Biology

Nama: ammar iqmal bin saharuddin

Class: 5 AR

College num : nk 131199

Teacher name: pn. fadzliyah

Ama.co
 Hypertension

Definition High blood pressure, having a blood

pressure higher than 140 over 90
mmHg, with a consensus across
medical guidelines.
Causes - Smoking
- Lack of physical activity
- Stress
- Too much salt in diet
- Genetics
- Too much alcohol consumption
Symptoms - Severe headache
- Fatigue or confusion
- Vison problems
- Chest pain
- Difficulty breathing
- Irregular heartbeat
- Blood in the urine
How to - Eating a healthy diet
overcome - Maintaining a healthy weight
- Getting enough physical activity
- Not smoking
 - Limiting alcohol use

Atherosclerosis / atheriosclerosis

Definition hardening and narrowing of the

arteries silently and slowly blocks
arteries, putting blood flow at risk.
Causes - High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Insulin resistance
Symptoms - Chest pain or agina
- Pain in your leg , arm and
anywhere that has blocked
artery
- Fatigue
- Confusion
How to - Stop smoking
overcome - Exercise
- Eat a balance diet
- Get a regular checkups

Myocardial infraction

Definition Acute myocardial infarction is the

medical name for a heart attack.
Heart attacks occur when the flow of
blood to the heart becomes blocked.
They can cause tissue damage and
can even be life-threatening.
Causes - Bad cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Smoking
- High cholesterol levels
- Diabetes
- Obesity
Symptoms - Shortness of breath
- Jaw pain
 - Upper back pain
- Lightheadedness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
How to - Reduce the amount of sugar,
overcome salt and fat in diet
- Eat healthy food
- Go to execise

Muscular dystrophy

Definition Muscular dystrophy is a group of

disorders characterized by a
progressive loss of muscle mass and
consequent loss of strength.
Causes Genetic mutation particular to that
type of the disease. Many of these
mutations are inherited. But some
occur spontaneously in the mother's
egg or the developing embryo and
can be passed on to the next
generation.
Symptoms - Frequent falls
- Difficulty getting up from a lying
or sitting position
 - Trouble running and jumping
- Waddling gait
- Large calf muscles
- Muscle pain and stiffness
How to There is no cure for any form of
overcome muscular dystrophy, but
medications and therapy can slow
the course of the disease.

Rheumatism / artheritis

Definition A disease that causes stiffness and

pain in the muscles and swelling and
pain in the joints
Causes - Family history
- Smoking
- Environmental exposures
- Obesity
- Rheumatoid arthritis occurs
when your immune system
attacks the synovium, the lining
of the membranes that surround
 your joints.
Symptoms - Tender, warm, swollen joints
- Joint stiffness that is usually
worse in the mornings and after
inactivity
- Fatigue, fever and weight loss
How to - Rheumatism Diet
overcome - Body Cleansing
- Physical Activity
- Sweating

Infertility

Definition Infertility is a disease of the

reproductive system defined by the
failure to achieve a clinical
pregnancy after 12 months or more
of regular unprotected sexual
intercourse.
Causes - Tubal disease
- Ovulation disordes
- Fibroids
- Failure of sperm production
 - Sperm DNA fragmentation
- High numbers of abnormally
shaped sperm
Symptoms - Abnormal periods
- Irregular periods
- No periods
- Pain during sex
- Changes in hair growth
- Changes in sexual desire
How to - Avoid drugs and alcohol
overcome - Try to get pregnant while youre
young.
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Be safe in your sexual lifestyle
- Have safe sex

colour blindness

Definition The inability to distinguish the

differences between certain colors.
This condition results from an
absence of color-sensitive pigment
in the cone cells of the retina, the
 nerve layer at the back of the eye.
Causes Color blindness is a genetic
condition caused by a difference in
how one or more of the light-
sensitive cells found in the retina of
the eye respond to certain colors.
Symptoms - Difficulty distinguishing
between colors
- Inability to see shades or tones
of the same color
- Rapid eye movement (in rare
cases)
How to There is no cure for hereditary color
overcome vision deficiency. If you have color
vision deficiency, it is possible for
you to learn to recognize color by
other means. Some people learn to
tell colors apart by brightness or
location. Also, there are specially
tinted eyeglasses that may help you
to tell certain colors apart.

