Chapter 7

Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Learning Objectives

1. Understand the importance of sampling and how results from samples can be used to provide
estimates of population characteristics such as the population mean, the population standard
deviation and / or the population proportion.

2. Know what simple random sampling is and how simple random samples are selected.

3. Understand the concept of a sampling distribution.

4. Understand the central limit theorem and the important role it plays in sampling.

5. Specifically know the characteristics of the sampling distribution of the sample mean ( x ) and the
sampling distribution of the sample proportion ( p ).

6. Learn about a variety of sampling methods including stratified random sampling, cluster sampling,
systematic sampling, convenience sampling and judgment sampling.

7. Know the definition of the following terms:

parameter target population

sampled population sampling distribution
sample statistic finite population correction factor
simple random sampling standard error
sampling without replacement central limit theorem
sampling with replacement unbiased
point estimator relative efficiency
point estimate consistency

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Chapter 7

Solutions:

1. a. AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE

b. With 10 samples, each has a 1/10 probability.

c. E and C because 8 and 0 do not apply; 5 identifies E; 7 does not apply; 5 is skipped since E is
already in the sample; 3 identifies C; 2 is not needed since the sample of size 2 is complete.

2. Using the last 3-digits of each 5-digit grouping provides the random numbers:

601, 022, 448, 147, 229, 553, 147, 289, 209

Numbers greater than 350 do not apply and the 147 can only be used once. Thus, the
simple random sample of four includes 22, 147, 229, and 289.

3. 459, 147, 385, 113, 340, 401, 215, 2, 33, 348

4. a. 5, 0, 5, 8

Bell South, LSI Logic, General Electric

N! 10! 3, 628,800
b. 120
n !( N n)! 3!(10 3)! (6)(5040)

5. 283, 610, 39, 254, 568, 353, 602, 421, 638, 164

6. 2782, 493, 825, 1807, 289

7. 108, 290, 201, 292, 322, 9, 244, 249, 226, 125, (continuing at the top of column 9) 147, and 113.

8. Random numbers used: 13, 8, 27, 23, 25, 18

The second occurrence of the random number 13 is ignored.

Companies selected: ExxonMobil, Chevron, Travelers, Microsoft, Pfizer, and Intel

9. 102, 115, 122, 290, 447, 351, 157, 498, 55, 165, 528, 25

10. a. Finite population. A frame could be constructed obtaining a list of licensed drivers from the New
York State drivers license bureau.

b. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is the production line producing boxes of
cereal.

c. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is one of generating arrivals to the Golden
Gate Bridge.

d. Finite population. A frame could be constructed by obtaining a listing of students enrolled in the
course from the professor.

e. Infinite population. Sampling from a process. The process is one of generating orders for the mail-
order firm.

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

54
11. a. x xi / n 9
6

( xi x ) 2
b. s
n 1

( xi x ) 2 = (-4)2 + (-1)2 + 12 (-2)2 + 12 + 52 = 48

48
s= 31
.
6 1

12. a. p = 75/150 = .50

b. p = 55/150 = .3667

465
13. a. x xi / n 93
5
b.
xi ( xi x ) ( xi x ) 2
94 +1 1
100 +7 49
85 -8 64
94 +1 1
92 -1 1
Totals 465 0 116

( xi x ) 2 116
s 5.39
n 1 4

14. a. Eighteen of the 40 funds in the sample are load funds. Our point estimate is

18
p .45
40

b. Six of the 40 funds in the sample are high risk funds. Our point estimate is

6
p .15
40

c. The below average fund ratings are low and very low. Twelve of the funds have a rating of low and
6 have a rating of very low. Our point estimate is

18
p .45
40

$45,500
15. a. x xi / n $4,550
10

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Chapter 7

( xi x )2 9,068,620
b. s $1003.80
n 1 10 1

16. a. The sampled population is U. S. adults that are 50 years of age or older.

b. We would use the sample proportion for the estimate of the population proportion.
350
p .8216
426
c. The sample proportion for this issue is .74 and the sample size is 426.

