4 Vibration Analysis Basics PDF

VIBRATION ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
SIXTO SARMIENTO CHIPANA

Vibration Analyst Level III
Machinery Lubricant Analyst Level II
[email protected]
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Peru, August 2015
Vibratin Analysis basics
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Vibration Analysis
Why?
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Why use Vibration Analysis?
Vibration Analysis provides us with early warnings of

many potentially serious problems in rotating machinery
Worn/Damaged Bearings
Worn/Damaged Gears
Lubrication Problems
Misalignment
Unbalance
Loose Fittings/Foundation
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Vibration Analysis
Basic Concepts
Vibration waveforms
Vibration amplitude
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
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Examples of Vibration
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What is Vibration?
The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
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What is Vibration?
Mass-Spring Systems with Damping
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What is Vibration?
The simplest possible vibratory motion that can

exist is the movement in one direction of a mass
controlled by a single spring.
Such a mechanical system is called a single degree
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of freedom spring-mass system
What is Vibration?
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What is Vibration?
The machine turns to 1800 RPM

The machine has a large number of frequencies
For example:
Line frequency: 60 Hz 3600 CPM
Fundamental frequency: 1800CPM
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The fundamental frequency coincides with the frequency of rotation
VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS
AMPLITUDE
Displacement
Velocity
Aceleration
FRECUENCY
FASE
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How do we measure amplitude?
Desplacement
Displacement
x A sin wt
Velocity

x Aw cos wt
Aceleration
Velocity
x - Aw sin wt
2
Aceleration
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Choose a point
to measure
Choose a direction
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Measurement locations - vibration
measurement
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We can measure...
DISPLACEMENT
VELOCITY
or
ACCELERATION
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At any point in time...
DISPLACEMENT = Distance
traveled (miles)
VELOCITY =
Speedometer reading (mph)
ACCELERATION =
How far your foot is down.
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Displacement
Actual physical movement of a

vibrating object
Emphasizes lower frequency
components
Measured in mils or microns
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Displacement
Measuring total mass trajectory.
It is used for low frequencies (from 0 to 1.200

CPM)
Is related to stress.
It uses an accelerometer and the signal is

integrated doubly to obtain displacement
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Displacement
is the easiest to visualize
Amplitude
Time
This is a time domain recording

of vibration displacement
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Velocity
Measure of the speed at which the

mass is moving
Preferred unit of measurement as it
effective over over a wide range,
from low frequency to high
frequency
Measured in inches / sec or mm / sec
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Velocity
Measuring the rate at which the mass is

moving during its oscillations.
It is used to frequency ranges between

600 and 60,000 CPM and is related to
fatigue.
It is measured directly with a "pick up"

speed or an accelerometer where the
signal is integrated to obtain velocity.
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Velocity or speed is zero as the object
comes to a stop before moving in the
opposite direction
Speed or velocity is greatest
here
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Acceleration
Rate of change of Velocity

Emphasizes high-frequency peaks in
a spectrum
Measured in gs
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Acceleration
It is the optimum for high frequencies, greater

than 60,000 CPM and is related to the force.
Acceleration is more difficult to measure the

amplitude of vibration, but more often is the
parameter directly measured in the field using an
accelerometer.
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Acceleration is greatest where velocity is at a
minimum
Object has decelerated and stopped and is about
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to begin accelerating again
Comparison of Velocity, Displacement & Acceleration
Displacement is used for

measuring low frequencies:
Low RPM
Acceleration is used
for measuring high
Velocity is best over a wide frequencies:
frequency range Bearing Frequencies
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Simple Harmonic Motion
This displacement waveform is sinusoidal.
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Simple Harmonic Motion - The Simplest Vibration
+ +
ANY vibration can be expressed as a sum of individual simple

vibrations.
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The Frequency Domain
= + + + ...
Use a graph to Amplitude

show how the
complex signal is
broken down into ...
simple ones.
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Frequency
Time & Frequency Domain
Time Domain waveform shown as many different frequencies
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and amplitudes
Sinusoidal time domain
Single peak in frequency

domain.
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Noise in time domain
Noise in frequency domain
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Review
Vibration measurement
Point & Direction
Displacement, velocity, acceleration
Time domain waveforms
Complex vibration
= sum of simple vibrations
Frequency domain
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Review:
GIRDHAR, P. (2004). Practical Machinery Vibration
Analysis and Predictive Maintenance. Third Edition. USA:
Elsevier Practical .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUznmZvSQOU
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VIBRATION ANALYSIS

SIXTO SARMIENTO CHIPANA

Vibration Analysis provides us with early warnings of

The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Mass-Spring Systems with Damping

The simplest possible vibratory motion that can

Such a mechanical system is called a single degree

The machine turns to 1800 RPM

Actual physical movement of a

Measuring total mass trajectory.

It is used for low frequencies (from 0 to 1.200

It uses an accelerometer and the signal is

This is a time domain recording

Measure of the speed at which the

Measuring the rate at which the mass is

It is used to frequency ranges between

It is measured directly with a "pick up"

Rate of change of Velocity

It is the optimum for high frequencies, greater

Acceleration is more difficult to measure the

Object has decelerated and stopped and is about

Displacement is used for

This displacement waveform is sinusoidal.

ANY vibration can be expressed as a sum of individual simple

Use a graph to Amplitude

Time Domain waveform shown as many different frequencies

Single peak in frequency

Noise in frequency domain

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