Academic Sciences International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 1, 2014

Reveiw Article

TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS LINN.): A RENOWNED TIMBER PLANT WITH POTENTIAL

MEDICINAL VALUES

RAMESH B. NIDAVANI*, MAHALAKSHMI AM.

Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagara, Mysore 570015, India.
Email: [email protected]
Received: 17 Nov 2013, Revised and Accepted: 08 Dec 2013

ABSTRACT
Tectona grandis Linn. (T. grandis Linn.) (Family - Verbenaceae) is one of the most famous timber plant in the world and is renowned for its
dimensional stability, extreme durability and hard which also resists decay even when unprotected by paints and preservatives. This plant is
commonly called as teak and locally known as sagon, sagwan. Teak is moreover considered as a major constituent in many of the traditional
medicines. A variety of interesting but limited compounds have been isolated and identified from T. grandis Linn. An overview and details of the
phytochemical and pharmacological investigations on the T. grandis Linn. is presented in this review.
Keywords: Teak, Tectona grandis Linn., Ethnomedicinal plant, Bioactive constituents.

INTRODUCTION
Distribution and description
Plants are indispensible sources of medicine since time immemorial.
Studies on natural products are aimed to determine medicinal Natural distribution of teak ranges from the Indian sub-continent
values of plants by exploration of existing scientific knowledge, through Myanmar and Thailand. It is common in deciduous forests and
traditional uses and discovery of potential therapeutic agents. well-drained alluvial soils. India has one-third of the natural distribution.
Phytochemicals are used as templates for lead optimization It is discontinuously distributed throughout Peninsular India below the
programs, which are intended to make safe and effective drugs. In latitude of 24N, in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
the developed countries, 25% of the medicinal drugs are based on Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Kerala. In Myanmar, the species is distributed
plants and their derivatives [1-3]. throughout the country up to latitude 25N. In Thailand, it occurs
naturally up to 17.5N and from 97 to 101E in the watershed areas of
T. grandis Linn. (Family - Verbenaceae) is one of the most famous Mae Khong, Salween and Chao Phya rivers. Teak has been introduced as
timbers in the world and is renowned for its dimensional stability, a plantation species in as many as 36 tropical countries across tropical
extreme durability and hard which also resists decay even when Asia, Africa and South and Central America [6,7].
unprotected by paints and preservatives. This plant is commonly
called as teak and locally known as sagon, sagwan (Table 1). It is one T. grandis Linn. is a large, deciduous tree reaching over 30m in height in
of the most important heart wood of the world over. Timber value of favourable conditions. Crown open with many small branches; the
teak has been well known from decades [4,5]. branch is often buttressed and may be fluted, up to 15m long below the
1st branches. Stem usually cylindrical but becoming fluted and slightly
Table 1: Common names for T. grandis Linn. buttressed at base when mature. Bark is light brown or grey, distinctly
fibrous with shallow, longitudinal fissures. The root system is superficial,
Kannada: Sagavani often no deeper than 50cm, but roots may extend laterally up to 15m
Sanskrit: saka from the stem. The very large, 4-sided leaves are shed for 3-4 months
Hindi: sagun, sagwan, saigun during the later half of the dry season, leaving the branchlets bare. The
Bengali: Segun leaves are shiny above, hairy below, vein network clear, broadly ovate or
Malayalam: jati oval with shortly pointed or blunt tip and taping base, about 30X20cm
Tamil: tek, tekku, tekkumaram but young leaves are up to 1m long. Flowers small, about 8mm across,
Myanmar: kyun mauve to white and arranged in large, flowering heads, about 45cm long;
Burmese: kyun found on the topmost branches in the unshaded part of the crown. Fruit
English: Indian oak, teak tree, teak wood is a drupe with 4 chambers and these are round, hard and woody,
Filipino: dalanang, djati enclosed in an inflated, bladder-like covering; pale green at first, then
French: teck brown at maturity. Each fruit may contain 0 to 4 seeds. There are 1000-
German: tiek 3500 fruits/kg [6].
Indonesian : deleg, jati, kulidawa
Malaysia: jati Traditional uses
Javanese: deleg, kulidawa
Lao (Sino-Tibetan): sak Teak is a pre-eminent tropical timber with sterling wood properties,
Nepali: saguan, teak having an average wood density of 650 kg/m3. Because of its natural
Spanish: teca durability and dimensional stability, it is widely used for boat and
Thai: mai-sak, sak shipbuilding in addition to construction, decorative veneers,
furniture, cabinets, musical instruments and
Table 2: Taxonomy of T. grandis Linn. handicrafts/woodcarving [8].

