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    LNG

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    Muhammad Jafar
    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for storage and transport. It is predominantly methane that has been cooled to -162°C and condensed to 1/600 of its gaseous volume. In the LNG production process, raw natural gas is treated to remove impurities like water, CO2 and H2S. It then goes through liquefaction processes like C3MR or Shell DMR that use refrigerants like propane or mixed refrigerants to further cool and condense the methane. The LNG is then transported by specially insulated tankers and regasified for distribution through pipelines.

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    LNG

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Jafar
    92 views11 pages
    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for storage and transport. It is predominantly methane that has been cooled to -162°C and condensed to 1/600 of its gaseous volume. In the LNG production process, raw natural gas is treated to remove impurities like water, CO2 and H2S. It then goes through liquefaction processes like C3MR or Shell DMR that use refrigerants like propane or mixed refrigerants to further cool and condense the methane. The LNG is then transported by specially insulated tankers and regasified for distribution through pipelines.

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    About LNG, Extraction, Block Diagram of LNG Process

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    Lng

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    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for storage and transport. It is predominantly methane that has been cooled to -162°C and condensed to 1/600 of its gaseous volume. In the LNG production process, raw natural gas is treated to remove impurities like water, CO2 and H2S. It then goes through liquefaction processes like C3MR or Shell DMR that use refrigerants like propane or mixed refrigerants to further cool and condense the methane. The LNG is then transported by specially insulated tankers and regasified for distribution through pipelines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    92 views11 pages

    LNG

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Jafar
    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for storage and transport. It is predominantly methane that has been cooled to -162°C and condensed to 1/600 of its gaseous volume. In the LNG production process, raw natural gas is treated to remove impurities like water, CO2 and H2S. It then goes through liquefaction processes like C3MR or Shell DMR that use refrigerants like propane or mixed refrigerants to further cool and condense the methane. The LNG is then transported by specially insulated tankers and regasified for distribution through pipelines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas, predominantly methane (CH4) with some Ethane,

    Propane, Butane, Pentane and other heavier components that have been liquefied for ease of
    storage or transportation. The reason why it is made liquid is that methane requires 600 times
    more volume in gas phase than in liquid phase, hence, it is much more efficient to transport it in
    liquid phase.
    Methane is a colorless, odorless and low toxic gas. Some properties of methane are provided
    below:
    Molecular weight: 16.0425 g/mol
    Density: 6.67151E-4 g/cm3 (at 20 C / 68 F)
    Boiling point: -248 F (-161.48 C / -248 F)
    Vapor density: 0.55 (relative to air)

    LNG is natural gas that has been cooled and condensed to a liquid
    At atmospheric pressure LNG has a temperature of about 162C
    LNG contains about 85-95 % methane
    LNG is colorless, odorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic
    Evaporated LNG can displace oxygen and cause human suffocation
    Flammability range, 5-15 vol % concentration in air
    Auto ignition temperature, 540 C
    LNG is lighter than water; LNG Density: 450 kg/m3 Water density: 1000 kg/m3

    Normal cubic meter (Nm3) - Temperature: 0 C, Pressure: 1.01325 barA


    Standard cubic meter (Sm3) - Temperature: 15 C, Pressure: 1.01325 barA: absolute pressure

    LNG is a cryogenic liquid, cryogenic liquid liquefies at a temperature below 73 C (-100 F)


