Review of Essential Skills

from Grade 7

Chapter 1: Number Relationships

Factors and Multiples 6 " 5 ! 30
A factor is one of the numbers you multiply in a multiplication operation.
The factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, and 30. factor factor

A common factor is a number that divides into two or more other

numbers with no remainder. For example, 2 is a common factor of 8 and
12. The greatest common factor (GCF) is the greatest whole number
that divides into two or more other whole numbers with no remainder.
For example, 5 is the GCF of 10 and 25.
A common multiple is a number that is a multiple of two or more given
numbers. For example, 6, 12, and 24 are common multiples of 2 and 3.
The least common multiple (LCM) is the least whole number that has
two or more given numbers as factors. For example, 24 is the LCM of
3 and 8.

1. List all the factors of each number.

a) 24 b) 35 c) 64 d) 100

2. Use your answers to question 1 to determine the common factors

and GCF of each pair of numbers.
a) 24 and 64 b) 35 and 100

3. Which numbers are multiples of 4?

20 38 300 128

4. List five common multiples of 3 and 5.

5. Determine the LCM for each set of numbers.

a) 2 and 3 b) 3, 6, and 9

Prime and Composite Numbers

A number with only two different factors, 1 and itself, is a prime number.
For example, 7 ! 7 " 1, so 7 is a prime number.
A number with more than two factors is a composite number. For
example, 10 ! 10 " 1 and 10 ! 5 " 2, so 10 is a composite number.
The number 1 is neither prime nor composite, since 1 ! 1 " 1.

430 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 1 NEL

 6. a) List all the prime numbers from 1 to 15.
b) List all the composite numbers from 1 to 15.

7. Is an odd number always a prime number? Explain.

Powers
A numerical expression that shows repeated 3 is the exponent of the power.
multiplication is called a power. The power 43 is a
shorter way of writing 4 " 4 " 4. 43 ! 64

A power has a base and an exponent. 4 is the base of the power.

8. Use a power to represent each multiplication. Calculate.
a) 2 " 2 " 2 " 2 b) 5 " 5 " 5 c) 7 " 7 d) 12 " 12 " 12

9. Express each number as a power.

a) 25 b) 8 c) 81 d) 1000

10. a) Represent the area of b) Represent the volume of

this shape as a power. this cube as a power. 2 cm
3 cm

2 cm
3 cm 2 cm

Square Roots
The product of a whole number multiplied by itself is a perfect square.
For example, 49 is a perfect square because 49 ! 7 " 7.
A square root is a number that, when multiplied by itself, equals the original number.
The square root of 49 is represented as !49
". !49
" ! 7 because 7 " 7 or 72 ! 49.
11. List all the perfect squares from 1 to 100.

12. Determine each square root.

a) !64
" b) !121" c) !16
" d) !625
"

13. Calculate the dimensions of a square that has an area of 144 cm2.

Order of Operations
Rules for the Order of Operations (BEDMAS)
Brackets For example,
Exponents (6 $ 3)2 % (3 " 9)
Divide and Multiply from left to right. ! 92 % 27
Add and Subtract from left to right. ! 81 % 27
!3
14. Evaluate each expression.
a) 3 " 5 # 2 $ 6 b) 12 # 8 % 22 c) (12 $ 13) % 5 # 3

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 1 431
 Chapter 2: Proportional Relationships
Fractions and Decimals
A proper fraction is a part of a whole. The numerator shows how 3 numerator
many parts of a given size the fraction represents. The denominator &&
4 denominator
tells how many parts the whole set has been divided into.
A decimal is a way of writing a fraction For example,
with a denominator that is a multiple of 10.
7
! 0.7
10

A fraction can be written as a decimal by first expressing it as an For example,

equivalent fraction with a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, "4
and then representing it using the place value system.
6 24 24
&& ! && and && ! 0.24
25 100 100
"4
A decimal can be written as a fraction by using a denominator For example,
of 10, 100, 1000, . The denominator used depends on the %25
number of decimal places.
225 225 9
0.225 ! && and && ! &&
1000 1000 40
%25
1. Express each fraction as a decimal.
9 1 1 3 3 13 11
a) && b) && c) && d) && e) && f) && g) &&
10 2 4 5 4 20 25
2. Express each decimal as a fraction.
a) 0.8 b) 0.65 c) 0.25 d) 0.3 e) 0.75 f) 0.44 g) 0.45

3. Arrange the following numbers in order from least to greatest.

1 3 2 7 22 1
a) &&, &&, &&, &&, &&, && b) 0.7, 0.35, 0.03, 0.1, 0.82, 0.75
2 4 5 10 25 4

Multiplying with Decimals

To multiply two decimal numbers without using a calculator, For example, calculate 0.4 " 3.28.
you can multiply either factor by a power of 10 to get a 0.4 " 10 ! 4
whole number, multiply this whole number by the other 4 " 3.28 ! 13.12
factor, and then divide your result by the same power of 10. 13.12 % 10 ! 1.312
Therefore, 0.4 " 3.28 ! 1.312.
It makes sense that 4 tenths of 3.28
is one tenth of 4 times 3.28.
4. Calculate.
a) 0.3 " 4.7 b) 0.06 " 2.19 c) 0.265 " 2.48 d) 1.32 " 2.006

