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    Lectut MT 307 PPT MT 307 04 Weld Metallurgy - WYlLE5J

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    sachingir
    The metallurgy of welding encompasses melting, solidification, gas reactions, slag reactions, and solid state reactions that occur in the weld metal and heat-affected zone. The microstructure and properties of the weld metal are influenced by reactions with gases and slags during solidification. The heat-affected zone experiences microstructural changes like grain growth, precipitation, and phase transformations depending on the alloy type and thermal cycle. Controlling variables like chemistry, heat input, and cooling rate is important to achieve the desired microstructure and properties in the weld and heat-affected zone.

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    Lectut MT 307 PPT MT 307 04 Weld Metallurgy - WYlLE5J

    Uploaded by

    sachingir
    193 views25 pages
    The metallurgy of welding encompasses melting, solidification, gas reactions, slag reactions, and solid state reactions that occur in the weld metal and heat-affected zone. The microstructure and properties of the weld metal are influenced by reactions with gases and slags during solidification. The heat-affected zone experiences microstructural changes like grain growth, precipitation, and phase transformations depending on the alloy type and thermal cycle. Controlling variables like chemistry, heat input, and cooling rate is important to achieve the desired microstructure and properties in the weld and heat-affected zone.

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    welding

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    Lectut MT 307 Ppt MT 307 04 Weld Metallurgy_WYlLE5J

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    The metallurgy of welding encompasses melting, solidification, gas reactions, slag reactions, and solid state reactions that occur in the weld metal and heat-affected zone. The microstructure and properties of the weld metal are influenced by reactions with gases and slags during solidification. The heat-affected zone experiences microstructural changes like grain growth, precipitation, and phase transformations depending on the alloy type and thermal cycle. Controlling variables like chemistry, heat input, and cooling rate is important to achieve the desired microstructure and properties in the weld and heat-affected zone.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    193 views25 pages

    Lectut MT 307 PPT MT 307 04 Weld Metallurgy - WYlLE5J

    Uploaded by

    sachingir
    The metallurgy of welding encompasses melting, solidification, gas reactions, slag reactions, and solid state reactions that occur in the weld metal and heat-affected zone. The microstructure and properties of the weld metal are influenced by reactions with gases and slags during solidification. The heat-affected zone experiences microstructural changes like grain growth, precipitation, and phase transformations depending on the alloy type and thermal cycle. Controlling variables like chemistry, heat input, and cooling rate is important to achieve the desired microstructure and properties in the weld and heat-affected zone.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
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    The document discusses the metallurgy of welding and how it encompasses various processes like melting, solidification, gas-metal reactions etc. It also discusses the effects of welding on different material types and microstructures.

    The document discusses four main types of materials that can be affected by welding - solid solution strengthened, alloy strengthened by cold working, precipitation hardened alloys and transformation hardened alloys.

    During solidification, nucleation and growth of columnar grains or dendrites occurs which can result in microsegregation. Factors like solidification rate and heat flow determine the grain structure. Defects like ingotism may also form. Dendrite spacing depends on the solidification rate.

    Nitin Vikas

    Weld HAZ microstructure

    Himanshu Tiwari
    The Metallurgy of Welding

    Encompasses:
    Melting
    Solidification
    Gas-metal reactions
    Slag-metal reactions
    Surface phenomena
    Solid state reactions
    Weld includes melted zone (fusion zone)

    and the region around it (HAZ)

    Chemistry can be controlled by choosing appropriate filler material

    But, microstructure can be vastly different than base material


    1. Weld metal
    Microstructure and mechanical properties are affected by;

    Reactions of the metal with gases in the vicinity

    Reaction with nonmetallic liquid phases

    Solid state reactions occurring in the weld after solidification


    1.1 Solidification
    Nucleation may occur;
    at the liq-solid interface (fusion boundary) or
    from foreign solid particle suspended in the
    liquid

    Growth columnar grains or dendrites


    Grains are long and parallel to heat flow

    Solidification defect ingotism can occur


    Columnar grains growing from opposite sides
    meet at the mid-plane of the weld
    1.1
    Formation of dendrites result in microsegregation

    Dendrites are of a higher melting composition than the


    interdendritic material

    Dendrite spacing depends on


    solidification rate (controlled by energy
    input)

    More rapid the solidification the more


    closely spaced are the dendrites
    1.2 Gas-metal reactions
    Liquid metal transfer across the arc in the form
    of tiny droplets (offers large reacting surface
    area)
    Also, superheated to temperatures far above
    melting point

