Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

DOI 10.1007/s40866-017-0022-9

ORIGINAL PAPER

Experimental Validation of Improved Control Strategy

of Grid-interactive Power Converter for Wind Power System
B. Chitti Babu1 K. B. Mohanty2

Received: 9 September 2016 / Accepted: 16 March 2017

Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017

Abstract In this paper grid-voltage oriented control of grid- Introduction

side converter for wind power system is presented, which
aims to optimize the performance of utility grid during Wind energy is the fastest growing and most promis-
transient conditions. To realize this objective, a digitally ing renewable energy source among all renewable energy
controlled inverter system is implemented which provides sources, due to economically viable and clean power pro-
independent control of active and reactive power delivered duction. Globally, about 20% penetration of renewable
to the grid under sudden change in reactive load. Initially, energy in electricity generation is considered necessary in
the proposed grid-voltage oriented control scheme is ana- the coming decade (by 2020) [1]. However, the stochas-
lyzed in order to manage the power flows into the grid tic nature of these sources, the controllability of the wind
followed by the mathematical modelling of grid-side con- power system is relatively complex and it should be fur-
verter. And then, a closed-loop control structure of the ther investigated. As a consequence, their interconnection
grid-side converter is implemented using a conventional with the utility network can lead to grid abnormality or even
proportional integral (PI) controller with space vector pulse failure, if these systems are not well controlled [2]. In gen-
width modulation (SVPWM) current controller. In order to eral, wind turbines are expected to support the grid and to
analyze the results of the proposed study, in this paper, the provide grid connection requirements to have a characteris-
complete system is modelled and simulated in the MAT- tics much like conventional power plants (e.g., active power
LAB/Simulink environment and the numerical results are control, frequency regulation and dynamic voltage control,
discussed. The experimental results, obtained using DSP and low voltage ride through (LVRT)) and they are generally
TMS320F2812 processor, confirm the high performance of achieved by grid-side converters (GSCs) with appropriate
the proposed control system in terms of good sinusoidal grid control [3].
current, low harmonic content and fast dynamic response. Several generic control strategies for GSC has been
developed [410]. Proper power flow regulation with grid
Keywords Wind power system SVPWM current current harmonic rejection using the complementary con-
controller Voltage oriented control Grid-side converter troller incorporating isolation transformer is discussed in
Digital signal processor Grid connection requirement [5]. Decoupled control of GSC for distributed generation
systems is presented in [6] using reference frame theory for
decoupling d-q components which shows the good dynamic
response during load variations. In [7], synchronous propor-
 B. Chitti Babu tional integral (PI) current control has also been proposed
[email protected] which transforms the three phase grid voltages to syn-
chronously rotating (d-q) frame for proper decoupling. As
1 Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham a result, grid currents become DC variables and thus no
Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 435 00, Malaysia
steady state-state error adjustment is required. A method
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute for active and reactive power control has been stated in [8]
of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769 008, India and it controls the DC-link voltage by designing a Voltage
5 Page 2 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

