Transpiration Notes Class 10

TRANSPIRATIONS
1. Give suitable explanations for the following:

(a)A higher rate of transpiration is recorded on a windy day rather than on a calm day.
(b) Excessive transpiration results in the wilting of the leaves.
(c) Water transpired is the water absorbed.
(d) More transpiration occurs from a lower surface of a dorsiventral leaf.
Ans. (a)Rate of transpiration is more on a windy day than calm day because wind velocity
increases the rate of transpiration as it increases the pressure gradient.
(b)In some plants, e.g. balsam, the leaves of the plants wilt during the mid-day. In such cases, the
rate of transpiration during mid-day exceeds the rate of absorption of water by the roots. The
cells, therefore, lose turgidity and wilts.
(c) Roots continuously absorb a very large quantity of water. Transpiration is an effective method
of removing excess water from the plant body. Thus water transpired is the water absorbed,
obviously the excess water.
(d) Stomata are minute openings occuring in large numbers on the lower surface of a dorsiventral
leaf. The more the number of stomata, the more the rate of transpiration. Thats why,
transpiration is more in the lower surface of the dorsi-ventral leaf.
2.What are anti-transpirants? Name one anti-transpirant.

Ans. Anti-transpirants are chemical substances which reduce the rate of transpiration. They are
generally used to improve the efficiency of water utilisation by plants, without affecting the
carbon dioxide uptake. Example - Phenylmercuric acetate.
3.Suppose the walls of the guard cells of a dicot plant are uniformly thick. How would it affect the
rate of transpiration from such a leaf? Explain.
Ans. In a normal guard cell, the outer walls are thin while the inner ones are thick. On absorbing
water, guard cells become turgid and the outer walls become convex, resulting in the opening of
stomata which allows transpiration. If the walls of guard cells are uniformly thick, they will not
expand and stomata will not open, hence no transpiration will occur
4. Mention the significance of transpiration.

Ans. Significance of transpiration
(i) It helps in the absorption of water from the soil. (ii) Produces cooling effect.
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(iii) Maintains cell turgidity. (iv) Controls opening and closing of stomata.
(v) Helps in absorption of minerals from the soil.
5. What is wilting? Distinguish between temporary and permanent wilting.

Ans. When the rate of transpiration is more than the rate of absorption of water by roots, the
leaves droop down due to lowering of turgor pressure. This flaccid condition is known as wilting.
In temporary wilting, observed during summer, the leaves droop down during day time due to
excessive transpiration but regain their turgidity by evening as by then the rate of transpiration
decreases while the rate of absorption from soil increases. In permanent wilting the plant does
not recover due to deficiency of water in soil.
6. Differentiate between transpiration and guttation.

Ans. Differences between transpiration and guttation:
Transpiration Guttation
(i) Water is lost in vapour form. Water is lost in liquid form.
(ii) It takes place through stomata, It takes place through hydathodes.
lenticels or cuticles.
(iii) Water lost is pure. Water lost contains minerals and other
organic substances.
(iv) It occurs during the day. It increases It occurs in early morning and evening
with rise in temperature. when temperature is low.
(v) It has a cooling effect. No such effect.
7. Differentiate between transpiration and evaporation.

Ans. Differences between transpiration and evaporation:
Transpiration Evaporation
(i) It is a physiological process. It is a physical process.
(ii) It takes place from the exposed It takes place from the free surface of
plant surfaces. water.
(iii) It is regulated by the activity of Guard cells play no role in evaporation
guard cells.
(iv) It takes place during day time. It takes place at all the times.
(v) It is affected by environmental It is affected by environmental factors
factors as well as internal factors like like temperature relative humidity. leaf anatomy and
the rate of absorption of water by roots.
8. Mention various adaptations by which the plants tend to reduce transpiration.

Ans. Excessive transpiration can prove to be harmful for the survival of plants. Hence, the plants
adopt both morphological and anatomical means to reduce excessive transpiration.
(i) Morphological Adaptations : Since 80-90% of transpiration takes place through leaves, the leaf
area is reduced. (a) They become modified into spines, as in cactus, or needles, as in pine. (b) The
leaves may fold-up or roll. (c) Leaves may be shed during winter as in deciduous trees.
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(ii) Anatomical Adaptations :
(a) The number of stomata are reduced and may be sunken.
(b) The leaves may develop multiple epidermis.
(c) Leaf surface may be covered by a dense coating of cutinised hair or scales.
(d) Trees develop a water-proof covering of cork or bark.
(e) Evergreen trees develop a thick waxy cuticle on the epidermis of leaf.
9. List three ways by which a plant transpires.

