Original Article

Outcome of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy at a Secondary

Level of Care in Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman S. Al-Mulhim, Tarek T. Amin1

Department of Surgery, 1Family

and Community Medicine
ABSTRACT
Department, College of
Medicine at Al Ahsa, King Background/Aim: The first option for gallbladder surgery is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of
Faisal University - Al Ahsa, this study is to analyze the outcomes for all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at
Saudi Arabia a secondary level of care. Patients and Methods: Between 2005 and 2008, 968 consecutive laparoscopic
cholecystectomies were performed at King Fahad Hospital. We collected and analyzed data including
Address for correspondence:
age, gender, body mass index (kg/m2), the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, mode
Dr. Abdulrahman S. Al-Mulhim,
of admission (elective or emergency), indication for LC (chronic or acute cholecystitis [AC]), co-morbid
Department of Surgery, Medical
disease, previous abdominal surgery, conversion to open cholecystectomy, complications, operation time,
College - Al-Ahsa, King Faisal
and length of postoperative hospital stay. Results: Nine hundred and sixty-eight patients had laparoscopic
University, P.O. Box 1164,
cholecystectomy at the center. There were 824 females and 144 males; the age range was 15-64 (mean 32.9
Hofuf, Al-Hassa 31982,
12.7 years). The operating time was 45 to 180 min (median 85 min); the complication rate was 4.03% (39
Saudi Arabia.
patients). Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be performed safely in the majority of patients
E-mail: abdu3939@yahoo
with cholelithiasis, by an experienced surgical team at a secondary level of care.

Key Words: Complications, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, morbidity

Received 01.08.2009, Accepted 26.03.2010

The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 2011 17(1):47-52

Surgeon Muhe from Germany (1985), and surgeon Mouret The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of LC at
from France (1987), performed the first human laparoscopic the secondary level of care in terms of morbidity.
cholecystectomy (LC) cases.[1,2]
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Epidemiological studies indicate that 70% to 80% of all
cholecystectomy are now completed laparoscopically, and This is a record-based descriptive study carried out in Surgical
it is one of the most commonly undertaken procedures in Department at King Fahd Hospital over a period of 4 years
general surgery.[3] from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008. King Fahad
Hospital at Hofuf is located in Al Hassa Governorate, Eastern
Several clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that the Saudi Arabia, 350 km from Riyadh, with a population of
outcome of LC depends on factors such as age, gender, body
about 1 million people. The hospital provides secondary level
weight, clinical presentation, previous abdominal surgery,
of care and represents the main referral center for diagnostic
and surgeons experience.[4]
and surgical procedures in Al Hassa.
However, morbidity and mortality rates are usually used to
All records of patients of both genders and of those above
evaluate the outcome in a surgery.[5,6]
the age of 12 years (< 12 years is considered pediatric in our
hospital) who underwent LC irrespective of its indications
Access this article online were included in this study.
Quick Response Code:
Website: www.saudijgastro.com
The collected data included age, gender, body mass index (kg/
PubMed ID: ****
m2), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, mode of
admission (elective or emergency), indication for LC, co-morbid
DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.74484 disease, previous abdominal surgery, diagnostic investigations,
duration of the procedure, hospital stay, and complications.

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Al-Mulhim and Amin

Patient selection for surgery was made preoperatively based 64 years (mean 32.9 12.7 years). Those in the age group of
on history, physical, and laboratory diagnostic evidence of 20 to <40 years represented the main bulk of patients who
gall bladder disease. underwent LC [Table 1].

Admitted patients were required to undergo the standard All patients were assigned an American Society of
pre-operative tests liver function test, renal function tests, Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status classification:
screening for hepatitis, blood sugar, and complete blood 513(53%) were ASA I, 442 (45.7%) were ASA II, and 13
picture. (1.3%) was ASA III.

