12/18/2016 Print artist page - Andr Breton

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Andr Breton
French Theoretician and Writer
Movements: Dada, Surrealism

Born: February 19, 1896 - Normandy, France

Died: September 28, 1966 - Paris, France

QUOTES "When will the arbitrary be granted the place it deserves in the formation of works and
"The man who cannot visualize a horse ideas?"
galloping on a tomato is an idiot."

Andr Breton

"It is often repeated that Leonardo da Synopsis

Vinci advised his pupils, searching for a

suitable original subject, to stare xedly Andr Breton was an original member of the Dada group who went on to start and lead the
at an old, decrepit wall. "Very soon," he Surrealist movement in 1924. In New York, Breton and his colleagues curated Surrealist
said, "you will notice forms and scenes exhibitions that introduced ideas of automatism and intuitive art making to the rst Abstract
that will become more and more precise.. Expressionists. He worked in various creative media, focusing on collage and printmaking as
From then on you will only have to copy well as authoring several books. Breton innovated ways in which text and image could be
what you see and to complete it where united through chance association to create new, poetic word-image combinations. His ideas
necessary." Whatever references about accessing the unconscious and using symbols for self-expression served as a
continue to be made to this, one can only fundamental conceptual building block for New York artists in the 1940s.
say that this lesson has been lost. The

beautiful interpretive wall, brimming with Key Ideas

lizards, is not but a fencepost toppling on

the highway, before which a landscape Breton was a major member of the Dada group and the founder of Surrealism. He was
that never has had time to form itself dedicated to avant-garde art-making and was known for his ability to unite disparate artists
reconstitutes, furthermore, the magic through printed matter and curatorial pursuits.
mirror in which life and death may be

read.. Let us cast a glance of sincere Breton drafted the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, declaring Surrealism as "pure psychic

appreciation on these elementary automatism," deeply affecting the methodology and origins of future movements, such as
surfaces in which the future world has Abstract Expressionism.

for so long elected to compose itself.

One of Breton's fundamental beliefs was in art as an anti-war protest, which he postulated
Coffee grounds, scrap iron, cloudy mirror:
during the First World War. This notion re-gained potency during and after World War II,
it is still of you that the impenetrably
when the early Abstract Expressionist artists were creating works to demonstrate their
bright veils on the hats of young women
outrage at the atrocities happening in Europe.
are made."

Andr Breton

"The imaginary is what tends to become

real."

Andr Breton

"Even the most stable and best poised

mind cannot help being xed, for the

Biography
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12/18/2016 Print artist page - Andr Breton
moment, on the nightly shrieks of sirens, Childhood
the dragonlike tongues of ame, which

forebode the roar of tanks being hurled Andr Breton was born in a small village, although his family relocated to a Parisian suburb
against each other. One cannot help soon after. He excelled in school and developed literary interests quite early. Breton read the
being affected in one's inmost being. French Decadents, such as Charles Baudelaire, J.K. Huysmans, Stephane Mallarme, and the
Nothing will help to obscure the depths, German Romantic writers, all of whom informed his early thoughts on Avant-Gardism. By
not only of horror but, even more, of the 1912, Breton had a cultivated knowledge of Contemporary art and begun to study Anarchism
irrational and nonintelligent background as a political movement. While he loved the French Decadent artists, such as Gustave Moreau,
upon which, at least for the time being, he began to separate himself from their belief in "art for art's sake," in favor of art that
the intellectual and artistic gures of the appealed to the masses.
mind are traced."

Andr Breton Early Training

"Beauty will be convulsive or will not be at
While Breton forged his early aestheticism, he studied medicine,
all."
completed basic military training and, in 1915, was assigned to work in a
Andr Breton
military hospital in Nantes. His rst poems, Decembre and Age, were
written while he worked there as a nurse. It was during this time that he
met his mentors, Guillaume Apollinaire and Jacques Vache, who were
both admitted to the hospital for war wounds. Breton's hatred of war led
him to an intense investigation of Sigmund Freud's psychotherapeutic
practices. He developed a passion for psychiatric art that tapped into the
subconscious, which informed his interest in Dada, and later, Surrealism. In 1919, Breton
began a correspondence with Tristan Tzara, who was formulating early Dada theories in
Zurich. The two nally united forces in Paris in 1920.