The number of respondents citing education as very important is (.74)426 = 315.

d. We would use the sample proportion for the estimate of the population proportion.

354
p .8310
426

e. The inferences in parts (b) and (d) are being made about the population of U.S. adults who are age
50 or older. So, the population of U.S. adults who are age 50 or older is the target population. The
target population is the same as the sampled population. If the sampled population was restricted to
members of AARP who were 50 years of age or older, the sampled population would not be the
same as the target population. The inferences made in parts (b) and (d) would only be valid if the
population of AARP members age 50 or older was representative of the U.S. population of adults
age 50 and over.

17. a. 409/999 = .41

b. 299/999 = .30

c. 291/999 = .29

d. The sampled population is all subscribers to the American Association of Individual Investors
Journal. This is also the target population for the inferences made in parts (a), (b), and (c). There is
no statistical basis for making inferences to a target population of all investors. That is not the group
from which the sample is drawn.

18. a. E ( x ) 200

b. x / n 50 / 100 5

c. Normal with E ( x ) = 200 and x = 5

d. It shows the probability distribution of all possible sample means that can be observed with random
samples of size 100. This distribution can be used to compute the probability that x is within a
specified from

19. a. The sampling distribution is normal with

E ( x ) = = 200

x / n 50 / 100 5

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

For 5, 195 x 205

Using Standard Normal Probability Table:

x 5
At x = 205, z 1 P( z 1) = .8413
x 5

x 5
At x = 195, z 1 P ( z 1) = .1587
x 5

P(195 x 205) = .8413 - .1587 = .6826

b. For 10, 190 x 210

Using Standard Normal Probability Table:

x 10
At x = 210, z 2 P( z 2) = .9772
x 5

x 10
At x = 190, z 2 P ( z 2) = .0228
x 5

P(190 x 210) = .9772 - .0228 = .9544

20. x / n

x 25/ 50 3.54

x 25/ 100 2.50

x 25/ 150 2.04

x 25/ 200 1.77

The standard error of the mean decreases as the sample size increases.

21. a. x / n 10 / 50 141
.

b. n / N = 50 / 50,000 = .001

Use x / n 10 / 50 141
.

c. n / N = 50 / 5000 = .01

Use x / n 10 / 50 141
.

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Chapter 7

d. n / N = 50 / 500 = .10

N n 500 50 10
Use x 134
.
N 1 n 500 1 50

Note: Only case (d) where n /N = .10 requires the use of the finite population correction factor.

22. a. E( x ) = 51,800 and x / n 4000 / 60 516.40

x
51,800

E( x )

The normal distribution for x is based on the Central Limit Theorem.

b. For n = 120, E ( x ) remains $51,800 and the sampling distribution of x can still be approximated
by a normal distribution. However, x is reduced to 4000 / 120 = 365.15.

c. As the sample size is increased, the standard error of the mean, x , is reduced. This appears logical
from the point of view that larger samples should tend to provide sample means that are closer to the
population mean. Thus, the variability in the sample mean, measured in terms of x , should
decrease as the sample size is increased.

