Ebt Implementation Guide PDF

Evidence-Based Training
Implementation Guide
July 2013
1st Edition
Evidence-Based Training
Implementation Guide
July 2013
International Air Transport Association

MontrealGeneva 1st Edition
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Evidence-Based Training Implementation Guide

ISBN 978-92-9252-191-2
2013 International Air Transport Association. All rights reserved.
MontrealGeneva
EVIDENCE-BASED TRAINING
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE
Table of Contents
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................................................................................................................................. iv
DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................. v
EXECUTIVE LETTER .................................................................................................................................... vii
DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................................ viii
BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE ............................................................................................5
1.1 Background...................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Pilot competencies .......................................................................................................................5
1.3 Evidence .......................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Operators EBT programs.............................................................................................................6
1.5 Instructors and examiners ............................................................................................................6
2 KEY ELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................7
2.1 General Principles ........................................................................................................................7
2.2 Staged Implementation.................................................................................................................8
2.3 Baseline EBT Program .................................................................................................................8
2.4 Enhanced EBT Programs ...........................................................................................................11
2.5 Collection and Analysis of Training Data....................................................................................14
2.6 Integration of Analysis ................................................................................................................14
2.7 Enhanced EBT Program Development ......................................................................................15
2.8 Gaining Regulatory Approval......................................................................................................18
2.9 Partnering for Results .................................................................................................................20
3 COMPETENCIES AND BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS .........................................................21
3.1 Definition .....................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Example derived from the ICAO definition .................................................................................21
3.3 Uses of competencies in EBT recurrent training ........................................................................21
3.4 Components of competencies ....................................................................................................22
3.5 Example past models .................................................................................................................22
3.6 Competencies .............................................................................................................................23
3.7 Comparison of data ....................................................................................................................23
3.8 Different systems ........................................................................................................................23
3.9 ITQI the new safety tool...........................................................................................................23
3.10 EBT competency measurement example ...............................................................................23
3.11 Guidelines for the consistency of assessments .........................................................................24
3.12 Guidelines for developing instructor standardization and training modules ...............................24
i
3.13 Guidelines for developing crew effectiveness modules ............................................................. 25

3.14 Implementation guidelines for EBT instructors .......................................................................... 25
3.15 Guidelines for maintaining standards and inter-rater reliability .................................................. 25
3.16 Guidelines for improving competency and measurement system ............................................. 26
4 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.1 The EBT instructor ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Effective instruction .................................................................................................................... 28
4.3 Instruction and facilitation........................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Facilitation skills ......................................................................................................................... 32
4.4.1 Questioning ................................................................................................................ 32
4.4.2 Active listening ........................................................................................................... 32
4.4.3 Body language ........................................................................................................... 33
4.4.4 Observation of behavior ............................................................................................. 33
4.4.5 Giving and receiving criticism .................................................................................... 33
4.4.6 Continuous development ........................................................................................... 33
4.4.7 Some advice for effective facilitation in a debrief ...................................................... 33
4.5 Important characteristics of EBT instructor training ................................................................... 35
4.5.1 Assessment ............................................................................................................... 35
4.5.2 Standardizing EBT training and assessment ............................................................. 35
4.5.3 Expanding practice .................................................................................................... 36
4.5.4 Debriefing ................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.5 Methodology of debriefing ......................................................................................... 36
5 PILOT UNDERSTANDING OF EBT AND TRAINING ........................................................................... 37
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 37
5.2 Philosophy of EBT history .......................................................................................................... 37
5.3 Recurrent EBT programs ........................................................................................................... 38
6 TRAINING METRICS ............................................................................................................................ 40
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 40
6.2 Process ...................................................................................................................................... 40
6.3 Generation of criteria .................................................................................................................. 41
6.4 Grouping of Criteria .................................................................................................................... 41
6.5 Development of grading options ................................................................................................ 43
6.6 Techniques to be applied in grading .......................................................................................... 45
7 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................ 46
7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 46
ii
7.2 Background from the analysis ....................................................................................................47

7.3 EBT recurrent assessment and training matrix ..........................................................................47
7.4 Implementation of a baseline EBT program ...............................................................................49
7.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................49
7.4.2 Construction of EBT modules ....................................................................................49
8 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT ...........................................................................................................57
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................57
8.2 Development of the Baseline Program.......................................................................................57
8.3 Enhanced EBT Program.............................................................................................................58
8.3.1 Operational data monitoring .......................................................................................58
8.3.2 Operational characteristics .........................................................................................58
8.3.3 Competency framework .............................................................................................58
8.3.4 Safety Management Systems (SMS) and EBT ..........................................................59
8.3.5 Reporting Systems .....................................................................................................59
8.3.6 Flight data analysis (FDA) ..........................................................................................59
8.3.7 Flight deck observation ..............................................................................................60
8.3.8 Training Data ..............................................................................................................60
8.3.9 Participation in data sharing groups ...........................................................................63
8.3.10 Integration of analysis ................................................................................................64
8.3.11 Conclusions and recommendations ...........................................................................64
APPENDIX A Competencies and Behavioral Indicators ...............................................................................65
APPENDIX B Instructor Training ..................................................................................................................67
APPENDIX C Threat and Error Management (TEM) ....................................................................................70
APPENDIX D Example EBT Module ............................................................................................................78
APPENDIX E Malfunction Clustering ............................................................................................................94
APPENDIX F Baseline Program Priorities ....................................................................................................98
APPENDIX G Training Program Development Guidance Generation 4 (Jet) .........................................101
APPENDIX H Training Program Development Guidance Generation 3 (Jet) .........................................110
APPENDIX I Training Program Development Guidance Generation 3 (Turboprop) ...............................119
APPENDIX J Training Program Development Guidance Generation 2 (Jet) ..........................................130
APPENDIX K Training Program Development Guidance Generation 2 (Turboprop) ..............................139
APPENDIX L Training Program Development Guidance Generation 1 (Jet) ..........................................148
APPENDIX M Example Grading Scales .....................................................................................................149
APPENDIX N Frequently Asked Questions ................................................................................................153
iii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A/C Aircraft
ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System
APP Approach
AQP Advanced Qualification Program
ATA Air Transport Association
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATO Approved Training Organization
ATQP Alternative Training and Qualification Program
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
CLB Climb
CRM Crew Resource Management
CRZ Cruise
DES Descent
EASA European Aviation Safety Agency
EBT Evidence-Based Training
DA Decision altitude
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (United States of America)
FL Flight level
FMS Flight Management System
FOQA Flight Operations Quality Assurance
FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device
GA or G-A Go-around
GND Ground
IOE Initial Operating Experience
IRR Inter-rater reliability
LDG Landing
LOE Line Oriented Evaluation
LOFS Line Orientated Flight Scenario
LOFT Line Oriented Flight Training
LOSA Line Operations Safety Audit
MEL Minimum equipment list
MPL Multi-crew pilot license
Neo New engine option
PF Pilot Flying
PIC Pilot-in-Command
PM Pilot Monitoring
PNF Pilot Not Flying (former term for PM)
QAR Quick Access Recorder
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TEM Threat and Error Management
TO Take-off
iv
DEFINITIONS
Assessment. The determination as to whether a candidate meets the requirements of the competency
standard.
ATA Chapters. The chapter numbering system controlled and published by the Air Transport Association,
which provides a common referencing standard for all commercial aircraft documentation.
Behavior. The way a person responds, either overtly or covertly, to a specific set of conditions, which is
capable of being measured.
Behavioral indicator. An overt action performed or statement made by any flight crew member that
indicates how the crew is handling the event.
Competency. A combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the prescribed
standard.
Competency-based training. Training and assessment that are characterized by a performance

