convert these data to TBP data using the API method of Riazi
and Daubert and Daubert's method. Plot the results and
compare.
58
Solution:
D86 TBP, TBP,

Volume % distilled a b D86 T, C
T, F F C
0 0.9167 1.0019 36.5 97.7 57.4 14.1
10 0.5277 1.09 54 129.2 92.0 33.4
30 0.7429 1.0425 77 170.6 156.1 69.0
50 0.892 1.0176 101.5 214.7 214.9 101.6
70 0.8705 1.0226 131 267.8 275.3 135.2
90 0.949 1.011 171 339.8 356.9 180.5
95 0.8008 1.0355 186.5 367.7 381.4 194.1
59
TB
%distilled
Constant a Constant b D86 T, C D86 T, F Ti Ti', F TBP, F
volume
0 7.4012 0.6024 36.5 97.7 31.5 59.14 22.4 -5.3
10 4.9004 0.7164 54 129.2 41.4 70.57 81.6 27.5
30 3.0305 0.8008 77 170.6 44.1 62.86 152.1 66.7
101.
50 0.8718 1.0258 101.5 214.7 0.00 215.0
138.
70 2.5282 0.82 131 267.8 53.1 65.67 280.7
180.
90 3.0419 0.755 171 339.8 72 76.81 357.5
197.
95 0.118 1.6606 186.5 367.7 27.9 29.68 387.2
VABP 224.42 F or 106.9 C
MeABP 206.14 F or 96.75 C
60
Example E3.12
A petroleum crude has API of 34 and TBP

of 320 oC. Calculate all properties such as
criticals, refractive index, viscosity and
molecular type composition
61
PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM CUTS
The following calculations require the API gravity and the mean average boiling point and other variable.
Calculation of Watson Characterization factor and Molecular weight
API gravity = 34.00
specific gravity = 0.8550
MeABP, C = 320.00 593.15 K 494.59 R
Watson K Factor = 11.95
Mol. Weight 257.12
Calculation of Kinematic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity at 100 F, cSt 5.823
Kinematic viscosity at 210 F, cSt 1.916
Calculation of Critical Properties and Acentric factor
Critical Temperature, Tc Critical Pressure, Pc Tbr
K R bar
765.49 1377.87 15.26 0.774867 0.7770
Refractive Index
Light Fractions MW=70-300
Huang Characterization parameter, I= 0.284
Refrective index n= 1.481
Density at 68 F, g/cm3 d= 0.8514
Refractivity intercept RI = 1.055
62
Heavy Fractions MW=300-600 I= 0.308
n= 1.528
d= 0.8514
Refractivity intercept RI = 1.102
Molecular type composition
Light fractions MW=70-200
Viscosity gravity constant VGR = 0.9591
Paraffins, mol pct. 53.83
Naphthenes, mol pct. 15.03
Aromatics, mol pct. 31.14
TOTAL 100.00
Heavy fractions MW =200-600
Kinematic viscosity at 100 F in Sybolt seconds 45.01
Viscosity gravity constant VGC = 0.8346
Paraffins, mol pct. 70.80
Naphthenes, mol pct. 5.86
Aromatics, mol pct. 23.33

63
TOTAL
Fahim, Al-Sahhaf & Elkilani, 2010 100.00
3.7 Calculating Properties
Utilizing UNISIM Software
A good model is the cubic equations of state
and the Peng-Robinson equation is one of the
most widely used model for hydrocarbon and
petroleum mixtures.
64
Example E3.13
Use UNISIM for the Vol% TBP (oC) Vol% TBP (oC)
following crude assay 0.00 -9.44 40.00 273.33
which has API = 29 4.50 32.22 50.00 326.67
9.00 73.89 60.00 393.33
Divide the crude into 10 14.50 115.56 70.00 473.89
cuts and calculate all