4000
23. a. With a sample of size 60 x 516.40
60

52,300 51,800
At x = 52,300, z .97
516.40

P( x 52,300) = P(z .97) = .8340

51,300 51,800
At x = 51,300, z .97
516.40

P( x < 51,300) = P(z < -.97) = .1660

P(51,300 x 52,300) = .8340 - .1660 = .6680

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

4000
b. x 365.15
120

52,300 51,800
At x = 52,300, z 1.37
365.15

P( x 52,300) = P(z 1.37) = .9147

51,300 51,800
At x = 51,300, z 1.37
365.15

P( x < 51,300) = P(z < -1.37) = .0853

P(51,300 x 52,300) = .9147 - .0853 = .8294

24. a. Normal distribution, E ( x ) 17.5

x / n 4 / 50 .57

b. Within 1 week means 16.5 x 18.5

18.5 17.5
At x = 18.5, z 1.75 P(z 1.75) = .9599
.57

At x = 16.5, z = -1.75. P(z < -1.75) = .0401

So P(16.5 x 18.5) = .9599 - .0401 = .9198

c. Within 1/2 week means 17.0 x 18.0

18.0 17.5
At x = 18.0, z .88 P(z .88) = .8106
.57

At x = 17.0, z = -.88 P(z < -.88) = .1894

P(17.0 x 18.0) = .8106 - .1894 = .6212

25. x / n 100 / 90 10.54 This value for the standard error can be used for parts (a) and (b)
below.

512 502
a. z .95 P(z .95) = .8289
10.54

492 502
z .95 P(z < -.95) = .1711
10.54

probability = .8289 - .1711 =.6578

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Chapter 7

525 515
b. z .95 P(z .95) = .8289
10.54

505 515
z .95 P(z < -.95) = .1711
10.54

probability = .8289 - .1711 =.6578

The probability of being within 10 of the mean on the Mathematics portion of the test is exactly the
same as the probability of being within 10 on the Critical Reading portion of the SAT. This is
because the standard error is the same in both cases. The fact that the means differ does not affect the
probability calculation.

c. x / n 100 / 100 10.0 The standard error is smaller here because the sample size is larger.

504 494
z 1.00 P(z 1.00) = .8413
10.0

484 494
z 1.00 P(z < -1.00) = .1587
10.0

probability = .8413 - .1587 =.6826

The probability is larger here than it is in parts (a) and (b) because the larger sample size has made
the standard error smaller.

x 939
26. a. z
/ n

Within 25 means x - 939 must be between -25 and +25.

The z value for x - 939 = -25 is just the negative of the z value for x - 939 = 25. So we just show
the computation of z for x - 939 = 25.

25
n = 30 z .56 P(-.56 z .56) = .7123 - .2877 = .4246
245 / 30

25
n = 50 z .72 P(-.72 z .72) = .7642 - .2358 = .5284
245 / 50

25
n = 100 z 1.02 P(-1.02 z 1.02) = .8461 - .1539 = .6922
245 / 100

25
n = 400 z 2.04 P(-2.04 z 2.04) = .9793 - .0207 = .9586
245 / 400

b. A larger sample increases the probability that the sample mean will be within a specified
distance of the population mean. In the automobile insurance example, the probability of
being within 25 of ranges from .4246 for a sample of size 30 to .9586 for a sample of
size 400.

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

27. a. x / n 2.30 / 50 .3253

x 22.18 21.68
At x = 22.18, z 1.54 P(z 1.54) = .9382
/ n .3253

At x = 21.18, z = -1.54

P(z < -1.54) = .0618, thus

P(21.18 x 22.18) = .9382 - .0618 = .8764

b. x / n 2.05 / 50 .2899

x 19.30 18.80
At x = 19.30, z 1.72 P(z 1.72) = .9573
/ n .2899

At x = 18.30, z = -1.72, P(z < -1.72) = .0427, thus

P(18.30 x 19.30) = .9573 - .0427 = .9146

c. In part (b) we have a higher probability of obtaining a sample mean within $.50 of the population
mean because the standard error for female graduates (.2899) is smaller than the standard error for
male graduates (.3253).

d. With n = 120, x / n 2.05 / 120 .1871

18.50 18.80
At x = 18.50, z 1.60
.1871

P( x < 18.50) = P(z < -1.60) = .0548

28. a. This is a graph of a normal distribution with E ( x ) = 95 and

x / n 14 / 30 2.56

b. Within 3 strokes means 92 x 98

98 95 92 95
z 1.17 z 1.17
2.56 2.56

P(92 x 98) = P(-1.17 z 1.17) = .8790 - .1210 = .7580

The probability the sample means will be within 3 strokes of the population mean of 95 is .7580.

c. x / n 14 / 45 2.09

Within 3 strokes means 103 x 109

109 106 103 106

z 1.44 z 1.44
2.09 2.09

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Chapter 7

P(103 x 109) = P(-1.44 z 1.44) = .9251 - .0749 = .8502

The probability the sample means will be within 3 strokes of the population mean of 106 is .8502.

d. The probability of being within 3 strokes for female golfers is higher because the sample size is
larger.