Haemophilia
Definition Hemophilia is a rare disorder in
which your blood doesn't clot
normally because it lacks sufficient
blood-clotting proteins (clotting
factors).
Causes Hemophilia is caused by a genetic
mutation. The mutations involve
genes that code for proteins that are
essential in the blood clotting
process. The bleeding symptoms
arise because blood clotting is
impaired.
Symptoms - a severe headache
- vomiting repeatedly
- neck pain
- blurred or doubled vision
- extreme sleepiness
- continuous bleeding from an
injury
How to - Hemophilia treatment includes
overcome clotting factors replacement
therapy when needed or
regularly, depending on the
severity of the disease
 Huntingtons disease

Definition Huntington's disease is an incurable,

hereditary brain disorder. It is a
devastating disease for which there
is no currently "effective"
treatment.Nerve cells become
damaged, causing various parts of
the brain to deteriorate.
Causes Huntington disease is caused by a
genetic defect on chromosome 4.
The defect causes a part of DNA to
occur many more times than it is
supposed to. This defect is called a
CAG repeat. Normally, this section of
DNA is repeated 10 to 28 times. But
in persons with Huntington disease,
it is repeated 36 to 120 times.
Symptoms - Behavioral disturbances
- Hallucinations
- Irritability
- Moodiness
- Restlessness or fidgeting
- Paranoia
- Psychosis
How to - Dopamine blockers may help
overcome reduce abnormal behaviors and
movements.
- Drugs such as amantadine and
tetrabenazine are used to try to
control extra movements.
- Genetic counseling.

Thalassemia

Definition Thalassemia is an inherited blood

disorder in which the body makes an
abnormal form of hemoglobin.
Causes Thalassemia occurs when theres an
abnormality or mutation in one of
the genes involved in hemoglobin
production. You inherit this genetic
defect from your parents.
Symptoms - fussiness
- paleness
- frequent infections
- a poor appetite
- failure to thrive
- jaundice, which is a yellowing of
the skin or the whites of the
eyes
- enlarged organs
How to - blood transfusions
overcome - a bone marrow transplant (BMT)
- medications and supplements
- possible surgery to remove the
spleen or gallbladder

Muscular cramps

Definition A muscle cramp is a strong, painful

contraction or tightening of a
muscle that comes on suddenly and
lasts from a few seconds to several
minutes.
Causes - exercise or overuse muscle
- pregnancy
- exposure to cold temperatures
- standing on a hard surface for a
long time
- not having enough
potassium,calcium and other
minerals.
 - Being dehydrated
Symptoms - Cause severe discomfort
- Are associated with leg
swelling, redness or skin
changes
- Are associated with muscle
weakness
- Happen frequently
- Don't improve with self-care
- Aren't associated with an
obvious cause, such as
strenuous exercise
How to - Drink plenty of water
overcome - Try using an ice cold pack
- Take a warm shower or bath to
relax the muscle
- Stretch and massage the
muscle

Osteoporosis

Definition Thinning of the bones, with

reduction in bone mass, due to
depletion of calcium and bone
protein.
Causes - a family history of osteoporosis
 - a parental history of hip
fracture
- a body mass index (BMI) of 19
or less
- long-term use of high-dose oral
corticosteroids
- having an eating disorder, such
as anorexia or bulimia
- heavy drinking and smoking
Symptoms - Back pain, caused by a
fractured or collapsed vertebra
- Loss of height over time
- A stooped posture
- A bone fracture that occurs
much more easily than
expected
How to - Regular exercise
overcome - Healthy eating
- Take vitamin D supplements
- Quitting smoking
- Limiting your alcohol intake

Parkinson disease
Definition Parkinson's disease is a progressive
disorder of the nervous system that
affects movement. It develops
gradually, sometimes starting with a
barely noticeable tremor in just one
hand.
Causes - Genetic
- Environmental triggers
- The presence of lewy bodies
Symptoms - Tremor
- Slowed movement
(bradykinesia)
- Rigid muscles
- Impaired posture and balance
- Losss of automatic movements
- Speech changes
- Writing changes
How to - Eat fresh and raw vegetables
overcome - Avoid pesticides and
petrochemical solvents
- Avoid excess iron
- Avoid excess manganese

Alzheimer
Definition Alzheimer's disease is a progressive,
degenerative disorder that attacks
the brain's nerve cells, or neurons,
resulting in loss of memory, thinking
and language skills, and behavioral
changes.
Causes - Family history and genetics
- Increasing age
- Lack of exercise
- Obesity
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- A diet lacking in fruits and
vegetables
Symptoms - Depression
- Apathy
- Social withdrawal
- Mood swings
- Distrust in others
- Get loss in familiar places
- Loss of remembering memory
How to - Stop smoking
overcome - Not drinking large amount of
alcohol
- Eating a healthy, balance diet.
- Exercising
- Make sure blood pressure is
checked and controlled
 Drug abuse

Definition Drug addiction is a chronic, often

relapsing brain disease that causes
compulsive drug seeking and use,
despite harmful consequences to
the drug addict and those around
them.
Causes - Unstable home environment
- A poor relationship with parents
- Use of drugs by friends
- Permissive attitude towards
their own drug use and drug
use of the adolescent
- Poor achievement in school
- Availability of drugs from
friends
Symptoms - Hallucinations
- Rapid shifts in emotions
- Aggressive, possibly violent
behaviour
- Problems with thinking and
memory
- Increased energy and
 restlessness
How to - Strengthening the relationships
overcome within family
- Prevention programs
- Monitor teens
- Harsh legal penalties for
possessing and using drugs
- Talk to your children about the
rsks of prescription drug
misuse.