432 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 2 NEL

Dividing with Decimals
To divide one decimal by another without using a For example, calculate 83.5 % 2.5.
calculator, you can multiply the divisor by a power of 2.5 " 10 ! 25
10 to get a whole number, multiply the dividend by the 83.5 " 10 ! 835
same power of 10, and then divide. 835 % 25 ! 33.4
Therefore, 83.5 % 2.5 ! 33.4.
It makes sense that the number of
25 tenths (2.5) in 835 tenths (83.5)
is the number of 25 ones in 835.
5. Calculate the following.
a) 14.56 % 0.5 b) 1300.512 % 0.2 c) 33.32 % 3.2 d) 517.5 % 2.4

Ratios
A ratio is a way to compare two or more numbers. For example, in a
group of 7 boys and 9 girls, the ratio of boys to girls is 7 : 9, or 7 to 9, or &7&.
9
Equivalent ratios represent the same comparison. The ratios 7 : 9, 14 :18,
and 35 : 45 are equivalent ratios.
7"5 35
In any proportion, the number that you can multiply or For example, & & ! &&,
9"5 45
divide each term in a ratio by to get the equivalent term
so 5 is the scale factor.
in the other ratio is called the scale factor. The scale
factor can be either a whole number or a decimal.
A number sentence that relates two equivalent ratios is For example, &7& ! &3&5 is a proportion.
9 45
called a proportion.

6. Express each comparison as a ratio.

a) the number of blue squares to the number of white squares
b) the number of blue squares to the total number of squares
c) the number of white squares to the total number of squares

7. Which ratios are equivalent to 15 : 35?

6 12
5:7 18 : 42 9 : 21 3:7 && &&
14 30
8. Determine the missing number in each proportion.
4 24 8 9 63 14
a) && ! && b) && ! && c) && ! && d) && ! &&
9 81 9 49 3 21

Rates
A rate is a comparison of two quantities measured in different units.
Unlike ratios, rates include units. For example, if Sarah ran 5 km in 2 h,
then she ran at the equivalent rate of 2.5 km/h.

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 2 433
 9. Write two equivalent rates for each comparison.
a) 6 goals in 3 games
b) 4 km jogged in 30 min
c) 36 km on 3 L of gas

10. Write a proportion for each situation, and determine the missing term.
a) In 2 h, you can earn $15.00. In 8 h, you can earn $.
b) Six boxes contain 90 markers. One box contains markers.

Percents
A percent is a special ratio that compares a
number to 100 using the % symbol. For
example, 20 of the 100 squares are shaded.
Therefore, 20% of the whole is shaded.
20
&& ! 0.2 or 20%
100
11. What percent of the circle is shaded?

12. Copy and complete the chart.

Fraction Ratio Decimal Percent
1
&& 0.25
4
4 : 20 20%
6:8 0.75

13. Complete each calculation.

3 21
a) && ! && ! % b) && ! && ! %
5 100 25 100
14. Write each fraction as a percent.
19 1 13 7
a) && b) && c) && d) &&
20 5 25 10
15. Calculate.
a) 25% of 36 b) 15% of 160 c) 30% of ! 24 d) 10% of ! 14

434 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 2 NEL

Chapter 3: Collecting, Organizing, and
Displaying Data
Reading and Drawing Graphs
Before answering any questions about the information in a graph, you
need to understand the parts of the graph:
what type of graph it is (for example, a pictograph, bar graph,
histogram, line graph, scatter plot, or circle graph)
what the title tells you about the information in the graph
what the labels on the axes mean
what the units for the scales are
what the legend (if there is one) tells you

1. a) What type of graph is shown? Profit from CD and DVD Sales

30
b) How much was the profit Profit from
25 CD sales
from CD sales in September?
Profit ($1000s) 20
c) How much was the profit Profit from
15 DVD sales
from CD sales in November?
10
d) What is the difference between
5
the profits from DVD sales in
October and December? 0
Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Month
2. a) What type of graph is shown?
b) What distance was travelled Description of a 135 km Trip
in the first 30 min? 140
c) How long did it take to complete 120
Distance (km)

the 135 km trip? 100

d) What happened between 80

30 and 40 min? 60
40
e) Write the rate that compares
20
the total distance travelled to
the total time. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (min)

3. a) What type of graph is shown? Books Checked Out of Library

b) How many books does each symbol represent? Month Books checked out
September
c) How many books were checked out of the
October
library in January?
November
d) In which months was the same number of December
books checked out? January
e) How many books, on average, are checked = 100 books
out of the library each month?

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 3 435
 4. Last week, Joe recorded the daily Day Temperature (C)
high temperatures as shown.
Monday 15
a) What type of graph would you Tuesday 17
use to display Joes data? Why? Wednesday 21
b) Draw this graph. Thursday 19
Friday 23
Saturday 23
Sunday 20

Scatter Plots Time Spent Studying for

a Science Test
A scatter plot is a graph designed to show a relationship 100
between two variables on a coordinate grid. 90

Test score (%)

5. a) What quantity is represented on the horizontal axis 80

of this scatter plot? 70

b) What quantity is represented on the vertical axis of 60

this scatter plot? 50

c) Does this scatter plot show a relationship between 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
the two quantities? If so, explain what it is. If not, Time (min)
explain why not.

6. a) Create a scatter Winning Times in Womens Olympic 100 m Sprint

plot for the data Year 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968
in this table. Time (s) 12.2 11.9 11.5 11.9 11.65 11.82 11.18 11.49 11.08
b) Describe the
relationship that Year 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
your scatter plot Time (s) 11.07 11.08 11.06 10.97 10.54 10.82 10.94 10.75 10.93
shows.