Kingdom Plantae Teak is moreover considered as a major constituent in many of the

Super division Angiosperms traditional medicines. The different extracts from various parts of
Division Eudicots teak shows expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic properties.
Class Asterids Traditionally, teak is used against bronchitis, biliousness,
Order Lamiales hyperacidity, diabetes, leprosy, astringent, and helmintiasis. In
Family Verbenaceae traditional medicine, a wood powder paste has been used against
Genus Tectona bilious headache and swellings. They are also used to treat swellings
Species Grandis [9,10]. According to ayurveda, the teak wood is acrid, cooling,
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laxative, sedative to gravid uterus and useful in treatment of piles, Phytochemical constituents
leucoderma and dysentery. It allays thirst and possesses
anthelmintic and expectorant properties [11]. T. grandis Linn. leaf A variety of interesting compounds have been isolated and identified
extract are widely used in the folklore for the treatment of various from T. grandis Linn. The summarized details of chemical
kinds of wounds, especially burn wounds [12]. constituents of T. grandis Linn. are discussed in Table 3.

Table 3: Details of secondary metabolite constituents of T. grandis Linn. [14-18]

Secondary Secondary Metabolite constituents Part of the plant
Metabolites
Phenols and Phenolic TG1, 2, 3 and 4, Gallic acid Ellagic acid, Leaves
acid Acetovanillone, E-isofuraldehyde, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-
one, evofolin A, and syringaresinol
Norlignans Tectonoelin A (or (7Z)-9nor-3,4,4-trihydroxy- Stem, leaves seed &
3-methoxylign-7-ene-9,7-lactone), Tectonoelin B (or 7Z)-9nor-3,4,4-trihydroxy-3,5- wood
dimethoxylign-7-ene-9,7-lactone), medioresinol, 1-hydroxypinoresinol, lariciresinol,
balaphonin and zhebeiresinol
Flavonoids Rutin and quercitin Leaves
Anthraquinones Possible anthraquinone moieties for dyeing property Leaves
Glycosoides Apocarotenoids: tectoionols A and B Seed, leaves
Steroidal glycoside: beta-sitosterol-beta-D-[4'-linolenyl-6'-(tridecan-4'''-one-1'''-oxy)] Stem bark
glucuranopyranoside
Alkaloides Quinones: 9,10-dimethoxy-2-methyl anthra-1,4- quinone. 1,4-anthraquinone, tectoquinone, Heart wood
lapachol, dehydro-a-lapachone, tecomaquinone I. Leaves
Naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derlvatives
Naphthotectone and anthratectone
Steroids Steroidal compounds, squalene, polylsoprene, cr-tolylmethyl ether, betulinic acid Heart wood
Fatty esters 7'-hydroxy-n-octacosanoyl n-decanoate, 20'-hydroxy eicosanyl linolenate and 18'-hydroxy n- Stem bark
hexacosanyl n-decanoate

A phytochemical study on the most bioactive extract from T. grandis dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (3), evofolin A (4), and eight lignans,
Linn. led to the isolation of two new norlignans, tectonoelin A and namely, syringaresinol (5), medioresinol (6), 1-hydroxypinoresinol
tectonoelin B compounds. The chromatographic study of the (7), lariciresinol (8), balaphonin (9), zhebeiresinol (10), Tectonoelin A
dichloromethane-water (DCM/H2O) active extract of leaves showed, or (7Z)-9nor-3,4,4-trihydroxy-3-methoxylign-7-ene-9,7-lactone
four phenolic compounds named as acetovanillone (1), E- (11), Tectonoelin B or (7Z)-9nor-3,4,4-trihydroxy-3,5-
isofuraldehyde (2), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxylign-7-ene-9,7-lactone, (12) (Figure 1)[13].