orientation, emphasis on standards of performance and their measurement and the development of training
to the specified performance standards.
Core competencies. A group of related behaviors, based on job requirements, which describe how to
effectively perform a job. They describe what proficient performance looks like. They include the name of
the competency, a description, and a list of behavioral indicators.
Critical flight maneuvers. Maneuvers that place significant demand on a proficient crew.
Critical system malfunctions. Aircraft system malfunctions that place significant demand on a proficient
crew. These malfunctions should be determined in isolation from any environmental or operational context.
Evidence-based training (EBT). Training and assessment that is characterized by developing and
assessing the overall capability of a trainee across a range of competencies rather than by measuring the
performance of individual events or maneuvers.
EBT instructor. A person, who has undergone a screening and selection process, successfully completed
an approved course in delivering competency-based training, and is subsequently authorized to conduct
recurrent assessment and training within an approved EBT program.
EBT module. A session or combination of sessions in a qualified FSTD as part of the 3-year cycle of
recurrent assessment and training.
EBT session. A single defined period of training in a qualified FSTD that normally forms part of an EBT
module.
EBT scenario. Part of an EBT session encompassing one or more scenario elements, constructed to
facilitate real time assessment or training
EBT scenario element. Part of an EBT session designed to address a specific training topic
Error. An action or inaction by the flight crew that leads to deviations from organizational or flight crew
intentions or expectations.
v
Error management. The process of detecting and responding to errors with countermeasures that reduce
or eliminate the consequences of errors, and mitigate the probability of further errors or undesired aircraft
states.
Facilitation technique. An active training method, which uses effective questioning, listening and a non-
judgmental approach and is particularly effective in developing skills and attitudes, assisting trainees to
develop insight and their own solutions and resulting in better understanding, retention and commitment.
Factor. A reported condition affecting an accident or incident.
Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft
during a flight duty period.
Inter-rater reliability. The consistency or stability of scores between different raters.
Line orientated flight scenario (LOFS). LOFS refers to training and assessment involving a realistic, real
time, full mission simulation of scenarios that are representative of line operations.
Note. Special emphasis should be given to scenarios involving a broad set of competencies that simulate
the total line operational environment, for the purpose of training and assessing flight crew members.
Maneuvers. A sequence of deliberate actions to achieve a desired flight path. Flight path control may be
accomplished by a variety of means including manual aircraft control and the use of auto flight systems.
Outcome Grading. Assessment using a grading scale with two or more grades describing the overall
outcome in relation to a defined outcome (not assessing the individual competencies in depth).
Phase of flight. A defined period within a flight.
Threat. Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase operational complexity
and must be managed to maintain the margin of safety.
Threat management. The process of detecting and responding to threats with countermeasures that
reduce or eliminate the consequences of threats and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired aircraft
states.
Training event. Part of a training scenario that enables a set of competencies to be exercised.
Training objective. A clear statement that is comprised of three parts, i.e., the desired performance or
what the trainee is expected to be able to do at the end of training (or at the end of particular stages of
training), the performance standard that must be attained to confirm the trainees level of competence and
the conditions under which the trainee will demonstrate competence.
Unsafe situation. A situation which has led to an unacceptable reduction in safety margin.
vi
EXECUTIVE LETTER
Air travel continues to be the safest means of transportation. The industrys 2012 record safety
performance was the best in history. However, as the volume of air traffic continues to grow, more needs to
be done to maintain this impressive record.
Progress in the design and reliability of modern aircraft, a rapidly changing operational environment, and
the realization that not enough has been done to address the human factors issue, prompted a strategic
industry review of pilot training.
Evidence-Based Training (EBT) arose from the need to develop a new paradigm for competency-based
training and assessment of airline pilots, based on evidence. The aim of an EBT program is to identify,
develop and evaluate the key competencies required by pilots to operate safely, effectively and efficiently in
a commercial air transport environment, by managing the most relevant threats and errors, based on
evidence collected in operations and training. Over the last twenty years, the availability of data covering
both flight operations and training activity has improved substantially. The availability of such data has both
established the need for the EBT effort and supported the definition of the resulting training concept
and curriculum.
The Evidence-Based Training Implementation Guide is a significant milestone in modernizing pilot training
and marks the successful collaboration between IATA, ICAO and IFALPA to jointly lead and serve the
industry in the ongoing improvement of pilot training, evaluation and qualification. We are proud to
introduce this manual, which will contribute to the advancement of pilot training, and to our common goal of
increasing aviation safety worldwide.
Guenther Matschnigg Nancy Graham Don Wykoff

Senior Vice President Director President
Safety & Flight Operations, IATA Air Navigation Bureau International Federation of Air
Infrastructure, IATA ICAO Line Pilots Associations
vii
DISCLAIMER
Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the International Air Transport Association (IATA),
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Federation of Airline Pilots
Associations (IFALPA), and other contributors to this publication shall not be held responsible for any loss
or damage caused by errors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation of the contents hereof. Furthermore,
the International Air Transport Association, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International
Federation of Airline Pilots Associations, and the contributors to this publication expressly disclaim any and
all liability to any person or entity in respect of anything done or omitted, and the consequences of anything
done or omitted, by any such person or entity in reliance on the contents of this publication.
Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the International Air
Transport Association, International Civil Aviation Organization, nor the International Federation of Airline
Pilots Associations. The mention of specific companies, products in this publication does not imply that
they are endorsed or recommended by any of the above in preference to others of a similar nature which
are not mentioned.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, recast, reformatted or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the authors.
viii
BACKGROUND
1. Manual Objective
This document sets out to consolidate EBT guidance material available to date into one manual in support
of accelerating the understanding, adoption, and effective implementation of EBT. Whilst the introduction of
EBT is logical rather than radical, the nature of some of the necessary change needs to be completely
understood by all stakeholders.
The contents will be useful to the following entities:
1. Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs)

2. Operators
3. Approved Training Organizations (ATOs)
4. Course Developers
5. Pilot Representative Bodies
2. Applicability
The contents of this manual are intended to provide guidance to operators in order to comply with ICAO
Doc 9995, the Manual of EBT, which in turn defines a means of compliance with ICAO. According to ICAO
Doc 9995, the manual is intended to provide guidance to Civil Aviation Authorities, operators and approved
training organizations in the FSTD element of recurrent assessment and training of pilots referred to in
Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Operation of Aircraft, Part I, International
Commercial Air Transport Aeroplanes, paragraphs 9.3, Flight crew member training programs, and 9.4.4,
Pilot proficiency checks, in addition to ICAO Annex 1 to the, Personnel Licensing, paragraph 1.2.5, Validity
of licenses.
Aeroplanes considered for application of the guidance within this manual are those with a certified seating
capacity of 50 or more passengers (for turbo-jet aeroplanes referred to in this manual as jets) and 30 or
more passengers (for turbo-propeller aeroplanes referred to in this manual as turboprops). It may also
provide guidance for training organizations engaged in the recurrent assessment and training of flight crew
operating large or turbojet aeroplanes in accordance with Annex 6, Part II International General Aviation
Aeroplanes (Section 3 refers).
The details contain guidance for the development of recurrent assessment and training programs, which
are only conducted in an FSTD qualified for that purpose. This manual is not intended to address any
related recurrent assessment and training, which is intended to take place in an aircraft.
1
3. Aircraft Generations
The following table is considered to be representative of the generations of aircraft described within this
manual.
Generation 4 Jet A318/A319/A320/A321 (including neo), A330, A340-200/300,

A340-500/600, B777, A380, B787, A350, Bombardier C
Series, Embraer E170/E175/E190/E195
Generation 3 Jet A310/A300-600, B737-300/400/500,

B737-600/700/800 (NG), B737 MAX, B757, B767, B747-400,
B747-8, B717, BAE 146, MD11, MD80, MD90, F70, F100,
Bombardier CRJ Series, Embraer ERJ 135/145
Generation 3 Turboprop ATR 42-600, ATR 72-600, Bombardier Dash 8-400, BAE ATP,
Embraer 120,Saab 2000
Generation 2 Jet A300 (except A300-600), BAC111, B727, B737-100/200,

B747-100/200/300,
DC9, DC10, F28, L1011
Generation 2 Turboprop ATR 42, ATR 72 (all series except -600), BAE J-41, Fokker
F27/50, Bombardier Dash 7 and Dash 8-100/200/300 Series,
Convair 580-600 Series, Shorts 330 and 360, Saab 340
Generation 1 Jet DC8, B707
2
Manual Content
The material in this manual is based upon the following source documents
ICAO Annex 1 Personnel Licensing