29. = 183 = 50

a. n = 30 Within 8 means 175 x 191

x 8
z .88
/ n 50 / 30

P(175 x 191) = P(-.88 z .88) = .8106 - .1894 = .6212

b. n = 50 Within 8 means 175 x 191

x 8
z 1.13
/ n 50 / 50

P(175 x 191) = P(-1.13 z 1.13) = .8708 - .1292 = .7416

c. n = 100 Within 8 means 175 x 191

x 8
z 1.60
/ n 50 / 100

P(175 x 191) = P(-1.60 z 1.60) = .9452 - .0548 = .8904

d. None of the sample sizes in parts (a), (b), and (c) are large enough. The sample size will need to
be greater than n = 100, which was used in part (c).

30. a. n / N = 40 / 4000 = .01 < .05; therefore, the finite population correction factor is not necessary.

b. With the finite population correction factor

N n 4000 40 8.2
x 129
.
N 1 n 4000 1 40

Without the finite population correction factor

x / n 130
.

Including the finite population correction factor provides only a slightly different value for x than
when the correction factor is not used.

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

x 2
c. z 154
. P(z 1.54) = .9382
130
. 130
.

P(z < -1.54) = .0618

Probability = .9382 - .0618 = .8764

31. a. E( p ) = p = .40

p(1 p) .40(.60)
b. p .0490
n 100

c. Normal distribution with E( p ) = .40 and p = .0490

d. It shows the probability distribution for the sample proportion p .

32. a. E( p ) = .40

p(1 p) .40(.60)
p .0346
n 200

Within .03 means .37 p .43

p p .03
z .87 P(z .87) = .8078
p .0346

P(z < -.87) = .1922

P(.37 p .43) = .8078 - .1922 = .6156

p p .05
b. z 1.44 P(z 1.44) = .9251
p .0346

P(z < -1.44) = .0749

P(.35 p .45) = .9251 - .0749 = .8502

p(1 p)
33. p
n

(.55)(.45)
p .0497
100

(.55)(.45)
p .0352
200

(.55)(.45)
p .0222
500

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Chapter 7

(.55)(.45)
p .0157
1000

The standard error of the proportion, p , decreases as n increases

(.30)(.70)
34. a. p .0458
100

Within .04 means .26 p .34

p p .04
z .87 P(z .87) = .8078
p .0458

P(z < -.87) = .1922

P(.26 p .34) = .8078 - .1922 = .6156

(.30)(.70)
b. p .0324
200

p p .04
z 1.23 P(z 1.23) = .8907
p .0324

P(z < -1.23) = .1093

P(.26 p .34) = .8907 - .1093 = .7814

(.30)(.70)
c. p .0205
500

p p .04
z 1.95 P(z 1.95) = .9744
p .0205

P(z < -1.95) = .0256

P(.26 p .34) = .9744 - .0256 = .9488

(.30)(.70)
d. p .0145
1000

p p .04
z 2.76 P(z 2.76) = .9971
p .0145

P(z < -2.76) = .0029

P(.26 p .34) = .9971 - .0029 = .9942

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

e. With a larger sample, there is a higher probability p will be within .04 of the population
proportion p.

35. a.

p(1 p) .30(.70)
p .0458
n 100

p
.30

The normal distribution is appropriate because np = 100(.30) = 30 and n(1 - p) = 100(.70) = 70 are
both greater than 5.

b. P (.20 p .40) = ?

.40 .30
z 2.18 P(z 2.18) = .9854
.0458

P(z < -2.18) = .0146

P(.20 p .40) = .9854 - .0146 = .9708

c. P (.25 p .35) = ?

