Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY 0470/42
Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 11 printed pages.

UCLES 2016 [Turn over

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Assessment Objectives 1 and 2

Level 5 [3340]

Candidates:
Select and deploy a range of relevant and accurate contextual knowledge to effectively support
their answers.
Select, organise and deploy effectively and relevantly a wide range of information to support their
conclusions.
Demonstrate a good understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of
societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question. They demonstrate an
awareness of the importance of the broad context and of interrelationships of the issues of the
question.
Produce well developed, well reasoned and well supported conclusions.
Write with precision and succinctness, showing structure, balance and focus.

Level 4 [2532]

Candidates:
Deploy mostly relevant and accurate contextual knowledge to support parts of their answers.
Select a range of relevant information which is generally well organised and deployed
appropriately.
Demonstrate a reasonable understanding of the significance of the key features, reasons, results
and changes of societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question with awareness
of the broad context. They have some understanding of interrelationships of the issues in the
question.
Can produce developed, reasoned and supported conclusions.
Write with precision and succinctness, showing structure, balance and focus.

Level 3 [1724]

Candidates:
Demonstrate and select some relevant contextual knowledge and deploy it appropriately to
support parts of their answers.
Select and organise mostly relevant information, much of it deployed appropriately with a
structured approach, either chronological or thematic.
Demonstrate some understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of the
societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question with some awareness of the
broad context.
Produce structured descriptions and explanations.
Support conclusions although they are not always well substantiated.
Write with some precision and succinctness.

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Level 2 [916]

Candidates:
Demonstrate some, but limited contextual knowledge.
Select and organise some relevant information. This is only deployed relevantly on a few
occasions.
Identify and describe key features, reasons, results and changes of the societies, events, people
and situations relevant to the question, but little awareness of the broad context. There is some
structure in the descriptions.
Attempt conclusions but these are asserted, undeveloped and unsupported.
Present work that lacks precision and succinctness.
Present a recognisable essay structure, but the question is only partially addressed.

Level 1 [18]

Candidates:
Demonstrate little relevant contextual knowledge.
Demonstrate limited ability to select and organise information.
Describe a few key features, reasons, results, and changes of societies, events, people and
situations relevant to the question. The work contains some relevant material but this is not
deployed appropriately, and there are no effective links or comparisons.
Write relatively little or it is of some length but the content is not focused on the task.
Answer showing little understanding of the question.

Level 0 [0]

Candidates:
Submit no evidence or do not address the question.

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Information Suggestions

The information listed below attempts to indicate some of the detail and issues that candidates may
wish to address in their answers. This list does not claim to be exclusive or exhaustive. Marks should
be awarded on the quality of detail used and quality of argument deployed as defined in the generic
mark scheme.

Depth Study A: The First World War, 19141918

1 How significant were new weapons as a cause of the huge number of casualties during
the First World War? Explain your answer.

YES New weapons such as the machine gun could fire 400 rounds per minute and decimate
infantry charges; artillery bombardment was constant and more accurate; gas weapons
from 1915; bolt action rifles were accurate up to 500 m; tanks used from 1916 onwards;
many soldiers died on barbed wire as they crossed no-mans land; allow comments on
naval and air based weapons; impact on civilian populations, etc.

NO Conditions in trenches were poor and led to disease, malnutrition and infection; trench
system made defence easier than attack and advances had huge casualties; many
Allied generals trained in the 19th century war of movement; many were cavalry
officers; some generals were poorly trained in defensive warfare tactics; many generals
did not visit front lines to see conditions and problems for advances; infantry charge
resulted in huge casualties; war of attrition tactics in 1916 Battle of the Somme and
Field Marshal Haig named Butcher of the Somme; use of conscripts by all sides in
battle rather than professional soldiers; poor planning including Schlieffen Plan; use of
factories and railways kept front lines supplied; allow valid comments about the limited
effects of some weapons such as tanks, bombers, gas, etc.

2 How important was poor military planning as a reason for the failure of the Gallipoli
campaign? Explain your answer.

YES Politicians and generals underestimated how vulnerable Turkey was; Churchill and
Kitchener pushed for an attack on the Dardanelles Strait they believed it would win
them the war by relieving pressure on Russian forces and allow Allied troops access to
the Balkans; British seemed attracted to the naval elements of the campaign and
believed their superiority would prevent casualties on land and remove the chance of
trench warfare; Dardanelles Straits coastal defences and mines sank 3 battleships on
first day; politicians and generals changed tactics in fear of losing naval superiority and
turned to a land invasion; Allied forces were hastily assembled; Turks well defended and
dug-in; commanders refused aid from Royal Flying Corps; Allies ordered to dig-in;
second landing of Allied troops also failed, etc.