Sample and Population

The total number of individuals or items is called the population.
A sample is a part of a population that is used to make predictions about
the whole population.
A census is used to count and question an entire population.

Mean, Median, and Mode

The mean of a set of numbers is a description of the average number in
the set. It is calculated by dividing the sum of the set of numbers by the
number of numbers in the set.

436 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 3 NEL

The middle number in a set of ordered numbers is the median. When
there is an even number of numbers, the median is the mean of the two
middle numbers.
The number that occurs most often in a set of numbers is the mode.
There may be more than one mode, or there might be no mode.

7. Determine the mean, median, and mode of each set of data.

a) 4, 9, 5, 9, 6, 8, 9, 11 b) 2, 3, 6, 12, 6, 1, 3, 6, 4

8. These marks were scored by 20 students on a test.

80% 69% 72% 88% 90% 45%
a) Determine the mean, median, and mode of 58% 92% 73% 66% 100% 78%
this set of data. 67% 50% 59% 82% 90% 84%
b) Create a sample of this set of data. Determine 40% 75%
the mean, median, and mode of your sample.

Stem-and-Leaf Plots Basketball Scores

A stem-and-leaf plot organizes numerical data based on place values. Stem Leaf
The digits that represent the greater values are the stems. The other digits 9 4 7 9
are the leaves. 10 7 8 8 8
For example, a basketball team scores these points in 14 games: 11 4 7
129, 108, 114, 125, 132, 107, 97, 127, 108, 124, 117, 94, 99, 108 12 4 5 7 9
13 2
To put the points in a stem-and-leaf plot, first put them in increasing order:
94, 97, 99, 107, 108, 108, 108, 114, 117, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132 This number represents
Enter the scores in the stem-and-leaf plot. Use an appropriate interval for the score 108.
the stem. The stem-and-leaf plot of the scores is shown.

9. a) Based on the data shown, how Math Test Scores

many students wrote the test? (out of 50 points)
b) What was the lowest score? Stem Leaf
What was the highest score? 3 568
c) How many students scored 4 022455789
above 90%? 5 000

10. Determine the mean, median, and mode of the data in the
stem-and-leaf plot in question 9.

11. The heights, in centimetres, of Arjuns 146 129 155 162 138 170 158 154
classmates are shown. 133 156 163 174 160 135 147 152
a) Display the heights in a stem-and-leaf plot. 166 168 157 146 157 164
b) What is the median height?

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 3 437
 Chapter 4: Patterns and Relationships
Pattern Rules for Sequences
A sequence is a list of things that are in a logical order or follow a
pattern. For example, the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, is the list of odd
numbers. Each item or number in a sequence is called a term. In the
sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, , the third term is 5. This sequence follows a
pattern that can be described using an addition rule: Start at 1. Add 2
to each term to get the next number in the sequence.

1. Describe the pattern rule for each sequence. Write the next three terms.
a) 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, b) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, c) 100, 96, 92, 88, 84,

2. The pattern rule for a sequence is Start with 7. Double the term
number, and subtract 5 to get the next term in the sequence. Write
the first five numbers in the sequence.

3. The student council held a bake sale to raise money for the United
Way. In the first hour, the students sold $120 worth of baked goods.
Each hour after that, they sold half of the previous hours sales.
The sale lasted for 6 h.
a) What were their sales in the second, third, and fourth hours?
b) What were their total sales?

Tables of Values and Scatter Plots

A table of values is an orderly arrangement of facts, usually set up in
vertical and horizontal columns for easy reference.
A scatter plot is a graph designed to show a relationship between two Dot Pattern
variables on a coordinate grid. For example, the values in the following 16
table of values are plotted on the scatter plot at the right. 14

Term number Picture Term value 12

Term value

10
1 2
8
2 6 6
4
3 10 2

4 14 0 1 2 3 4 5
Term number

The pattern rule is the same in both the table of values and the scatter plot:
Start with 2, and add 4 to each term.

438 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 4 NEL

 4. Maria and Vlad used counters to show a Term value
sequence of triangular numbers. They made Term number (number of
the following table of values. (figure number) Picture counters)
a) What are the fifth, sixth, and seventh 1 1
triangular numbers? Explain how 2 3
you know.
b) Write the pattern rule that uses an 3 6
adding on strategy to describe how
you could calculate any triangular
4 10
number in this sequence.
c) Calculate the 10th triangular number.

5. a) Use a table of values to predict the

number of squares you would need to
build the sixth figure in this sequence.
b) Explain the pattern rule.

6. Create a scatter plot for the table Term number Term value
of values. Use your scatter plot to
3 11
determine the missing values in
4 14
the table.
5 17
20
23
10
15 47

7. a) These figures are the first four figures in a

sequence. Make a table of values to show the
number of triangles of each colour used to
build each figure.
b) Draw a scatter plot to show the relationship between the red
triangles in each figure and the term number.
c) Draw a scatter plot to show the relationship between the blue
triangles in each figure and the term number.

