Virtualization, Compilation, Intro To Project 2: Sarah Diesburg 9/15/2010 COP4610 / CGS5765

Virtualization, Compilation,
Intro to Project 2
Sarah Diesburg
9/15/2010
COP4610 / CGS5765
1
Kernel Coding
The next project requires modification of

running kernel code!
Fun but challenging.
2
A Choice to Make
You may either work in the lab (LOV 16) on

bare machines or on your own system with a
virtual machine
Project 2 will require a live demo
Can go down to lab
Can bring virtual machine on laptop to my office
Can bring virtual machine on portable hard drive
to my office
3
Virtualization
4
Virtual Motivating Factor
Wouldnt it be great if we could run a test OS

in a protected environment inside of our
already-installed OS?
5
Virtualization Software
Runs operating systems in full emulated

environment
VMware
VirtualBox
Virtual PC
Xen
6
Virtualization Terminology
Host OS running on physical computer

Only one host OS may run at a time
Hosts the other running operating systems
Guest OS running in emulated environment
Can run multiple guests at the same time
Guest thinks it is running on actual hardware
Virtual machine set of files that make up a
guest OS
7
Virtual Machine Files
8
Virtual Machine Advantages
Can distribute a pre-configured OS

Create multiple snapshots
If something goes wrong, roll-back to a previously
saved snapshot
Portable
Run on any host OS
Store on portable hard drive or laptop
9
Virtual Machine Advantages
Sandbox
Does not affect anything on host OS
Networked
Can access over the network
10
Class Virtualization Software
VMware Workstation 6.5.4

Linux and Windows
http://downloads.vmware.com/d/info/desktop_dow
nloads/vmware_workstation/6_5
VMware Fusion
Mac
Academic license will be sent to class in
email
11
Project Virtual Machine
May use class virtual machine to complete

Project 2
http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~cop4610t/cop4610.tar.gz
12
Open the Virtual Machine
Vmware interface:
File->Open->COP4610.vmx
Double-click on COP4610.vmx
13
Opened Virtual Machine
14
Virtual Memory Setting
You should set the amount of memory that is

allocated to your guest OS
Cannot be shared between host and guest
Edit Virtual Machine Settings -> Hardware ->
Memory
Rule of thumb: Give your host at least 1GB-
1.5GB, give guest the rest
15
Adjust Virtual Memory
16
Adjust Virtual Memory
Slide to blue
triangle
17
Start the Machine
Press green start arrow
18
Using the Virtual Machine
To type or use the mouse inside the virtual

machine
Click inside the virtual machine window
To type or move the mouse back to the host
machine
Press CTRL+ALT
19
Creating a Snapshot
Why would we want to create a snapshot?
20
Create a Snapshot
21
Create a Snapshot
Name it something that describes this

moment in time
22
Roll Back to a Snapshot
23
Roll Back to a Snapshot
24
Copy & Paste / File Transfer
Copy & paste from host to guest

Will work in default kernel
Will not work in kernel you build
Preferred method
Use ssh / pretend it is a remote machine
25
Project 2 Virtual Machine
Username: root
Password: root
Username: user
Password: user
You can and probably should change these
26
Lab Machines
If you sent me your FSU card # and pin #,

you now have access to the room
Use computers on right half of lab
All but last row
Username/passwords
os/os
root/root
Change these to show your computer is taken!
27
Lab Machines
Must develop directly on bare machines

Not enough memory to run virtual machine
environment!
Debian 5.0 Stable
Same OS as virtual machines
28
Booting
29
Booting
Start with this kernel
never modify this
kernel!
30
Booting
This kernel is only if

you really get into
trouble
31
Debian Networking
I like to ssh into my virtual machine

To figure out guests IP:
$>/sbin/ifconfig a
To restart guest networking (if problem)

$>dhclient eth<num>
where num found using the ifconfig command

32
Debian Networking
33
Debian Networking
34
Debian Packaging System
Search for a package name

$> apt-cache search SEARCH_STRING
Show the details of a package

$> apt-cache show PACKAGE_NAME
Download a specific package

$> apt-get install PACKAGE_NAME
35
Debian Packaging System
36
Debian Logging into X
Must use the user user

Debian does not allow root X logins
37
Debian Logging into X
38
Disclaimer
But I want to use <X> distro or <X>

virtualization software instead.
Ok, but
I will not help you with configuration
problems!
39
Kernel Compilation
40
Example of Kernel Compilation.
41
Choosing a Kernel
The next project will involve kernel

development
We all need to be in the same boat
The class version will be 2.6.32
42
Kernel Repository
http://kernel.org place to download latest

and greatest Linux kernels!
Direct download link
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-
2.6.32.tar.gz
Traditional place for kernel is in /usr/src/
43
Compiling the Kernel
Compiles based on configuration of .config

file located in the kernel source directory
How can I correctly configure my kernel?
1. Use the make menuconfig command
2. Use the make oldconfig command
3. Combination of the two
44
make menuconfig
Manually select and deselect drivers and

options for your kernel
* -- compiled directly into kernel
M compiled into a module (driver) that can be
dynamically added
Can be tough to figure out what you need
and dont need
Command lspci shows hardware on computer
45
make menuconfig
46
lspci
47
General Linux Source Organization
Memory Management Architecture-specific

