Designation: E1417/E1417M 13

Standard Practice for

Liquid Penetrant Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for 2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, the extent specified herein:
and nonmetal components. 2.2 ASTM Standards:2
NOTE 1This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866. D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this Bituminous Materials by Distillation
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance D2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, Fail Techniques)
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
or connected to the surface of the component under examina- leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
tion. lometric Karl Fischer Titration
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated Industry
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers Testing
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to rescent Penetrants
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
harmful to the components to be examined. E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and
1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch- Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The Methods
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; 2.3 ASNT Standards:3
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
conformance with the standard. SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
between the cognizant engineering organization and the 2.4 Military Standards:4, 5
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirements for
organization. Special Purpose Components
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
5
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1417/E1417M 111. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-13. dodssp.daps.dla.mil.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 E1417/E1417M 13
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection 3.2.9 rounded indicationpenetrant indication whose
Material, Penetrant length to width ratio is less than three-to-one.
MIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements 3.2.10 supplierthe organization contracted to supply the
2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:6 material, parts, or assembly.
ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for Calibration
3.2.11 turbine engine critical componentsany component
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment
on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as critical.
ISO 10012 Measurement Management Systems
Requirements for Measuring Measurement Process and 4. Significance and Use
Measuring Equipment 4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This
Test Personnel practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering
2.6 SAE Standard:7 drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be
AMS 2175A Castings, Classification and Inspection of supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the
2.7 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issues requirements of this practice. Specification E165 contains
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the information to help develop detailed requirements.
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. 5. Classification
5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-
2.8 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict between sified in accordance with the material classification contained
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text in AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall
of this practice takes precedence. be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels:
5.1.1 Type:
3. Terminology 5.1.1.1 Type IFluorescent dye.
5.1.1.2 Type IIVisible dye.
3.1 Definitions: 5.1.2 Method:
3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina- 5.1.2.1 Method AWater washable.
tion that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the terms 5.1.2.2 Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic.
used in this practice. 5.1.2.3 Method CSolvent-removable.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.2.4 Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.
3.2.1 aerospaceany component that will be installed on a 5.1.3 Sensitivity(These levels apply to Type I penetrant
system that flies. systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization (CEO) sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed
Reference Terminology Standard E1316. as follows):
5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 12 Very low.
3.2.3 componentthe part(s) or element(s) of a system 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1Low.
described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2Medium.
the drawing. 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3High.
3.2.4 final examinationthe final examination performed 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4Ultrahigh.
for the acceptance of the item. Any change to the items surface
5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
such as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or
5.2.1 Form aDry powder.
etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render
5.2.2 Form bWater-soluble.
the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of
5.2.3 Form cWater-suspendable.
all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.
5.2.4 Form dNonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
3.2.5 in-processthat which occurs during manufacturing etrant.
before a component is in final form. 5.2.5 Form eNonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
3.2.6 in-servicerefers to components that are in use or 5.2.6 Form fSpecific application.
storage for their intended function. 5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
3.2.7 linear indicationpenetrant indications with at least a 5.3.1 Class 1Halogenated.
three to one length to width ratio. 5.3.2 Class 2Nonhalogenated.
3.2.8 reprocessrepeat, after cleaning, the application and 5.3.3 Class 3Specific application.
appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required), 6. General Practices
and developer (as required).
6.1 Responsibility for ExaminationUnless otherwise
6
specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of
7
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. zant engineering organization may specify more stringent