.35 .30
z 1.09 P(z 1.09) = .8621
.0458

P(z < -1.09) = .1379

P(.25 p .35) = .8621 - .1379 = .7242

36. a. This is a graph of a normal distribution with a mean of E ( p) = .55 and

p(1 p) .55(1 .55)

p .0352
n 200

b. Within .05 means .50 p .60

p p .60 .55 p p .50 .55

z 1.42 z 1.42
p .0352 p .0352

P(.50 p .60) = P(-1.42 z 1.42) = .9222 - .0778 = .8444

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Chapter 7

c. This is a graph of a normal distribution with a mean of E ( p) = .45 and

p(1 p) .45(1 .45)

p .0352
n 200

p(1 p) .45(1 .45)

d. p .0352
n 200

Within .05 means .40 p .50

p p .50 .45 p p .40 .45

z 1.42 z 1.42
p .0352 p .0352

P(.40 p .50) = P(-1.42 z 1.42) = .9222 - .0778 = .8444

e. No, the probabilities are exactly the same. This is because p , the standard error, and the width of
the interval are the same in both cases. Notice the formula for computing the standard error. It
involves p(1 p) . So whenever p = 1 - p the standard error will be the same. In part (b), p = .45
and 1 p = .55. In part (d), p = .55 and 1 p = .45.

p(1 p) .55(1 .55)

f. For n = 400, p .0249
n 400

Within .05 means .50 p .60

p p .60 .55 p p .50 .55

z 2.01 z 2.01
p .0249 p .0249

P(.50 p .60) = P(-2.01 z 2.01) = .9778 - .0222 = .9556

The probability is larger than in part (b). This is because the larger sample size has reduced the
standard error from .0352 to .0249.

37. a. Normal distribution

E ( p ) .12

p(1 p) (.12)(1 .12)

p .0140
n 540

p p .03
b. z 2.14 P(z 1.94) = .9838
p .0140

P(z < -2.14) = .0162

P(.09 p .15) = .9838 - .0162 = .9676

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

p p .015
c. z 1.07 P(z 1.07) = .8577
p .0140

P(z < -1.07) = .1423

P(.105 p .135) = .8577 - .1423 = .7154

38. a. It is a normal distribution with

E( p ) = .42

p(1 p) (.42)(.58)
p .0285
n 300

p p .03
b. z 1.05 P(z 1.05) = .8531
p .0285

P(z < -1.05) = .1469

P(.39 p .44) = .8531 - .1469 = .7062

p p .05
c. z 1.75 P(z 1.75) = .9599
p .0285

P(z < -1.75) = .0401

P(.39 p .44) = .9599 - .0401 = .9198

d. The probabilities would increase. This is because the increase in the sample size makes the standard
error, p , smaller.

39. a. Normal distribution with E ( p) p .75 and

p(1 p) .75(1 .75)

p .0204
n 450

p p .04
b. z 1.96 P(z 1.96) = .9750
p .0204

P(z < -1.96) = .0250

P(.71 p .79) = P(-1.96 z 1.96) = .9750 - .0275 = .9500

c. Normal distribution with E ( p) p .75 and

p(1 p ) .75(1 .75)

p .0306
n 200

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Chapter 7

p p .04
d. z 1.31 P(z 1.31) = .9049
.75(1 .75) .0306
200

P(z < -1.31) = .0951

P(.71 p .79) = P(-1.31 z 1.31) = .9049 - .0951 = .8098

e. The probability of the sample proportion being within .04 of the population mean was reduced from
.9500 to .8098. So there is a gain in precision by increasing the sample size from 200 to 450. If the
extra cost of using the larger sample size is not too great, we should probably do so.