Ans. Transpiration takes place by the following ways:-
(i) Stomatal Transpiration: Stomata are pores present in the epidermis of the leaves. These
normally remain open during the day time to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Simultaneously water vapour diffuses out of the stomata. Approximately, 80-90% of transpiration
takes place through stomata.
(ii) Cuticular Transpiration: Cuticle is a thin waxy layer on the surface of the leaf. Some amount of
water vapour escapes through it.
(iii) Lenticular Transpiration: In woody plants, the stem has openings on their surface called
lenticels which is composed of loose mass of cells. Water vapour easily escapes through them.
10. . Transpiration is a necessary evil. Comment.

Ans. A major portion of water absorbed by plants is lost into the atmosphere through the process
of transpiration. Yet it is advantageous for the plant. Some of the advantages are as follows:
(i) It helps in ascent of sap.
(ii) It has cooling effect.
(iii) It helps in absorption and conduction of minerals.
(iv) It favours extensive growth of the root system.
(v) It helps to maintain cell turgidity.
However, transpiration is also a threat to life of the plant as well. Wilting takes place if the rate of
transpiration exceeds the rate of water uptake from the soil. Reduction in turgor of plant parts
may finally lead to the death of plant. Water is lost through stomata, the structures which allow
gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and respiration. The principal function of stomata is to allow
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, loss of water is inevitable and unavoidable. Transpiration
is thus referred to as a necessary evil.
11. How do the following factors influence the rate of transpiration : light, temperature, humidity,
wind, soil, water?
Ans. (i) Light It influences transpiration through its effect on the opening of stomata.
Only a small portion of light is used in photosynthesis, rest is converted into heat energy which
increases the temperature of the leaf and leads to more water loss.
(ii) Temperature
Within limits, rise in temperature leads to an increase in transpiration. However, stomata
close at very high temperature.
(iii) Humidity The rate of transpiration decreases with increase in humidity.
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(iv) Wind
Moderate wind velocity increases the rate of transpiration as it increases the vapour pressure
gradient.
High wind velocity often induces stomatal closure, causing a decrease in transpiration.
(v) Soil water
The rate of transpiration is lowered if the amount of water in the soil is less. Wilting occurs
when loss of water by transpiration exceeds the rate of uptake by roots.
12. The figure alongside represents the vertical section of a leaf.

(i) Name the given structure.
(ii) Name the parts labelled 1 to 5.
(iii) Give an example of two plants where this structure is present.

(iv) Which physiological process takes place through this structure?
(v) Give three conditions which favour this physiological process.
Ans.(i) Hydathode
(ii) 1 - Cavity of the water pore 2 - Guard cell 3 - Epithem 4 - Tracheids
5 - Chlorenchyma.
(iii) Garden nasturtium, grasses
(iv) Guttation
(v) (a) Large amounts of water in the plant
(b) Low temperature
(c) All conditions that inhibit transpiration favour guttation.
13. which instrument is to measure the rate of transpiration? Write any two limitations of this
apparatus.
Ans. Ganongs potometer is an apparatus to measure the rate of transpiration. Two limitations of
this apparatus are :
1. It cannot measure the amount of water lost due to transpiration.
2. The measurement of rate of transpiration is difficult in humid weather.
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TRANSPIRATIONS

1. Give suitable explanations for the following:

2.What are anti-transpirants? Name one anti-transpirant.

4. Mention the significance of transpiration.

5. What is wilting? Distinguish between temporary and permanent wilting.

6. Differentiate between transpiration and guttation.

7. Differentiate between transpiration and evaporation.

8. Mention various adaptations by which the plants tend to reduce transpiration.

9. List three ways by which a plant transpires.

10. . Transpiration is a necessary evil. Comment.

12. The figure alongside represents the vertical section of a leaf.

(iii) Give an example of two plants where this structure is present.

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