B P Jeevan Reddy, Former Judge of The Supreme Court. The Panel Was Given The Mandate of

By Act 7 of 1972, this power to declare areas as being disturbed was extended to the central government
AFSPA is confined to be enacted only when a state, or part of it, is declared a 'disturbed area'. Continued
unrest, like in the cases of militancy and insurgency, and especially when borders are threatened, are
situations where AFSPA is resorted to.
The Central Government accordingly set up a five-member committee under the Chairmanship of Justice
B P Jeevan Reddy, former judge of the Supreme Court. The panel was given the mandate of
"review[ing] the provisions of AFSPA and advise[ing] the Government of India whether (a) to amend the
provisions of the Act to bring them in consonance with the obligations of the government towards
protection of human rights; or (b) to replace the Act by a more humane Act."
IMF
I. he International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was initiated in

1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and formally created in 1945 by 29 member countries.
The IMF's stated goal was to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the
worlds international payment system post-World War II. Countries contribute money to a pool
through a quota system from which countries with payment imbalances can
borrow funds temporarily. Through this activity and others such as surveillance of its
members' economies and policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member
countries.
II. The organization's stated objectives are to promote international economic
cooperation, international trade, employment, and exchange rate stability, including by making
financial resources available to member countries to meet balance of payments needs. Its
headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States.
III. France became the first country to borrow from it
IV. The IMF was one of the key organizations of the international economic system; its design
allowed the system to balance the rebuilding of international capitalism with the maximization of
national economic sovereignty and human welfare, also known as embedded liberalism.
V. The Bretton Woods system prevailed until 1971, when the U.S. government suspended the
convertibility of the dollar (and dollar reserves held by other governments) into gold. This is
known as the Nixon Shock.{ The Nixon Shock was a series of economic measures taken
by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971 including unilaterally canceling the
direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold. It helped end the existing Bretton Woods
system of international financial exchange, ushering in the era of freely floating currencies that
remains to the present day}
VI. As of January 2012, the largest borrowers from the fund in order
are Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Romania and Ukraine.
VII. Member countries of the IMF have access to information on the economic policies of all member
countries, the opportunity to influence other members economic policies, technical assistance in
banking, fiscal affairs, and exchange matters, financial support in times of payment difficulties,
and increased opportunities for trade and investment.
VIII. July 5, 2011 Christine Lagarde France
IX. The IMFs quota system was created to raise funds for loans.[36] Each IMF member country is
assigned a quota, or contribution, that reflects the countrys relative size in the global economy.
Each members quota also determines its relative voting power. Thus, financial contributions
from member governments are linked to voting power in the organization.[34] This system follows
the logic of a shareholder-controlled organization: wealthy countries have more say in the making
and revision of rules.[37] Since decision making at the IMF reflects each members relative
economic position in the world, wealthier countries that provide more money to the fund have
more influence in the IMF than poorer members that contribute less; nonetheless, the IMF
focuses on redistribution
X. Upon initial IMF formation, its two primary functions were: to oversee the fixed exchange
rate arrangements between countries,[44] thus helping national governments manage
their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritize economic
growth,[45] and to provide short-term capital to aid balance-of-payments.[44] This assistance
was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The Fund was also intended
to help mend the pieces of the international economy post the Great Depression and World War
II.
XI. The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system [50] and monitor
the economic and financial policies of its 188 member countries. This activity is known as
surveillance and facilitates international cooperation
WORLD BANK
I. World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty. According to the World Bank's
Articles of Agreement (as amended effective 16 February 1989), all of its decisions must
be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade, and
facilitate capital investment.
II. World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the World Bank comprises only two
institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and
the International Development Association (IDA), whereas the latter incorporates these two
in addition to three more:[5] International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID).
III. Although both are based in Washington, D.C., the World Bank is traditionally headed by a
citizen of the United States while the IMF is led by a European citizen.
IV. France to be the first recipient of the World Bank aid;
V. UNICEF reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the
World Bank were responsible for the "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels
for tens of millions of children in Asia, Latin America, and Africa". The Structural
Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are created with the goal of reducing the borrowing
country's fiscal imbalances. The bank from which a borrowing country receives its loan
depends upon the type of necessity. The SAPs are supposed to allow the economies of
the developing countries to become more market oriented. This then forces them to
concentrate more on trade and production so it can boost their economy. Through
conditionalities, Structural Adjustment Programs generally implement "free market"
programs and policy. These programs include internal changes
(notably privatization and deregulation) as well as external ones, especially the reduction
of trade barriers.
VI. It has taken various policies to preserve the environment while promoting development.
In 1989, World Bank named an implementing agency in Montreal protocols to stop the
ozone damage with the target of 95% phase-out of substances that deplete the ozone layer by
2015. Moreover, in order to prevent deforestation especially the Amazon, announced that it
would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment
in 1991.
VII. In order to promote global public goods, the World Bank tries to control communicable
disease such as malaria, delivering vaccines to several parts of the world and joining combat
forces. In 2000, the World Bank announced a "war on AIDS", and in 2011, the Bank joined the
Stop Tuberculosis Partnership.[15]
VIII. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American
program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild
European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of
Soviet Communism.[1] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.[2] The
goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers,
modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again------- Thru World Bank Loan
THE VELVET REVOLUTION