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 E1417/E1417M 13
requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when light background to the lowest possible level during examina-
necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and tion and black light intensity shall meet the above require-
reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the ments.
supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities 6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directly
suitable for the performance of the examination requirements illuminate the examination surface, special lighting, such as
specified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform UV pencil lights, or UV light guides, or remote visual
any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope,
examinations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively
services conform to prescribed requirements. evaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at the
6.2 SpecifyingWhen examination is required in accor- expected working distance and shall be a minimum 1000
dance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appro- W/cm2.
priate documents shall specify the criteria by which the 6.6.2 Drying OvenWhen components are oven dried, the
acceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineering dryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automated
drawings or other applicable documents shall indicate the systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air,
acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude
used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed overdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to be
unless specifically permitted by the contract. recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The
temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca-
6.3 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami- pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615F [8.3C] of
nations to this practice shall be qualified and certified in the temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed
accordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A, 160F [71C]. The temperature indicator shall be accurate to
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes, or as 610F [5.6C] of the actual oven temperature.
specified in the contract or purchase order.
6.7 Written ProceduresAll liquid penetrant examination
6.4 Agency QualificationThe agency performing this procedures are similar for many components, a master written
practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification procedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a
E543. variety of components. All written procedures, including tech-
6.5 Materials: nique sheets for specific parts shall be approved by an
6.5.1 Qualified MaterialsOnly materials listed or ap- individual who is a qualified and certified Level III for
proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644) penetrant examination in accordance with the requirements of
shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Materials not 6.3. As a minimum, the following information is required
conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used either in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or a
only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering master procedure, or a combination thereof:
organization. 6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-
6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Materials ing the materials used and specification or other document
Penetrant materials tested in accordance with Test Method controlling the examination process, the drying parameters and
D2512 and passing at 70 ftlbf [95 J] or higher, shall be used on the processing times. If these operations are performed by
LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. other than examination personnel, details concerning the op-
Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the material erations may be specified in other documents but must be
supplier instructions and shall require approval of the cogni- referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E165
zant engineering organization when such materials do not meet for detailed cleaning methods and instructions.
the requirements of AMS 2644. 6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materials
required in accordance with Section 5 and AMS 2644.
6.6 Equipment and FacilitiesProcessing equipment used
in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and 6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrant
arranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The examination materials including concentrations, application
equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls
requirements as well as the requirements specified herein. to prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating of
component, as appropriate. Reference Practice E165 for addi-
6.6.1 Viewing AreasAreas where parts are reviewed shall
tional details.
be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II,
the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc [1076 lx] of 6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements in-
visible light when measured at the examination surface. For cluding light intensities (both examination and ambient), the
stationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambient accept/reject criteria and the method and location of marking.
visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the Reference Practice E165 for additional details.
examination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimum 6.7.4.1 When battery-powered lights are used, define the
of 1000 W/cm2 at the examination surface. Black lights shall frequency for verifying intensity and documentation required.
meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable 6.7.4.2 When the examination is performed in accordance
fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog- with this Standard Practice, engineering drawings,
raphers black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible specifications, technique sheets, or other applicable documents

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 E1417/E1417M 13
shall indicate the accept/reject criteria by which the compo- and made available to the cognizant engineering organization
nents are judged acceptable. upon request. Records shall provide for traceability to the
6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall
component to be examined in accordance with the procedure. include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the
6.7.6 Complete postcleaning procedures. If postcleaning is examination; identification of the inspectors examination
performed by other than examination personnel, details con- stamp, electronic ID or signature; and the date of examination.
cerning this operation may be specified in other documents, but Records shall be kept for a minimum of three years or as
must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Test Method otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract.
E165 for additional details.
7. Specific Practices (Fig. 1)
6.8 Examination SequenceFinal penetrant examination
shall be performed after completion of all operations that could 7.1 Surface PreparationAll surfaces to be examined shall
cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations that be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other
could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. coatings (except as allowed by 6.8.2), corrosion products,
Such operations include, but are not limited to, grinding, scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any
welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering
6.8.1 Surface TreatmentFinal penetrant examination may discontinuities, suppress dye performance, or produce unac-
be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but ceptable background. Cleaning methods, including etching,
not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat- selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the
ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring, contaminants to be removed and shall not be detrimental to the
sanding, buffing, sandblasting, lapping, or peening. Perfor- component or its intended function.
mance of final penetrant examination after such surface treat- 7.1.1 One or more appropriate cleaning methods such as
ments requires that etching be included in the precleaning solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning,
operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant aqueous-based cleaning, or methods agreed upon with the
engineering organization and the NDT facility. cognizant engineering organization shall be used for the
removal of oils, greases, and waxes, and as the final step before
NOTE 2Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.
penetrant examination. If etching is required, the parts shall be
6.8.2 Surface CoatingsAll coatings and other surface appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant
conditions, such as, paint, plating, corrosion, etc. shall be examination.
removed from the area to be examined prior to penetrant
examination. The penetrant examination shall precede any
surface finish, such as anodize, except for inservice parts that
may be examined without removing the anodize.
6.9 Material and Process LimitationsNot all penetrant
sensitivity levels, materials, and process methods are appli-
cable to all examination requirements. The sensitivity level
shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination.
Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cogni-
zant engineering organization, the following selections are
mandatory or forbidden, as indicated:
6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry powder and water soluble)
developers shall not be used with Type II (visible dye)
penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a
Form f developer that has been qualified with a particular Type
II system in accordance with AMS 2644.
6.9.2 Type II penetrant examination shall not be used for
final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In
addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used prior
to a Type I penetrant examination of the same surface. This is
not intended to eliminate the use of in-process Type II
examinations where subsequent fabrication/forming operations
remove the surfaces inspected.
6.9.3 The maintenance or overhaul examination of turbine
engine critical components shall be done only with Type I,
Methods C or D (solvent removable or post emulsified,
hydrophilic) processes and either sensitivity Levels 3 or 4
penetrant materials.
6.10 RecordsResults of all final penetrant examinations
shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be identified, filed, FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart

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7.1.2 Chemical cleaning shall be used for the removal of good indicator of over-wash or over-removal of the surface
paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are penetrant is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may
not removable by solvent cleaning methods. (Warning occur on all or a specific area of the part, see Test Method
Caution should be exercised when using chemicals because E165.)
they may irritate the eyes or skin.) 7.3.1.2 Automated SprayFor automated spray systems,
7.1.3 Mechanical cleaning shall be used for the removal of the wash parameters shall be such that the requirements of
soils and other contaminants that cannot be removed by solvent 7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between
or chemical cleaning methods. 50 to 100F [10 to 38C].
7.1.4 Grit blasting without etching may be an acceptable 7.3.1.3 Manual WipeExcess penetrant shall be removed
cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or absorbent toweling. The
fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with
be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner. a water-dampened cloth or towel. The surface shall not be
7.1.5 Etching, unless otherwise specified, shall be per- flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated
formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface with water. The component shall be examined under appropri-
treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition ate illumination to ensure adequate removal of the surface
that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etch- penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean,
ing processes shall be developed and controlled to prevent dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation.
damage to the component under test. Etching is not required 7.3.1.4 ImmersionImmersion wash may be utilized if the
for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance water is air agitated and good circulation is maintained
surfaces, faying surfaces, etc., where the function of the throughout the wash operation. Water temperature shall be
component or assembly would be degraded. Etching is not maintained between 50 and 100F [10 and 38C].
required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are 7.3.2 Method B ProcessLipophilic post-emulsifiable pen-
not retained in the final part/component configuration or when etrant shall be removed by air agitated water immersion or with
the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching. a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an
7.2 Penetrant ApplicationUnless otherwise specified, the emulsifier and an appropriate emulsifier dwell time. Water
entire surface of the component shall be covered with pen- pressure and temperature and air pressure shall meet the
etrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Pen- requirements specified in 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4.
etrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other 7.3.2.1 Lipophilic emulsifiers shall be applied by immersion
method to provide coverage as required. The component, or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray
penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the
from 40 to 125F [4 to 52C] unless otherwise specified. component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified,
7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell TimeThe dwell time, unless other- shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems,
wise specified, shall be a minimum of 10 min. For temperatures or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times
between 40 and 50F [4.4 and 10C], dwell time shall be a shall be the minimum necessary to produce an acceptable
minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise background on the component.
move components as necessary, during dwell to prevent 7.3.2.2 RinsingAfter the appropriate emulsifier dwell
pooling of the penetrant. For dwell times greater than two time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water
hours, the penetrant shall be reapplied as required. spray. For spray removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture,
7.3 Penetrant Removal: the parameters of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. Dwell
7.3.1 Method A ProcessWater-washable penetrants shall time in an agitated immersion rinse, if used, shall be the
be removed with a manual or automated water spray, or a minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Exam-
manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash. ine the components under appropriate illumination after rins-
7.3.1.1 Manual SprayFor handheld spray guns water pres- ing. Clean and reprocess those components with excessive
sure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but shall background. After rinsing, drain water from the component and
not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa]. Water temperature shall be utilize repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent
between 50 to 100F [10 to 38C]. When hydro-air nozzles are materials or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to
used the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A prevent pooling. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that the
coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in. air nozzle is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure
[30 cm], when possible between the spray nozzle and the part. that the developing indication is not smeared by the air blast. If
Washing shall be conducted under appropriate illumination. over-emulsification is observed, the component must be
Caution shall be exercised to ensure that over-washing does not cleaned and reprocessed.
occur. If over-washing occurs, the component(s) shall be 7.3.3 Method C ProcessSolvent-removable penetrants are
thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water removed by first wiping the excess penetrant with a clean,
from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the
with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than surface penetrant is then removed with a solvent-dampened
25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not
pockets. (Warning Over-removal of the surface penetrant be flushed with solvent and the cloth or towel shall not be
shall require that the component be cleaned and reprocessed. A saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling

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 E1417/E1417M 13
shall be observed under appropriate illumination to ensure not exceed that specified in 6.6.2. Drying time shall only be
adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be
surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components
reprocessed. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled
lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can aqueous solutions/suspensions.
also be used for water-washable penetrants using water or
solvent for removal of excess penetrant. 7.5 DevelopingUnless otherwise specified, developers
shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Type I penetrants
7.3.4 Method D ProcessHydrophilic post emulsifiable
that are qualified to AMS 2644 may be used without developer
penetrant shall be removed with a water prerinse, application
of the hydrophilic emulsifier and then a postrinse. under either one of the following conditions: manufacturing
examination of aluminum and magnesium castings classified
7.3.4.1 RinseThe water prerinse shall be applied for the
by AMS 2175A as Class 3 or 4, or with the expressed approval
minimum amount of time required to achieve removal of the
of the cognizant engineering organization. Minimum and
bulk surface penetrant. The rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1 or
7.3.1.2 shall apply. maximum penetrant bleedout times without developer shall be
(1) For spray application of the emulsifier, a water prerinse 10 min and 2 h respectively. When developer is used, compo-
may be omitted. nents that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time
shall be cleaned and reprocessed. When developer is not used,
7.3.4.2 Hydrophilic emulsifier shall be applied by
components that are not inspected before the maximum bleed-
immersion, flowing, or spray. Hydrophilic emulsifier shall not
be applied by brush. Foaming application of hydrophilic out time shall be reprocessed.
emulsifier is permissible when approved by the CEO. 7.5.1 Dry DevelopersComponents shall be dry before the
(1) For immersion applications, the concentration, percent developer is applied. Dry developer shall be applied in such a
volume, shall be no higher than specified by the penetrant manner as to contact all surfaces to be inspected. Excess dry
system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system developer may be removed after the development time by light
was qualified. While immersed, the emulsifier or part should be tapping or light air blow-off not exceeding 5 psi [34 kPa].
mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for Minimum and maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise and 4 h, respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not Type II penetrants.
exceed 2 minutes. 7.5.2 Nonaqueous DevelopersComponents, or areas re-
(2) For spray or flowing applications, the concentration quiring examination, shall be dry before application of the
shall not exceed 5 %. Spray applications may include fixed developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying.
spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles For Type I penetrants, the developer shall be applied as a
provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirments uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected.
of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise entire surface to form a uniform, white coating to provide
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not suitable color contrast for the penetrant indications. The
exceed two minutes per surface area. uniformity and thickness of the developer coating is important
7.3.4.3 PostrinseAfter the application and dwell of the for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating
hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic
rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1, surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned
7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and
require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are
background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica- 10 min and 1 h respectively. For nonaqueous suspendable
tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated
allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the between applications.
touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of 7.5.3 Aqueous DeveloperAqueous soluble developers
the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A
the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable penetrants. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used with
background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual
both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may
systems shall require the use of appropriate black light illumi-
be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be
nation to ensure adequate penetrant removal.
applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer
7.4 DryingThe components shall be dried prior to the shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all
application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or exami- surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven
nation without developer. The components should be drained dried to the requirements of 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum
of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous development times, after the component is dry, are 10 min and
soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be 2 h. Aqueous suspendable developers must be either constantly
dried after the application of aqueous developers. agitated to keep the particles from settling out of suspension or
7.4.1 Drying ParametersComponents shall be air dried at they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that
room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall particles are in suspension.

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7.6 ExaminationThe interpretation area shall meet the or brush, ensuring rapid evaporation so that the area for
appropriate requirements of 7.8.4.5. Components shall be examination is not flooded with solvent. Immediately measure
interpreted before the maximum developing time, and if the discontinuity using a measuring or comparison device and
required by specific procedures, monitored periodically during the appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1.
the developing time. Components not interpreted before the 7.7 PostcleaningComponents shall be cleaned after ex-
maximum developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. amination to remove developers and other examination mate-
7.6.1 Type I ProcessesInspectors vision shall be dark rial residues if these are detrimental to subsequent operations
adapted for a minimum of 1 min prior to examining compo- or the components intended function.
nents. Longer times for more complete adaptation should be
used if necessary. Inspectors shall not wear photochromic or 7.8 Quality Control ProvisionsThis section provides the
permanently darkened lenses while processing or reviewing controls necessary to ensure that the penetrant system, mate-
parts under black light. Black lights shall meet the require- rials and equipment provide an acceptable level of perfor-
ments of 7.8.4.1. All areas of fluorescence shall be interpreted. mance. The frequencies of the required checks in Table 1 are
Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indica- based on a facility operating daily. For facilities operating less
tions shall be accepted. Components with relevant indications frequently, the frequency of daily and weekly checks and those
shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable acceptance required at the start of each shift may be reduced accordingly,
criteria. Components with excessive background fluorescence but must be performed prior to processing of parts. Monthly
shall be cleaned and reprocessed. and quarterly checks shall be performed at the same frequency
as for full-time operations. The NDT facility may perform
7.6.2 Type II ProcessesAll indications shall be inter-
these process control operations or contract for their perfor-
preted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant
mance with an independent, laboratory. Records of tests,
indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indi-
cations shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable
acceptance criteria. Components with excessive background TABLE 1 Required Tests and Frequency
shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Tests Frequency Paragraph