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 4 439
 Chapter 5: Measurement of Circles
Expressing Measurements in Different Units
The metre is the base unit for linear measurements in the metric system.
1 km 1 hm 1 dam 1m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm
(kilometre) (hectometre) (decametre) (metre) (decimetre) (centimetre) (millimetre)
1 1 1
1000 m 100 m 10 m 1m && or 0.1 m && or 0.01 m && or 0.001 m
10 100 1000

To rewrite a smaller unit using a larger unit, divide by the appropriate

power of 10. For example, rewrite 32 mm using centimetres.
32 mm % 10 ! 3.2 cm
To rewrite a larger unit using a smaller unit, multiply by the appropriate
power of 10. For example, rewrite 32 m using centimetres.
32 m " 102 ! 3200 cm
1. Rewrite each measurement using millimetres.
a) 52 cm ! mm c) 71 cm ! mm
b) 68 cm ! mm d) 73 m ! mm

2. Rewrite each measurement using centimetres.

a) 70 mm ! cm c) 6 km ! cm
b) 105 dm ! cm d) 317 m ! cm

3. Rewrite each measurement using metres.

a) 7 km ! m c) 62 mm ! m
b) 79 cm ! m d) 872 cm ! m
4. Rewrite each measurement using kilometres.
a) 345 m ! km c) 205 m ! km
b) 8000 m ! km d) 26 m ! km

Perimeter
The distance around a 2-D shape is called its perimeter. To calculate the
perimeter of a shape, add the lengths of all the sides of the shape.

5. Determine the perimeter of each shape.

a) b) 5.2 cm
6 cm
8 cm
8.0 cm 6.5 cm

10 cm
11.4 cm

440 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 5 NEL

 6. Tony needs to build a dog pen for his puppy. The pen will be a
rectangle, with sides measuring 5 m and 8 m. How much fencing
does he need?

Area
The number of square units needed to cover the surface of a shape is its area.
Area Formulas
Shape Diagram Formula
triangle A ! (b " h) % 2
h

b
square A ! s2

s
rectangle A!l"w
w

l
parallelogram A!b"h
h

b
trapezoid a A ! (a $ b) " h % 2
h

7. What is the area of each shape, in square units?

a) b)

8. Calculate the area of each shape.

a) 5m b)
1.5 mm
6m
7.0 mm

8m

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 5 441
 Chapter 6: Integer Operations
Comparing and Ordering Integers
The set of integers consists of all positive and negative whole numbers,
including 0:
, #3, #2, #1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
You can compare integers by placing them on a number line. For
example, #3 ' #1, because #3 is to the left of #1 on a number line.
This can also be written as #1 ( #3.

#5 #3 #1 0 1 3 5

Opposite integers are the same distance away from 0 on a number line.
For example, #5 and 5 are opposite integers.

#5 0 5

1. Identify the integer that each letter on the number line represents.
A B C D E

#10 #5 0 5 10

2. Draw a number line, and mark

each of the following integers on it.
Then list the integers from least to greatest.
9, #3, 7, 0, #5, #8, 3, #2

3. Use ' or ( to make each statement true.

a) #18 #13 d) #9 5
b) 12 #6 e) #22 #24
c) 11 23 f) 16 #16

Adding Integers and the Zero Principle

Integer addition uses the zero principle. The zero principle shows that
the sum of any two opposite integers is 0. For example, the sum of ($1)
and (#1) is 0.
Integer addition can be modelled on a number line.
Use a line pointing to the right to represent a positive integer.
Use a line pointing to the left to represent a negative integer.

442 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 6 NEL

For example, calculate (#6) $ ($4).
Start at 0 on a number line. Draw a line that is 6 units long and points
to the left. This represents #6.
Then, starting at the point where the first line ends, draw a line that is
4 units long and points to the right. This represents $4. The second line
ends at #2 on the number line. So, (#6) $ ($4) ! #2. Note that the
overlap of the lines becomes 0, based on the zero principle.
#6

$4

#6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5

Integer addition can also be modelled with coloured counters, using red
for positive and blue for negative. For example, calculate (#6) $ ($4).
Use 6 blue counters to represent #6 and 4 red counters to represent $ 4.
Use the zero principle: a red counter and a blue counter together are
called a zero pair because their sum is 0. Circle all the zero pairs. Since
the sum of all the zero pairs is 0, you can remove these counters.
zero pair
There are 2 blue counters remaining. This represents #2,
so (#6) $ ($4) ! #2.

4. Write the addition represented by each model, and calculate the sum.
a)

b)

c) #6

$9

#6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 0 $1 $2 $3 $4

d) #3

#3

#6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 0 $1

5. Add using a model.

a) (#6) $ ($10) e) (#16) $ ($16)
b) (#3) $ (#7) f) (#23) $ (#37)
c) ($15) $ (#12) g) ($25) $ (#32)
d) (#3) $ (#8) $ ($11) h) (#25) $ (#18) $ ($41)

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 6 443
 Subtracting Integers
Integer subtraction can be modelled using a number line. On the number
line, locate the position of the second number in the subtraction. Draw a
line from this number to the position of the first number in the
subtraction. The length and direction of the line gives you the answer.
For example, calculate (#3) # (#5).
$2

#6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 0 $1

The line begins at #5 and continues to #3. The line is 2 units long, and
it goes to the right. So, (#3) # (#5) ! $2.
Integer subtraction can also be modelled using counters. Add enough
zero pairs (a red counter and a blue counter) to complete the subtraction.
The counters that remain after the subtraction represent the answer.
For example, calculate (#3) # (#5).
( )#( ) Start with 3 blue counters and 5 blue counters.
!( )#( ) Add 2 zero pairs to the 3 blue counters.
!( )#( ) Now you can subtract the blue counters.
! There are 2 red counters remaining. So, (#3) # (#5) ! $2.