Fig. 1: Phenolic compounds (1-4) and lignans (8-12) of T. grandis Linn.

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The bioactive fractions of teak have seven apocarotenoids, two of dihydro-b-ionol (15) and 3b-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-b-ionone (16)
which have been isolated for the first time as natural products have been corrected on the basis of g-HSQC and g-HMBC
named as tectoionols A (13) and tectoionols B (14). The chemical experiments and three (17-19) are yet to be named (Figure 2). The
structures were determined through 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic general bioactivities of isolated compounds have been studied using
resonance (NMR) experiments and named as 9(S)-4-oxo-7,8- etiolated wheat coleoptiles [14].

Fig. 2: Seven apocarotenoids among four (13-16) of which have been isolated for the first time as natural products and three (17-19) are
yet to be named.

Phenolic compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins (22) (flavonoids) from the methanol extract of T. grandis Linn.
are important plant metabolites that are important for many (Figure 3). The presence of these constituents of teak contributing
pharmacological activities. The isolation of four phenolic for the activities by virtue of their different properties like
compounds named as TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4 i.e. Gallic acid (20) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial
and ellagic acid (23) (phenolic acids), rutin (21) and quercitin activities [15].

Fig. 3: The isolation of four phenolic compounds named TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4 (20-23).

The petrol extract of the heartwood of T. grandis Linn. afforded a grandis Linn.. Their structures were determined by a combination of
new 9,10-dimethoxy-2-methyl anthra-1,4- quinone (24). The 1,4- 1D and 2D NMR techniques and the bioactivity profile of
anthraquinone derivative in addition to ether isolated tectoquinone, naphthotectone was assessed using the etiolated wheat coleoptiles
lapachol, dehydro-a-lapachone, tecomaquinone I and some bioassay in aqueous solutions at concentrations ranging from 10(-3)
unidentified anthraquinones. Previous work on this plant led to the to 10(-5)M, as well as the standard target species lettuce, cress,
isolation of a number of naphthoquinone and anthraquinone tomato, and onion. The presence of naphthotectone, as the major
derlvatives as well as steroidal compounds, squalene, polylsoprene, component in T. grandis Linn., suggests that it may be involved in the
cr-tolylmethyl ether, betulinic acid [16]. A new steroidal glycoside allelopathic activity previously described for this species, and
identified as beta-sitosterol-beta-D-[4'-linolenyl-6'-(tridecan-4'''- probably in other defense mechanisms [18].
one-1'''-oxy)] glucuranopyranoside and three new fatty esters, 7'-
hydroxy-n-octacosanoyl n-decanoate, 20'-hydroxy eicosanyl Pharmacological activities
linolenate and 18'-hydroxy n-hexacosanyl n-decanoate, along with
the known compounds n-docosane, lup-20(29)-en-3beta-ol, In the recent years, the use of herbal products has been
betulinic acid and stigmast-5-en-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Their increasing worldwide. Herbal source have always been striking
stereo-structures have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data basis of drugs. On the other hand, intricate ways of molecular
analyses and chemical reactions [17]. interactions and bioactivity mechanisms of the extracts or their
bioactive constituents provide a challenge to the scientists. T.
Two new quinones, (an isoprenoid quinone, and a dimeric grandis Linn. displays a wide range of pharmacological activities
anthraquinone) named naphthotectone and anthratectone, and a brief overview of its pharmacological activities are
respectively, were isolated from bioactive leaf extracts from T. presented here.