7.6.3 EvaluationAll indications found during the exami- Penetrant ContaminationA Daily 7.8.2.1
Penetrant Brightness Quarterly 7.8.2.2
nation shall be evaluated in accordance with specified accep- Water Content Weekly 7.8.2.3
tance criteria. Water-Based Penetrant (Method A)
Water Content Monthly 7.8.2.4
7.6.3.1 Indication VerificationIf allowed by the specific Non-Water-Based Penetrant (Method A)
procedure, indications may be evaluated by wiping the indica- Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentB Monthly 7.8.2.5
tion with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing the area Hydrophilic Emulsifier Immersion, Weekly 7.8.2.6
Spray, or Flowing ConcentrationB
to dry, and redeveloping. Redevelopment time shall be at least Dry Developer ConditionB Daily 7.8.2.7
ten minutes, except nonaqueous redevelopment shall be three Aqueous Developer Contamination Daily 7.8.2.8
minutes minimum. If no indication reappears, the original Soluble and Suspendable
Aqueous Developer Concentration Weekly 7.8.2.9
indication is considered false. This procedure may be per- Soluble and Suspendable
formed twice for any given original indication. Penetrant System PerformanceC Daily 7.8.3
Water-Washable Penetrant Removability As required 7.8.3.2
7.6.3.2 Discontinuity RemovalWhen allowed by the spe- per 7.8.3
cific examination procedure, discontinuity(ies) may be re- Emulsifier Removability As required 7.8.3.3
moved by an approved procedure such as sanding, either per 7.8.3
Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity As required 7.8.3.4
powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and per 7.8.3
extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, Black Light IntensityB Daily 7.8.4.1
the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexam- Black Light Integrity Weekly 7.8.4.1
Special UV lighting Daily 7.8.4.2
ined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as Battery Powered UV-A lights Prior to and 6.7.4.1,
sensitive as the original process. after use 7.8.4.2(1)
7.6.4 SizingIf the acceptance criteria are written in terms Visible Light Intensity Weekly 7.8.4.3
Light Meter CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.4
of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measured. If the Examination Area CleanlinessA Daily 7.8.4.5
acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw Examination Area Ambient Light Intensity Quarterly 7.8.4.5
sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. Water Wash Pressure CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6
working shift
7.6.4.1 Indication SizingWhen sizing indications for judg- Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
ment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the penetrant Water Wash Temperature CheckA Start of each 7.8.4.6
working shift
indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate light- Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Semi-annually 7.8.4.6
ing (white light for visible dye penetrant and black light for Drying Oven CalibrationB Quarterly 7.8.4.7
fluorescent penetrant), after the required development or rede- Air Pressure Gauge Check Start of each 7.8.4.9
working shift
velopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size at its Air Pressure Gauge Calibration Semi-annually 7.8.4.9
largest dimension with a measuring device and the appropriate A
Need not be recorded.
light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1. B
The maximum time between verifications or checks may be extended when
7.6.4.2 Discontinuity SizingWhen sizing discontinuities substantiated by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering
Organization.
for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area C
Not required for Method C examinations.
may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab

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except as noted in Table 1, shall be maintained and available the original (un-used) emulsifier by more than 5 % it shall be
for audit by the customer, the cognizant engineering discarded or corrected, as appropriate.
organization, or regulatory agencies. Penetrant materials that 7.8.2.6 Hydrophilic Emulsifier Concentration
are provided ready-for-use and do not require mixing to a Concentration of the emulsifier solution shall be checked at
concentration, and are not recovered, or reused, or both, such initial makeup, during additions and at the intervals specified in
as materials packaged in aerosol containers, closed drums or Table 1 using a refractometer. A longer period may be used if
materials poured into containers for use and are not reused are a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility
not subject to the in-use penetrant requirements of 7.8.2.
and approved by the CEO. Refractometer values obtained shall
7.8.1 New Material ConformancePrior to being placed be compared to actual values obtained from known concentra-
into use, the conformance of materials to the requirements of
tions of emulsifier. For immersion applications, the
AMS 2644 shall be verified, usually by a certified report from
concentration, as percent of volume, shall be no higher than
the supplier. Use of materials not conforming to AMS 2644
that specified by the penetrant system supplier and shall not
shall require approval by the cognizant engineering organiza-
exceed that for which the system was qualified. For spray or
tion prior to use and shall be allowed only when materials
conforming to AMS 2644 are inadequate for the particular flowing applications, the concentration shall not exceed 5 %.
application. 7.8.2.7 Dry Developer ConditionRecycled or reused dry
7.8.2 Material Checks (In-Use)The applicable tests speci- developer shall be checked as specified in Table 1 to check for
fied in 7.8.2.1 through 7.8.2.9 shall be conducted on in-use fluorescence and to ensure it is fluffy and not caked. Caked dry
materials at the intervals specified in Table 1. Operators shall developer is unsatisfactory and shall be replaced. To check for
be alert to any changes in performance, color, odor, fluorescence, apply a thin layer of in-use developer to a 4-in.
consistency, or appearance of all in-use penetrant materials and [10-cm] or greater flat test panel using the same method of
shall conduct the appropriate checks and tests if they have application used for production parts, and observe under a
reason to believe the quality of the penetrant may have black light. Dry developer exhibiting ten or more fluorescent
deteriorated. Penetrant examination shall be conducted only specks in a 4-in. [10-cm] diameter circle is unsatisfactory and
after acceptable quality of materials has been established. shall be replaced. The test panel selected shall be non-
7.8.2.1 Penetrant ContaminationThe in-use penetrant ma- fluorescent and non-reflective and have a working surface color
terials shall be viewed as specified in Table 1 to determine if which provides a good contrast with the developer powder.
any of the following conditions are evident: precipitates, waxy 7.8.2.8 Aqueous Developer ContaminationSoluble and
deposits, white coloration, surface scum, or any other evidence suspendable aqueous developers shall be checked as specified
of contamination or breakdown. When any of the above in Table 1 for fluorescence and coverage. Immerse a clean
conditions are determined to be detrimental, the material shall aluminum panel, about 3 by 10 in. [8 by 25 cm] in the in-use
be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. developer, dry it, and observe it under a black light. Observed
7.8.2.2 Penetrant BrightnessBrightness tests of in-use fluorescence or failure to uniformly wet the panel is unsatis-
fluorescent penetrants shall be conducted at the intervals factory and the developer shall be discarded or otherwise
specified in Table 1. Tests shall be in accordance with Test corrected, as appropriate.
Method E1135 with a representative sample of the unused
7.8.2.9 Aqueous Developer ConcentrationSoluble and
penetrant serving as the reference. Brightness values less than
suspendable aqueous developer concentration shall be main-
90 % of the unused penetrant brightness are unsatisfactory and
tained and checked with a hydrometer or in accordance with
the in-use penetrants shall be discarded or otherwise corrected,
the manufacturers instructions at the intervals specified in
as appropriate.
Table 1. Concentration shall be in accordance with the manu-
7.8.2.3 Water Content of Water-Based Water-Washable
facturers recommendation and shall be replaced or corrected
PenetrantsThe water content of water-based Method A
accordingly.
penetrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1
using a refractometer. The water content must be maintained 7.8.3 Penetrant System PerformanceThe penetrant sys-
according to the manufacturers recommendation. tems overall performance shall be checked as specified in
7.8.2.4 Water Content of Non-Water-Based Water-Washable Table 1. The check shall be performed by processing a known
PenetrantsWater content of non-water-based Method A pen- defect standard through the system using in-use penetrant,
etrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 in emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing
accordance with Test Method D95, Test Method D6304, or parameters. The resulting indications will then be compared to
Karl Fischer Method as described in Annex A1. If the water the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if
content of the in-use penetrant exceeds 5 %, the penetrant shall used) and developer. This comparison may be made with
either be discarded or sufficient unused penetrant added to records of previously obtained indications or with a similar
reduce the water content to below 5 %. known defect standard processed with unused materials from a
7.8.2.5 Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentWater content hold-out sample. When required by the CEO or when the
of lipophilic emulsifiers shall be checked at the intervals sensitivity or performance of the in-use materials falls below
specified in Table 1 in accordance with Test Method D95, Test the performance of the unused materials, the in-use materials
Method D6304, or the Karl Fischer method as described in shall be checked in accordance with paragraphs 7.8.3.2 through
Annex A1. If the in-use emulsifier exceeds the water content of 7.8.3.4 as appropriate, prior to conducting any further penetrant