NO Turks had doubled defences on orders from German commanders; used German trench
system with effective defences and weapons; strategic advantage overlooking beaches;
Turkish troops trained to fight against British tactics including the use of the bayonet;
trenches in Gallipoli campaign were particularly bad due to summer heat led to disease
and low morale; frostbite in the winter as Allied troops poorly equipped; Turks had
access to German weapons and expertise, etc.

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Depth Study B: Germany, 19181945

3 How significant were the military terms of the Treaty of Versailles as a cause of the
problems of Weimar Germany, 191923? Explain your answer.

YES Massive reductions in German armed forces left Germany humiliated and defenceless
100 000 soldiers, 15 000 sailors, 6 battleships and no U-boats, air force, tanks, artillery,
conscription, etc.; War Guilt Clause (Article 231) caused many Germans to resent Peace
Settlement and Weimar government; Rhineland was demilitarised for 15 years and left
Germany open to French invasion; left tens of thousands ex-soldiers unemployed after
the war; many turned to right-wing extremist groups such as the Freikorps and Nazi
Party in the early 1920s, etc.

NO Territorial terms of Versailles saw 13% of German land lost along with ethnic Germans
now in foreign territory; Versailles settlement led to reparations payments totalled at
6.6 billion in 1921; led to widespread hatred of Treaty and Weimar government; linked
to stab in the back myth; Germany lost Saar coalfields for 15 years to France which was
humiliating; loss of overseas colonies reduced foreign trade in Germany; failure to pay
reparations led to Ruhr invasion, passive resistance and hyperinflation; hyperinflation
caused massive price rises in bread and loss of savings for middle classes; political
unrest caused by left and right-wing extremists; weakness of Weimar Constitution;
Russian Revolution, 1917; social and economic impact of WWI; Armistice, etc.

4 How important was the Munich Putsch in the development of the Nazi Party up to 1930?
Explain your answer.

YES Munich Putsch highlighted the fact that violent revolution would not appeal to the middle
classes; led Hitler to write Mein Kampf in Landsberg Prison and reassess tactics; Hitlers
prison sentence made him believe the Nazis had to win power using democracy and
then destroy the Weimar Republic from within; Munich Putsch had given Hitler a national
audience; he was well known for the Putsch and wanted to appeal to voters with
nationalist sympathies; Hitler aimed to get catch-all vote by appealing to all classes;
less anti-Semitism in speeches and propaganda; set up Hitler Youth, etc.

NO Nazis continued to use violence with the SA; propaganda remained a staple of the Nazi
Party to appeal to supporters; most support still came from lower middle classes until the
Depression; SA still primarily working-class unemployed in make-up; Great Depression
allowed Hitler to exploit peoples fears, especially anti-Communism; Hitler used hatred of
Versailles Settlement to stir up anti-Weimar feeling from the beginning; Hitler was
opportunistic in his tactics; 25 Point Programme; the role of Hitler and other Nazi leaders
such as Goebbels; fuhrerprinzip, etc.

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Depth Study C: Russia, 19051941

5 How significant were social and economic problems in Russia as a cause of the March
1917 Revolution? Explain your answer.

YES Food shortages were getting critical in 1917 bread rationing; bread queues in winter of
1916 due to icing of railways led to high prices of food and fuel; shortage of male
peasants as many were drafted into the Russian Army and agricultural production fell;
coal and industrial materials were short and many factories closed making large
numbers of workers unemployed; wages were not rising with inflation of food and fuel;
workers worked longer hours; peasants still had an issue over land which had not been
solved; economic backwardness continued from pre-1914, etc.

NO War had created huge numbers of casualties over 1 million by end of 1914 and over
8 million by 1917; many soldiers died without weapons or ammunition; supplies of proper
equipment failed to get to the front line including boots during the winters; Tsarist officers
were blamed; Nicholas II made the mistake of heading to the Eastern front line and
taking personal command now blamed for defeats; Russia run by the German Tsarina
under the unpopular influence of the monk Rasputin; Tsarina did not run government
well; middle and upper classes began to abandon their support for the Tsarist regime;
newspapers sent back bad news about the war; growing socialist opponents called for
political change; 7 March Putilov strikes which spread into further demonstrations in
Russian cities; Tsar ignored Dumas advice to sort problems at home; 12 March soldiers
in Petrograd refused to fire on the crowds and some killed their officers and joined
demonstrations and strike; failure of October Manifesto; survival of Tsarist autocracy,
etc.