cut properties
20.00 154.44 76.00 520.56
30.00 223.89 80.00 546.11
40.00 273.33 85.00 565.56
65
Solution:
Table E3.13.1 Cuts properties resulted from UNISIM
Pc Tc
Cut NBP (oC) MW Density (kg/m3) (kPa) (oC) Viscosity (cP)
NBP_29 28.64 64.60 703.31 1.342 3544.42 202.21 0.16
NBP_81 81.13 86.71 743.36 1.704 3459.30 262.09 0.20
NBP_133 133.30 110.54 775.15 2.105 2932.88 318.84 0.28
NBP_187 187.03 141.39 808.52 2.541 2479.23 374.36 0.42
NBP_242 242.17 181.05 841.61 3.001 2111.10 429.01 0.69
NBP_292 292.25 222.75 868.27 3.426 1824.02 476.34 1.11
NBP_346 345.58 272.21 894.35 3.881 1563.23 524.94 1.89
NBP_399 399.12 322.66 919.05 4.339 1342.14 572.40 3.51
NBP_482 481.97 422.22 955.54 5.047 1065.91 644.06 11.85
NBP_585 585.11 556.72 1000.19 5.922 809.38 731.80 124.42
66
Table E3.13.2 Cuts properties resulted from
correlations
Pc Tc
Cut NBP (oC) MW Density (kg/m3) (kPa) (oC) Viscosity (cP)
NBP_29 28.64 68.15 738.41 1.842 3044.42 252.27 0.128
NBP_81 81.13 89.67 778.95 2.204 2959.30 288.45 0.160
NBP_133 133.30 114.41 815.45 2.605 2432.88 319.06 0.224
NBP_187 187.03 144.00 849.91 3.041 1979.23 346.49 0.336
NBP_242 242.17 179.53 882.58 3.501 1611.10 371.38 0.552
NBP_292 292.25 217.19 910.29 3.926 1324.02 441.74 0.888
NBP_346 345.58 264.03 938.06 4.381 1063.23 511.51 1.512
NBP_399 399.12 319.38 964.37 4.839 842.14 579.73 2.808
NBP_482 481.97 425.45 1002.46 5.547 565.91 655.31 9.480
NBP_585 585.11 603.15 1046.17 6.422 309.38 683.66 99.536
67

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CHAPTER THREE

Fahim, Al-Sahhaf & Elkilani, 2010

The standard conditions are 1 atm (14.7 psia) and

Density measurement of petroleum fractions and

Batch distillation with one equilibrium stage

It is performed in columns with 15

Method 1 (API Method)

TBP at 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 95 volume

T50' = A4 (T50 ) B 4 T30' = T50' T3' T10' = T30' T2'

T0' = T10' T1' T70' = T50' + T5'

T90' = T70' + T6' T95' = T90' + T7'

Ti ' = Ai ( Ti ) Bi T1 = T10 T0 T2 = T30 T10

T3 = T50 T30 T5 = T70 T50

T6 = T90 T70 T7 = T f T90

Temperature, C 36.5 54 77 101.5 131 171 186.5

0 36.5 14.1 -5.3

50 101.5 101.6 101.7

70 131 135.2 138.1

90 171 180.5 184.6

95 186.5 194.1 201. 1

ln = 0.94402 0.00865 (VABP 32 ) 0.6667 + 2.99791 SL0.333

< 37.8 C (100 F) Use actual components (pentanes and lighter)

37.8 427 C(100 -800 F) 28

427 649 C (800 -1200 F) 8

649 871 C (1200 - 1600 F) 4

X = pseudo components average normal boiling point (NBP)

0 Liquid Volume % 100

100 TBP Curve

5.8 0.2 2.84 2.84

generalized equation can be converted to linear form:

The fitting procedure is to calculate P* knowing Tb 0

for a crude oil is available

generalized equation and

The solver in Excel Spread sheet will be used

1 5 40 -2.1738 0.95 -2.97019525 6.4567 8.82206 4.7256

2 10 85 -1.2951 0.9 -2.25036733 2.9145 5.064153 1.6774

3 30 215 -0.3059 0.7 -1.03093043 0.3154 1.062818 0.0936

4 50 340 0.1666 0.5 -0.36651292 -0.0610 0.134332 0.0277

5 70 500 0.5599 0.3 0.185626759 0.1039 0.034457 0.3135

sum -3.0484 -6.43237917 9.7295 15.11782 6.8378

Tbo 8.0349 deg C

the definition of the K factor is used to calculate the

assay attached, knowing

Plot the API gravity vs 30 215

API = -0.0002vol%3 + 0.0238vol%2 -

M= molecular weight of petroleum fraction.

Calculate the molecular weight for the cut with

8.0325 10 2 K + 1.24899( API ) + 0.197680( API )

0.17161K 2 + 10.9943( API ) + 9.50663 10 2 ( API ) 0.860218K ( API )

Where: a, b, c ... f = constants varying with

Constants Light Fractions Heavy Fractions

Molecular weight range 70-300 300-600

Boiling point range, oF 90-650 650-1000

a 2.266 x 10-2 2.341 x 10-2

b 3.905 x 10-4 6.464 x 10-4

d -5.704 x 10-4 -3.289 x 10-4

n = refractive index at 20 oC (68 oF).

SG= specific gravity of petroleum fraction, 60 oF/60 oF.

For heavy fractions (M> 200):