    Arc atmosphere is highly reactive by ionization


    of gas molecule
    Ex. nitorgen, oxygen, hydrogen and water
    molecule
    Sources of oxygen are
    Arc atmosphere
    Oxide or scale on the surfaces of W/P
    Already present in the metal
    1.2
    Control of oxygen is critical in
    welding of steel
    To avoid reaction between C and O
    C + O CO (gas bubble - porosity)

    Can be prevented by

    Adding deoxidizing elements having high affinity for oxygen


    Al, Si, Mn
    Si + 2O SiO2
    2Al + 3O Al2O3
    Mn + O MnO Product is nonmetallic inclusions
    1.2
    Source of Deoxidizer
    are available as constituent of flux

    Amount of deoxidizer is decided by process variable


    For eg
    For 100% CO2 atmosphere (strongly oxidizing)
    Large quantity of deoxidizer will be needed

    If the atmosphere is of argon, far less deoxidizer is needed

    Flux for a given process must be selected with care


    or else under-deoxidation / over-deoxidation may happen

    Porosity Loss of ductility and toughness


    Water vapour

    Is source of hydrogen which can cause porosity


    and embrittlement

    Can be controlled by ensuring molten metal has sufficient fluidity


    to allow the gas to escape

    Care should be taken to heat electrode before welding


    1.3 Liquid -metal reactions
    Slag (non metallic liquid phases) formed, interact with liquid metal

    Form by melting of flux

    Designed to absorb nonmetallic deoxidation products


    Remove sulphur and phosphorus

    Help in preventing hot cracks

    In steel Mn is added to take care of sulphur


    by forming MnS
    1.4 Solid state reactions
    Related to phase transformation in solidified metal (specially
    steels)

    If transformation result in formation of hard and brittle phase then


    cold cracks (delayed cracking) may occur

    Presence of hydrogen in solid state aid in cracking

    Can be avoided by preheating


    Excluding hydrogen from the immediate environment
    2. Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
    Depends on:
    Welding process / variables
    Material

    Four types of material


    1. Solid solution strengthened
    2. Alloy strengthen by cold working
    3. Alloys - Precipitation hardened
    4. Alloys Transformation hardened
    2.1 Solid solution strengthened
    Easiest to weld
    Grain growth may occur in the region close to fusion line

    Example:
    Al alloys (non heat-treatable)
    Cu alloys
    Low carbon steel
    Stainless steels (ferritic and austenitic)
    In austenitic SS HAZ - sensitization occur

    High Cr (>11 wt%) for good corrosion resistance


    For HAZ in temperature range of 550-650oC Cr combines with C
    to form chromium carbide
    This precipitation reduce Cr content to level susceptible to
    corrosion and the region is said to be sensitized
    Remedies
    Low C stainless steel
    Add elements which can combine with C (Ti)
    Reheat welded part to 980oC and cool it rapidly to room
    temperature

    Dissolve already formed chromium carbide and avoiding


    reformation of it
    2.2 Strain hardened material
    Typical variation in microstructure and mechanical properties in
    work hardened material and after annealing
    2.2 Strain hardened material
    In HAZ recrystallization will happen
    Brings down strength
    Alloy without phase change

    A Cold worked metal


    B RXZ metal Alloy with phase change - steel
    C Weld metal
    a) b) c) d)

    https://www.llnl.gov/str/November01/Elmer.html

    Microstructure of titanium after welding:


    a) the base metal,
    b) the small-grained portion of the HAZ where the gamma phase
    has partially transformed to the beta phase,
    c) the large-grained portion of the HAZ where gamma-phase
    titanium has fully transformed into the beta phase
    d) the fusion zone.
    2.3 Precipitation hardened material
    Precipitation sequence Ageing behavior

    Peak aged
    Overageing
    2.3 Precipitation hardened material
    Influence of weld thermal cycle on precipitation hardening alloy
    2.4 Transformation hardened material

    Martensite in steel is very hard


    phase (and brittle)

    To make it ductile tempering


    treatment is given sacrificing
    hardness in the process
    2.4 Transformation hardened material
    1. Next to fusion line heated
    0.3% C steel
    close to MP (austenite region)
    extremely coarse grain
    transforms to martensite high Peak
    hardness temperature

    2. Heated to all austenite region


    fine grained difficult to
    transform to martensite
    moderate hardness
    3. Intercritical zone austenite-
    ferrite mixture martensite may
    form not very hard
    4. Tempered zone
    2.4 Transformation hardened material
    Weld zone hardness

    Weld bead on 25 mm
    0.25% C steel
    http://www.thefabricator.com/article/tubepipeproduction/laser-welding-of-stainless-pressure-tubes
    http://www.weldreality.com/SHIP%20YARD%20DATA.htm

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