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examinations. Unacceptable materials shall be discarded or shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
otherwise corrected in accordance with the manufacturers Technology (NIST) or other recognized national standards,
instruction. where applicable.
7.8.3.1 Known Defect StandardsThe known defect stan- 7.8.4.1 Black LightsPortable, hand-held, permanently
dard used shall be approved by the cognizant engineering mounted or fixed black lights used to inspect parts shall be
organization. The user shall establish and document effective checked for intensity as specified in Table 1 or prior to use, and
cleaning procedures based on the manufacturers instructions, after bulb replacement. A longer period may be used if a plan
if applicable. The user shall ensure that cleaning of the justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and
standards between uses is adequate and that physical changes approved by the cognizant engineering organization. The
in the standard that make it unrepresentative of the indications minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 W/cm2 (10 W/m2) at
found using the hold-out sample are detected. 15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the filter to the face of the
7.8.3.2 Water-Washable (Method A) Penetrant sensor. Black lights shall be checked at the intervals specified
RemovabilityWhen required in accordance with 7.8.3, the in Table 1 for cleanliness and integrity and shall be cleaned,
removability of water-washable (Method A) penetrants shall be repaired or replaced as appropriate.
tested using a AMS 2644-specified test panel or any other (1) Black lights that use an UV-A LED source shall
commercially available grit blasted panel. The test shall be produce a peak wavelength at 365 to 370 nanometers as
performed using a sample of unused penetrant serving as a measured with a spectroradiometer. When requested, the
reference. Place a streak of the unused reference sample on one manufacturer shall provide a certification thereof.
portion of a panel and a separate streak of the in-use penetrant NOTESome UV-A sources other than mercury vapor, for
on a separate area of the panel. Allow the panel to drain for five example, micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have
minutes and then wash the panel using the temperature, emission characteristics such as excessive visible light, and UV
pressure and wash times in use on the examination line. Dry intensity that may result in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc.,
the panel, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If all of which can significantly degrade examination reliability.
the background of the in-use sample is visibly greater than that (2) Since visible light contamination may interfere with
of the reference, then the in-use penetrant shall be discarded or UV-A inspection, it is recommended that a visible light
otherwise corrected, as appropriate. contamination be taken at the viewing surface, when the UV-A
7.8.3.3 Emulsifier RemovabilityWhen required in accor- lamp is on and is held at the angle and distance used for
dance with 7.8.3, the removability of the in-use emulsifier shall interpretation. The white light reading shall not exceed 2 fc
be tested using an unused sample of the same brand of [21.5 lx].
emulsifier serving as a reference. The test shall be conducted 7.8.4.2 Special UV LightingAs specified in Table 1 or
using two test panels and processing parameters specified in prior to use, the light intensity of UV pencil lamps, UV light
AMS 2644 or any other commercially available grit blasted guides, borescopes or remote UV examination equipment shall
panel. The in-use emulsifier shall be used with the unused be measured at the expected working distance and shall
penetrant on one panel and compared to the reference system provide at least 1000 W/cm2 (10 W/m2) at the intended
of unused emulsifier with unused penetrant on a second panel. examination surface. When using borescopes or remote video
Allow both panels to drain for five minutes and then wash examination equipment, the image or interpretation area being
using the temperature, pressure and wash times used on the viewed shall have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate
examination line. Dry both panels, coat with developer, and the area of examination.
examine under UV light. If the background is visibly greater (1) Battery powered black lights used to inspect parts shall
than that of the reference system the emulsifier shall be have their intensity measured prior to and at the end of each
discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. use, examination, shift or day as defined by the Written
7.8.3.4 Comparative Penetrant SensitivityWhen required Procedures (see 6.7.4.1). The minimum UV light intensity shall
in accordance with 7.8.3, the comparative sensitivity of in-use be 1000 W/cm2 at 15 in. [38.1 cm].
penetrant shall be checked using the procedures in 7.8.3 except 7.8.4.3 Visible LightsFor Type II visible dye
that the check shall be performed by comparing the in-use examinations, the lighting systems shall be checked at intervals
penetrant to the reference (hold-out) unused penetrant by specified in Table 1 to ensure a minimum of 100 fc [1076 lx]
processing both with unused emulsifier, if applicable, and when measured at the examination surface.
unused developer. If the comparative sensitivity of the in-use 7.8.4.4 Light MetersUltraviolet and visible light meters
penetrant is noticeably less than the reference penetrant, the shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in accor-
in-use penetrant is unsatisfactory for use. dance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1, or
ISO 10012-1.
NOTE 3This test is not for determining the absolute sensitivity of the
penetrant or for determining the sensitivity level of the penetrant neither NOTE 4More information on UV-A.visible lights and meters can be
of which can be performed using a starburst-type panel. found in ASTM E2297.
7.8.4 Equipment ChecksThe following equipment checks 7.8.4.5 Examination AreaThe interpretation area for sta-
shall be conducted at the intervals specified in Table 1 and tionary systems for Type I penetrants shall be checked as
recorded, as required. Records shall be maintained and avail- specified in Table 1 and shall be clean and free from excessive
able for audit by the customer, cognizant engineering organi- fluorescent contamination and excessive visible light back-
zation or regulatory agencies. The calibration of equipment ground. The ambient visible light background shall be checked