Control Loop. However, the transient time has not been processor, are in agreement with the numerical simulations
taken into consideration during sudden change in load con- and confirm the high performance of the proposed control
ditions. For improving the dynamic response in the dc-link system in terms of good sinusoidal current, low harmonic
voltage, an adaptive droop controller can be employed in content and a fast dynamic response.
the voltage controlled loop with optimal design of LCL
filter on the grid side [9]. Still for simplicity of the decou-
pled grid power control, estimation of grid parameters is Mathematical Modelling of Grid-Side Converter
possible by feedback linearizing [10]. In Ref. [11], authors (GSC)
have proposed the predictive controller which uses the sys-
tem model to predict the system behavior in each sampling The basic configuration of the three-phase GSC is shown
interval for each voltage vector, and the most appropriate in Fig. 1 which consists of IGBT switches, line inductance,
vector is then chosen according to an optimization crite- dc-link capacitor, and utility grid.
rion to fulfill flexible active and reactive power regulation Assume that the three-phase grid is balanced with neg-
in the grid systems. Simple vector control of grid-interactive ligible distribution parameters and also the IGBT switches
power converter is studied in [12] and the author has pro- are ideal with negligible on-state voltage drop.
posed sigma-delta modulator current controller in the inner From Fig. 1, the dynamic equation of the output side of
feedback loop for sinusoidal current injection into the grid. the GSC can be deduced as follows [8].
However, the current control strategies, based on the space diRY B (t)
vector PWM (SVPWM) is widely employed for three- eRY B (t) vRY B (t) = L + RiRY B (t) (1)
dt
phase voltage source inverter (VSI), because it has constant The corresponding input dc current equation is given as:
switching frequency, well-defined harmonic spectrum, opti-
dvdc (t)
mum switching patterns, and excellent DC-link utilization ic (t) = idc (t) iL (t) = C (2)
[13]. Yet, the performance of the current controllers based dt
on SVPWM for grid connected inverter is compromised by The line voltages and the phase currents are transformed
the grid harmonics, non-linearity in the system and lack of into d q components using synchronous reference frame
inherent over current protection. The design of current error by the use of the transformation matrix;
compensation scheme is key factor to overcome the above vdq0 (t) = T .vRY B (t) (3)
drawbacks.
cos( ) sin( ) 1
In this paper, Implementation of grid-side converter cos( 2/3) sin( 2/3) 1 is
Where [T ] = 2
3
(GSC) control for wind power generation system is analysed
cos( + 2/3) sin( + 2/3) 1
based on SVPWM current controller. The proposed cur-
the transformation matrix and is the rotating angle of
rent control scheme employs two PI regulators in decoupled transformation.
current error compensation tracks. With the well-arranged Now we can transform the dynamic equation (1) directly
sampling timing, the control delay can be minimized along into synchronous reference frame (dq coordinates)
with lesser computational time. Firstly the control objec-
didq (t)
tives of GSC are analyzed and the mathematical model is edq (t) vdq (t) = Ridq (t) + L LMidq (t) (4)
established in this study. Based on the mathematical model dt

and the control strategy, the software design of the control 0 10
strategy is implemented in the digital domain using DSP. Where [M] = 1 0 0
Experimental results, obtained using DSP TMS320F2812 0 00

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of

three-phase grid-side converter
Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5 Page 3 of 12 5

where * represents the complex conjugate, P (t) represents

the instantaneous active power and Q(t) represents the
instantaneous reactive power. Hence
3
P = Re[(Ed + j Eq )(Id + j Iq )]
2
3
P (t) = [ed (t)id (t) + eq (t)iq (t)] (11)
2
3
Q= I m[(Ed + j Eq )(Id + j Iq )]
2
Fig. 2 Rotating two axis grid-voltage oriented reference frame
3
Q(t) = [eq (t)id (t) ed (t)iq (t)] (12)
2
From the above (7) and (8). it can be seen that the d-
By assuming that the three phase voltage source is bal- component and the q-component of grid voltage are highly
anced without the zero sequence components we can write coupled which leads to the degradation of the dynamic per-
formance. The proposed voltage oriented control scheme
did (t) decouples these terms and thus provides the ability to
vd (t) = ed (t) L Rid (t) + Liq (t) (5)
dt control each current component independently.
diq (t)
vq (t) = eq (t) L Riq (t) Lid (t) (6)
dt
Grid Voltage Orientated Control of Grid-Side
The s-domain representation can be shown as follows:
Converter
1
id (s) = [ed (s) vd (s) + Liq (s)] (7)
Ls + R In grid voltage oriented control, accurate field orientation
for a GSC becomes simple since the grid flux position can
1 be derived from the measurable grid voltages using hall sen-
iq (s) = [eq (s) vq (s) Lid (s)] (8)
Ls + R sors and a non-measurable grid flux becomes a space vector
For the input dc-side of the converter that defines a rotating grid-flux oriented reference frame. As
RL shown in Fig. 2, the grid voltage vector is aligned with q-
Vdc = idc (9) axis. Vector control regulates the length and position of the
1 + CRL s
grid current vector in the grid voltage orientated reference
Now the instantaneous power equation is given as
frame. In this reference frame the d-component of current
S(t) = E..I = P (t) + j Q(t) (10) corresponds to reactive power and q-component of current

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram for

the Grid-Side converter with its
control +
-
5 Page 4 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