6 How important was Stalins wish to destroy the kulaks as a reason for collectivisation?
Explain your answer.

YES Kulaks were blamed for hoarding grain despite good harvests 192528; kulaks unwilling
to accept state prices for grain led to rationing of meat and bread; Stalin himself had
been to the main grain producing areas to seize grain production dropped and many
hid supplies from the Communist Party officials; Stalin tired of the yearly struggle to get
grain and blamed kulaks; kulaks viewed as a class enemy and counter-revolutionary;
Stalin wished to bring socialism to the countryside and kulaks did not fit into this vision of
society dekulakisation; Stalin said we have to liquidate the kulaks as a class, etc.

NO Agriculture was still very backward in the USSR traditional methods still being used
such as strip farming with wooden ploughs; land still in the hands of private farmers;
Stalin wished to mechanise agriculture with new technology such as tractors and new
methods using chemical fertilisers; collective farms (Kolkhoz) and state farms (Sovkhoz)
would need fewer peasants to work them so more could be used in the cities as workers
to help industrialise; easier for the state to get grain from collective farms than from
individual peasant families; needed to increase production rapidly to feed growing
industrial towns/cities and soldiers in case of future wars; wanted to sell excess grain
abroad to help fund industrialisation of Five Year Plans, etc.

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Depth Study D: The USA, 19191941

7 How significant was Hoovers dislike of government involvement in the economy in

determining his response to the Depression? Explain your answer.

YES Hoovers rugged individualism and Republican laissez-faire policies meant that federal
government should not interfere with individuals or business; lack of government money
for schemes and Farm Board so they remained ineffective on the whole; relied on
charities and state governments to provide relief for the hungry and homeless; Hoover
offered no real solution to the falling demand for goods; Hoover set up voluntary
agreements with employers to make agreements with their workforce to keep wages up
and production steady, etc.

NO Hoover did realise federal government did need to act when the Depression worsened;
government schemes provided nearly $500 million for building programmes to create
jobs, e.g. Hoover Dam; Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932 provided loans
amounting to $1.5 billion to businesses to help them recover; Farm Board bought up
surplus farm produce to keep prices up; Hawley-Smoot Act 1930 increased custom
duties by 50% to encourage Americans to buy American goods; tariffs caused foreign
countries to tax US goods more highly; food prices continued to fall due to
overproduction and loss of foreign markets; wages did not increase; lack of demand for
manufactured goods; banks not lending money to businesses; congressional opposition
to government involvement, etc.

8 How important were agricultural reforms in the success of Roosevelts New Deal? Explain
your answer.

YES Farm Credit Administration gave loans to a fifth of all farmers; many farms were saved;
AAA paid farmers to produce less food to increase prices farmers income doubled
between 193339; cotton farmers were paid to plough up 10 million acres already
planted; six million piglets bought and slaughtered by government; new machinery
bought with government money and given to farmers to improve efficiency; in extreme
cases farmers could get help from government with their mortgages; TVA built dams to
irrigate new land near the Tennessee River and provide electricity for farmers;
thousands of jobs created; Resettlement Administration and the Farm Security
Administration helped move poorer farm labourers and sharecroppers to better land and
provided loans, etc.

NO Farm labourers and sharecroppers did not benefit from the AAA and many were evicted
(black Americans hit hard); banks benefitted from forced closure (Emergency Banking
Act) and government only reopened ones that were well run; banks supported by
government loans and restored public confidence over $1 billion was redeposited by
1934; the homeless and impoverished were given $500 million in aid by FERA to provide
soup kitchens, nursery schools, etc.; over 1 million homeowners benefitted from HOLC to
save their homes; unemployed benefitted: CCC provided 3 million jobs by 1942 to under
25s, CWA gave over 4 million short term jobs, PWA gave $7 billion to create jobs in
public works, NRA helped increase workers wages and provide better and safer working
conditions (2 million employers joined the scheme); WPA gave work to about 2 million
people a year from 1935; Social Security Act 1935, etc.

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Depth Study E: China, c.1930c.1990

9 How significant was the war against the Japanese as a reason for the Kuomintangs defeat
in the Chinese Civil War? Explain your answer.