ICAO Annex 6 Operations of Aircraft
ICAO Doc 9625 Manual of Criteria for the Qualification of Flight Simulation Training Devices, Volume 1
Aeroplanes
ICAO Doc 9841 Manual on the Approval of Training Organizations
ICAO Doc 9868 the Procedures for Air Navigation Services Training (PANS-TRG), Chapters 5 & 6
ICAO Doc 9995 Manual of Evidence-based Training
IATA Data Report for Evidence-Based Training
Structure of the Manual
The manual is structured to a chronological sequence for the implementation of an operator EBT program.
Sections 1 3 in the manual provide general introductory and explanatory background information.
Sections 4 8 provide more specific guidance and Appendices provide more precise details of aspects of
the program and its implementation, in addition to other supporting reference material. There is also an
FAQ section, which may assist those seeking information quickly.
Sources of Information
EBT has been developed as a means of compliance with ICAO Annex 6 to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation, Operation of Aircraft, Part I, International Commercial Air Transport Aeroplanes,
paragraphs 9.3, Flight crew member training programs, and 9.4.4, Pilot proficiency checks. Reference
should also be made to ICAO Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Personnel
Licensing, paragraph 1.2.5, Validity of licenses. Further guidance material is provided in ICAO PANS-TRG
(Doc 9868), Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 details the purpose and intent of EBT, and determines that States
wishing to implement EBT shall do this in accordance with ICAO Doc 9995, the Manual of Evidence-based
Training. The Manual of Evidence-based Training contains detailed guidance material for States and
operators, and this manual includes many of the provisions. ICAO PANS-TRG (Doc 9868), Chapter 6
contains the framework of qualification and competencies for instructors, including those conducting EBT,
and this is further amplified in Chapter 6 of the Manual of Evidence-based Training as well as in this
document. Of particular note are the appendices in ICAOs Doc 9841, the Manual on the Approval of
Training Organizations, that detail the unique differences inherent in competency-based training programs,
such as EBT, and the need for specialized training for those Licensing Authorities that will regulate and
oversee such activities. It is especially important to realize that the EBT program specifically and only
addresses training to be conducted in a qualified FSTD, and guidance on the qualification of FSTDs is
contained in ICAO Doc 9625, the Manual of Criteria for the Qualification of Flight Simulation Training
Devices, Volume 1 Aeroplanes. Finally, the Data Report for Evidence-based Training, published in May
2013 contains the evidence upon which this program was developed and is a useful reference for operators
implementing the baseline EBT program or developing enhanced EBT programs.
3
Updates to the manual
EBT requires a new training process, which evolves as a result of continuous feedback and the
incorporation of new evidence as it becomes available. IATA and stakeholders commit to providing a
review of this manual on a regular basis and, whenever a significant change occurs, incorporating
improvements to its content. In this context it should be noted that the various structures described in the
manual are likely to evolve in the light of in-service experience.
4
SECTION 1
1 INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE
1.1 BACKGROUND
The evidence-based training project is a safety improvement initiative. It arose from an industry-wide
consensus that, in order to reduce the airline accident rate, a strategic review of recurrent and type-rating
training for airline pilots was necessary. The international Standards and national regulations for airline pilot
training are largely based on the evidence of accidents involving jet aircraft of the early generations,
apparently in the belief that simply repeating pilot exposure to worst case events in training was
considered sufficient. Over time, novel events occurred that were simply added to the requirements
resulting in progressively crowded training programs. This created an inventory or tick box approach
to training.
The availability of data covering both flight operations and training activity has improved substantially over
the last 20 years. Sources such as flight data analysis, flight observations (e.g. LOSA programs) and air
safety reports give a detailed insight into the threats, errors and undesired aircraft states encountered in
modern airline flight operations as well as their relationship to unwanted consequences. It was considered
logical to review current training practices in light of evidence from these data sources.
A large-scale comprehensive analysis of a range of available data sources was conducted and important
differences emerged between what can be considered as four different jet aircraft generations and two
turboprop aircraft generations. The process and results of this quantitative analysis was peer-reviewed by a
team of internationally recognized experts in pilot training, representing airline operators, pilot associations,
regulators and original equipment manufacturers. This allowed transparency as well as bringing a
qualitative perspective to the data. Results from the analysis showed convergence and it became apparent
that whilst there remains an overlap in areas of risk and training needs across aircraft generations, there
are also quite distinct differences in patterns of risk in aircraft of the various generations that are currently
not addressed. Certain critical core pilot competencies emerged in technical and non technical areas that
clearly illustrate the need for changes to the focus of airline pilot training, both in terms of concept and
curriculum across the generations.
1.2 PILOT COMPETENCIES
Aircraft design and reliability has improved steadily and significantly over time, yet accidents still occur,
even though the aircraft and systems were operating without malfunction. Controlled flight into terrain
(CFIT) is one example of this principle, where inadequate situation awareness on the part of the crew is
almost always a contributing factor. ICAO has defined competency as the combination of knowledge, skills
and attitudes (KSAs) required to perform a task to a prescribed standard under a certain condition, yet
conventional recurrent training requirements consider only the so-called technical skills and knowledge. A
pilots competencies in some areas, such as situation awareness, are not addressed.
It is impossible to foresee all plausible accident scenarios, especially in todays aviation system where the
systems complexity and high reliability mean that the next accident may be something completely
unexpected. EBT addresses this by moving from pure scenario-based training, to prioritizing the
development and assessment of defined competencies, leading to better training outcomes. Mastering a
finite number of defined competencies will allow a pilot to manage previously unseen potentially dangerous
situations in flight.
5
EBT implementation involves a paradigm shift, not simply to replace a sometimes-outdated set of critical
events with a new set, but to use the scenario-based events as a vehicle and a means to develop and
assess crew performance across the range of necessary defined competencies. In addition EBT refocuses
the instructor onto analysis of the root causes of unsuccessfully flown maneuvers in order to correct
inappropriate actions, rather than simply to ask a pilot to repeat a maneuver with no real understanding as
to why it was not successfully flown in the first instance. Having the ability to accurately apply the principles
of fault analysis should be a major determinant in the selection process of an instructor who will be
expected to conduct a competency-based training program such as EBT. The labeling of knowledge and
skills into technical and non-technical is an unnecessary complication as clearly successful safe and
efficient operations require an appropriate blend of both technical and non-technical areas. The key
competencies identified in EBT encompass what were previously termed both technical and non-technical
knowledge, skills and attitudes, aligning the training content with the actual competencies necessary in
contemporary aviation context. They are embedded in the threat and error management concept.
EBT recognizes the need to develop and assess crew performance according to a set of competencies
without necessarily distinguishing between those which are technical and non-technical, needed in order
to operate safely. Any area of competence assessed as not meeting the required level of performance
should also be associated with an observable behavior that could lead to an unsafe situation.
1.3 EVIDENCE
The availability of data covering both flight operations and training activity has improved substantially over
the last 20 years. Sources such as flight data analysis, flight observation (e.g. LOSA) and air safety reports
give a detailed insight into the threats, errors and undesired aircraft states encountered in modern airline
flight operations as well as their relationship to unwanted consequences.
A comprehensive analysis of safety data sources and training results has demonstrated important
differences in training needs between different maneuvers and different aircraft generations. Availability of
such data has both established the need for the EBT effort and supported the definition of the resulting
training concept and curriculum.
1.4 OPERATORS EBT PROGRAMS
The aim of an EBT program is to identify, develop and evaluate the competencies required by pilots to
operate safely, effectively and efficiently in a commercial air transport environment, by managing the most
relevant threats and errors, based on evidence collected in operations and training. This could be extended
to the large and turbojet general aviation environment. An ICAO Manual of Evidence-based Training (Doc
9995) was published in 2013 and this, together with updates to the Procedures for Air Navigation Services
Training (PANS-TRG, Doc 9868) and the guidance material in this manual, will allow commercial air
transport and corporate operators to develop an effective EBT program.
Implementation of EBT should enable operators to develop more effective training programs and to
improve operational safety. The guidance material herein will assist the large, better resourced operators to
build their own EBT programs. Sufficient detail will also be provided in this document for smaller operators
to use off the shelf EBT material to produce a baseline EBT program.
1.5 INSTRUCTORS AND EXAMINERS
In recognition of the criticality of competent instructor in any training program, EBT requires specific
additional guidance on the required competencies and qualifications of instructor and examiners involved in
EBT. This area is covered in more depth in Section 4 of this manual.
6
SECTION 2
2 KEY ELEMENTS
2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The aim of an EBT program is to identify, develop and assess the competencies required by pilots in order
to operate safely, effectively and efficiently in a commercial air transport environment, by managing the
most relevant threats and errors based on evidence collected in operations and training. While this is the
objective of this manual, the EBT concept can be used by general aviation operators of large and turbojet
aircraft to implement an EBT program.
Implementation of EBT is designed to result in a more effective and efficient training program with
associated improvements in operational safety.
The minimum requirements considered necessary prior to implementation of EBT are as follows:
a. development of a competency framework with associated assessment and grading system;
b. training of instructors including standardization and inter-rater reliability assurance. Specialized

EBT instructor training programs should stress fault-analysis techniques and the effective training
and assessment of the appropriate core competencies;
c. provision of information to pilots regarding the principles and methodology of the program, the
performance criteria that is being applied as well as the assessed core competencies; and
d. on-going evaluation of the training system performance.
There are various stages for the implementation of EBT, which should invariably be conducted in close
consultation with the CAA and include:
a. Definition of an implementation and operations plan;
b. Adaptation of the program according to the generation of aircraft (fleet) and type of operation for
the operator;
c. Staged implementation effort (an initial limited trial phase may be considered by the CAA);
d. Review of training program effectiveness upon receipt of sufficient training data; and
e. Adaptation of training program according to the training system feedback.
7
2.2 STAGED IMPLEMENTATION
An operator may consider the need for a staged implementation of an EBT program in defined steps
working towards the goal of its full implementation. In all circumstances the minimum requirements
specified in paragraph 1 of this section should be adhered to. Implementation may be accomplished in one
or more of the following transitional steps:
a. Training and assessment according to EBT principles.
This means the conduct of training and assessment according to EBT principles without changing
existing program syllabus elements. Instructors and pilots should be trained in the methodologies
specified in Sections 4 and 5. The development and application of defined performance criteria to
training events and scenarios, to which the operator standard can be applied, will enable more effective
application using existing program syllabus elements.
b. Mixed implementation.
Implementation of a mixed EBT program means that some portion of a recurrent assessment and
training is dedicated to the application of EBT. This is a means of achieving a phased implementation
where, for example, the CAA rules permit such a program as part of operator specific training and
assessment, but preclude such a program for the revalidation or renewal of pilot licenses. This phased
implementation recognizes the potential for such an EBT program to be developed and implemented in
advance of any future enabling rule changes, which may then permit total implementation.
c. Progressive implementation
The enhanced EBT program requires significant resources and some operators may decide to only
implement the baseline EBT program. This approach is applicable to those operators implementing an
enhanced EBT program. The enhanced EBT development methodology takes into account individual
operational considerations and has the greatest impact on improving pilot training and ultimately
aviation safety. However, operators may consider progressive implementation of EBT whereby initially
a baseline EBT program is implemented for a period of time. This allows time for the operator to
introduce and gradually integrate the principles of EBT and its essential elements. Enhanced EBT can
be introduced at a later stage as confidence and understanding of the benefits EBT are gained. The
subsequent transition to enhanced EBT can be conducted progressively, for example by fleet.
2.3 BASELINE EBT PROGRAM
In contrast to an enhanced EBT program, which provides benefits in operation-specific training, the
baseline EBT program is a generation specific, ready-made program. It does not require detailed analysis
or program design by the operator or the ATO. It only needs the necessary adaptation to aircraft type and
to type of operation. This approach consists of the development of a competency assessment system, plus
adaptation of guidance material to create scenarios relevant to the type of aircraft operated.
Each periodic EBT module should consist of a session or sessions in a suitably qualified FSTD. Each
module should normally contain the following 3 phases (in certain circumstances the CAA may decide that
the evaluation phase should be conducted in a different sequence to the one advocated in this manual; this
is intended to enable coherence with certain existing AQP programs.
8
Practical training in the management of aircraft system malfunctions
The philosophy of EBT is that the qualified FSTD should be used to the maximum extent possible for
assessing and developing crew competence. Crews should be exposed to a wide variety of situations that
may be faced in line operations. Aircraft system malfunctions to be considered for the evaluation and
scenario-based training phases are those that place a significant demand on a proficient crew. All
malfunctions not covered by this characteristic continue to require review and appropriate procedural
knowledge but with different means. For instance, to repeat simple malfunctions and use the FSTD
environment as a procedure training device is to deny the full benefit of the FSTD as a learning tool. It is
for precisely this reason that the malfunction clustering system was developed (see the following sub-
paragraph on equivalency of malfunctions), to reduce unnecessary requirements to tick boxes against
each listed malfunction of the ATA chapters.
Equivalency of malfunctions
Equivalent groups of aircraft system malfunctions can be determined by reference to malfunction