6. Write the subtraction represented by each model,

and calculate the difference.
a) ( )#( )
b) ( )#( )
c)
0 $1 $2 $3 $4
d)
#3 #2 #1 0 $1 $2 $3 $4
e)
#3 #2 #1 0 $1

7. Subtract using a model.

a) ($5) # (#3) e) (#15) # (#15)
b) (#6) # (#4) f) (#26) # ($24)
c) ($7) # ($12) g) ($37) # ($42)
d) (#12) # ($6) h) (#42) # (#12)

444 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 6 NEL

Chapter 7: Transformations
Location on a Grid
A Cartesian coordinate grid is a method for describing location as the y
distance from a horizontal number line (the x-axis) and a vertical number 3
B
line (the y-axis). The x- and y-axes intersect at (0, 0), called the origin. A
2
1
The location of a point is represented by an ordered pair of coordinates, x
#3 #2 #1 0 1 2 3
(x, y). The coordinates of the points on this grid are A(#2, 1), B(2, 2), #1
D
#2
C(#2, #2), and D(3, #1). C #3

Transformations
A 2-D shape can go through various kinds of transformations, including
translations, rotations, and reflections. The new shape that is created
when a shape is transformed is called the image. The image is always the
same size as the original shape. The vertices of the image are often
labelled using the same letters as the vertices of the original shape, but
with primes. A)(read A prime) is the image of A.

Translations
A translation is the result of a 2-D shape sliding in a straight line to a
new position. The shape can slide up, down, sideways, or on a slant. The
shape looks the same after a translation. Only the location changes.

This is a translation of !ABC This is a translation of !ABC This is not a translation of

4 units to the right. 4 units to the right and 2 units !ABC, because the shape
down. looks different.
A A) A C)
A
A)
B C B) C) B C A)
B C B)
B) C)

1. Which shape is a translation of A? 2. Describe the translation of !DEF to !D)E)F)

in terms of how many units up, down, to the left,
A C or to the right !DEF moved.

D E

B D
F
D) E)

F)

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 7 445
 3. Copy parallelogram
ABCD onto grid paper.
Draw its image after a A B
translation 2 units to the
right and 3 units down. C
D

Rotations A

A rotation occurs when each point in a

shape moves about a fixed point, called the
centre of rotation, through the same angle.
B C
In this rotation, for example, !ABC moves
90 clockwise through a centre of rotation.
A)
centre of B )
rotation

C)

4. Which shape is not a

rotation of A? A B

D C

5. Describe the rotation of

rectangle ABCD to B) C)
rectangle A)B)C)D) in
terms of how many
degrees and in which
A) D)
direction ABCD was
rotated.
A B

D C

446 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 7 NEL

 6. Copy square PQRS onto grid paper.
Draw its image after a rotation of P Q
180 about the centre of rotation.
S R

centre of rotation

Reflections line of reflection

A reflection is the result of a flip of a 2-D shape over a line of

reflection. Each point in the shape is flipped to the opposite A A)
side of the line of reflection, but stays the same distance from
the line. This is a reflection of !ABC in a vertical line of
reflection. B C C) B)

7. Which shape is a reflection of A? 8. Copy PQRS onto grid paper. Draw its
image after a reflection in the line LR.
L
A B
Q

P S

C
D
R

Similarity and Congruence

Two shapes that are the same shape are similar. Two shapes that are the
same size and shape are congruent.

9. a) Identify the congruent shapes.

b) Identify the similar shapes.

A B
D E F
C

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 7 447
 Chapter 8: Equations and Relationships
Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is the result of applying arithmetic operations
to numbers and variables. For example, in the formula for the area of a
rectangle, A ! l " w, the variables A, l, and w represent the area, length, and
width of the rectangle. The algebraic expression l " w shows the calculation.

1. a) What stays the same and what changes

in this sequence? Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
b) Describe the sequence in words.
c) Write an algebraic expression that describes the total number of
counters in each term of this sequence.

2. a) Describe, in words, the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, .

b) Write an algebraic expression that describes how to calculate each
term in this sequence using its term number.

3. The algebraic expression 3b $ 2 represents a pattern rule. Draw

possible figures for the first three terms in the pattern.

4. Evaluate each expression for c ! 6 and d ! 2.

a) 8c b) 2d # 9 c) c2 $ d
5. Write an algebraic expression for each phrase.
a) the cost of a number of hot dogs that are $2 each
b) the length of a line that increases by 6 units every time
c) the total value of a number of quarters and dimes

Solving Equations by Inspection

An equation is a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal.
For example, 5x $ 3 ! 8.
The solution to an equation is the value of the variable that makes the
equation true. One way to solve an equation is by inspection, which means
by examining it carefully.
For example, solve 5b # 2 ! 13. If you add 2 to both sides, then 5b must
equal 15. Since 5 " 3 ! 15, then b ! 3.
When you solve an equation, check the solution by Check:
substituting it into the equation to see if it makes the Left side Right side
equation true. 5b # 2 13
! 5(3) # 2
The equation is true when b ! 3, so this solution is correct.
! 13

448 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 8 NEL

 6. Use inspection to solve each equation. Check your solution.
a) n $ 5 ! 9 d) 2x $ 4 ! 10
b) c # 6 ! 4 e) 5v # 2 ! 48
c) 6p ! 54 f) 9s # 4 ! 68

7. To rent a lawn mower, a company charges a fixed rate of $5,

plus $2 per day.
a) Write an equation that describes the cost (c) of renting a lawn
mower for a certain number of days (d).
b) Write an equation that represents the number of days you can
rent a lawn mower for $25.
c) Solve your equation and check your solution.