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Antibacterial activity Criswell et al., has been demonstrated previously that

intraperitoneal administration of Phenylhydrazine decreases
The research study revealed that characterize of inhibitory mechanism haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red blood cells (RBCs) number and
in T. grandis Linn. bark and to determine its effectiveness against haematocrit in rat [26]. This anemia which resulted from the early
Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus lysis of the RBCS was naturally reversed 7 days later by the
(MRSA) by employing disc diffusion method. The study also regeneration of these blood cells due to the increase of the
investigated the antibacterial compound is 5-hydroxy-1,4- reticulocytes. Oral administration of leaves ethanol extract of 1
naphthalenedione (Juglone) (25) by gas chromatography-mass g/kg/day and 2 g/kg/day, to the rats previously treated with
spectrometry, and 1H and [13]C NMR analyses [19]. Later, another phenylhydrazine, significant increased the concentration of Hb,
research study investigated that, Juglone has been found to be RBCs number, haematocrit and reticulocytes rate mainly 7 days after
inhibitory to oral pathogens, notably Streptococcus mutans, phenylhydrazine administration. So the study suggested that, the
Streptococcus sanguis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella extract could stimulate erythropoisis process and which may
intermedia [20,21], and may explain the value of twigs/sticks used for increase the number of young RBCs (reticulocytes) [27].
oral hygiene in Africa and the Middle East [21,22].
Adverse cutaneous reaction activity by teak wood
Various adverse cutaneous reactions may occur as a result of
exposure to wood dust or solid woods. These may include allergic
contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis and, more rarely,
contact urticaria, photoallergic, phototoxic reactions and erythema
multiforme-like reactions. Chomiczewska-Skra D (2011)
investigated that, contact dermatitis, both allergic and irritant, is
most frequently provoked by exotic woods, e.g. wood of the
Fig. 4: The compounds from petrol extract of the heartwood Dalbergia spp., Machaerium scleroxylon or T. grandis Linn..
(24), bark extract as antimicrobial (25), and stem heartwood of Cutaneous reactions are usually associated with manual or machine
a naphthoquinone derivative (26) of T. grandis Linn. woodworking, in occupational setting or as a hobby. As a result of
exposure to wood dust, airborne contact dermatitis is needed to be
Another study showed the synergistic in-vitro antibacterial activity diagnosed, so the study suggested to identify respective compound
to formulate new cost effective antimicrobial agent for multi-drug from wood dust of teak for their adverse cutaneous reactions [28].
resistant organisms, based on the synergistic activity of Tetracycline
with methanol extract of T. grandis Linn.. The Minimum Inhibition Hair growth activity
Concentration (MIC) of methanol extract in combination with
The seeds of T. grandis Linn. are traditionally acclaimed as hair tonic
Tetracycline using 9 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative
in the Indian system of medicine. Study evaluated the petroleum
bacteria and those are associated with various forms of human
ether extract of seeds of T. grandis Linn. for its effect on hair growth
infections. It shows maximum synergistic activity against different
in albino mice. The 5.00% and 10.00% extracts incorporated into
bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. The higher
simple ointment base were applied topically on shaved denuded
synergistic rate was achieved against Salmonella typhimurium
skin of albino mice. The time required for initiation of hair growth as
(MTCC 98), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 432), and lowest synergistic
well as completion of hair growth cycle was recorded against
shows against Pichia pastoris (MTCC 34), Escherichia coli, (MTCC
minoxidil 2.00% solution as positive control. Hair growth initiation