characteristics and the underlying elements of crew performance required to manage them. Demonstrated
proficiency in the management of one malfunction is then considered equivalent to demonstrated
proficiency for the other malfunctions in the same group.
Malfunctions characteristics should be considered in isolation from any environmental or operational

context, as in the table below.
Characteristic Description of required crew performance Examples
Immediacy System malfunctions requiring immediate Fire, smoke, loss of pressurization at

and urgent crew intervention or decision high altitude, failures during take-off,
brake failure during landing
Complexity System malfunctions requiring complex Multiple hydraulic system failures,

procedures smoke and fumes procedures
Degradation of System malfunctions resulting in significant Jammed flight controls, certain

aircraft control degradation of flight controls in combination degradation of FBW control
with abnormal handling characteristics
Loss of System failures that require monitoring and Unreliable primary flight path
instrumentation management of the flight path using information, unreliable airspeed
degraded or alternative displays
Management of System failures that require extensive Fuel leak

consequences management of their consequences
(independent of operation or environment)
For examples, see Appendix E, Malfunction Clustering, and Appendix D, Example EBT Module.
Note: The recurrent training and assessment of these malfunctions refers to training conducted in an FSTD
qualified by the CAA at the appropriate level for recurrent training and assessment. Any malfunctions not
covered by the characteristics above continue to require review and appropriate procedural knowledge
training to support the EBT program, utilizing for example, procedure trainers or distance learning
approaches which may include reference to a wide variety of media and interactive software applications.
9
This is intended simply as a means of offloading the need to perform such activity in a highly qualified
FSTD, which has much greater potential benefit in other areas.
Equivalency of approach types
The development of a baseline EBT program requires the determination of critical training events, the
development of training scenarios and the definition of appropriate flight crew performance criteria when
managing these events and scenarios.
Selection of approaches for scenario-based training should be based on the underlying elements of flight
crew performance to conduct them. Equivalent groups of approaches can be determined by reference to
these elements. Demonstrated proficiency in the conduct of one approach type can be considered
equivalent to demonstrated proficiency for the other approach types in the same group.
In order to develop the equivalency of approach types the following parameters should be considered:
a. straight in/visual alignment/circling approaches;
b. level of automation;
c. precision/non precision approaches and approaches with vertical guidance;
d. internal/external guidance;
e. visual segment;
f. special airport approach procedures (e.g. PRM, RNP-AR);
g. non-standard glide path angle; and
h. low visibility operations.
Frequency of training may be reduced for types of approaches that are conducted regularly in line
operations.
Go-around training from various stages of the approach should form an integral and frequent element of
approach training, and is indicated by the analysis contained within the Data Report for Evidence-based
Training referred to in this manual.
It is impossible to list here all possible permutations for an operation and the different approach types. It is
intended that an operator wishing to benefit from the philosophy described here should examine all types of
approaches flown within the operation, and make an analysis according to the characteristics detailed
above. The resulting list of equivalent approach types, along with the list of equivalent malfunctions should
be presented to the CAA as part of the application process for EBT.
Documentation and records
On completion of program implementation, all available measurement and tracking tools should continue to
be used to chart improvements and degradations in crew and pilot performance. The data should also be
utilized to facilitate further program development and customization.
Wherever possible, existing record keeping processes should be utilized and enhanced to provide for
effective monitoring of program effectiveness.
10
2.4 ENHANCED EBT PROGRAMS
Collection and analysis of operations data
The difference between the baseline EBT and an enhanced EBT program is optimization. Data analysis
makes the bridge between the baseline EBT program and the enhanced EBT program using the operators
own and/or the general fleet data, as well as operations-specific data. An enhanced program should
typically result in improved effectiveness and efficiency, but requires a sufficient base of specific data. The
purpose of data collection and analysis is to provide the source from which adjustments to the training
program can be made with confidence that the result is indeed an improvement compared with the
baseline program.
Data collection should provide for a detailed analysis of existing threats and identify potential weaknesses
in the level of the operators operational safety. This may also be indicated by flight crew performance, and
should comprise the following:
a. Flight data Analysis of recent trends across the operators own or similar fleets, if required in
conjunction with the Data Report for EBT, to identify and quantify differences and specific areas of
threat or interest;
b. Training data Analysis of recent trends across all fleets of the operator in conjunction with the
Data Report for EBT, to identify and quantify differences and specific areas of threat or interest; this
requires the implementation of a training measurement system;
c. Operators safety reports Analysis of operators safety data from all sources with specific
identification of those risks that can be mitigated by pilot training; and
d. World fleet data Analysis of available safety data from operations with similar aircraft types and
similar operations; this should include OEM data.
Operational characteristics of the operator
When enhancing a baseline EBT training program it is important to first analyze the operational
characteristics of the operator. This includes aircraft types, route structure and typical sector lengths,
special operations, destinations requiring special attention, pilot experience levels and culture. It is very
important to focus on the most critical operational risks identified and the training that can demonstrably
mitigate these. There should be a close correlation between training and operations.
Competency framework
An identical competency framework is applied to both baseline and enhanced EBT programs. It is
advantageous to develop, train and assess competencies utilizing scenarios that are relevant to operations.
Scenarios can sometimes be identified through the data collection and analysis process. In some cases the
data may highlight the criticality of certain competencies in the operation, which may lead to a focus in
specific areas as part of the training program. By continuing to focus on the complete set of identified
competencies, the operators EBT program will prepare flight crews for both known and unforeseen threats
and errors. Appendix A contains a set of competencies.
Data, methods and tools
The data collection and analysis process needs to cover various types of data, both from within the training
activity (inner loop) and from the flight operations and safety management (outer loop). Data analysis can
be as simple as analyzing the operators mission and making sure that operator-specific threats are
11
accounted for in the training program. Alternatively, the analysis may be carried out using sophisticated
flight data analysis system software. The various data sources are discussed in detail later in this section.
Safety reporting systems
Safety reporting programs form the most basic source of safety information. Examples include air safety
reports, mandatory occurrence reports and voluntary confidential safety reports. These programs can be
mandatory, voluntary, confidential and, in some cases, anonymous. Successful reporting programs are
built on the principle of an open reporting culture, where the focus is on safety improvement and not on the
assignment of blame. A functional and effective reporting system is a rich source of information,
highlighting:
a. operational threats and their approximate frequencies and demographics;
b. specificities of routes, destinations and other operational factors;
c. capability of the crew to cope with various real-life situations; and
d. errors experienced in operations.
The content of the report typically consists of a narrative and various descriptors for classifying the event.
Managing a large quantity of reports and distilling useful information from them usually requires a tailored
software application. An in-depth study of training-related issues may require an analysis of the narrative
parts of the reports, which makes the task more challenging.
Note: It is considered that the most effective reporting systems are those that are confidential and non-
punitive to ensure honest, uninhibited reporting.
Flight data analysis (FDA)
FDA is a tool intended for objective safety trend monitoring and the provision of feedback from operations.
It has many potential uses in terms of influencing procedural development, evaluating operations into
specific airports, as part of the monitoring process as a component of a safety management system (SMS).
It has tremendous potential to determine systemic issues and provide data for remediation through training.
FDA is a powerful data collection tool that allows quick access to the results. A limitation is that FDA can
only detect pre-defined events based on detectable technical cues. For example, FDA detects unstable
approaches, as the stable approach criteria can be preprogrammed as a defined set of quantitative
parameters. However, lateral or vertical navigation errors (e.g. altitude busts) cannot be detected as the
specifically cleared routes and altitudes vary throughout a flight and therefore cannot be pre-defined. Also,
prevailing environmental conditions (e.g. runway condition or weather) or communications (e.g. intra-
cockpit or with ATC) cannot be recorded on current equipment. In summary, FDA information is useful for
examining what has occurred in the operation, but not why things occurred or how the situation was
managed after the occurrence. However, FDA can be very powerful in highlighting important operational
trends, such as:
a. the rate of unstable approaches and corresponding rate of resultant go-arounds versus landings;
b. the frequency of some threats and events, e.g. ACAS or EGPWS alerts, or rejected take-offs;
c. operation route and destinations specificities, and other operational factors; and
d. issues that relate directly to training, e.g. hard landings or rotation technique.
12
FDA is most effective as a trending tool to measure improvement or degradation in operational