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at intervals specified in Table 1 or when any changes, or applicable documents. The methods of marking are listed in
construction, or both, in the interpretation area are made. 7.9.2. Marking shall conform to MIL-STD-792, unless other-
Ambient visible light shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the wise specified.
examination surface. 7.9.2 Impression Stamping Ink Stamping, Dyeing, Laser
7.8.4.6 Water Wash Operating Pressures/Temperatures Marking, Vibro Engraving, Peening or EtchingThe specific
Indicators and controls shall be checked as specified in Table 1 method to be used shall be specified in the contract document
to ensure proper settings. Non-compliant water pressure and (purchase order, drawing, specification, and so forth). If not
temperature settings shall be adjusted to the proper settings specified, ink stamping shall be used. Marking shall be located
prior to performing penetrant examinations. Indicators and in areas adjacent to the part number or an area specified by the
controls shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in contract documents.
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or 7.9.3 Other IdentificationOther means of identification,
ISO 10012. such as tagging, may be applied when the construction, finish,
7.8.4.7 Drying Oven CalibrationThe temperature control- or functional requirements of the component preclude etching,
ling device and the temperature indicating device, if separate dyeing, or stamping. Items such as bolts, nuts, or other small
from the controller, on the drying oven shall meet the require- parts may be identified by conspicuously marking each pack-
ments of 6.6.2 and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in age.
Table 1 in accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD- 7.9.4 SymbolsEach component that has successfully
45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012. passed examination shall be marked as follows:
7.8.4.8 TimersTiming devices used to measure or monitor 7.9.4.1 When etching or stamping is applicable, symbols
processing times, such as dwell times and eye adaptation times, shall be used. The stamping may contain an identification
need not be calibrated. symbol or supplier number of the facility and a unique number
or symbol identifying the examiner. Except for specialized
7.8.4.9 Air Pressure GaugesAir pressure gauges that are
applications, use the symbol P to denote 100 % examination.
used to regulate air pressure of hydro-air spray guns, removal
All components, in the lot sampled, accepted on sampling basis
of water prior to drying, and blow off of dry developer shall be
shall be marked with the symbol P enclosed by an ellipse.
checked and calibrated at intervals specified in Table I and in
7.9.4.2 When dyeing is used, maroon dye shall be used to
accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO
denote components accepted on a 100 % examination basis.
10012.
Yellow dye shall be used to denote a sampling basis when
7.9 Marking and IdentificationComponents successfully sampling is permitted.
passing the penetrant examination shall be identified and
marked as follows: 8. Keywords
7.9.1 MarkingMarking shall be applied in a manner and 8.1 dye liquid penetrant examination; dye penetrant exami-
location that is harmless to the component, or its intended nation; fluorescent liquid penetrant examination; fluorescent
function, and to preclude removal, smearing, or obliteration by penetrant examination; liquid penetrant examination; liquid
subsequent handling. When subsequent processing would re- penetrant testing; nondestructive; nondestructive evaluation;
move such identification, the records accompanying the com- nondestructive examination; nondestructive testing; penetrant
ponent shall be marked or shall specify components to the examination; penetrant testing

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. METHOD FOR MEASURING WATER CONTENT

A1.1 Scope and ApplicationThis modified Karl Fischer A1.2.2 Flask, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL,
volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL,
D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contami-
nation of in-use lipophilic emulsifiers and Method A pen- A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places,
etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the and
water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1 A1.2.5 White paper.
mL = 5 mg H2O). For most materials required to meet the five
percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to A1.3 Reagents:
1.0 g sample size is sufficient. A1.3.1 Buffer solution, Hydranal (Riedel de Haen) or
Hydra-Point (J.T. Baker), 500 mL,
A1.2 Apparatus:
A1.3.2 Titrant, Hydranal Composite 5 (Riedel de Haen) or
A1.2.1 Buret, glass, 50-mL, Hydra-Point Titrant 5, 1 L, and

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 E1417/E1417M 13
A1.3.3 Methanol, reagent grade, 500 mL. A1.4.7 Place flask under buret and titrate back to the same
yellow-brown color and record the reading.
A1.4 Analytical Procedure:
A1.4.1 Charge buret with Hydranal titrant. A1.4.8 Repeat and average % H2O readings.

A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer A1.5 Calculate Water Content as follows:
flask.
% H 2 O 5 @ consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100# sample weight
A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal buffer into the same flask (A1.1)
and gently swirl to mix.
where:
A1.4.4 Place white paper below buret. Place the flask under
the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal consumption = second buret reading of Hydranal Compos-
titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists ite 5 Titrant minus the first buret reading,
(about 3 mL). mL,
titer value = 5 mg/mL H2O, mg/mL, and
A1.4.5 Record titrant reading. sample weight = weight of sample added, mg.
A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance and add about 0.5 g of test
sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample. A1.6 Repeat and average % H2O readings.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected editorial changes to this standard since the last issue
(E1417/E1417M 111) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013).

(1) Added 6.7.4.1 (3) Revised 7.8.4.2(1)

(2) Changed Table 1 (4) Revised Keywords

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