Diabetes mellitus

Definition a chronic disease associated with

abnormally high levels of the sugar
glucose in the blood.
Causes - Overweight and obesity
- Insulin resistance
- Genes and family history
- Damage to or removal of the
pancreas
- Have large amount of glucose
in blood
Symptoms - increased thirst and urination
 - increased hunger
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- numbness or tingling in the feet
or hands
- sores that do not heal
- unexplained weight loss
How to - Frequent testing of your blood
overcome sugar levels
- Careful meal planning
- Daily exercise
- Taking insulin and other
medications as needed
- Get for whole grains
- Get plenty of fiber
- Loss extra weight

Downs syndrome

Definition a genetic disorder caused when

abnormal cell division results in
extra genetic material from
chromosome 21.
Causes Down syndrome is caused by a
problem with a baby's
chromosomes. Normally, a person
 has 46 chromosomes. But most
people with Down syndrome have
47 chromosomes. In rare cases,
other chromosome problems cause
Down syndrome. Having extra or
abnormal chromosomes changes the
way the brain and body develop.
Symptoms - Flattened facial features
- Small head
- Short neck
- Protruding tongue
- Upward slanting eyes, unusual
for the child's ethnic group
- Unusually shaped or small ears
How to There's no way to prevent Down
overcome syndrome. If you're at high risk of
having a child with Down syndrome
or you already have one child with
Down syndrome, you may want to
consult a genetic counselor before
becoming pregnant.

Klinefelters syndrome
Definition a genetic condition that results
when a boy is born with an extra
copy of the X chromosome.
Klinefelter syndrome is a common
genetic condition affecting males,
and it often isn't diagnosed until
adulthood.
Causes - One extra copy of the X
chromosome in each cell (XXY),
the most common cause
- An extra X chromosome in
some of the cells (mosaic
Klinefelter syndrome), with
fewer symptoms
- More than one extra copy of the
X chromosome, which is rare
and results in a severe form
Symptoms - Small, firm testicles
- Small penis
- Enlarged breast tissue
(gynecomastia)
- Weak bones
- Low energy levels
- Tendency to be shy and
sensitive
- Difficulty expressing thoughts
and feelings or socializing
- Problems with reading, writing,
spelling or math
How to - Speech-language therapy
overcome - Occupational therapy
- Physical therapy
- Testosterone therapy
- Integrative therapies
 Jacobs syndrome

Definition XYY syndrome is a rare

chromosomal disorder that affects
males. It is caused by the presence
of an extra Y chromosome. Males
normally have one X and one Y
chromosome. However, individuals
with this syndrome have one X and
two Y chromosomes.
Causes The random error can occur during
the formation of sperm or at
different times during the formation
of an embryo. In the latter case, a
male may have some cells that are
not affected. This means that some
cells may have XY genotype while
others have XYY genotype.
Symptoms - Comparatively low weight
relative to stature
- Larger head dimensions
- Severe acne in adolescence
- Behavior and emotional
difficulties
- Learning disabilities and
 delayed development of speech
and language skills
- Delayed development of motor
skills, such as sitting and
walking

How to - Speech therapy

overcome - Physical or occupational therapy
- Educational therapy

Turners syndrome
definition Turner syndrome, a condition that
affects only girls and women, results
when a sex chromosome (the X
chromosome) is missing or partially
missing.
Causes - Monosomy
- Mosaicism
- Y chromosome material.
Symptoms - Wide or weblike neck
- Receding or small lower jaw
- High, narrow roof of the mouth
(palate)
- Low-set ears
- Low hairline at the back of the
head
- Broad chest with widely spaced
nipples
- Short fingers and toes
- Arms that turn outward at the
elbows
How to - Regular checkups
overcome - Estrogen theraoy
- Behavioral therapy
- Recombinant human growth
 hormone (hGH)
- Fertility treatments

Polydactylism

Definition the condition of having more than

the normal number of fingers or toes
Causes - Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
- Carpenter syndrome
- Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (chondroectode
- Familial polydactyly
- Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
- Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- Trisomy 13
Symptoms - More toes than normal
- More fingers than normal
- Extra digit on hand
- Extra digit on foot
How to - surgery
overcome - vascular clip