corresponds to active power [10]. The reactive and active

power can therefore be controlled independently, since the
current components are orthogonal.
First and foremost entity in grid-voltage oriented con-
trol is to use the feedback signals from the grid in order
to generate the current references which intern control the
active and reactive power independently. The advantage of
grid-voltage oriented control of GSC is that they detect and
instantaneously compensate for voltage unbalances at PCC
by injecting leading or lagging reactive power at crucial
junctures to the utility grid [11]. In addition, GSC can sup-
ply the reactive power to the grid with fast dynamics. Thus
it helps in regulating the system voltage and stabilizing the
grid.
The dc- link power is known by:
Fig. 5 Generation of Vref vector using V1 , V2 and zero vector
dVdc
Pdc (t) = Vdc (t).Idc (t) = Vdc (t).C (13)
dt
The converter dc-link voltage is determined by [8]
Assuming that the inverter is lossless, we can equate the 
input power with the output power and hence the power 1
Vdc (t) = [Idc (t) Il (t)].dt (16)
balance becomes C
dVdc 3  The DC voltage can be regulated using PI controller by
Vdc C = vd (t) .id (t) + vq (t) .iq (t) (14)
dt 2 choosing the current reference
Assuming balanced case and taking the d-component of 
grid voltage to be zero, we get Idcref (t) = Kp [Vdcref Vdc (t)]+Ki [Vdcref Vdc (t)].dt
P (t) = 32 eq (t)iq (t) (17)
(15)
Q(t) = 32 eq (t)id (t)
where Vdcref is the reference DC link voltage, Kp and Ki
Figure 3 illustrates the schematic diagram of proposed GSC are the constant gains of the PI controller.
control and it was said earlier, that the elementary principle The reference currents can be calculated as:
of the vector control method is to control the instantaneous  
i dref (t) = 3
2
vd (t) .Pref (t) + vq (t) .Qref (t)
active and reactive grid power which can be done by control-   (18)
ling the grid currents, by separate controllers independent of i qref (t) = 3
2
vq (t) .Pref (t) + vd (t) .Qref (t)
each other. Two current controllers are employed namely d- where = vd2 + vq2 , Pref (t) and Qref (t) are the active and
current controller andq-current controller. The grid voltages reactive power references.
and currents are first sensed and with the help of syn- Now,
chronous reference frame (SRF) phase locked loop (PLL),
the grid phase angle is detected in order to synchronize the vdref (t) = ed (t) vd Rid (t) + Liq (t)
(19)
converter output with utility grid. The demanded amount of vqref (t) = eq (t) vq Riq (t) Lid (t)
current and voltage are then estimated from the grid at the
desired power factor and the reference currents in a syn-
chronous frame are calculated. Consequently, the current
controller attempts to reduce the current error and makes the
load current follow the reference current vector. As a result,
controlling of current enunciates controlling the inherent
power flow between the GSC and utility grid.

k
V ,ref Tk
SVPWM Module
Tk+1
V ,ref
T0

Fig. 4 SVPWM module with inputs V and V Fig. 6 Output of three-phase PWM pulses
Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5 Page 5 of 12 5

Fig. 7 Basic structure for SRF

PLL system Vd* ff

V =Vm Sin t
Va Vq
3 Phase to 2 Transform to
Vb Phase Synchronous PI +
+
Transformation frame Controller Integrator
Vc Vd - +
V =Vm Cos t *
*

where vdref (t)and vqref (t) are the d and q voltage ref- fS is the switching frequency
erences. Vd and Vq are the effective voltage references.

    Selection of Dc-link Capacitor

vd = Kp . idref (t) id (t) + Ki idref (t) id (t) .dt
    The dc-link voltage, Vdc , consists of an average dc-
vq = Kp . iqref (t) iq (t) + Ki iqref (t) iq (t) .dt
component, Vdc(avg) , as well as six times frequency voltage
(20)
ripple (300 Hz). An expression for the peak-to-peak dou-
where Kp and Ki are the constant gains of the PI controller. ble frequency voltage ripple, Vdc , of the dc-link can be
The obtained dq axis references are then applied to the derived as (1) [15]. In (1) Pg is the active power injected to
current controllers to achieve the desired level of output the grid Cdc is the dc-link capacitor and is the fundamental
power, such that the sudden variation in the active or reactive angular frequency of the grid voltage.
power demanded by grid netwrok appearing as step changes Vdc(avg) is 420 V of the modelled grid-side converter
does not have a significant effect on the other one and pos- system.
sible controls on the active and reactive output power can be Pg
done independently. Vdc = (22)
Cdc Vdc(avg) f
The values of the gains Kp and Ki are calculated accord-
ing to the formulae [14]: In the proposed system, Cdc is calculated as 1500 F to
limit Vdc approximately to 5% of Vdc(avg) when GSC is
.fs .fs2 injecting 4 kW of active power to the grid.
Kp = and Ki = (21)
Vdc 2Vdc
where Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM)
Current Controller
= L/R is grid time constant;
L is the coupling inductance between the GSC and In the grid connected wind power system, we need three-
the grid, phase sinusoidal voltage source with controlled amplitude
R is the coupling resistance and phase shift, in order to control active and reactive power
Vdc is the DC-link voltage flows into the grid. There are different control techniques,