729). No synergistic activity was observed in Citrobacter freondii
time was significantly reduced to half on treatment with the extracts
(MTCC 1658) [23]. The antibacterial activity was also tested for leaf,
compared to control animals. The treatment was successful in
bark and wood extracts of T. grandis Linn. against Staphylococcus
bringing a greater number of hair follicles in anagenic phase than
aureus (ATCC 25923), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603),
standard minoxidil [29].
hospital strains of Salmonella paratyphi and Proteus mirabilis by disc
diffusion assay [24]. Antioxidant activity
Cytotoxic activity Antioxidant activity of leaf, bark and wood of Hexane, chloroform,
ethyl acetate and methanol extracts was checked with 1, 2-diphenyl
The methanol extract of wood, hexane extract of leaf were checked
1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) and ABTS+ free radical. Ethyl acetate
by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
extract of wood showed very high activity with 98.6 % inhibition
bromide] assay and chloroform extract of bark exhibited very high against DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals. The antioxidant activity of T.
activity against chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) and human embryonic grandis Linn. with its crude ethanol extracts by H2O2 scavenging
kidney (HEK 293) cells with 87 % and 95.3 % inhibition respectively activity, DPPH and FRAP assay proved its potential [24]. Another
[24]. The column chromatography of the concentrated petrol extract study examined the antioxidant activity of T. grandis Linn. leaf
of the root heart wood, showed the presence of extracts employing four in vitro assay systems, i.e., Total phenolic
hydroxynaphthoquinone. As the petrol extract of the root heartwood content, reducing power, Super oxide radical scavenging activity,
of T. grandis Linn. showed a high level of activity for cytotoxicity test Inhibition of H2O2 induced erythrocyte haemolysis method, in order
against brine shrimps, it was investigated in order to determine the to understand the usefulness of this plant as a foodstuff as well as in
nature of the active compounds. This results to the isolation and medicine [30]. The plant extracts of 17 commonly used Indian
identification of a new compound, 5-hydroxylapachol along with the medicinal plants were examined for their possible regulatory effect
previously reported compounds lapachol, dehydro- a-lapachone, on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as an NO
methylquinizarin and squalene. The 5-hydroxylapachol and lapachol donor in vitro. T. grandis Linn. shows potential scavenging activity
were both found to be cytotoxic activity. The activity of 5- among all other plant extracts [31].
hydroxylapachol is signifcant, as it is as good as lapachol, its
structure is very similar to lapachol with an additional hydroxy Seed protein of teak as nutrient
group which could increase its solubility. The study also suggests The influence of protein, isolated from seed of T. grandis Linn. upon
that, 5-hydroxylapachol general toxicity is better than lapachol. albino rats with respect to some of their serum, liver and intestinal
Hence it is good candidate for further investigation as a potent enzymes and also nature of liver lipids are studied. The seed protein
cytotoxic agent [25]. contains aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine,
alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, phenylalanine,
Anti-haemolytic anaemia activity
histidine and arginine as determined by amino acid analyser. After
Traditional oral report indicates that T. grandis Linn. is used in the feeding experiment an increase in body weight including the liver
treatment of anemia in Togo. The ethanol extract of leaves of T. weight was noted in the test animals due to excess protein in the diet.
grandis Linn. was evaluated on anemia model of rat induced by The enzyme estimations observed that marked increase in protein
intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 40 mg/kg for 2 days. level and also increase in total lipid of liver. The observed increased

