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    Load Line and Q-Point

    Uploaded by

    Ravi Kanth M N
    This document describes an experiment to study the load line and operating point of a basic transistor amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit connects a 2N2222 transistor with resistors and a capacitor. Load lines are plotted on the input and output characteristics to analyze the operating points. 2) As the input voltage varies, the load line moves on the input characteristics, changing the base current and voltage. The quiescent point is where the input is 0 volts. 3) On the output characteristics, the load line is fixed. Operating points are found where the load line intersects curves for different base currents. Output varies above and below the quiescent point as input changes

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Load Line and Q-Point

    Uploaded by

    Ravi Kanth M N
    480 views3 pages
    This document describes an experiment to study the load line and operating point of a basic transistor amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit connects a 2N2222 transistor with resistors and a capacitor. Load lines are plotted on the input and output characteristics to analyze the operating points. 2) As the input voltage varies, the load line moves on the input characteristics, changing the base current and voltage. The quiescent point is where the input is 0 volts. 3) On the output characteristics, the load line is fixed. Operating points are found where the load line intersects curves for different base currents. Output varies above and below the quiescent point as input changes

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    Load Line and Q-point

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    This document describes an experiment to study the load line and operating point of a basic transistor amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit connects a 2N2222 transistor with resistors and a capacitor. Load lines are plotted on the input and output characteristics to analyze the operating points. 2) As the input voltage varies, the load line moves on the input characteristics, changing the base current and voltage. The quiescent point is where the input is 0 volts. 3) On the output characteristics, the load line is fixed. Operating points are found where the load line intersects curves for different base currents. Output varies above and below the quiescent point as input changes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    480 views3 pages

    Load Line and Q-Point

    Uploaded by

    Ravi Kanth M N
    This document describes an experiment to study the load line and operating point of a basic transistor amplifier. Key points: 1) The circuit connects a 2N2222 transistor with resistors and a capacitor. Load lines are plotted on the input and output characteristics to analyze the operating points. 2) As the input voltage varies, the load line moves on the input characteristics, changing the base current and voltage. The quiescent point is where the input is 0 volts. 3) On the output characteristics, the load line is fixed. Operating points are found where the load line intersects curves for different base currents. Output varies above and below the quiescent point as input changes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Electronics Laboratory

    Experiment No.7
    Load line and Q-point

    Object
    To study the load line and operation point of basic transistor amplifier.

    Apparatus
    1. Dual DC power supply.
    2. Function generator.
    3. Oscilloscope.
    4. Transistor 2N2222
    5. bread board, resistors (100k +100k + 1k) & capacitor 1F
    6. Two AVO meters.

    Theory

    Basic BJT Common Emitter Circuit

    1. Circuit Diagram and Equations


    The basic BJT common emitter takes the form shown:

    KVL equation around B-E loop:

    KVL equation around C-E loop:

    2. Load-Line Analysis - Input Side


    Figure (1) shows the input characteristic of the transistor with input load line.
    Remember that the base-emitter is a diode and the Thevenin resistance is constant and
    voltage varies with time. Thus, the load line has constant slope (-1/RB), and moves
    with time.
    From Figure (1), It can be note that:
    i. The load line shown for Vin = 0.
    When Vin = 0, only dc remains in the circuit. This IB, VBE operating point is called
    the quiescent point ( Q-point) is given special notation:
    IBQ , VBEQ
    Electronics Laboratory

    ii. Maximum excursion of load line with Vin is shown in Figure (1)
    iii. Minimum excursion of load line with Vin is shown in Figure (1).
    Thus, as Vin varies through its cycle, base current varies from
    iBmax to iB min . The base-emitter voltage varies also, from VBE max to VBE min.

    Vin=Minimum Vin=0

    Vin=Maximum

    Figure (1): Load line on the input characteristics

    3. Load-Line Analysis - Output Side


    Returning to the circuit, observe that VCC and RC form a Thevenin equivalent,
    with output variables IC and VCE. Thus we can plot this load line on the transistor
    output characteristics, because neither VCC nor RC are time-varying, this load line is
    fixed

    1. The collector-emitter operating point is given by the intersection of the load line
    and the appropriate base current curve. When Vin = 0, IB = IBQ, and the quiescent
    point is ICQ, VCEQ. At Vin max , IB = IB max , and the operating point is IC max, VCE min.
    At Vin min, IB = IB min, and the operating point is IC min , VCE max .
    2. If the total change in VCE is greater than total change in Vin, we have an amplifier

    Figure (2): DC load line on the output characteristics


    Electronics Laboratory

    Procedure
    1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure(3)
    2. With vin= 0, vary the VBB to obtain the IC according to the Table (1). Then
    record the values of the VCE.
    3. Set the input voltage (vin) to the value that obtain the maximum swing on the
    output voltage (vCE).when the operating point in the middle of the load line.
    4. Vary the biasing voltage VBB to obtain the IC = (2, 5 and 8) mA. Then plot the
    output voltage of each value.

    IC (mA) 0 2 4 5 6 8 10
    VCE (V)
    Table (1)

    IC

    +
    -
    Rc
    1k

    Cs
    1uF + Vcc
    + Q1 10V
    2N2222
    Rs
    Rb +
    100k 100k
    VCE
    -
    + +
    VBB
    Vin
    -

    Fig.(3): Basic transistor amplifier circuit

    Discussion
    1. Plot the load line of the transistor according to the result.
    2. Explain linearity of the load lines.
    3. If the swing of the input current is reduced to the one half of the used value in
    the experiment, plot the output voltage at IC= (2, 5 & 8) mA.
    4. For the circuit shown below, find the Q-point (ICQ & VCEQ), VCE min, VCE max, IC
    max & iCmin. Then plot vin & VCE.

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