Mature Period

When Breton arrived in Paris, he was in his mid-

twenties and already an established author and
editor of an avant-garde magazine, Litterature.
While Tzara penned his Manifestation Dada, Breton
promoted journalism and live "happenings" as the
ultimate statements against the bourgeoisie. Dada
performances were not recorded, so the bulk of the
campaign only exists today in print, as yers,
posters, manifestos, handbills, and magazines.
During this time, Breton organized many readings
and events. He, along with other artists, published
open letters, newspaper interviews, press releases, and advertisements. They took advantage
of the media to disseminate their theories and to attack the idea of art making as an elitist
practice.

Because Dada was originally associated with German Expressionism, many French critics
disliked it, thus Breton worked to tie this new movement to French literary communities. Dada
faded in 1924 due to personal differences between Breton and Tzara. This paved the way for
Breton's Surrealism. The Surrealist Manifesto interpreted Breton's experiments with psychic
automatism, which became popular in America when he brought exhibitions featuring
Surrealist artists to New York.

Late Years and Death

During the 1930s, artists within the Surrealist movement became polarized, some favoring

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12/18/2016 Print artist page - Andr Breton

political activism over commercial success. Artists such as Max Ernst, Rene Magritte and
Salvador Dal pursued furthered connections between dreams and art practice. Breton, who
rejected fascism, advocated for political responsibility and consequently many Surrealists
followed his cue. Interestingly, many women af liated with Surrealism, such as Lee Miller and
Meret Oppenheim, followed Breton, for his exploration of sexual identity themes at the time.

Breton traveled Europe during the onset of World War II,

lecturing against repression of intellectual freedom. Notably,
he spent the summer of 1939 with Roberto Matta at his
country house, where Matta painted the pieces that would
visually introduce automatism to America. Breton again
worked as a medic when the war broke out, nally eeing to
New York in 1941. For the next several years, Breton lectured
at Yale and other universities about automatism, politics and
Surrealism. His in uence on the New York School became
clear as painters like Pollock and Motherwell applied his
theories to their art practices.

When the war was over, Breton continued to write and traveled the world, nally returned to
Paris. In the 1940s and 50s, Breton primarily worked on essays and poems, including Arcane
17 (1945), mythological prose set in Canada. He also published Constellations (1959), a suite
of poems inspired by Joan Mir's gouache paintings of the same name. He also collected art,
especially that of Indigenous peoples. His collection remained intact until 2003, when the
Atelier de Breton was dismantled and sold at auction. Some of his collection remains at the
Centre Pompidou. The Dossier Dada, an archive Breton built of press clippings and
publications related to these various art movements, can be found at Kunsthaus Zurich.

Legacy

The legacy of Andr Breton is wide reaching and continues to this day. After coming to New
York during World War II, his ideas on Surrealism were essential to early Abstract
Expressionists, like Arshile Gorky, Roberto Matta, and Yves Tanguy, as well as second
generation Surrealists, like Joseph Cornell. He pioneered the concept of fusing art and culture,
which became a basic tenet in Pop Art. Breton's use of the media as a tool of art practice also
helped shape many contemporary artists who build personas as part of their work. In this way,
he foresaw Performance Art, Fluxus, Conceptualism, and what has followed on from those
movements. Perhaps above all, Breton's love of absurdist humor continues to inspire artists to
the present.

Important Art by Andr Breton

The below artworks are the most important by Andr Breton - that both overview the major
creative periods, and highlight the greatest achievements by the artist.

Egg in the church or The Snake (Date Unknown)

Artwork description & Analysis: Egg in the church or The Snake is an example of photographic
collage that was popularized by Surrealists like Breton and Man Ray. Typical of Breton, the title
is both symbolic and enigmatic and its subject matter is cryptic and dream-like. It exempli es
the Surrealist interest in the female body as form, as well as an interest in themes concerning
sexuality and religion, as elucidated by Georges Bataille. Bataille's text dealt, in part, with
Christianity's repression of desire. Breton and his colleagues aspired to reduce all sexual
repressions to symbols and language that would serve freedom of expression.
Collage on Paper - Musee d'Ixelles

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12/18/2016 Print artist page - Andr Breton
Poeme (1924)
Artwork description & Analysis: This is an early example of a Surrealist collage that fuses text
and image. Breton wrote this poem the same year he published the Surrealist Manifesto. More
than a poetic expression, it reveals Breton's increasing belief in journalism as a potent artistic
form as the piece uses newspaper and magazine clipping materials as its source. The text is
absurdist and constructs its own logic that would not make sense to a reader trying to
understand it as traditional language.
Collage on paper - Elsa Adamowicz

The African Mask (1947-48)

