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    4 Kidney Diseases TogleMD

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    Marianne
    Kidney diseases result from the progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons. Symptoms often do not occur until nephron function falls to 70-75% below normal. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease are diabetes (45%) and hypertension (27%). Treatment options include kidney transplantation or dialysis. Dialysis works by passing blood through a membrane to filter out waste via diffusion against a dialyzing fluid.

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    4 Kidney Diseases TogleMD

    Uploaded by

    Marianne
    73 views1 page
    Kidney diseases result from the progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons. Symptoms often do not occur until nephron function falls to 70-75% below normal. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease are diabetes (45%) and hypertension (27%). Treatment options include kidney transplantation or dialysis. Dialysis works by passing blood through a membrane to filter out waste via diffusion against a dialyzing fluid.

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    Kidney diseases result from the progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons. Symptoms often do not occur until nephron function falls to 70-75% below normal. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease are diabetes (45%) and hypertension (27%). Treatment options include kidney transplantation or dialysis. Dialysis works by passing blood through a membrane to filter out waste via diffusion against a dialyzing fluid.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    73 views1 page

    4 Kidney Diseases TogleMD

    Uploaded by

    Marianne
    Kidney diseases result from the progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons. Symptoms often do not occur until nephron function falls to 70-75% below normal. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease are diabetes (45%) and hypertension (27%). Treatment options include kidney transplantation or dialysis. Dialysis works by passing blood through a membrane to filter out waste via diffusion against a dialyzing fluid.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    Kidney Diseases 2.

    Results from progressive & irreversible loss of


    Brian Antonio T. Togle, M.D., FPCP large numbers of functioning nephrons.
    Internal Medicine / Nephrology Serious clinical symptoms often do not occur
    until the number of functional nephrons falls
    Always remember: to at least 70 75% below normal
    =
    Where: Most common causes of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
    BP: Blood Pressure Cause % of Total ESRD
    CO: Cardiac Output Patients
    VR: Vascular Resistance - Diabetes mellitus 45%
    - Hypertension 27%
    Severe kidney diseases can be divided into two main - Glomerulonephritis.. 8%
    categories: - Polycistic Kidney Disease. 2%
    o Acute Renal Failure: kidneys abruptly stop - Others/Unknown.. 18%
    working entirely or almost entirely but may
    eventually recover nearly function, & Treatment of Kidney Failure
    o Chronic Renal Failure: progressive loss of Transplantation
    function of more & more nephrons that Dialysis
    gradually decreases overall kidney function
    Basic Principles of Dialysis
    Conditions:
    The basic principle of artificial kidney is to pass blood
    o Acute Renal Failure:
    through minute blood channels bounded by a thin
    1. Prerenal Acute Renal Failure
    membrane. On the other side of the membrane is a
    Some causes:
    dialyzing fluid into w/c unwanted substances in the
    - Intravascular volume - Peripheral vasodilation & blood pass by diffusion.
    depletion resultant hypotension
    - Hemorrhage (trauma, - Anaphylactic shock
    surgery, postpartum, - Anesthesia
    gastrointestinal) - Sepsis, severe infections
    - Diarrhea/vomiting - Primary renal hemodynamic
    - Burns abnormalities
    - Cardiac failure - Renal artery stenosis,
    - Myocardial infarction embolism, or thrombosis of
    - Valvular damage renal artery/vein

    2. Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure


    - resulting from abnormalities w/in the
    kidney itself, including those that affect
    the blood vessels, glomeruli, or tubules
    3. Postrenal Acute Renal Failure
    - Abnormalities of the Lower Urinary
    Tract
    a. Bilateral obstruction of the
    ureters/renal pelvises caused by large
    stones/blood clots
    b. Bladder obstruction
    c. Obstruction of the urethra

    Physiologic Effects of Acute Renal Failure


    Retention in the blood & ECF of water, waste
    products of metabolism, & electrolytes
    Water & salt overloadedema & hypertension,
    excessive retention of potassium & hydrogen

    o Chronic Renal Failure


    1. An irreversible decrease in the number of
    functional nephrons

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