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concentration of lipid in liver may be due to excess addition of protein mediators release by methanol extract of flowers of T. grandis Linn
in diet. The observation suggests that an indication of probable fatty [38].
infiltration in liver of test animals [32].
Analgesic activity
Hypoglycemic activity
Acetic acid induced writhing response and Eddys hot-plate
The study indicates that T. grandis Linn. may prove to be useful in mediated pain reaction release by METGF. Study investigated for
insulin resistance owing to its antioxidant activity and ability to analgesic effect of METGF in two different animal models with the
increase the glucose uptake. Dexamethasone administration aimed to identify its possible peripheral and central action.
resulted in significant increase in blood glucose and triglyceride Administration of METGF may mediate its action via opioid receptor.
(TG) level. T. grandis Linn. showed dose dependent decrease in In both models, administration of METGF inhibited analgesia in a
elevated plasma glucose and TG levels caused by dexamethasone, dose dependent manner and it reflects the peripheral and central
beta-lapachone, one of the chemical constituents of T. grandis Linn. analgesic action. The analgesic action may be due to presence of
was reported to possess glucocorticoid antagonistic action. They phenolic compounds and tannins in METGF [38].
suggested that, the effect on the plasma glucose level and TG level
may be due to the glucocorticoid antagonism and the presence of Antifungal Activity
other chemical constituents like terpenoids and tannins which are The antifungal activity of methanol crude extract of T. grandis Linn.,
reported to have antihyperglycemic action. It showed significant Shilajit, Valeriana wallachi was investigated against Alternaria
increase in insulin assisted glucose uptake, which indicates that cajani, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium sp., Bipolaris sp. and
there was increase in the insulin sensitivity [33,34]. Similarly Helminthosporium sp. at different concentrations. Better antifungal
another study investigated the hypoglycemic activity of methanol activity was observed with the T. grandis Linn. extracts at
extract of root of T. grandis Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic albino concentration of 5000 g/ml with other plant extracts. Study also
rats with standard antidiabetic glibenclamide and study exhibited investigated that the HPLC fingerprints of the crude extracts of T.
significant hypoglycemic activity [35]. Another research study was grandis Linn., showed four types of the Phenolic acids i.e. Tannic
carried out to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of T. grandis acid, gallic acid, Ferulic acid and caffeic acid that are present in
Linn. bark extract in control and alloxan-diabetic rats. Oral varying amount [39]. A new naphthoquinone derivative was isolated
administration of the bark suspension resulted in a significant from the heartwood of the teak stem and the chemical structure of
reduction in blood glucose [36]. this compound, 4,5-dihydroxy-epiisocatalponol (26) (Figure 4).
Anthelmintic activity This naphthoquinone derivative plays a key role in the variability of
decay resistance in teak wood. A high negative correlation was
Ethanolic extract of fruits of T. grandis Linn. was investigated for found between its concentration and the mass losses of the wood
their anthelmintic activity by using Indian earthworm Pheritima samples after exposure to the brown rot Antrodia sp., the fungus that
posthuma as a test worm. The experiment was performed by is the most virulent against teak. In-vitro bioassays demonstrated
determination of time of paralysis and time of death of worms, that 4,5-dihydroxyepiisocatalponol acted as a fungicide against
against the standard reference drug piperazine citrate. The crude Trametes versicolor (white rot) at 58 mg/ml (0.22 mM) [40].
ethanolic extract of fruits of T. grandis Linn. shows significant
activity at 50mg/ml against piperazine citrate [37]. Diuretic activity