(Czech: sametov revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (Slovak: nen revolcia) was a non-violent
revolution in Czechoslovakia that took place from November 17 to December 29, 1989.
Dominated by student and other popular demonstrations against the one-party government of
the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, it saw to the collapse of the party's control of the
country, and the subsequent conversion to a parliamentary republic
BALANCED BUDGET & CYCLICALLY BALANCED BUDGET

A balanced budget (particularly that of a government) is a budget with revenues equal to
expenditures, and neither a budget deficit nor a budget surplus ("the accounts balance"). More
generally, it refers to a budget with no deficit, but possibly with a surplus.[1] A cyclically
balanced budget is a budget that is not necessarily balanced year-to-year, but is balanced over
the economic cycle, running a surplus in boom years and running a deficit in lean years, with
these offsetting over time.
IRRAWADDY RIVER DOLPHIN

it is not a true river dolphin, but an oceanic dolphin that lives in brackish water near
coasts, river mouths and in estuaries. It has established subpopulations in freshwater rivers,
including the Ganges and the Mekong, as well as the Irrawaddy River from which it takes
its name. Its range extends from the Bay of Bengal to New Guinea and the Philippines
the worldwide population appears to be over 7,000, with over 90% occurring in
Bangladesh. Populations outside Bangladesh and India are classified as critically endangered.
Known subpopulations of Irrawaddy dolphins are found in eight places, listed here in order of
population, including conservation status.
Chilka Lake, Odisha, India, habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins
Bangladesh; 5,832 (VU) in coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal[8] and 451 (VU) in the
brackish Sundarbans mangrove forest[9][10]
India; 152 (VU) in the brackish water Chilka Lake[11]
Laos and Cambodia; 78-91 (CR) in a 190 km (118.1 mi) freshwater stretch of the Mekong
River[12]
Indonesia; (CR), in a 420 km (261.0 mi) stretch of the freshwater Mahakam River
Philippines; about 42 (CR) in the brackish inner Malampaya Sound.[13] Researcher are
studying the recent discovery of 30-40 dolphins sighted in the waters of Bago City and
Pulupandan town in the province of Negros Occidental, in Western Visayas [1]
Burma; about 58-72 (CR) in a 370 km (229.9 mi) freshwater stretch of the Ayeyarwady
River
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS )

TRIPS is an international agreement administered by theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) that sets
down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to
nationals of other WTO Members.[2] It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) in 1994.
introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system for the first time and remains
the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date.
The Doha declaration is a WTO statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS, stating for example that
TRIPS can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote access to medicines for all."

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By Act 7 of 1972, this power to declare areas as being disturbed was extended to the central government

I. he International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was initiated in

THE VELVET REVOLUTION

BALANCED BUDGET & CYCLICALLY BALANCED BUDGET

IRRAWADDY RIVER DOLPHIN

Chilka Lake, Odisha, India, habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins

India; 152 (VU) in the brackish water Chilka Lake[11]

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS )

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