Ultrasonogram was routinely performed on all patients to Table 2 shows the pre-operative status of the gall bladder and
confirm the clinical diagnosis of cholelithiasis with number of complications encountered following LC. Intra-operatively
stones, sizes, gall-bladder wall thickness, and pericholecystic in 355(36.7%) patients, there was flimsy adhesion of the
collection, and diameter of common bile duct. gallbladder. In 406(41.9%), gallbladder wall was found to
be thickened (chronic cases), whereas in another 96(9.9%)
Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, and cases gallbladder wall was inflamed (acute cholecystitis).
cardiac disease were the most common co-morbid diseases
found in this series. Distended gallbladders with mucocele were found in 31
(3.2%) patients which were decompressed laparoscopically.
LC was performed using the standard four-port technique
advocated by Reddick;[6] the pneumo-peritoneum was created Selective preoperative endoscopic retrograde
by the closed method, and diathermy of the gallbladder was cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 26 cases
performed with the monopolar electrosurgical hook in all because of obstructive jaundice, and a dilated common bile
cases. duct on ultrasound. In 19 cases in whom choledocholithiasis
were present, it was managed with preoperative ERCP and
During this study period, four consultant surgeons with vast endoscopic sphincterotomy [Table 1].
experience in open surgery performed LC.
The operating time, from the time of insertion of the Verees
Data processing and analysis needle to the end of skin closure of puncture wounds, ranged
Collected data were analyzed using the statistical package from 45 to 180 min (median 85 minutes).
for social sciences (SPSS, version 13.0; Chicago, IL, USA).
Categorical data were expressed in frequency and percentage; Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy
numerical data were expressed in medians, mean, and was necessary in five cases. The reasons for conversion to
standard deviations. Univariate analysis and chi-square open cholecystectomy were due to acutely inflamed and
test were employed to determine possible correlates of the edematous gallbladder in two cases, bleeding from cystic
patient outcome and time along the period of study. Binary artery in one case, and in two patients due to unclear
logistic regression analysis was generated by inclusion of anatomy of the operative field.
significant variables at the univariate level to assess potential
predictors of LC outcomes (occurrence of complications) Postoperative bile leakage occurred in three patients (0.31%).
in relation to patients characteristics and pre-operative All these patients had drains placed at the time of surgery.
morbidity encountered taking the occurrence of operative In two patients, it stopped on the fifth postoperative day,
and postoperative complications including conversion as the and one patient who continued to drain bile was successfully
dependent variable. managed by endoscopic sphincterotomy and stent insertion.

Ethical considerations In five patients, with acute cholecystitis and obscure

Data confidentiality was maintained during all phases of anatomy, there were collections in Morrisons pouch. It was
data collection and analysis. irrigation saline. All cases were successfully managed by
non-surgical measures.
RESULTS
The follow up period ranged from 6 months to 40 months
This hospital records-based study included 968 patients. (median 28 months), and no late complications were detected.

This study was carried out during the period 2005 to 2008, DISCUSSION
females represented nearly 85% of cases (female to male ratio
of 5.8:1), the age of the included patients ranged from 15 to LC is one of the most commonly undertaken procedures in

48 The Saudi Journal of

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 Laparoscopic cholecystecomy outcome

Table 1: Basic and clinical preoperative patient characteristics

Characteristics Year Total
2005 (N=255) 2006 (N=263) 2007 (N=271) 2008 (N=179) (N=968)
No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
Gender
Female 216 (84.7) 223 (84.8) 233 (86.0) 152 (84.9) 824 (85.1)
Male 39 (15.3) 40 (15.2) 38 (14.0) 27 (15.1) 144 (14.9)
Age group
< 20 years 13 (5.1) 15 (5.7) 18 (6.6) 9 (5.0) 55 (5.7)
20- < 40 141 (55.3) 145 (55.1) 149 (55.0) 99 (55.3) 534 (55.2)
40- <50 76 (29.8) 79 (30.0) 81 (29.9) 54 (30.2) 290 (30.0)
50 25 (9.8) 24 (9.1) 23 (8.5) 17 (9.5) 89 (9.2)
Co-morbidity
Diabetes 45 (17.6) 52 (19.8) 56 (20.7) 27 (15.1) 180 (18.6)
Hypertension 47 (18.4) 49 (18.6) 50 (18.8) 29 (16.2) 175 (18.1)
Coronary heart 10 (3.9) 7 (2.7) 23 (8.5) 7 (3.9) 33 (3.4)
Respiratory problems 3 (1.2) 2 (0.8) - 2 (1.1) 7 (0.7)
Hemolytic blood disease 8 (3.1) 8 (3.0) 9 (3.3) 11 (6.1) 40 (4.1)
Previous abdominal surgery 3 (1.2) 2 (0.8) 0 (0) 2 (1.1) 7 (0.7)
Body mass index
Desirable (BMI<25) 176 (69.0) 167 (63.5) 174 (64.2) 111 (62.0) 628 (64.9)
Overweight (BMI 25-30)/Obese (BMI>30) 79 (31.0) 96 (36.5) 97 (35.8) 68 (38.0) 340 (35.1)
Gall bladder stones 61 (23.9) 66 (25.1) 44 (16.2) 44 (24.6) 242 (25.0)
Single
Multiple 191 (74.9) 193 (73.4) 198 (73.1) 133 (74.3) 715 (73.9)
Gall bladder poly. 3 (1.2) 4 (1.5) 2 (0.7) 2 (1.1) 11 (1.1)
Common bile duct diameter
< 5 mm 168 (65.9) 175 (66.5) 173 (63.8) 121 (67.6) 637 (65.8)
5 mm: 87 (34.1) 88 (33.5) 90 (36.2) 58 (32.4) 323 (34.2)
History of cholangitis 5 3 4 3
History of pancreatitis 7 3 3 2
Obstructive jaundice and ERCP 11 6 5 4