Vd* ff

q
+ -Vm
- + + +
PI Controller
d *
V *- Vd

Fig. 8 Synchronous rotating reference frame Fig. 9 Simplified structure of SRF PLL
5 Page 6 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

Table 1 System Parameters for grid-side converter control SVPWM module gives full control to the linear PI current
regulators over the output voltage d- and q- components.
System Parameters
These d-axis and q-axis components, defined on the cur-
3- grid supply Vphph = 230 V, f = 50Hz rent controllers outputs (see Fig. 4), are transformed back
to the stationary - reference frame and passed through
dc-link voltage 420 V to the space vector modulator. As it could be seen in
dc-link capacitor 1500 F Fig. 5, the eight possible states of an inverter are repre-
Line inductance 5 mH sented as two null-vectors (V 0 , V 7 ) and six active-state
Line Resistance 0.02
vectors forming a hexagon (V 1 -V 6 ). SVPWM approximates
Pref 4 kW the rotating reference vector in each switching cycle by
fs 10 kHz switching between the two nearest active-state vectors and
the null-vectors. The main task of space vector modula-
tor is to calculate the needed vector times directly from
V,ref and V,ref . The connection between the V,ref and
i.e. modulations of firing signals for the inverter switch, V,ref and needed active and zero vector times can be
in order to achieve that. Most widely used in vector con- easily understood looking at Fig. 5. Assuming that ref-
trol applications is SVPWM modulation technique, because erence vector Vref is sitting in sector k, and that two
it can create the PWM switching pattern for three-phase nearest vectors are Vk and Vk+1 , following equation can be
inverter using directly the reference alpha and beta volt- written:
age components, V,ref and V,ref (see Fig. 4), imposing
the output voltage with desired amplitude and desired phase  Ts  
V REF = V k Tk + V k+1 Tk+1 (23)
shift. 2
Current control is done in synchronous rotating refer-
ence frame where sinusoidal AC variables, like V and where Tk represents half of the vector Vk on-time (duty-
V , become DC quantities, i.e. d- and q- components. cycle) in switching period Ts .

Fig. 10 Simulation result of the 200

V o lta g e

steady-state response of 0
(V )

SVPWM controller (a) grid -200

voltage at PCC (b) grid current 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(c) Inverter output phase current (a)
(solid line) and grid current 20
C u rren t

(dotted line) (d) response of

(A )

0
Active power (e) response of
Reactive power (f) Quadrature -20
component of grid current 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(b)
Grid current
20
C u rren t
(A )

0
-20 Inverter current
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(c)
5000
( W a tt)
P

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(d)
2000
(V ar)

0
Q

-2000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(e)
5
C u rren t
(A )

0
-5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time(Sec)
(f)
Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5 Page 7 of 12 5

Splitting vector equation (3) into its real and imaginary since the grid voltage needs to be detected in real time for
part, and after rearranging it follows: system protection purpose [16]. This makes it possible to
exploit the advantages of SPWM as well as to independently
design the overall control structure. The proposed current


control scheme employs two conventional PI regulators in
3 sin(k 3 ) 3 cos(k 3 )
(Ts /2)
Tk
= decoupled current error compensation tracks. With the well-
Tk+1 VDC 3 sin((k1) 3 ) 3 cos((k1) 3 )

arranged sampling timing, the control delay can be mini-
V Ts mized along with lesser computational time. Furthermore,
T0 = Tk Tk+1 (24)
V 2 the feed-forward grid voltage compensation can effectively
eliminate the grid harmonics disturbances and high quality
sinusoidal current can be injected into the grid with very low
The corresponding PWM pulse generation in Sector Intro- THD.
duction is given in Fig. 6. After T1 , T2 and T0 are found
out; the three-phase PWM pulses are generated by one of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) PLL for Phase
symmetrical methods. This method makes each switching Estimation
component switch once, in one carrier period, bringing all
of them to a fixed switching frequency. With the appropriate The basic structure of three-phase SRF PLL is illustrated
placement of zero vectors, the entire voltage vector is split in Fig. 7. To obtain the phase information, the three phase
into ripple frequency to the double of switching frequency. (Va ,Vb and Vc ) grid voltages are transformed into two
Thus SVPWM current controller in the synchronous phases (V and V ) by using Clarks transformation and
reference frame has clearly alienated current error com- these two phases are transferred into direct and quadra-
pensation and PWM pulse generation, only if the system ture(dq) axis by using Park transformation. The phase angle
nonlinearity due to the control delay and the switching dead is tracked by synchronously rotating voltage space vector
time can be well controlled along with the back-EMF dis- along q or d axis by using PI controller [17].
turbance. Moreover, the back-EMF disturbance of the con- The corresponding voltage space vector synchronous
verter which is the grid harmonics can be well compensated with the q-axis is depicted in Fig. 8.