performance in terms of the risk events defined by the specific FDA program. From the trends, adjustments
can be made in the training program to mitigate the risk shown by the FDA analysis. As the trending
continues, the effectiveness of the adjustments can be measured and validated in a quality loop process.
There are several ways to further enhance the use of FDA for the operator. One method is to share data
with other operators in existing data sharing groups enabling lessons learnt to be transferred across their
membership. Another way is by benchmarking the flight data analysis risk events with other operators
using the same software with the same event set. The process can be anonymous while providing further
insight into training needs.
Note: State of the art FSTDs are normally enabled for the potential collection of FSTD FDA, sometimes
referred to as Simulator Operations Qualify Assurance (SOQA). This data can be useful for comparative
systemic trend monitoring between training and operations, but should never be used for individual
performance analysis.
Note: Where operators chose to share FDA as part of the development of EBT programs, any shared data
should be fully de-identified, to avoid potential identification of crewmembers, flight specific details or date
and location of airports.
Flight-deck observation
Flight-deck observation means normal operations monitoring such as LOSA and other similar methods.
The philosophy is a non-intrusive observation of the flight crew activity. The focus is on threats and errors
and on their management. The results are not correlated to the individual pilots but are interpreted at the
level of the whole operation. LOSA is performed on a time-limited (snapshot) basis but other variations of
normal operations monitoring can occur on a more continuous basis.
The insight gained from the LOSA Study provided the EBT focus group with a unique contextual
perspective of flight crew performance collected from the cockpit during normal operations. Findings
provided from the study complement and contextualize findings from analyses of other data sources. LOSA
data is collected using the threat and error management (TEM) framework.
The power of flight-deck observation lies in its capability to combine the advantages of safety reporting
systems and flight data analysis. All threats and errors seen by the observer are captured as opposed to
only the ones that the pilot elects to report. Also, and very importantly, all contextual factors (e.g. weather,
time pressure, etc.) are captured, and the whys and hows missed by FDA are also observed. The
principal disadvantage is a relatively high human resource requirement, including the need to standardize
the observers recording of data.
For the purpose of training enhancement, flight-deck observation may produce the single most valuable
source of information.
Data sharing groups
There are various opportunities to share relevant operational and training data between operators. The
relevance of data from other operators depends on the similarity of aircraft types, destinations, training
programs and other factors. While some of such data may be valuable, care must be taken not to drive the
training programs too extensively on the basis of such external data.
13
Aircraft manufacturers share information on fleet-wide trends and individual events of concern. Such
information may be very useful to the operators of the aircraft type/family in question. Training and
operational conferences organized by the manufacturers provide an important opportunity to access such
data.
2.5 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF TRAINING DATA
Data from EBT programs should be analyzed in a manner similar to that described within the Data Report
for Evidence-based Training. For the purpose of developing this EBT program, training data was acquired
and analyzed from existing programs such as the Advanced Qualification Program (AQP), which is a
voluntary alternative to the traditional regulatory requirements for pilot training and checking under the
Federal Aviation Regulations (United States of America). Under the AQP the FAA is authorized to approve
significant departures from traditional requirements, subject to justification of an equivalent or better level of
safety. In order to achieve such regulatory approvals, AQP programs are highly developed, sophisticated
training programs that share many goals set by EBT. The advantages of collecting information on these
programs are obvious. AQP operators are providing information on course structure and content, flight
operational data as well as metrics on training system performance. Additionally all AQP programs have
the capability for first-look evaluation of proficiency, which provides insight into continual proficiency and
skill decay.
The inner loop within the training function, in other words determining the effectiveness of remediation in
training and the performance of the training system, is a valuable source of data. Taking full advantage of
such data requires robust and well-calibrated training metrics. Typical outputs include:
a. differences in success rates between aircraft types and training topics;
b. distribution of errors for various training scenarios and aircraft types;
c. skill retention capability versus skill type;
d. trainees feedback: this provides a different perspective as to the quality and effectiveness of the
training product; and
e. instructor tracking system: this is important to measure the effectiveness of the instructor
calibration process, but it is essential to impress on instructors that the purpose of this system is
not to spy on them or to pressure individuals to change their grading.
Training metrics are an invaluable component in supporting an EBT training program but they must be
placed in the context of operational data, because only the latter can justify the importance of a specific skill
within the real operation.
2.6 INTEGRATION OF ANALYSIS
Any data system used will have strengths, weaknesses and bias. In order to overcome shortcomings of
individual data analysis, whether it is FDA, flight-deck monitoring or safety reporting systems, analysis
methods should be used in an integrated manner. For example, FDA could well identify problems without
providing the reason as to why they have occurred while flight-deck monitoring and/or a confidential
reporting system could well shed light on the root causes and help define the most effective remedies.
Collecting all the necessary operational data and analyzing it in combination with training data requires a
close liaison between the safety and the training departments. With the exception of training data, all
relevant data usually resides within the safety department, as does the expertise for analysis.
14
2.7 ENHANCED EBT PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
The development of an enhanced EBT program requires the determination of critical training events, the
development of training scenarios and the definition of appropriate flight crew behavioral indicators when
managing these events and scenarios.
In addition to the baseline EBT program discussed earlier, the information and data used to create the
training scenarios should be derived according to the principles laid out in paragraphs 4 to 6 in this section.
One method to perform the development tasks is to abide by the following key stages:
a. completion of the steps required in paragraph 1 of this section;
b. identification of threats and errors to be considered in a risk and training analysis;
c. execution of a risk and training analysis;
d. development of the training guidance: this can include all threats and errors listed in the risk and
training analysis; for each training maneuver or scenario, measurable performance criteria should
be defined; each training maneuver and scenario should have appended to it the competencies
considered most critical to its management; and
e. definition of the Enhanced EBT program: this includes the outline guidance for the training program
and the assessment of trainee performance, in addition to information for instructors conducting the
training; it is assumed that the training and assessment described will be conducted in an FSTD
qualified to ICAO Level VII according to Doc 9625.
Each periodic EBT module should consist of a session or sessions in a suitably qualified FSTD. Each
module should normally contain the following 3 phases (in certain circumstances the CAA may decide that
the evaluation phase should be conducted in a different sequence to the one advocated in this manual; this
is intended to enable coherence with certain existing AQP programs:
a. Evaluation phase
This phase consists of scenarios developed in accordance with the methodology described in Section 7
of this manual. The assessment should be realistic and the scenarios should be representative of the
operators environment.
b. Maneuvers training phase

This phase consists of maneuvers, which place significant demand on a proficient flight crew.
Maneuvers in this context mean a sequence of deliberate actions to achieve a prescribed flight path or
to perform a prescribed event to a prescribed outcome. Flight path control may be accomplished by a
variety of means including manual aircraft control and the use of auto flight systems. Lists of
maneuvers will be specified, according to aircraft generation with indications of the required frequency
of the maneuver in an EBT program.
c. Scenario-based training phase

This phase forms the largest phase in the EBT program, and is designed to focus on the development
of resilience through exposure to situations that develop and sustain a high level of competency. This
includes training to mitigate the most critical risks identified for the aircraft generation. The phase will
include the management of specific threats and errors in a real time line-orientated environment. The
scenarios will include critical systemic and environmental threats, in addition to building effective crew
15
interaction to identify and correct errors. A portion of the phase will also be directed towards the
management of critical aircraft system malfunctions. For this program to be fully effective, it is important
to recognize that these predetermined scenarios are simply a means to develop competency, and not
an end, or tick box exercises in themselves.
Practical training in the management of aircraft system malfunctions
Aircraft system malfunctions to be considered for the evaluation and scenario-based training phases are
those, which place a significant demand on a proficient crew. All malfunctions not covered by this
characteristic continue to require review and appropriate procedural knowledge training with different
means. The philosophy of EBT is that the qualified FSTD should be used to the maximum extent possible
for assessing and developing crew competence. Crews should be exposed to a wide variety of situations
that may be faced in line operations. To repeat simple malfunctions and use the FSTD environment as a
procedure training device is to deny the benefit of the FSTD as a learning tool, and for this reason the
malfunction clustering system was developed (see equivalency of malfunctions), to reduce unnecessary
requirements to tick boxes against each listed malfunction of the ATA chapters.
Equivalency of malfunctions
Equivalent groups of aircraft system malfunctions can be determined by reference to malfunction

characteristics and the underlying elements of crew performance required to manage them. Demonstrated
proficiency in the management of one malfunction is then considered equivalent to demonstrated
proficiency for the other malfunctions in the same group.
Malfunctions characteristics should be considered in isolation from any environmental or operational

context, as in the table below.
Characteristic Description of required crew performance Examples