Not mutually exclusive, ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, BMI: Body mass index

general surgery since its inception in the early 1990s with low Table 2 displays pre-operative status of gall bladder and the
morbidity and mortality.[7] Large series of LC were reported frequency of encountered complications, during the period
with few complications. of study. Among patients, multiple gall bladder stones
were common (73.9%) than single stone, and common bile
In this study, pre-operative co-morbidities were found in 281 dilatation (>10 mm) reported in nine patients.
patients (29.0%). Type 2 diabetes was the most prevalent
(18.6%); diabetes and hypertension were reported in 118 Obscure anatomy and adhesions were found in 36.7% of
(12.2%), hypertension alone in 57 patients, coronary heart cases, acute cholecystitis in 9.9% of cases, and gangrenous
disease was found in 3.4% (of which 28 patients have had gall bladder was found in 0.6%.
diabetes and hypertension), respiratory problems in the form
of chronic asthma in5 patients, and obstructive diseases were
Wound infections and hematoma were the most common
also reported. This is similar to that reported by others.[8,9]
complications encountered post-operatively. The
Table 1 shows the pattern of pre-operative; co-morbidities complication rate was 4.03% (39 patients) with insignificant
did not show significant trend in relation to the time period trend in relation to year of operation.
included.
The 1.9% overall conversion rate among the study patients
Out of the 968 patients included, 340 patients (35.1%) were is similar to that reported by others.[10,11]
either overweight or obese based on their calculated body
mass index (BMI), females constituted 67.1% of them. The operative time in minutes ranged from 45 to 180 min
Obesity had no influence on the outcome of LC in this study, (median 85 min) and showed a significant trend over time
and this result is comparable to other studies that show no as improvement was noticed in the shortening of operative
influence of BMI on the complications of LC.[8-10] time from year 2005 to 2008 (P = 0.047).

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Al-Mulhim and Amin

Table 2: Peri-operative status of the gall bladder and encountered complications following laparoscopic
cholecystectomy (year 2006-2008)
Variables Year Total
2005 (N=255) 2006 (N=263) 2007 (N=271) 2008 (N=179) (N=968)
No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
Peri-operative status
Adhesions 93 (36.5) 97 (36.9) 99 (36.5) 66 (36.9) 355 (36.7)
Gall bladder status
Acute inflammation 22 (8.6) 27 (10.3) 31 (11.4) 16 (8.9) 96 (9.9)
Chronic inflammation 107 (42.0) 110 (41.8) 115 (42.4) 74 (41.3) 406 (41.9)
Gangrenous bladder 1 (0.4) 1 (0.4) 3 (0.7) 1 (0.6) 6 (0.6)
Mucocele 7 (2.7) 8 (3.0) 10 (3.7) 6 (3.4) 31 (3.2)
Normal 118 (46.3) 121 (46.0) 112 (41.3) 82 (45.8) 433 (44.7)
Operative time (minutes)
< 60 31 (12.2) 39 (14.8) 46 (17.0) 29 (16.2) 145 (14.9)
60- <120 166 (65.1) 179 (68.1) 179 (66.1) 121 (67.6) 645 (66.6)
> 120 58 (22.7) 53 (20.1) 46 (16.9) 29 (16.2) 186 (19.2)*
Post-operative complications
Minor
Wound hematoma 2 (0.8) 1 (0.4) - - 3 (0.31)
Atelectasis 1 (0.39) 1 (0.38) - 2 (1.1) 4 (0.41)
Wound infections 7 (2.7) 2 (0.8) 3 (1.1) 4 (2.2) 16 (1.7)
Epigastric port site hernia - 2 (0.8) - 1 (0.6) 3 (0.31)
Major
Bile leak - - 2 (0.8) 1 (0.6) 3 (0.31)
Collection in pouch of Morrison 3 (1.1) 2 (0.8) - - 5 (1.9)
Conversion to open 3 (1.1) 2 (0.8) - - 5 (1.9)
More than one complications 4 (1.6) 3 (1.1) 2 (0.7) 2 (1.1) 11 (1.1)
Total cases with complications 16 (6.3) 10 (3.8) 5 (1.8) 8 (4.5) 39 (4.03)
Hospital length of stay 2 (1-13) 1 (1-11) 2 (1-12) 1 (1-9) 2 (1-13)
Median (range) in days
*Statistically significant Chi-square for trend