    at atmospheric pressure. Common cryogenic liquids are; Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Hydrogen
    and LNG
    Figure 1.2 is a typical flow diagram for a liquefaction plant used to produce liquefied natural
    gas (LNG). The raw feed gas is first stripped of condensates. This is followed by the
    removal of acid gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide). Carbon dioxide must be
    removed as it freezes at a temperature above the atmospheric boiling point of LNG and the
    toxic compound hydrogen sulphide is removed as it causes atmospheric pollution when
    being burnt in a fuel. Acid gas removal saturates the gas stream with water vapour and this
    is then removed by the dehydration unit
    Gas conditioning (Pre-Treatment)
    Acid Gas (CO2 and H2S) removal it causes corrosion, reduces heating value, and may freeze
    and create solids in cryogenic process
    Typical requirements for LNG: Max 50 ppmv CO2, Max 4 ppmv H2S (ppmv - parts per
    million by volume)
    Dehydration (water removal) Water will freeze in cryogenic process
    Typical requirement: Max 1 ppmw (weight) H2O
    Mercury Removal
    Mercury can cause corrosion problems, especially in aluminum heat exchangers
    Requirement: Max 0.01 g/Nm3
    LNG TRADE CHAIN

    1. EXPLORATION
    2. TREATMENT
    3. Shipping
    4. STORAGE

    The objective of gas processing is to separate: Natural gas, Condensate, Non-condensable, Acid
    gases Water
    Liquefaction

    Four liquefaction processes can be distinguished: 1) C3MR 2) Shell DMR 3) Cascade 4) Linde

    C3MR or ACPI (designed by Air Products & Chemicals)

    This method is based on propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant.


    There are two main refrigerant cycles.
    The pre cooling cycle use pure component of propane. The pre cooling cycle uses propane at
    three or four pressure levels and can cool the process gas down to (-40C). It is also used to cool
    and partially liquefy the MR
    The liquefaction and sub-cooling cycle using a Mixed Refrigerant (MR) made up of nitrogen,
    methane, ethane and propane. In the MR cycle, the partially liquefied refrigerant is separated into
    vapor and liquid streams. The refrigerant is used to liquefy and sub-cool the process stream from
    typically -35C to the temperature range -150 to -160C.
    Sh
    ell DMR Dual Mixed Refrigerant is very similar to C3MR

    The difference is in utilization of a second pre-cooling refrigerant component.


    Use of two mixed refrigerant cycles allows full utilization of power in a design with two
    mechanically driven compressors.
    It allows keeping the compressors at their best efficiency point over a very wide range of
    ambient temperature variations and changes in feed gas composition.
    The natural gas stream is cooled via two stages. The first stage cools natural gas to -50C
    while the second column cools natural gas to LNG at -160C.

    Cascade
    The raw gas is first treated to remove typical contaminants. Next, the treated gas is chilled,
    cooled and condensed to -162 C in succession using propane, ethylene and methane. Last stage
    is pumping LNG to storage tanks and awaiting shipment.
    Dry and wet gas
    Natural gas is considered dry when it is almost pure methane, having had most of the other
    commonly associated hydrocarbons removed.
    When other hydrocarbons are present, the natural gas is wet.

    Impurity
    Water vapor is a common impurity and it can cause:

    Increased corrosion when present in liquid form and accompanied by H2S gas.
    Creation of solid hydrates with hydrocarbons, which may lead to plugging valves and
    pipelines

    H2S and CO2:


    Both gases are corrosive in the presence of water.
    H2S is toxic when burned, it creates SO2 and SO3.
    CO2 lowers heating value of gas.

    Liquid hydrocarbons:
    The heavier hydrocarbons have higher boiling temperature and when cooled beyond that point
    will phase to liquid. It is a serious problem for pipelines to handle a two-phase flow (gas and
    liquid simultaneously).

    The LNG chain can be divided into three main sections including production region, LNG
    tankers and consumption region. In the production region, natural gas is chilled to a liquid state
    where takes up only 1/600 of its original space. Then LNG is transported by insulated cryogenic
    ships. In the consumption region, LNG is then changed into its normal gaseous form (re
    gasified) and delivered to customers by gas pipelines.During LNG production, approximately
    500 kWh energy/t LNG is consumed for compression and refrigeration and a considerable
    portion of this invested energy is preserved in the LNG, which has a final temperature of about
    -163 C (110 K). Therefore, a considerable potential of energy recovery exists during the re
    gasification process.

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