Immediacy System malfunctions requiring immediate Fire, smoke, loss of pressurization at
and urgent crew intervention or decision high altitude, failures during take-off,
Complexity System malfunctions requiring complex Multiple hydraulic system failures,
procedures smoke and fumes procedures
Degradation of System malfunctions resulting in significant Jammed flight controls, certain
aircraft control degradation of flight controls in combination degradation of FBW control
with abnormal handling characteristics
Loss of System failures that require monitoring and Unreliable primary flight path
instrumentation management of the flight path using information, unreliable airspeed
degraded or alternative displays
Management of System failures that require extensive Fuel leak
consequences management of their consequences
(independent of operation or environment)
For examples, see Appendix E, Malfunction Clustering, and Appendix D, Example EBT Module.
16
Note: The recurrent training and assessment of these malfunctions refers to training conducted in an FSTD
qualified by the CAA at the appropriate level for recurrent training and assessment. Any malfunctions not
covered by the characteristics above continue to require review and appropriate procedural knowledge
training to support the EBT program, utilizing for example, procedure trainers or distance learning
approaches which may include reference to a wide variety of media and interactive software applications.
This is intended simply as a means of offloading the need to perform such activity in a highly qualified
FSTD, which has much greater potential benefit in other areas.
Equivalency of approach types
Selection of approaches for scenario-based training should be based on the underlying elements of flight
crew performance to conduct them. Equivalent groups of approaches can be determined by reference to
these elements. Demonstrated proficiency in the conduct of one approach type can be considered
equivalent to demonstrated proficiency for the other approach types in the same group.
In order to develop the equivalency of approach types the following parameters should be considered:
a. straight in/visual alignment/circling approaches;
b. level of automation;
c. precision/non precision approaches and approaches with vertical guidance;
d. internal/external guidance;
e. visual segment;
f. special airport approach procedures (e.g. PRM, RNP-AR);
g. non-standard glide path angle; and
h. low visibility operations.
Frequency of training may be reduced for types of approaches that are conducted regularly in line
operations.
Go-around training from various stages of the approach should form an integral and frequent element of
approach training, and is indicated by the analysis contained within the Data Report for Evidence-based
Training referred to in this manual.
It is impossible to list here all possible permutations for an operation and the different approach types. It is
intended that an operator wishing to benefit from the philosophy described here should examine all types of
approach flown within the operation, and make an analysis according to the characteristics detailed above.
The resulting list of equivalent approach types, along with the list of equivalent malfunctions should be
presented to the CAA as part of the application process for EBT.
Documentation and records
On completion of program implementation, all available measurement and tracking tools should continue to
be utilized to chart enhancements and degradations in performance and the deployment of skill. These
tools also can be utilized to facilitate further program development and customization. Wherever possible,
existing record-keeping processes should be utilized and enhanced to provide for effective monitoring of
program effectiveness.
17
2.8 GAINING REGULATORY APPROVAL
Civil Aviation Authorities differ significantly in size and scope depending on the specific mandate provided
by their governments. As per the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all Contracting States do have
a common underpinning responsibility when it comes to civil aviation i.e., the uniform application by
Contracting States of the specifications contained in the International Standards is recognized as
necessary for the safety or regularity of international air navigation... With that focus in mind, each CAA
attempts to develop rules and standards of conduct in close harmonization with ICAO Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) in so far as they are consistent with national interests. Recognizing the
sovereignty of the State, Article 38 of the Convention makes provisions for the filing of differences when
circumstances so warrant.
Another required commitment among Contracting States is the need to establish and maintain a national
safety oversight system, which is designed to ensure civil aviation standards are upheld. This obligation
invokes the need by each CAA to effectively manage risk in those parts of the civil aviation industry that fall
within its jurisdiction. It is with the risk management process that applicants wishing to seek approval for
introducing evidence-based training methodologies need to become most familiar.
Besides employing best practices in risk management, CAAs need to be assured that changes to the
regulatory status quo are supported by evidence, which provides irrefutable proof that the change
represents an improvement to existing practices and demonstrated outcomes. In other words, applicants
must be prepared to put their proposal through a rigorous testing process, a so-called proof-of-concept trial.
Proof-of-concept trials
Many CAAs are adopting approval processes, which incorporate varyingly complex proof-of-concept trials
as a means of validating potential modifications to their regulatory framework. They commence this
exercise by subjecting each new idea or issue to a formal risk assessment process. This is particularly true
when evaluating concepts that are relatively new, such as employing competency-based training
methodologies.
In addition to the motivators described previously, another important feature of any particular proposal for
change is being able to demonstrate that the end-state or outcome is in the public interest.
Note: In the case of competency-based training, provision has been made in Annex 1 Personnel
Licensing for some reduction in the experience requirements for the issue of certain licenses and ratings
providing that the training organization has satisfied the CAA that the training delivers at least equivalent
levels of competencies from those originally prescribed. In these instances, CAAs will likely require an
evaluative process similar to that described in this chapter.
Logically therefore, the ability to successfully obtain an approval for a training providing a level of
competency equivalent to prescribed training is dependent upon the applicants proposal undergoing a
thorough proof- of-concept trial, which is able to consistently demonstrate that the proposal meets all of
the following objectives:
a. maintains an equivalent or reduced exposure to risk;
b. results in improvements in efficiencies or existing outcomes; and
c. continues to meet the public interest as intended in the applicable regulations and their associated
standards.
18
As a result, the immediate challenge becomes one of convincing the CAA to dedicate the necessary
resources to the evaluation process. Since many CAAs are resource-limited, it becomes incumbent upon
the applicant for approval to provide every assurance that the trial is likely to meet all of the primary
objectives.
Regulatory considerations
Any form of training that is designed to satisfy the initial qualification or maintenance of competency
requirements of a civil aviation license, rating, or privilege is not restricted to merely an operational
suitability study. As such, the notion of gaining initial approval for adopting evidence-based training
methodologies will likely be subjected to many levels of scrutiny within a CAA and should be viewed as a
significant challenge requiring a detailed project implementation plan.
States have differing organizational constructs in the design of their civil aviation authorities, which will
greatly influence the approach necessary for gaining approval. It is probable that a proposal to adopt
evidence-based training philosophies into existing airline training programs will require a carefully managed
process designed to meet both licensing and operational suitability requirements. Authorities, due to their
distinct specialization requirements, often manage licensing and operations independently. Both the
applicant and the CAA therefore need to be mindful of these considerations in developing a plan to
adequately assess the impact of the proposal on both domains.
Requirements of CAAs vary and some CAAs, for example, may require the operator to produce a
comprehensive safety case. Others will not take the safety case approach but will use elements such as a
comprehensive risk assessment followed by a proof-of-concept trial. In any case, operators should be
prepared to demonstrate to their CAA that they have assured themselves that the EBT proposal:
a. maintains or improves safety through improved risk analysis;
b. maintains or improves safety through more effective crew training to mitigate identified risks;
c. complies with the ICAO Manual on Evidence-based Training (Doc 9995); and
d. meets the public interest as intended in the applicable regulations and their associated standards.
Finally the application will need to pass the test of compliance with internationally accepted standards.
Whilst operational efficiency is not of direct relevance to a CAAs safety oversight role, the maintenance of
or improvements in operational efficiency will be an important consideration for the senior management of
the applicant.
In summary, provided the operator is of the firm belief that its proposal will meet the objectives outlined in a)
through d) above, the following steps should be undertaken prior to making a formal application for
approval:
a. specify how the proposed change will continue to serve the public interest;
b. identify the end-state objectives of the proposal;
c. quantify the improvement in efficiencies/outcomes being sought;
d. determine the current regulatory impediments to achieving those desired improvements;
e. identify the overriding hazards of the intended proposal and conduct a thorough risk profile;
19
f. define the risk controlling measures in the form of a risk management plan that must be validated
during the proof-of-concept trial; and
g. establish data collection and analysis procedures for the trial and proposed training programs.
With all these factors addressed the applicant needs to devise a detailed draft proof-of-concept plan for
consideration by the CAA that has been subjected to a rigorous risk management process. The areas and
activities that would need to be covered would probably involve:
a. selection and training of staff;
b. training program development, application for approval, validation, and continued review;
c. development and maintenance of training courseware;
d. administrative staff duties in support of the training program and of the instructor-evaluators;
e. delivery of training;
f. record-keeping;
g. assessment and examination processes; and
h. operators feedback to the CAA.
2.9 PARTNERING FOR RESULTS
There is measurable added value by partnering the efforts of industry and the CAA in reaching sustainable
improvements to current regulatory frameworks with respect to proposed EBT programs. The challenge is
arriving at a common understanding of what it is about the proposed trials objective that represents a
valued return on investment, since both parties will be committing resources to the endeavor.
In order to promote an efficient and effective national transportation system, civil aviation authorities are
constantly trying to balance this objective with the need to create a safe operating environment.
Implementing best practices in risk management becomes a primary objective. Hence, an organization that
methodically scopes out the proposed trial in the manner suggested has a much higher probability of
realizing a common understanding of the importance to proceed.
The natural consequence of inadequate or rushed preparatory groundwork prior to submitting an