40. a. E ( p ) = .76

p(1 p) .76(1 .76)

p .0214
n 400

Normal distribution because np = 400(.76) = 304 and n(1 - p) = 400(.24) = 96

.79 .76
b. z 1.40 P(z 1.40) = .9192
.0214

P(z < -1.40) = .0808

P(.73 p .79) = P(-1.40 z 1.40) = .9192 - .0808 = .8384

p(1 p) .76(1 .76)

c. p .0156
n 750

.79 .76
z 1.92 P(z 1.92) = .9726
.0156

P(z < -1.92) = .0274

P(.73 p .79) = P(-1.92 z 1.92) = .9726 - .0274 = .9452

41. a. E( p ) = .17

p(1 p) (.17)(1 .17)

p .0133
n 800

Distribution is approximately normal because np = 800(.17) = 136 > 5

and n(1 p) = 800(.83) = 664 > 5

.19 .17
b. z 1.51 P(z 1.51) = .9345
.0133

P(z < -1.51) = .0655

P(.15 p .19) = P(-1.51 z 1.51) = .9345 - .0655 = .8690

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

p(1 p) (.17)(1 .17)

c. p .0094
n 1600

.19 .17
z 2.13 P(z 2.13) = .9834
.0094

P(z < -2.13) = .0166

P(.15 p .19) = P(-2.13 z 2.13) = .9834 - .0166 = .9668

42. The random numbers corresponding to the first seven universities selected are

122, 99, 25, 55, 115, 102, 61

The third, fourth and fifth columns of Table 7.1 were needed to find 7 random numbers of 133 or
less without duplicate numbers.

Authors note: The universities identified are: Clarkson U. (122), U. of Arizona (99), UCLA (25),
U. of Maryland (55), U. of New Hampshire (115), Florida State U. (102), Clemson U. (61).

43. a. With n = 100, we can approximate the sampling distribution with a normal distribution having

E( x ) = 8086

2500
x 250
n 100

x 200
b. z .80 P(z .80) = .7881
/ n 2500 / 100

P(z < -.80) = .2119

P(7886 x 8286) = P(-.80 z .80) = .7881 - .2119 = .5762

The probability that the sample mean will be within $200 of the population mean is .5762.

9000 8086
c. At 9000, z 3.66
2500 / 100

P( x 9000) = P(z 3.66) 0

Yes, the research firm should be questioned. A sample mean this large is extremely unlikely (almost
0 probability) if a simple random sample is taken from a population with a mean of $8086.

44. a. Normal distribution with

E ( x ) = 406

80
x 10
n 64

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Chapter 7

x 15
b. z 1.50 P(z 1.50) = .9332
/ n 80 / 64

P(z < -1.50) = .0668

P(391 x 421) = P(-1.50 z 1.50) = .9332 - .0668 = .8664

x 380 406
c. At x = 380, z 2.60
/ n 80 / 64

P( x 380) = P(z -2.60) = .0047

Yes, this is an unusually low performing group of 64 stores. The probability of a sample mean
annual sales per square foot of $380 or less is only .0047.

45. With n = 60 the central limit theorem allows us to conclude the sampling distribution is
approximately normal.

a. This means 14 x 16

16 15
At x = 16, z 1.94 P(z 1.94) = .9738
4 / 60

P(z < -1.94) = .0262

P(14 x 16) = P(-1.94 z 1.94) = .9738 - .0262 = .9476

b. This means 14.25 x 15.75

15.75 15
At x = 15.75, z 1.45 P(z 1.45) = .9265
4 / 60

P(z < -1.45) = .0735

P(14.25 x 15.75) = P(-1.45 z 1.45) = .9265 - .0735 = .8530

46. = 27,175 = 7400

a. x 7400 / 60 955

x 0
b. z 0
x 955

P( x > 27,175) = P(z > 0) = .50

Note: This could have been answered easily without any calculations ; 27,175 is the expected value
of the sampling distribution of x .