Anti-inflammatory activity The study investigated that an aqueous extract of leaves of T. grandis
Linn. showed the acute diuretic activity in Wistar rats by evaluating
Acute inflammation activity of methanol extract of T. grandis Linn. urine volume and urine electrolyte level. The study showed that a
flowers (METGF)was investigated against carrageenan. The extract significant increase in urine volume and urine electrolyte excretion
shows good effect at second phase of inflammation, and study in a dose dependent manner as compared with furosemide and
advocates that, action may be due to inhibition of the inflammatory hydrochlorthiazide as standard diuretics [41].

Fig. 5: Research of T. grandis Linn. past, present and future

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Gastroprotective activity 10. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary.
Springer Verlag. Heidelberg; 2007. pp. 649.
The ethanol extract of T. grandis Linn. leaves shows anti-ulcer 11. Singh J, Bhuyan TC, Ahmed A. Enthnobotanical studies on the
activities against in-vivo ulcer protective model as evident by Mishing tribes of Assam with special reference to food and
significant protection in different gastric ulcer models, reduced medicinal plants. J Econ Taxon Bot Additional series 1996; 12:
gastric secretions through proton pump inhibition, increased PGE2 350-356.
level and enhanced gastric mucin content. Study also investigated 12. Sumthong P, Damveld RA, Choi YH, Arentshorst M, Ram AF,
that, the proton pump inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of T. Vanden Hondel CA, Verpoort R. Activity of quinines frim teak
grandis Linn. leaves and its active butanolic fraction may be (Tectona grandis) on fungal wall stess. Planta Medica 2006;
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acid secretion via inhibiting gastrin hormone release. Thus, 13. Rodney Lacret, Rosa M. Varela, Jose M.G. Molinillo, Clara
verbascoside of TG could act as a potent therapeutic agent against Nogueiras, Francisco A. Macas, Tectonoelins, new norlignans
gastric ulcer disease [42]. from a bioactive extract of Tectona grandis, Phytochem Lett
A dye bearing plant 2012; 5: 382386.
14. Francisco AM, Rodney L, Rosa MV, Clara N, Jose MGM. Bioactive
The colour components responsible for dyeing were isolated and apocarotenoids from Tectona grandis, Phytochem 2008; 69:
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spectroscopic investigations. The principal colour components from 15. Naira N, Karvekar MD. Isolation of phenolic compounds from
the species Morinda angustifolia Roxb., Rubia cordifolia Linn. and T. the methanol extract of Tectona grandis, Res J Pharmaceutic,
grandis Linn. were found to contain mainly anthraquinone moieties Bio and Chem Sci 2010; 1(2):221-225.
in their molecules. The dyes obtained from the native plants may be 16. Pahup S, Sunita J, Sangeeta B. A 1,4-Anthraquinone derivative
alternative sources to synthetic dyes for the dyeing of natural silk from Tectona Grandis, Phyrochem 1989; 28(4):1258-1259.
and cotton. Leaves of T. grandis Linn. contained mainly 17. Khan Z, Ali M, Bagri P. A new steroidal glycoside and fatty acid
anthraquinone moieties in their molecules [43]. esters from the stem bark of Tectona grandis Linn. Nat Prod
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The adsorption Experiment activity
18. Lacret R, Varela RM, Molinillo JM, Nogueiras C, Macas FA.
The adsorption experiments were performed under various Anthratectone and naphthotectone, two quinones from
conditions such as different initial concentrations, pH, adsorbent bioactive extracts of Tectona grandis. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010;
dosage and adsorbent particle size. The presence of various heavy 1(4):211-215.
metals in the environment is of great concern because of their 19. Neamatallah A, Yan L, Dewar SJ, Austin B. An extract from teak
increased discharge, toxic nature and other adverse effects on (Tectona grandis) bark inhibited Listeria monocytogenes and
receiving waters. The majority of toxic metal pollutants are waste methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Lett in Applied
products of industrial and some domestic processes. The adsorbent Microbio, 2005; 41: 9496.
used in this study is T. grandis Linn. leaves powder, in which the 20. Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. Activity of anthraquinonic and
adsorption takes place on surface of insoluble cellwalls of the teak naphthoquinonic compounds on oral bacteria. Pharmazie
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between the adsorbents, a better adjustment of the equilibrium and 21. Cai L, Wei GX, van der Bijl P, Wu CD. Namibian chewing stick,
T. grandis Linn. was found good adsorbent property [44]. Dispyros lycioides, contains antibacterial compounds against
oral pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 909914.
CONCLUSION 22. Darout IA, Skaug N. Chewing sticks: timeless natural
toothbrushes for oral cleansing. J Periodontal Res 2001; 36:
This review highlights the importance of different pharmacological
275284.
activities of T. grandis Linn.. The number of studies on this plant is
23. Purushotham KG, Arun P, Jayarani JJ, Vasnthakumari R, Sankar
quite high although most of the studies have been done on the
L, Bijjam RR. Synergistic In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of
extract and isolation level. Enormous numbers of studies are to be
Tectona Grandis Leaves With Tetracycline, Int J Pharm Tech Res
done to bring its products to commercial exploitation. This review
2010; 2(1): 519-523.
may thus be an initiative for such studies (Figure 5).
24. Mahesh SK, Jayakumaran NA. Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and
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