Solving Equations by Systematic Trial

To solve an equation by systematic trial, you need to predict the solution.
Substitute your prediction into the equation, and calculate the result. If
the result is too low, then increase your prediction. If the result is too
high, then decrease your prediction. Repeat this process until you have
the correct solution.
For example, solve 8k # 12 ! 108 using systematic trial.
Predict k. Evaluate 8k # 12. Is it equal to 108?
20 8(20) # 12 ! 160 # 12 No, its too high.
! 148
12 8(12) # 12 ! 96 # 12 No, its too low.
! 84
15 8(15) # 12 ! 120 # 12 Ive solved it!
! 108

8. Use systematic trial to determine the value of the variable in

each equation.
a) c # 25 ! 45 c) 5 $ 4c ! 61
b) 12d ! 156 d) 88 ! 4g # 8

9. The formula for the area of a triangle is A ! (b " h) % 2.

a) Determine the value of b in centimetres, if A ! 12 cm2 and
h ! 4 cm.
b) Determine the value of h in centimetres, if A ! 26 cm2
and b ! 13 cm.

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 8 449
 Chapter 9: Fraction Operations
Modelling Fractions 1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
A variety of models can be used to represent fractions.
For example, each model represents the fraction &3&. 0 1
8

Adding Fractions
To add fractions, the fractions need to have the same denominator. If
necessary, rename the fractions so that they have a common denominator.
A common denominator is a common multiple of the two denominators.
The numerator of the answer is the sum of the numerators. The denominator
of the answer is the common denominator.
For example, add &2& $ &1& using fraction strips. 1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
5 10
Represent each fraction with a fraction strip. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Align the end of one shaded region with the 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
beginning of the other shaded region.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
To get a common denominator, rename the &2& 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
fraction strip as &4&. The fraction strips show 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10
that &2& $ &1& ! 5 1
&&, or &&. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
5 10 10 2

Now add &2& $ &1& using number lines.

3 6
Use a number line marked in sixths. 2 4 1
!
Rename &2& as &4&. Draw
3 6 6
arrows to show
3 6
that && $ && ! &5&.
4 1 0 5 1
6 6 6 6

1. Write the fraction addition, and calculate the sum.

a) 1 1 1 1 b) 1 1
4 4 4 4 3 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 1

2. Add using a model.

2 3 7 3 3 1 2 3
a) && $ && b) && $ && c) && $ && d) && $ &&
5 5 8 8 4 2 5 4
3. Mark has &3& of a tank of gas. He adds another &1& of a tank of gas. Is
8 2
his tank full? Explain.

450 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 9 NEL

Subtracting Fractions
To subtract fractions, use a common denominator. The numerator of the
answer is the difference between the numerators. The denominator of the
answer is the common denominator.
For example, subtract &2& # &1& using fraction strips.
5 10
Represent each fraction with a fraction strip. Align the ends of the
fraction strips.
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Rename the &2& fraction strip as &4&. The two fraction strips show that the
5 10
difference between &2& and 1
&& is &3&.
5 10 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Subtract &7& # &2& using a number line.

4 3

Use a number line marked in 12ths. Rename &7& as &2&

1
, and rename &2& as &8&.
4 12 3 12
There are 13 spaces between &8& and 21
&&. Each space is 1
&&, so 21
&& # 8
&& ! &13&.
12 12 12 12 12 12

0 8 1 21 2
12 12

4. Write the fraction subtraction, and calculate the difference.

a) 1 1 1 b)
3 3 3
0 1 1 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

5. Subtract using a model.

4 3 7 5 3 1 3 1
a) && # && b) && # && c) && # && d) && # &&
5 5 8 8 4 2 4 5
6. Sarahs pitcher of juice is &7& full. She pours out a full glass. The glass
8
holds &1& of a full pitcher. How full is Sarahs pitcher now?
4

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 9 451
 Adding Mixed Numbers
A mixed number is made up of a whole number and a fraction, such as 3 &1&.
4
To add mixed numbers, add the whole numbers and fractions separately.
For example, calculate 2 &2& $ 1 &1& using a grid and counters.
3 2
The common denominator for &2& and &1& is 6, so
3 2
each rectangle has 6 squares. First add the
whole numbers.
2$1!3
To add the fractions, rename them with a
common denominator.
2
&& $ &1& ! &4& $ &3&
3 2 6 6
7
! &&, or 1 &1&
6 6
To get the final answer, add the whole number
and fraction sums.
3 $ 1&1& ! 4 &1&
6 6

Calculate 2 &2& $ 1 &1& using fraction strips.

3 2

1 Add the whole numbers. 2 $ 1 ! 3

1

1 1 1 Make a &2& fraction strip and a &1& fraction strip. Since 6

3 3 3 3 2
1 1 is the common denominator for &2& and &1&, divide the
2 2 3 2
fraction strips into sixths.
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
Rename the fractions and add.
4
6 6 6 6 6 6
&& $ &3& ! &7&, or 1 &1&
6 6 6 6
To get the final answer, add the whole number and
fraction sums.
3 $ 1 &1& ! 4 &1&
6 6

7. Write the addition of mixed numbers, and calculate the sum.

a) b) 1
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

452 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 9 NEL

 8. Add using a model.
2 1 1 1 3 1
a) 1&& $ 5&& b) 5 && $ 3&& c) 2 && $ 2&&
3 3 2 4 8 4

Subtracting Mixed Numbers

Calculate 5 # 1 &3& using a number line.
10
1 &3& $ n!5 Determine how much you need to add to 1 &3& to get to 5.
10 10
Use a number line divided into 10ths.