Hospital length of stay ranged from 1 to 13 days (for non-

%

complicated cases a median of 2 days with a range of 1 to 3 20

days), while for complicated cases a minimum of four[4] and 18

maximum of 13 days were reported. 16

14 16.5 15.9

Figure 1 demonstrates the total percentages of all 12 14

complications encountered and the rate of conversion to 10 11.7

8
open operation in relation to year of operation. Complications 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.5
6
and conversion rates showed some pattern (although it was
4
consistent) of downward trend in relation to time but these
2
trends were statistically insignificant. 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Table 3 demonstrates both univariate and multivariate binary
logistic regression analyses. Female gender, the presence Year

of co-morbidities, and multiple bladder stones, although Conversion Total complicated cases
increased the risk of complications, were found statistically
insignificant at the univariate analysis. Figure 1: Total percentages of all complications encountered and the
rate of conversion to open operation in relation to year of operation
Patients of older age ( 40 years), obese and overweight,
dilated bile duct (include patients with history of cholangitis, outcome during univariate analysis.
pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice), presence of adhesions,
and with acute bladder inflammation were found to be Binary logistic regression found that age of the patient
significant predictors to complications and unfavorable (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.63), obesity (OR= 1.78), presence

50 The Saudi Journal of

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 Laparoscopic cholecystecomy outcome

Table 3: Univariate and multivariate analyses of determinants for laparoscopic cholecystectomy post-operative
complications including conversion
Variables Complications Univariate Multivariate logistic regression
Yes (N=39) None (N=929) odds ratio B Odds ratio P value
No. (%) No. (%) (95% C.I) coefficient (95% C.I)
Gender
Males 8 (20.5) 129 (13.9) ref.
Females 31 (79.5) 800 (86.1) 1.59 (0.98-2.55) - - -
Co-morbidity
No 24 (61.5) 501 (53.9) ref.
Yes 15 (38.5) 428 (46.1) 1.35 (0.92-1.97) - - -
Age groups
< 40 14 (35.9) 599 (64.5) ref.
40 25 (64.1) 330 (35.5) 2.85 (1.97-4.15)** 0.382 1.63 (1.03-2.58) 0.011*
Body mass index
Desirable (BMI<25) 16 (41) 640 (68.9) ref.
Overweight (BMI 25-30)/ 23 (59) 289 (31.1) 3.11 (2.13-4.56)** 0.551 1.78 (1.32-2.39) 0.030*
Obese BMI>30
Gall stones
Single 9 (23.1) 232 (25) ref.
Multiple 30 (76.9) 697 (75) 1.39 (0.91-2.14) - - -
Bile duct diameter
< 5 mm 15 (38.5) 651 (70.1) ref.
5 mm 24 (61.5) 278 (29.9) 3.76 (2.56-5.54)** 0.719 1.81 (1.43-2.29) 0.001*
Adhesions
No 15 (38.5) 623 (67.1) ref.
Yes 24 (61.5) 306 (32.9) 2.87 (1.96-4.19)** 0.310 1.65 (1.22-2.24) 0.003*
Gall bladder status
Normal 8 (20.5) 437 (47) ref.
Acute/gangrenous/mucocele 23 (59) 78 (8.4) 3.20 (1.97-5.20)** 0.210 1.39 (0.83-2.35) 0.080
Chronic 8 (20.5) 414 (44.6) 1.39 (0.95-2.01) 0.096 1.11 (0.78-1.58) 0.641
Ref. = reference group; *statistically significant; **P value = 0.001. C.I = Confidence intervals. For logistic regression model a constant was 1.637,
Chi-square = 33.481, P = 0.001, percent predicted = 76.3

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