Fig. 11 Simulation result of the 200

V o lta g e

transient response of SVPWM

(V)

0
controller (a) grid voltage at
-200
VPCC (b) grid current (c)
Inverter output phase current and 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(a)
grid current (d) Active power (e) 20
C u r r en t

Reactive power (f) Quadrature

(A)

component of inverter current 0

-20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(b)
C u r r en t

20 Grid current
(A)

0
-20 Inverter current
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(c)
5000
( W a tt)
P

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(d)
( V ar )

5000
Q

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(e)
20
C u r en t

0
(A)

-20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time(Sec)
(f)
5 Page 8 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

sum of the PI controller output and feed forward frequency

ff . The gain of the PI controller is designed such that, Vd
follows the reference value Vd = 0 as in Fig. 9. If Vd = 0,
then the space vector voltage is synchronized along the q-
axis .and estimated frequency is locked on the system
frequency . So that the estimated phase angle is equals
to the phase angle .

Results and Discussion

Fig. 12 THD of grid current for SVPWM controller
The proposed control strategy of grid-side converter is ver-
The transformation matrix of the voltage phase vector ified by the computer simulation based on MATLAB -7.6
synchronised with q-axis is and realized by Simulink model. The parameters for the

GSC are listed in Table 1. The evaluation of the controller
sin cos
Tqd = (25) is made in two situations, i.e., steady-state and transient
cos sin operations. In steady- state operation, the quality of the
where is the estimated phase angle of the PLL system. controlled current is presented while in transient state, the
Carrying out the transformation using Vqd = Tqd V , controller response to a sudden reactive load change is
yields studied.

Vq sin cos Vm sin ()

= (26) Simulation Results
Vd cos sin Vm cos ()
By applying matrix multiplication and trigonometric for- Figure 10 illustrates steady state response of proposed con-
mule, we get (6), trol algorithm for GSC. From the results it is perceived that,


all the three-phase voltage, inverter current, grid current, are
Vq Vm cos ( )
= (27) at steady values. The corresponding waveforms are of grid
Vd Vm sin ( )
voltages (230 V) and grid currents (10 A) are illustrated in
The phase angle is estimated with which is integral of Fig. 10a and b respectively. The inverter and grid current
the estimated frequency .The estimated frequency is the waveforms are shown in Fig. 10c at the values of 20 A and

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of proposed DFIG-based grid-interactive wind power system

Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5 Page 9 of 12 5

Fig. 14 Overall block diagram

of implemented converter
system [18]

10 A respectively. As shown in Fig. 10d active power deliv- load change and reaches to a value of 25 A to compensate
ered to the grid is constant and equal to its reference value the reactive power at PCC. The grid current and load current
(4 kW) and Fig. 10e depicts that no reactive power is settles to steady state values within less than a cycle and are
injected into the grid as the grid voltage at PCC is constant shown in Fig. 11b and c respectively. Figure 11d shows that
(230 V ph-ph) and hence q-axis component of grid current the active power is almost constant and equal to its input ref-
is zero as shown in Fig. 10f. erence value (4 kW). As shown in Fig. 11e reactive power
Figure 11 shows the transient response of proposed con- drawn from the grid is 4.2 kVAr during transient. At t =
trol algorithm for grid-side converter. It is shown that for 0.14 sec, the load is removed, grid current and load current
a load of (4 kW, 0 kVAr) the load current is 10 A and the changes instantaneously to their previous values. But the
grid current is 20.4 A. When a high inductive load of (4 kW, voltage at PCC remains constant i.e. 230 V (ph-ph). Figure
7 kVAr) is switched on at t = 0.08 sec, the load current rises 11f shows the q-component (i.e. iqref ) of the inverter cur-
to 15 A and the grid current change instantaneously at the rent under dynamic changes of the load reactive power. In