0 1 13 2 3 4 5
10

The distance from 1 &3& to 2 is &7&. The distance from 2 to 5 is 3.

10 10
Therefore, the total distance is &7& $ 3, or 3 &7&. So, 5 # 1 &3& ! 3 &7&.
10 10 10 10

Calculate 5 # 1 &3& using fraction strips.

10
Represent each number with fraction strips. Line up the fractions to
compare the numbers. Then figure out the difference.
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

The difference is 3 &7&, so 5 # 1 &3& ! 3 &7&.

10 10 10

9. Write the subtraction, and calculate the answer.

a)
0 1 2 3 4
1
35

b)
0 1 2 3 4 5
1
13

10. Subtract using a model.

1 3 1
a) 5 # && b) 6 # 3&& c) 6 # 2&&
3 4 5
11. Phils class ordered 6 large pizzas. His class ate 4 &7& of the pizzas.
8
How much is left?

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 9 453
 Multiplying a Whole Number by a Fraction
Multiply 4 " &5& using grids and counters.
12
The denominator is 12, so use 3-by-4 rectangles.
Show 4 sets of &5&. Move 7 counters to fill the
12
empty squares in one rectangle. Move the
remaining counters to fill as many squares as
possible in another rectangle. The counters fill
1 &8& squares. Therefore, 4 " &5& ! 1&8&, or 1&2&.
12 12 12 3

Multiply 5 " &1& using fraction strips.

6

5 " &1& means 5 sets of &1&.

1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6
Put five &1& strips together.
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6 Together, they make &5&.
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6 This shows that 5 " &1& ! &5&.
6 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6

1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6

Multiply 4 " &5& using a number line.

2

4 " &5& is 4 sets of &5&. Use a number line marked in halves.

2 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Draw 4 arrows. Each arrow shows &5&.
2
The arrows show that 4 " &5& ! &2&0 , or 10.
2 10

12. Write the multiplication question, and calculate the answer.

a) b)
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4

13. Multiply using a model.

1 3 3
a) 3 " && b) 6 " && c) 4 " &&
2 4 8
14. Every school day, Akiko has a music class that lasts &3& of an hour.
4
There are 20 school days in a month. How many hours of music
lessons does Akiko have each month?

454 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 9 NEL

Chapter 10: Angles and Triangles
Measuring and Constructing Angles
X
An angle is formed where two rays intersect at a point called the vertex. It
is the amount of turn, in degrees, that is needed to turn one ray onto the
other. When naming an angle, the letter that represents the vertex is placed Y
in the middle of the letter sequence, or it can be used on its own. For Z
example, this angle can be called !XYZ, !ZYX, or !Y.
A protractor can be used to measure and construct angles.
A
To measure an angle, place the 0 line of the protractor D
60
70
80
90
100 1
80 7
10
12
0
100 13
110 0 6
along one ray, with its centre over the vertex. Look at the 50
13
01
20 0
50
0

14
40
scale on the edge to see how many degrees the angle is.

0
0

40
14

15
30
50

01
30
60 1
For example, !ABC is 45 and !DBC is 140.

20

60 17
20
180 170 1
0 10

10 0
0 180
To construct an angle, start by drawing one ray. C
B
Then place the 0 line of the protractor along the ray,
with its centre at the start of the ray. On the scale of the protractor, locate
the degree that you want the angle to be. Mark a dot on the paper at this
degree. Then draw a line from the start of the first ray through this dot.
Angles of different measurements have different names.
Angle measurement Name of angle
less than 90 acute
90 right
between 90 and 180 obtuse
180 straight
between 180 and 360 reflex

1. Measure each angle using a protractor.

a) A b) F

C D
B E

2. Name each type of angle in question 1.

3. Use a protractor to construct each angle.

a) 30 b) 150 c) 85 d) 210

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Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 10 455
 Classifying Triangles and Quadrilaterals
Triangles can be named based on their angles.
Name of triangle Description Example
acute triangle All angles are less than 90.

equilateral triangle All angles are 60.

obtuse triangle One angle is greater than 90.

right triangle One angle is 90.

Triangles can also be named based on the lengths of their sides.

Name of triangle Description Example
equilateral triangle All sides are equal lengths.

isosceles triangle Two sides are equal lengths.

scalene triangle No sides are equal.

4. Name each triangle based on their angles and lengths of sides.

a) b) c)
60
30

42 78
115 35

456 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 10 NEL

Quadrilaterals are named based on the characteristics of their angles and
sides. The following flow chart will help you identify quadrilaterals.

START

Does it NO
have four right
angles?

Is there
NO
YES a pair of
parallel
sides?
Are all
the sides NO
the same YES
length?
Are
there
NO
two pairs
of parallel
sides?

YES

YES Are all

the sides NO
the same
length?