YES 10 million casualties and 60 million homeless brought widespread misery Kuomintang
blamed for losses; Nationalists were seen to be fighting a defensive war against the
Japanese; Japanese reprisals for CCP guerrilla tactics hit the Kuomintang hardest;
Chiang Kai-shek blamed by many for cruel measures used by the Kuomintang during
WWII; scorched earth policy brought misery to millions of Chinese while retreating,
increasing support for the CCP; defeats led to calls of corruption and poor tactics, etc.

NO CCP had built up support and spread communist propaganda amongst the peasantry
before the Second World War during the Long March; Mao was more popular than
Chiang; Mao and Lin Biao had built up a large force (PLA) during WWII and used
effective guerrilla tactics; PLA had more victories than the Nationalists; CCP control of
China greater by 1945 and Mao respected by peasants; CCP treatment of peasants
much better than KMT; many Chinese were alienated from Chiang by US aid and
involvement; Communist Party increases membership due to Maoist propaganda and
CCP successes; intellectual and middle-class support went from the Nationalists to the
CCP during the Civil War; massive defection from KMT to Red Army, etc.

10 How important were the agrarian reforms of the 1950s in resolving the problems faced by
peasants in their daily lives? Explain your answer.

YES Co-operatives shared the land amongst the peasants; landlords were tried in peoples
courts for high rents; peasants were given some political power to remove landlords;
spread and sharing of new farming techniques; sharing of fertilisers, tools and seeds
between peasant families; resources could be pooled to buy new machines to increase
output; slow but steady increase in agricultural output; co-operatives became part of
commune system giving peasants access to schools, nurseries, healthcare and roads;
communes allowed some peasants to engage in mining and building work; communes
allowed easy spread of Maoist ideology through propaganda; literacy drive possible via
co-operatives and resulted in 90% of population having basic reading and writing skills,
etc.

NO Co-operatives failed to increase agricultural production quickly enough; many peasant

families resented the loss of private land; peasant opposition to forced communes;
serious famine during the Great Leap Forward 30 million casualties; peasants were not
motivated by co-operatives as they resented interference and loss of pay and extra food
rations; many successes were faked by the CCP and propaganda was needed to cover
up disasters; Maoist ideology focused on the peasants as the revolutionary class from
the beginning which helped peasant support for the CCP; propaganda was heavily
pointed at the countryside; threat of re-education camps; threat of arrest, imprisonment
or execution motivated many peasants to work harder, etc.

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Depth Study F: South Africa, c.1940c.1994

11 How significant was government legislation on land and housing in maintaining

segregation between the races before 1948? Explain your answer.

YES Native Land Act in 1913 allowed black families to only own land in black reservations
about 7% of South African land initially; Black people were not allowed to buy or rent
land outside of their reservations; share-cropping was banned after pressure from mine
owners and large land owners for cheap labour; housing segregated in towns black
townships were built after 1923 poor conditions, poor quality housing; black people
only attended white areas as servants or factory workers, etc.

NO European colonialists (British and Dutch settlers) harboured imperialistic ideas and
beliefs in racial inferiority since the 17th century; early settlers had used black people as
slave labour for many years; Mining Revolution led the Randlords to develop the
Migrant Labour System which paid black miners poorly, housed them in squalid
compound blocks and treated them harshly; harsh taxes imposed by governments on
black families were used to encourage black migration to the mines; strikes were fiercely
crushed by employers; all British government set up an almost entirely white government
after 1910; black people were refused the right to vote completely by 1936 ignored by
British government, even after many fought in WWI; prevented from joining trade unions
in 1926 (Industrial Conciliation Act); white only jobs in the mines and other industries
(Mines and Works Act, 1926); many black people sacked from jobs during the
Depression in the 1930s government help for white people only; Pass Laws had been
used since 18th century and had been increased in use in the late 19th century during
the Mining Revolution; reduced black peoples ability to move freely; made them
vulnerable to police harassment at any time; turned any black person into a potential
criminal, etc.