Networking Layer Code
Security Disk Drivers
Sound Processing Devices
File Systems
48
make oldconfig
Build a new configuration file based on an old

working configuration file!
1. Find a working configuration file
Look in /boot for the current kernels config file
2. Copy (dont move) the current kernels config file
into the new kernel source and rename it to
.config
3. Issue command make oldconfig inside the new
kernel source
4. Accept new default changes
49
Combine the Methods
Can use make oldconfig to get a working

config file
Can use make menuconfig to take some
unneeded things out of the new kernel
Saves time when compiling
50
Config Example (Inside Source Dir)
>$ cp /boot/config-2.6.26-2-686 .config
>$ make oldconfig
>$ make menuconfig
51
Compiling the Kernel
Issue make inside the source directory
$> make
Grab some coffee.
52
Installing the Kernel
1. Install the modules (drivers)

$> sudo make modules_install
2. Install the actual kernel

$> sudo make install
What does sudo do?
53
Boot Driver Problem
Suppose you compiled the disk drivers and

root file system drivers as modules
Boot process loads the kernel image
Kernel image does not contain disk drivers
54
Boot Driver Solutions
Hard: Figure out all drivers needed to read

the root file system and compile into kernel
May take a few tries
Easy: Create a root file system image file that
will load the right modules for you
initramfs
55
initramfs
Create the initramfs image

$> cd /boot
$> sudo mkinitramfs o /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32

2.6.32
56
Configure the Boot Loader (Grub)
Open up the boot loader configuration file
$> sudo <favorite_editor>

/boot/grub/menu.lst
57
Configure the Boot Loader (Grub)
Add information about your new kernel

Hint: copy section pertaining to current kernel,
substitute kernel numbers
title Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.32

root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32 root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32
Save, quit, and reboot!

(Default booting kernel is on top of the list)
58
Uh oh.
If it doesnt boot, go back into the original

kernel
Always important to have one working kernel!
Make sure you didnt skip a step
You may have taken too much out of the
kernel
Start with bloated kernel, take things out one by
one
Look to additional resources
59
Additional Resources
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/compiling-linux-
kernel-26.html
http://www.tuxradar.com/content/how-
compile-linux-kernel
60
Project 2
Investigate system calls

Make a simple /proc kernel module
/proc from the other side!!
Make an elevator
Due October 18th
61
System Calls
Write a program that uses exactly 5 system

calls
Not ANSI C calls, POSIX system calls
How do we know how many system calls are
actually being called?
62
strace
strace [-o output_file] [command [arg]]
Traces your program and displays all the

system calls being called.
>$ strace o out.txt ./myprog
63
Until Next Time
Finish project 1
Homework 4 assigned tomorrow
Study hard for test next week (next Friday)
Get your environment set up
VMware or lab machine
Do part 1 of project 2 (system calls)
64
Next Recitation
More on Project 2
Create a test module!
How /proc works
Kernel debugging techniques
Elevator
65

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Virtualization, Compilation,

The next project requires modification of

You may either work in the lab (LOV 16) on

Wouldnt it be great if we could run a test OS

Runs operating systems in full emulated

Host OS running on physical computer

Can distribute a pre-configured OS

VMware Workstation 6.5.4

May use class virtual machine to complete

You should set the amount of memory that is

Press green start arrow

To type or use the mouse inside the virtual

Why would we want to create a snapshot?

Name it something that describes this

Copy & paste from host to guest

You can and probably should change these

If you sent me your FSU card # and pin #,

Must develop directly on bare machines

This kernel is only if

I like to ssh into my virtual machine

To restart guest networking (if problem)

where num found using the ifconfig command

Search for a package name

Show the details of a package

Download a specific package

Must use the user user

But I want to use <X> distro or <X>

The next project will involve kernel

http://kernel.org place to download latest

Compiles based on configuration of .config

Manually select and deselect drivers and

Memory Management Architecture-specific

Build a new configuration file based on an old

Can use make oldconfig to get a working

>$ cp /boot/config-2.6.26-2-686 .config

>$ make oldconfig

>$ make menuconfig

Issue make inside the source directory

Grab some coffee.

1. Install the modules (drivers)

2. Install the actual kernel

What does sudo do?

Suppose you compiled the disk drivers and

Hard: Figure out all drivers needed to read

Create the initramfs image

$> sudo mkinitramfs o /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32

Open up the boot loader configuration file

$> sudo <favorite_editor>

Add information about your new kernel

title Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.32

Save, quit, and reboot!

If it doesnt boot, go back into the original

Investigate system calls

Write a program that uses exactly 5 system

strace [-o output_file] [command [arg]]

Traces your program and displays all the

>$ strace o out.txt ./myprog

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