x 1000
c. z 1.05 P(z 1.05) = .8531
x 955

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

P(z < -1.05) = .1469

P(26,175 x 28,175) = P(-1.05 z 1.05) = .8531 - .1469 = .7062

d. x 7400 / 100 740

x 1000
z 1.35 P(z 1.35) = .9115
x 740

P(z < -1.35) = .0885

P(26,175 x 28,175) = P(-1.35 z 1.35) = .9115 - .0885 = .8230

N n
47. a. x
N 1 n

N = 2000

2000 50 144
x 2011
.
2000 1 50

N = 5000

5000 50 144
x 20.26
5000 1 50

N = 10,000

10,000 50 144
x 20.31
10,000 1 50

Note: With n / N .05 for all three cases, common statistical practice would be to ignore
144
the finite population correction factor and use x 20.36 for each case.
50

b. N = 2000

25
z 1.24 P(z 1.24) = .8925
20.11

P(z < -1.24) = .1075

Probability = P(-1.24 z 1.24) = .8925 - .1075 = .7850

N = 5000

25
z 1.23 P(z 1.23) = .8907
20.26

P(z < -1.23) = .1093

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Chapter 7

Probability = P(-1.23 z 1.23) = .8907 - .1093 = .7814

N = 10,000

25
z 1.23 P(z 1.23) = .8907
20.31

P(z < -1.23) = .1093

Probability = P(-1.23 z 1.23) = .8907 - .1093 = .7814

All probabilities are approximately .78 indicating that a sample of size 50 will work well for all 3
firms.

500
48. a. x 20
n n

n = 500/20 = 25 and n = (25)2 = 625

b. For 25,

25
z 1.25 P(z 1.25) = .8944
20

P(z < -1.25) = .1056

Probability = P(-1.25 z 1.25) = .8944 - .1056 = .7888

49. Sampling distribution of x

x
n 30

0.05 0.05

x
1.9 2.1

1.9 + 2.1 = 2
=
2

The area below x = 2.1 must be 1 - .05 = .95. An area of .95 in the standard normal table shows
z = 1.645.

Thus,

2.1 2.0
z 1.645
/ 30

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 Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Solve for

(.1) 30
.33
1.645

50. p = .28

a. This is the graph of a normal distribution with E( p ) = p = .28 and

p(1 p) .28(1 .28)

p .0290
n 240

b. Within .04 means .24 p .32

.32 .28 .24 .28

z 1.38 z 1.38
.0290 .0290

P(.24 p .32) = P(-1.38 z 1.38) = .9162 - .0838 = .8324

c. Within .02 means .26 p .30

.30 .28 .26 .28

z .69 z .69
.0290 .0290

P(.26 p .30) = P(-.69 z .69) = .7549 - .2451 = .5098

p(1 p) (.40)(.60)
51. p .0245
n 400

P ( p .375) = ?

.375 .40
z 1.02 P(z < -1.02) = .1539
.0245

P ( p .375) = 1 - .1539 = .8461

p(1 p) (.40)(1 .40)

52. a. p .0251
n 380

Within .04 means .36 p .44

.44 .40 .36 .40

z 1.59 z 1.59
.0251 .0251

P(.36 p .44) = P(-1.59 z 1.59) = .9441 - .0559 = .8882

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Chapter 7

b. We want P( p .45)

p p .45 .40
z 1.99
p .0251

P( p .45) = P(z 1.99) = 1 - .9767 = .0233

53. a. Normal distribution with E ( p ) = .15 and

p(1 p) (.15)(.85)
p .0292
n 150

b. P (.12 p .18) = ?

.18 .15
z 1.03 P(z 1.03) = .8485
.0292

P(z < -1.03) = .1515

P(.12 p .18) = P(-1.03 z 1.03) = .8485 - .1515 =.6970

p(1 p) .25(.75)
54. a. p .0625
n n

Solve for n

.25(.75)
n 48
(.0625) 2

b. Normal distribution with E( p ) = .25 and p = .0625

(Note: (48)(.25) = 12 > 5, and (48)(.75) = 36 > 5)

c. P ( p .30) = ?

.30 .25
z .80 P(z .80) = .7881
.0625

P ( p .30) = 1 - .7881 = .2119

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