Fig. 15 Experimental set-up

Power Supply
GSC DSP
Controller

TMS320F2812
DSP board

DC Motor
DFIG
5 Page 10 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

this scheme the power command for the controller was set has been deduced. Nevertheless, due to measurement errors
equal to the load power (4 kW). Therefore, there is no cur- and circuit parameters uncertainty, it is practically not pos-
rent fed to the load from the utility, the load nearly takes its sible to have a fully decoupled system. Moreover, the grid
power from wind energy system. When the load increases, output current is highly sinusoidal with a THD of 1.9% as
the amount of increment in active power is drawn from the shown in Fig. 12.
utility grid while the reactive power is compensated by the
GSC. This controller controls the active power and reactive Experimental Validation and Discussion
power independently, maintains active power at its refer-
ence value while compensating for the reactive power. It can The performance of the proposed control strategy is vali-
be seen that in both cases, the transient time is less than 2 dated with the help of a scaled laboratory prototype of DFIG
ms, which means that the current controller has an excellent based wind power system which is shown in Fig. 13 using
dynamic response. Hence, the power control could be con- TMS320F2812 digital signal processor and code composer
sidered to be decoupled too, and then the decoupled system studio software. An overall block diagram of implemented

Fig. 16 Experimental result of

the steady-state response (a)
grid voltage at PCC (115 V/Div Grid current
and time 25 msec/Div) (b) grid
current (10 A/Div and time 20
msec/Div) (c) Inverter output
phase current and grid current
(10 A/Div and time 20
msec/Div) (d) Active power (2
kW/Div and time 20 msec/Div)
and reactive power (2 kVAR/Div
and time 20 msec/Div) (e) Inverter current
Quadrature component of
inverter current 10 A/Div and
time 20 msec/Div & Reactive (a) (c)
power (2 kVAR/Div and time 20
msec/Div)
Active Power

Reactive Power

(b) (d)

q-axis component

Reactive Power

(e)
Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5 Page 11 of 12 5

Fig. 17 Experimental result of

the transient response (a) grid Active Power
voltage at PCC (115 V/Div and
time 25 msec/Div) (b) Inverter
output phase current and grid
current (10 A/Div and time 20
Reactive Power
msec/Div) (d) Active power (2
kW/Div and time 20 msec/Div)
and reactive power (2 kVAR/Div
and time 20 msec/Div) (e)
Quadrature component of
inverter current 10 A/Div and
time 20 msec/Div & Reactive
power (2 kVAR/Div and time 20 (a) (c)
msec/Div)
Transient behavior
Grid current

Reactive Power

q-axis component
Inverter current

(b) (d)

GSC system is depicted in Fig. 14. The corresponding controller controls the active power and reactive power inde-
experimental set-up is given in Fig. 15. pendently, maintains active power at its reference value
The real-time code of the control algorithm is gener- while compensating the reactive power. As a result, through
ated using the Real-Time-Workshop toolbox in MATLAB- the dynamic VAR control system, reactive power is injected
Simulink environment. All measured and control signals into in the grid with fast dynamics according to the reactive
are adapted for development platform based on fixed-point load demand. Thus it helps in regulating the system voltage
digital signal processor TMS320F2812, which is used for and stabilizing the grid [19]. Further, the harmonic spec-
control algorithm implementation. Developed GSC is con- trum of the grid current is given in Fig. 18 and it can be
nected to the grid through coupling inductance and trans- seen that grid current show a THD of 1.96% which is very
former. DC voltage is derived from output of a three-phase much within the permitted distortion levels as per IEEE 519-
IGBT-rectifier, and it was constant during all experiments 2014 standard [20]. Thus the experimental results confirm
in order to properly design the current controller. Tests for the good performances of the proposed control system that
decoupled reactive power and active power control have is capable of ensuring a sinusoidal output current with a very
been done in the laboratory. During experimental verifica-
tion the circuit is simulated for time t = 0 to t = 0.12
sec instead of t = 0.2 sec. Figure 16 shows the steady
state experimental results which are almost similar to the
steady state simulation results. But there is a transient at
t = 0.08 sec and t = 0.14 sec due to switching action of
the breaker as the reactive power increases between these
periods.
Next the transient response of proposed control strat-
egy for GSC is discussed and it was shown in Fig. 17
that, the required leading current and lagging current are
injected into the grid as demanded by the local loads. As
stated above, when the reactive load increases, the amount
of increment in active power is drawn from the utility grid
while the reactive power is compensated by the GSC. This Fig. 18 THD of grid currents
5 Page 12 of 12 Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2:5

Table 2 Performance
comparison Performance index Simulation result Experiments

Dynamic response (settling time) 8 msec 10 msec

THD of grid currents 10.01% fundamental with 1.94% 10% fundamental with 1.96%

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