12 How important was Nelson Mandela in the resistance to apartheid? Explain your answer.

YES 1948 Nelson Mandela elected to ANC executive; helped form ANC Youth League to
educate young black South Africans; policies included non-cooperation with the Indian
National Congress, non-cooperation with communists and some Africanist policies;
Mandela began to use tactics of Communists and IAC and saw the use of mass support
and demonstration; 1952 Defiance Campaign Mandela in charge and led defiance of
apartheid over South Africa; membership rose from 7000 to 100 000 by mid-1950s; ANC
met with other resistance organisations to create the Freedom Charter 1955; this gave
ANC a manifesto and popular support; Mandela responsible for ending non-violent
resistance and setting up and organising MK guerrillas; he met several leaders from
other African countries and British leaders in the early 1960s; speech at the Rivonia Trial
lasting impact; studied law, history, politics and literature while in prison; Free Nelson
Mandela Campaign in the 1980s; good relationship with De Klerk after release in 1990;
replaced Tambo as leader of ANC in August 1990; Mandela calls for massive strikes to
cripple economy in 1992; negotiates new constitution, etc.

NO Mandela had little success in 1940s with non-violent protest; white South Africans more
in favour of apartheid and black opposition not unified; many South African men and
women organised protest outside of the ANC Anti-Pass Law demonstrations 1956,
Black Sash (demonstrations over restrictions due to apartheid held by middle-class white
women), bus boycotts in 1957, rural protests in Bantustans; government reaction to ANC
Banning Orders halted Mandela and led to arrests and Treason Trial 1956; Sharpeville
massacre led to growth of alternative PAC by Robert Sobukwe; Mandelas MK
responsible for deaths; Rivonia Trial imprisoned Mandela for life; Black Consciousness

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helped unify blacks in the 1960s through music, poetry and literature; Steve Bikos
impact and death into the 1970s; trade union strikes in 1973 reenergised black trade
unions; Soweto school riot received public and international outcry; Church leaders such
as Bishop Desmond Tutu; creation of United Democratic Front in 1983; UN resolutions;
foreign opposition including in sports, etc.

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Depth Study G: Israelis and Palestinians since 1945

13 How significant was the Six-Day War in determining how the Palestine Liberation
Organisation (PLO) developed? Explain your answer.

YES 350 000 refugees from West Bank in 1967, fled to Jordan half the population
Palestinian from 1967; Fatah and other groups in the PLO now able to recruit more
volunteers from the refugee camps; growing Arab nationalism from Israeli expansion;
loss of help from other Arab states strengthened the determination of Palestinians to
fight for their homeland; Fatah increased raids into Israel; viewed as heroes by many
Arabs who joined PLO 5000 in 2 days; Fatah gained control of the PLO Yasser
Arafat becomes chairman of PLO; able to co-ordinate the activities of the different
groups within the PLO, etc.

NO 194849 war as the origin of the PLO; Arab states had supported Fatahs raids into
Israel before 1967; Syria, Jordan and Egypt were weakened from the Six-Day War and
became more focused on their lands rather than Palestine; these Arab states reduced
some of their vital support/aid to the PLO; Fatah bases became the focus point for Israeli
retaliation; led to more radical groups emerging in the PLO who carried out attacks in
other parts of the world, e.g. PFLP; 1968 and 1970 plane hijacking was bad publicity for
the PLO; 1970 Jordan expels PLO, etc.

14 How important were the Oslo Accords in the development of Israeli-Palestinian relations
from 1993? Explain your answer.

YES Oslo Accord 1993 resulted in PLO recognising Israels right to exist and Israel
recognising the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people; Arafat condemned
terrorism; White House in Washington became the headline for world cameras as Arafat
and Rabin shook hands; Israeli troops would be withdrawn from Gaza and part of the
West Bank; elections for a Palestinian Authority to run the West Bank and Gaza for 5
years; Oslo II Accords, 1995 also put a date for the elections, further Israeli withdrawals
and release of Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails; Israel-Jordan peace treaty, 1994
settled border disputes and recognised Israel; trust between both sides increased, etc.

NO Oslo Accord a timetable for Palestinian government rather than a peace treaty and final
settlements were postponed; issue of Jerusalem not solved Israeli settlements
surrounded the mainly Arab east Jerusalem 150 000 Israelis; the question of the
Jewish settlements in the West Bank not solved; many Palestinians still called for all of
Palestine to be united under Palestinian rule; Israel still had many security worries;
question of refugees in neighbouring Arab states; still presence of Israeli troops on roads
to protect supplies; Israel continues to build settlements in the occupied territories
leading to a slowing down of the peace process; growth of militant Hamas as PLO
members switch their support; 199597 bombings and assassinations; Israeli extremist
assassinates Rabin, 1995 in protest at peace process, etc.

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