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    Distance Relaing

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Ali Khan Awan
    Distance relays respond to the voltage-current ratio and are directional, having high speed for protecting transmission lines. Step distance relays use multiple zones of protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and having no time delay, zone 2 reaching beyond the next line section with a time delay, and zone 3 providing backup protection for adjacent lines with a longer time delay.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Distance Relaing

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Ali Khan Awan
    45 views38 pages
    Distance relays respond to the voltage-current ratio and are directional, having high speed for protecting transmission lines. Step distance relays use multiple zones of protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and having no time delay, zone 2 reaching beyond the next line section with a time delay, and zone 3 providing backup protection for adjacent lines with a longer time delay.

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    power protection

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    Distance relays respond to the voltage-current ratio and are directional, having high speed for protecting transmission lines. Step distance relays use multiple zones of protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and having no time delay, zone 2 reaching beyond the next line section with a time delay, and zone 3 providing backup protection for adjacent lines with a longer time delay.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views38 pages

    Distance Relaing

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Ali Khan Awan
    Distance relays respond to the voltage-current ratio and are directional, having high speed for protecting transmission lines. Step distance relays use multiple zones of protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and having no time delay, zone 2 reaching beyond the next line section with a time delay, and zone 3 providing backup protection for adjacent lines with a longer time delay.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    Power System Protection

    Distance Relays, Step Distance Relaying

    Day 5
    Distance Relays
    Mason
    Chapter 4, pgs. 61-76 R-X Diagrams
    Operating Principles of:
    Impedance
    Admittance (Mho)
    Reactance
    Memory Action

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 2


    Distance Relays
    Respond to phasor ratio of input voltage &
    input current to relay (V/I)
    They are directional
    They have high speed
    Used to protect transmission lines
    Usually induction cup design

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 3


    Construction

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 4


    R-X Diagram

    Can use
    impedance or R-X
    diagram to analyze
    relay operation
    1. Plot relay
    characteristic
    2. Plot impedance
    seen by the
    relay (Z relay)

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 5


    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 6
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 7
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 8
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 9
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 10
    Impedance Relay

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 11


    Admittance (Mho) Relay

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 12


    Offset Mho

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 13


    Offset Mho

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 14


    Angle Impedance Relay

    Non-Directional
    Not appropriate to work alone

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 15


    Reactance Relay

    Non-Directional

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 16


    Distance Relays
    Operating Time
    Induction Cup: High
    Speed
    Adjustments
    Reach: Tapped
    Transformer
    Rises or lowers voltage on
    restraining coil
    Range of Z to cover down
    the line
    Offset: Tapped Reactor
    For offset Mho, adjust ZT

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 17


    Application of Distance Relays to
    Transmission Line Protection
    Phase distance relays
    Ground distance relays (will not be
    covered)
    Step distance relays
    Usually 3 zones
    Distance better than overcurrent
    Faster
    Easier coordination
    Permit higher line loading
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 18
    System Impedance on Relay Base

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 19


    System Impedance on Relay Base

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 20


    PT Connections-Phase Distance
    Relays

    VLLin 115kV
    PTRLL = = = 103
    VLLout 115V

    VLGin 66.4kV
    PTRLG = = = 577 600
    VLGout 115V

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 21


    CT Connection to Op Coils

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 22


    Impedances Detected by Phase
    Relays
    V -Y connected

    3 Phase Fault

    Phase-Phase Fault I -Delta


    connected

    Relay setting
    based on Positive
    Sequence
    Impedance (Z1)
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 23
    Step Distance Relaying
    Objectives
    Zones of protection
    Effect of arc resistance
    Effect of infeed
    Methods to reduce size of distance relay
    characteristic

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 24


    Zones of Protection-3 Zones
    Zone 1

    3 zones (Primary & Backup)


    Purpose: Provide high speed tripping for internal faults
    Relay must be set to underreach
    Does not cover entire line
    Zone 1 settings:
    Reach:80-90%
    Time: No time delay

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 25


    Zones of Protection
    Zone 2

    Purpose: Cover remaining 10-20% of AB segment


    Zone 2 must reach beyond B
    Will detect faults on CD segment
    Must have time delay
    Zone 2 settings:
    Reach:120%
    Time: 0.2-0.4 seconds

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 26


    Zones of
    Protection
    Zone 3

    Equivalent Relays at B and D looking on the other direction

    Purpose: Provides Backup protection for faults on


    adjacent line
    Do not set such that load can cause a trip
    Zone 3 settings:
    Reach:120% of ZAB+ZCD
    Time: 0.4-1.0 seconds

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 27


    Three Zones of Protection Using
    Mho Relays
    GCY - GE Mho

    Advantage
    Lots of fault coverage
    Disadvantage
    Characteristic gets
    close to ZLOAD
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 28
    Relay Characteristic Vs Arc
    Resistance

    illustrates increase RF coverage with mho relay (GCY)


    & reactance relay (GCX)
    O1 & M3 operate - Zone 1
    O2 & M3 operate Zone 2
    M3 operate Zone 3
    M1 Zone1 using mho
    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 29
    Zone 3 Setting with Infeed

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 30


    Zone 3 Setting with Infeed

    danger

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 31


    Use of Blinders where Impedance
    may cause incorrect tripping

    Zone 3 so big
    that ZLOAD gets
    inside of it

    Angle Impedance
    relays to blind

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 32


    Reverse Third Zone
    ZAB+ZCDIF/IA

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 33


    Reverse Third Zone

    Load

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 34


    Admittance Relay Settings
    Reach: Diameter of Mho
    Circle
    Maximum Z that makes
    relay operate

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 35


    Admittance Relay Settings

    t varies from 0.10 to 1.00 (t higher, smaller circle)


    k is called Basic Minimum Reach is adjustable
    Angle of maximum torque is adjustable
    Offset is adjustable

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 36


    Impedances Detected by all Relays
    During B-C Fault
    B-C Relay

    A-B Relay

    C-A Relay

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 37


    Impedances Detected by all Relays
    During B-C Fault

    Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 38

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