Artwork description & Analysis: The African Mask is a good example of Breton's studies of
Primitive art and its shamanistic potency. Breton was renowned for his mask collection. The
rst mask he purchased was from Easter Island. While in the United States, Breton traveled
around the country, visiting several Native American sites and collecting masks all along the
way. He was interested in them as visual objects as well as the metaphorical concept as a
window into one's inner mind.
Ink and wax on paper - Mark Borghi Fine Art

Cadavre Exquis with Andr Breton, Max Morise, Jeannette Tanguy, Pierre
Naville, Benjamin Peret, Yves Tanguy and Jacques Prevert (1928)
Artwork description & Analysis: This is an example of an artwork made as an Exquisite
Corpse, a Surrealist game developed to free the mind and to tap into subconscious forces,
similar to doodling. In this game, artist fold the page into sections and hide previous
contributions or build upon one another's collaborative efforts to create a work that is inspired
by consecutive artistic moves. In Breton's early development of theories about automatism, he
and his colleagues made many of these collages. They also emphasize the act of
collaboration, which was a fundamental ideal to both Dada and Surrealism.
Collage on paper - MOMA, New York, Estate of Yves Tanguy

Poeme Objet (1935)

Artwork description & Analysis: Breton made many Poem Objects, such as this assemblage
constructed around a plaster egg. Many of his Poem Objects were assemblages. The text on
the plaster egg in this work translates as "I see / I imagine" though the poem beneath is
deliberately cryptic. Like the Exquisite Corpse, Breton made these objects as a re ection of his
inner mind, and also thought of them as analytical tools that could be analyzed, like dreams.
Mixed media collage - National Galleries of Scotland

Le Coeur A Barbe (The Bearded Heart) (1922)

Artwork description & Analysis: This is the rst and only issue of a "transparent newspaper,"
published by Tristan Tzara in response to Andr Breton's attacks on him during their Dada
collaborations. It exempli es the Dada print aesthetic, which sometimes appeared as
corrupted versions of Victorian printed material. This is an important document as it calls for
the "Bearded Heart Evening," which consisted of readings and performances that occurred in
1923 and effectively terminated Breton's involvement with Dada.
Black printing on pink paper - ?

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Related Art and Artists

Parade Amoureuse (Love Parade) (1917)
Artist: Francis Picabia
Artwork description & Analysis: Picabia's mechanomorphic pictures suggest analogies
between machines and the human form. To contemporary viewers they were scandalous in
their rejection of the idea of the human soul and their emphasis instead on instincts and
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12/18/2016 Print artist page - Andr Breton
compulsions - both often erotic. In this work, Picabia blended male and female; the upper part
in red might be considered female and the lower part in blue, male. The viewer can imagine
the sound of hammering and the idea of a "sonorous sculpture," or a musical instrument. Of
course, the most famous example of the male and female mechanized forms going through
their motions and yet forever separated is Marcel Duchamp's The Bride Stripped Bare by Her
Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) (1915-1923) - on of the most important artworks in all of
modern art.
Oil on canvas - Private Collection

The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse (1920)

Artist: Man Ray
Artwork description & Analysis: This early, assisted readymade (a found object slightly
altered) was created a year before Man Ray left for France. Marcel Duchamp's in uence and
assistance are evident in this Dada object, in which a sewing machine is wrapped in an army
blanket, and tied with a string. The title comes from French poet Isidore Ducasse (1846-70)
and the imagery comes from a quote in his book Les Chants de Maldoror (1869): 'Beautiful as
the chance meeting, on a dissecting table, of a sewing machine and an umbrella'. Chance
effects were important to the Dada artists, and the piece is very much in that spirit, but it also
pre gures the Surrealists' interest in revealing the creative power of the unconscious. The
original object was created and then dismantled after the photograph was taken. Ray did not
reveal the 'enigma' under the felt and intended the photograph as a riddle for the viewers to
solve with the title providing a hint.
Object wrapped in felt and string - National Gallery of Australia, Parkes (reconstructed in 1971)

Ubu Imperator (1923)

Artist: Max Ernst
Artwork description & Analysis: This is a relatively small canvas in comparison to Ernst's
other works although it radiates a commanding presence beyond its scale. At center,
dominating the composition is a tower-like form with human arms extended and a head
constructed as an architectural form. The tower is balanced precariously as if a spinning top
which has been halted. The stability of architecture versus the instability of the tower's base,
and its movement, places the object in internal con ict. Ernst has placed the body/building
within a bare desert, with just an abandoned scythe in the background, which would prove
futile in such a setting. The title, "Ubu Imperator," translates as the Commander, yet the central
gure lacks the stability and authority a leader usually commands in both art and life.
Oil on canvas - Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris

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