YES
quadrilateral with no
square rectangle rhombus parallelogram trapezoid special properties

5. Name each quadrilateral.

a) b) c)

NEL
Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 10 457
 Chapter 11: Geometry and Measurement Relationships
Surface Area
The surface area of a 3-D object is the total area of all
the faces of the object, including the base.
You can use a net to determine the surface area of an
object. A net is a 2-D pattern that can be folded to
box
create a 3-D shape.
For example, the surface area of the box at the right is 22 square units.
To determine the surface area of a prism, calculate the areas of the top and net of box
bottom, and the areas of each rectangular side face. Then add the areas.

1. Use this net to determine the surface area of the folded-up prism.
21.0 cm 2.1 cm

5.0 cm

2. Sketch a net of each prism. Then calculate the surface area of the prism.
a) c) 12 cm e)
7.0 cm
3 cm

3 cm 3 cm 3.3 cm
72 cm 3.3 cm
4.7 cm

25 cm

b) d) f) 3 cm

1.1 m 13 cm

1.1 m 16 cm
2.3 m 5 cm
32 cm
6 cm 15 cm
8 cm

458 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 11 NEL

Volume
The volume of a 3-D object is the total amount of space that is occupied
by the object.

For example, the volume of this box is 6 cubes.

To determine the volume of a prism, multiply
the area of the base by the height of the prism.
Volume ! (area of base) " (height)

3. Calculate the volume of each prism. Note that A represents the area
of the base of the prism.
a) c) e)

4 cm 18 cm
20 m

A ! 16 cm2
8 cm
12 cm
A ! 30 m2
b) d) f)
5 cm 1.2 m
8 cm
4.2 m 3.8 m
A ! 40 cm2
A ! 64 cm2

4. Use each net to determine the volume of the folded-up prism.

a) 4.6 m 0.5 m

1.2 m

b) 7.5 m 2.5 m

4m

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Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 11 459
 Chapter 12: Probability
Probability
Probability is a number between 0 and 1 that tells the likelihood of
something happening. Sometimes you can conduct an experiment, such
as tossing a coin or spinning a spinner, to determine probability.
A possible outcome is a single result that can occur in a probability
experiment. For example, getting Heads when tossing a coin is a possible
outcome.
The favourable outcome is the desired result in a probability
experiment. For example, if you spin a coloured spinner to see how often
the red section comes up, then red is the favourable outcome.
An event is a set of one or more outcomes for a probability experiment.
For example, if you roll a cube with the numbers 1 to 6, the event of
rolling an even number has the outcomes 2, 4, or 6.
The experimental probability of an event is the measure of the
likelihood of the event, based on data from an experiment. It is calculated
using this ratio:
number of trials in which event occurred
&&&&&
total number of trials in the experiment
The theoretical probability of an event is the measure of the likelihood
of the event, calculated using this ratio:
number of favourable outcomes for the event
&&&&&
total number of possible outcomes
The probability of an event can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal, or a
percent. The probability of an event is often written as P(X), where X is a
description of the event. For example, if P(H) represents the probability
of tossing a coin and getting Heads, then P(H) ! &1& or 0.5 or 50%.
2
1. Nesrine conducted an experiment in which she tossed two quarters
together 50 times. The following chart shows her results.
Event Number of occurrences
both coins Heads 10
one coin Heads and the other Tails 25
both coins Tails 15

a) Determine Nesrines experimental probability for each event.

b) Determine the theoretical probability of each event.
c) Which experimental probability is the same as the theoretical
probability?

460 Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 12 NEL

 2. Determine the theoretical probability of each event for the following
situations. Write the probability as a fraction, a decimal, and a percent.
a) Alok spins a spinner b) Ellen rolls a 20-sided die c) Paul selects one coin.
numbered from 1 to 10. numbered from 1 to 20.
The 10 sections of the i) P(rolling a 15)
spinner are equal. ii) P(rolling an even
i) P(spinning 5) number) i) P(dime)
ii) P(spinning a iii) P(rolling a number ii) P(copper coloured
multiple of 3) divisible by 5) coin)
iii) P(spinning a prime iii) P(silver coloured
number) coin)
iv) P(spinning 11)

Tree Diagrams
A tree diagram is a way to record and count all the possible combinations
of events. For example, the tree diagram at the right shows all the possible
outcomes of a three-child family.
This tree diagram shows that there are eight possible 1st child 2nd child 3rd child Outcome
outcomes. You can use it to determine probabilities. boy BBB
boy
For example, girl BBG
boy
P(all 3 children are boys) ! &1& boy BGB
8 girl
girl BGG
3. Use the tree diagram at the right to determine
boy GBB
each probability. boy
girl GBG
a) P(3 girls) c) P(at least 1 girl) girl
boy GGB
b) P(1 boy and 2 girls) d) P(all boys or all girls) girl
girl GGG
4. Indira spins the spinner shown and rolls a die.
a) Create the tree diagram that shows all the possible
outcomes for one spin and one roll.
b) Determine each probability below.
i) P(the spinner is red and the die is 5)
ii) P(the spinner is green and the die is even)
iii) P(the spinner is orange or yellow and the die is greater than 3)
iv) P(the spinner is not red and the die is a multiple of 2)
c) Explain why P(the spinner is yellow and the die is 7) ! 0.

5. Bill rolls a pair of dice and calculates the sum of the two numbers.
a) List all the possible sums.
b) Draw a tree diagram that shows all the possible outcomes.
c) Determine the probability that Bill will toss a sum of 7.

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Review of Essential Skills from Grade 7: Chapter 12 461