application for approval should result in a denial of the application by the CAA.
20
SECTION 3
3 COMPETENCIES AND BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS
3.1 DEFINITION
The ICAO definition of a competency is a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSAs) required
to perform a task to the prescribed standard.
3.2 EXAMPLE DERIVED FROM THE ICAO DEFINITION
Let us imagine a scenario for a diversion. Performing a diversion to an alternate airport is a typical complex
task, which is performed by a flight crew under certain conditions (deteriorating weather, night, winter,
possible time pressure because of the fuel situation, etc.).
In order to manage a diversion successfully the flight crew needs to apply a wide range of knowledge, skills
and attitudes.
If this diversion is finally performed in accordance to prescribed standards, i.e., SOPs, the crew can be
considered as being competent to perform a diversion.
3.3 USES OF COMPETENCIES IN EBT RECURRENT TRAINING
Recurrent assessment and training is a process of revalidation and affirmation that the pilot continues to
demonstrate the level of competency required, in addition to presenting valuable opportunities for
continuous improvement, beyond a defined minimum standard of performance. The performance of tasks
has always been paramount and formed the basis for assessment based upon the outcomes of
maneuvers, such as the V1 cut.
For many decades the industry has used as performance measurements the completion of maneuvers like
rejected take-off, engine failure between V1 and V2, go-around from minima with the critical engine
inoperative. A pilot able to demonstrate the ability to fly these often-repetitive maneuvers within prescribed
quantitative performance measurements indicating an acceptable level of deviation from ideal criteria is
deemed to be competent.
EBT is based on the premise that this concept is no longer appropriate as a simple indicator, due to the
complexities of modern operations and automation systems, coupled with the significant attribution of
serious incidents and accidents to human factors causes.
The paradigm shift developed by EBT is that assessments, which are necessary during all forms of training
and instruction, as well as evaluation and checking, should be determined according to performance in the
defined areas of competency, and not simply by the achievement of a pre-determined outcome in a
specific maneuver.
The EBT concept continues to require the completion of certain tasks, but competent flight crew members
should be able to complete tasks reasonably expected of them under achievable conditions. Tasks remain
important, but only in so much as they establish a pre-defined norm according to the curriculum, which in
the case of recurrent EBT should be achieved. The key distinction is that EBT envisages a system of
competence measurement, which looks at the total performance across a wide range of activities that
include some traditional tasks.
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EBT also suggests a shift in balance between checking and training, recognizing that competence
needs to be affirmed in a traditional sense according to present rules, but also recognizing the tremendous
value and learning opportunities offered by modern FSTDs and highly capable instructors. Effective
learning, away from the pure traditional check, facilitates improved levels of performance, to which all
pilots should strive. EBT is about assisting pilots improve from a minimum standard of performance,
measured across a very restricted and predictable regime of checking, to a higher standard of performance
across a very wide spectrum of activities, under training that facilitates improvement and stretching of
competence capability. It is in these expert and beyond expert areas that we build resilience to deal with
unforeseen events, and engender the confidence in and to deal competently with challenges encountered
in flight operations.
3.4 COMPONENTS OF COMPETENCIES
The predominant components of all competencies are the behavioral indicators. The behavioral indicators
can be seen as the assets or tools necessary to enable a crew to operate safely, efficiently and
effectively in all phases of flight. Since the introduction of human factor concepts, the industry is using
various similar models to describe and relate human behavior with performance.
3.5 EXAMPLE PAST MODELS
a. Behavioral Markers (University of Texas), derived from thousands of actual flight observations, became
the basis for the LOSA (Line Operations Safety Audit) program under ICAO Document 9803, Line
Operations Safety Audit.
b. Non-technical skills developed through a trial in Europe, which eventually became JAA NOTECHS.
c. The definition of 3 areas of human performance, interpersonal, technical and procedural, the
interpersonal influencing both other areas.
d. Categories of personal behavior, working and leadership behavior.
Similarities between these models are self-evident. For pilots and training managers, these models serve
as important aids to observe, measure, and assess human performance.
Since 2008 the ITQI Evidence-Based Training and Instructor Qualification working groups evaluated all the
systems in use, and defined an acceptable industry-wide example framework combining technical and non-
technical competencies, descriptions and behavioral indicators, which are designed to be used according
to the methodologies for assessment described within this manual. It is important to note that the
behavioral indicators are just that, and not intended to be used as performance criteria, or as a checklist.
It is considered that there are benefits for an ATO or operator developing its own competency framework,
consulting all relevant stakeholders, and enabling strong buy-in for the implementation of a tailored
system. Such a system should always include a comprehensive list of crew behavioral indicators needed to
operate safely, effectively and efficiently.
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3.6 COMPETENCIES
The competencies listed in Appendix A have been developed by a large expert industry working group
based upon systems tested and validated and in operational use today. The availability of a worldwide-
harmonized framework of competencies is of great value, but it should be considered only as an example.
Operators are encouraged to develop suitable equivalent frameworks to meet their needs. A competency
framework supports operations, training, assessment and innovation, and provides feedback to initial,
ab-initio programs and pilot selection programs/systems. The proper and standardized use of systems and
recording of results cannot be over-emphasized in the development of a training system.
3.7 COMPARISON OF DATA
Operators applying the same competency framework can gather and share experience based on a
standardized system, and design training accordingly. The competencies also serve as measuring
dimensions for crew performance in both training and competency assessments. EBT grading systems
measure the extent to which the flight crew is able to apply competencies with the appropriate prioritization
in order to manage a flight.
3.8 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
Pilot competencies required to operate in a commercial air transport environment should be consistent,
irrespective of crew origin, culture or operation specifics. Despite this and the availability of an example
competency framework in Appendix A of this manual, the benefits of developing an individual operator
system include the use of language tailored to minimize ambiguity, as well as deeper understanding and
buy-in from stakeholders engaged in the development. Whilst many operators have developed
competency frameworks and are in some cases committed to tailored data collection and analysis
according to the defined system, the competencies listed in Appendix A can be seen as acceptable to the
airline industry overall.
3.9 ITQI THE NEW SAFETY TOOL
Performance data collection and translation into a common format will lead to a consistent elevated
standard of global training practices, linked to actual operational performance. This will be of immense
value to the airline industry. Over the past decade, the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) has already
demonstrated what is possible using a common approach to airline safety standards, by delivering
remarkable safety dividends to IATA airline members and other air operators on the IOSA Registry, and in
turn to the travelling public. By advocating this total systems approach, based upon career spanning pre-
selection, training and assessment according to consistent principles, methods, and outcomes, ITQI is
endeavoring to raise the bar once again.
3.10 EBT COMPETENCY MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
In the framework found in Appendix A, there are 8 competency areas to be measured. It is important to
note that during recurrent assessment and training, an assumption is made that the pilot is competent at
the commencement of each module, and therefore we are not building a program to develop particular
areas. We are designing an immersive training module, which will both assess and further develop
competence. To this end instructors will be observing and looking for learning opportunities. It is not the
intention to score and grade each behavioral indicator, but the intention is for instructors to note areas of
performance which both exceed and fall below the expected level, and once noted, to ensure that the root
cause competencies are chosen as exemplary models, or for further development as necessary.
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This requires a complete change in the focus of instructors away from simply measuring the flight path to
considering the underlying factors affecting crew performance, across the range of competencies and
according to defined behavioral indicators.
3.11 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSISTENCY OF ASSESSMENTS
Instructor training should give appropriate emphasis to the reliability of assessment processes. When an
instructor group shows low inter-rater reliability, in addition to more training, there may be a need for a
better rating form or clearer rating standards to help the group work together on the basic parameters of the
assessment process.
The instructor group should establish specific standards for elements to be rated. This is especially true for
elements that may cause problems or are new to the instructors.
When making crew performance assessments there is a high probability of rater bias, and the common
forms of bias that should be addressed through instructor training include the error of central tendency,
halo-effect error, and leniency error.
If the airline has not already implemented some form of inter-rater reliability (IRR) training, IRR should be
presented as a group process beginning with an overview of IRR, followed by the critical nature of crew
assessment, the IRR measures, the grade sheet, rating scales, and examples of the criteria for each point
on the scale.
3.12 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING INSTRUCTOR STANDARDIZATION

AND TRAINING MODULES
Consideration should be given to preparing standardization video working with real crews undertaking EBT
without the benefit of coaching or preparation.
Instructors should be provided with accurate and immediate rating feedback from the start of their
assessment training through standardization sessions. The first rating sessions may take place in a larger
group showing individual and group data along with appropriate benchmarks that the group is trying
to meet.
After individual and group feedback is provided and explained, instructors should be encouraged to discuss
and develop new rating rules and strategies. This cycle of practice, feedback, and discussion allows the
participants to improve their reliability, and should continue until group benchmarks have been met.
Under EBT assessment there should be on-going training and standardization to establish confidence in
the crew performance data, the resulting indications about competencies and behavioral indicators, and the
effects on overall crew performance.
Instructors should be encouraged to take an active team approach to standardization sessions and should
see these sessions as an essential part of maintaining their assessment standards. One way to ensure
team involvement is to encourage instructors to control the standardization sessions, and ultimately to
determine their own schedule and length of cycle between sessions based on the rating performance of the
instructor group.
It should be explained that the implementation of EBT impacts substantially on the means to assess crew
performance. Operators implementing the program developed detailed measures of crew performance.
These more accurate crew performance measures will help instructors provide more standard crew
assessments, and crews will ultimately receive a fair and accurate assessment from all instructors.
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3.13 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING CREW EFFECTIVENESS MODULES
It should be emphasized that flight crews form the core of an EBT program, and crews should be
encouraged to provide feedback about the training system and performance measurement. The
implementation of EBT should include a detailed specification of any new policies and procedures. As part
of coordinating the release of EBT procedures with document updates, a series of briefings should
be undertaken.
3.14 IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES FOR EBT INSTRUCTORS
The grading system combined with the competencies and behavioral indicators is the focal point in
establishing reliable crew assessment. Instructors should be encouraged to fully utilize the system and
provide necessary feedback, in order to make refinements over time. The operator or ATO should work
with the instructors to establish a specified level of inter-rater reliability prior to conducting EBT.
Individual instructors with specific assessment problems should be encouraged to work with the group in
resolving the issues. Assessment should be approached as a group effort where the team, and not just one
individual, needs to resolve any outstanding problems.
The operator should treat assessment standardization as a long-term development process giving the
instructors the organizational support that will allow them to drive the process.
3.15 GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING STANDARDS

AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY
Operators should monitor flight crew performance problems in order to address even minor problems, often
reported as acceptable but below the normative expectation.
Operators and ATOs alike should understand that a major payoff to establishing and maintaining a
standard assessment is the ability to identify long-term trends in crew performance. Without data
establishing that benchmarks have been met, operators will find it difficult to make meaningful
interpretations of performance trends because of the unknown reliability and accuracy of the data.
When crew performance data show a drop in ratings, the operator should consider a range of causes from
properties of the evaluation phase scenario to lack of crew training in specific areas. The IRR process
allows operators to isolate probable causes with a greater degree of accuracy.
Once EBT is implemented, the data may show a pattern of lower ratings for certain competency areas with
some of the instructor-group IRR benchmarks not being met. In such cases, the operator or ATO should
consider the possibility that some instructors do not have the same interpretation of an event set or of the
standards of performance.
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3.16 GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING COMPETENCY AND

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Operators should recognize that the collection of reliable flight crew performance data is a minimum
requirement for improving crew performance. Operators should be prepared to support the training
department and instructors in their efforts to establish and maintain a reliable assessment system.
Operators should understand that EBT is strongly linked to improving overall crew effectiveness at
all levels.
The operator should maintain key members of the original EBT implementation team to help with additional
development by capitalizing on the members' experience gained from the initial program effort.
If a performance issue is identified, either through analysis of operational data, or from EBT training data,
an operator should link it to one of the competencies and behavioral indicators. This step is necessary to
determine the precise nature of the issue and to design systemic remedies, through amendments and
development of the EBT program. In turn, this analysis may indicate areas for further development within
the competency framework.
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SECTION 4
4 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING
Briefings are an important part of a flight crew training session, and instructors should brief flight crews to
act as they would in line operations dealing with other personnel, including cabin crew members, as if they
are present throughout the session.
The event sets used in the implementation of the EBT program should assist instructors to identify key
aspects of flight crew performance.
Instructors should be trained in the functions and use of event sets, and the related mechanisms of
competency measurement.
4.1 THE EBT INSTRUCTOR
The most advanced training equipment and program will not achieve training objectives effectively without
appropriate instruction, yet sub-optimal equipment used by an effective instructor, may still deliver. EBT
requires a very high standard of instruction. All instructors engaged in EBT need special preparatory
training to qualify for this task. This manual assumes that qualified instructors have received training to
competence in accordance with the guidance material contained within Chapter 6 of ICAO Doc 9868
(PANS-TRG).
ICAO PANS-TRG requires that prior to the issue of an instructor authorization, all instructors shall hold
or have held a license, rating or authorization equivalent to that for which the privilege to instruct is
being sought.
Prior to an organization authorizing the provision of instruction within holistic competency-based training
environments, such as multi-crew pilot license (MPL) or EBT programs, instructors should undergo a
selection process designed to ensure the individuals motivation and disposition are suitable for the
instructors role. The EBT instructor should demonstrate the ability to accurately assess crew performance
in the following areas of expected competence:
1. Application of Procedures
2. Communication
3. Aircraft Flight Path Management, automation
4. Aircraft Flight Path Management, manual control
5. Leadership and Teamwork
6. Problem Solving and Decision Making
7. Situation Awareness
8. Workload Management
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This means that potential instructors should be able to demonstrate effective performance of all the
aforementioned areas of competence and should be selected according to both their performance as a pilot,
in addition to their suitability as a trainer. It is recognized that existing instructors may need additional
training in order to effectively conduct EBT.
Prior to conducting instruction and assessment within an EBT program, all instructors should successfully
complete a formal competency assessment. This assessment should be made during a practical training
session supervised by a person nominated by the operator or the ATO.
Instructors should receive appropriate refresher training at defined intervals (e.g. annually) and be re-
assessed in their instructor roles when providing an evidence-based training session.
The development of strong inter-rater reliability and consistency in the approach to EBT is of great
importance and should not be underestimated either initially or as a focus for continuous improvement of
an EBT system. Establishing robust guidelines and thorough experience strengthens inter-rater reliability,
provided that suitable mechanisms are put in place. Clear and concise instructions, accurate performance
indicator descriptions and peer review all increase inter-rater reliability.
During training, EBT instructors should achieve competence in the following areas:
1. Manage safety
2. Prepare the training environment
3. Manage the trainee
4. Conduct training
5. Perform trainee assessment
6. Perform program evaluation
7. Continuously improve performance
4.2 EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION
To be competent in performing a task, an individual needs an appropriate combination of knowledge, skills

and attitudes. It is accepted that the role of an instructor or trainer in any discipline is to help people
develop those requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes so that they are able to do their jobs well. However,
in many professions the formal training emphasis is often on developing knowledge and skills, with the
examination of competence almost exclusively concerned with measuring knowledge and skills against a
set of prescribed minimum regulatory performance standards. These standards are traditionally derived
from testing criteria established by the Licensing Authority to determine that the individual being assessed
demonstrates the minimum acceptable abilities to perform an evaluated maneuver. In aviation, historically
the vast majority of training resources and all formal examinations have been aimed at ensuring people
have the appropriate knowledge and skills, rather than the right attitudes. The fact that attitudes and
associated behaviors are fundamental to competence has only been officially recognized relatively
recently. The reason for this past omission is uncertain, but a reasonable assumption may be that the
attitudes have been less precisely defined and hence more difficult to train and examine successfully.
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The instructional techniques predominantly in use today often are able to transfer knowledge and skills
efficiently. However, without a thorough appreciation of human behavior and the understanding of the
learning process in delivering training, instructors are frequently ineffective at bringing about attitudinal or
behavioral change. Fortunately, the technique of facilitation has gained increasing popularity within the
instructor community as of late. Its principal purpose is to encourage a change in attitude or behavior by the
student gaining insight or becoming aware of what they are doing, and being self-motivated to change.
Most experts and practitioners are in agreement that the variability in the effectiveness of CRM training is
largely linked to the quality of the delivery and not the content, and that training with a high degree of
facilitation has been more successful. In the same way, a high level of facilitation skills is necessary for
EBT instructors to develop and assess competencies across the range of required knowledge, skills, and,
more importantly, attitudes in their trainees.
4.3 INSTRUCTION AND FACILITATION
Instruction is often misunderstood as being singularly a directed activity, where knowledge and skills are
developed in trainees through either lecturing or demonstration, followed by direct questioning primarily
used to check understanding or reinforce key messages. By adding the technique of facilitation to their
approach, instructors help trainees to discover for themselves what is appropriate and effective, in the
context of their own experience and circumstances.
Both a directed and a facilitated approach are useful and have their place in providing effective instruction.
In order to transfer knowledge and many skills, some instructional techniques are more efficient to employ
than others. It would be laborious and unnecessary to teach a straightforward and precise subject such as
an electrical system by exclusively using facilitation. Similarly, a lecturing approach to deliver precise
information accompanied by direct questioning might be used to train larger numbers of people, and is
particularly useful if only certain answers are considered acceptable. On the other hand, trying to
encourage appropriate attitudes without engaging the students themselves in the understanding and
evaluation process normally has limited success.
A persons behavior is based on their past experience, values and beliefs which will be different from those
of others. People generally behave in a way that they think is rational, and often find it easy to justify their
behavior to themselves and others. However, they may not be aware of the effects of their behavior on
other people and how this may affect teamwork and hence the operation. Good facilitation will invoke a
thought process, which may elicit a suggested alternative behavior from the person himself or herself,
which of course does not question their values and has a more positive effect.
The technique of facilitation allows this process to occur, although it is not just for the poor performer or for
the development of attitudes. Facilitation can also be used to reinforce effective behavior because it gives
people an understanding of why they are good, which encourages their continued development.
Furthermore, it can be used in the development of skills and knowledge, because it is an effective tool for
allowing self-analysis and in depth thought, which is an easier way for people to learn, as there is less
recourse to memory techniques. The skills of self-analysis are not only of benefit in the training session, but
can also be continually used for self-development on the line. Table 4-1 highlights the differences between
directed instruction and facilitated instruction.
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Table 4-1. Directed and facilitated instructional technique differences
Directed Instructional
technique Facilitated Instructional technique
What do the words Enabling the trainee to find the answer
instructing/facilitating imply? Telling, showing by himself/herself
What is the aim? Transfer knowledge and Gain insight/self-analysis to enable an
develop skills attitude change
Who knows the subject? Instructor Both instructor and trainee
Who has the experience? Instructor Both instructor and trainee
What is the relationship? Authoritarian Equal
Who sets the agenda? Instructor Both instructor and trainee
Who talks the most? Instructor Trainee
What is the timescale? Finite Infinite
Where is the focus? Instructor task Trainee performance and behavior
What is the workload? Moderate High
What are instructors
thoughts? Judgmental Non-judgmental
How is progress evaluated? Observation Guided self-assessment
Dr Guy Smith NWA
Although instructors have used facilitation techniques within their instruction style naturally for many years,
instructors traditionally are focused on just the basics of explaining, demonstrating and, finally, checking
that the task is being done in accordance with a standard. However artfully employing the technique of
facilitation means that students are given the opportunity to discover what they are doing and the effect it
has on others and the task, so that they can make the decision themselves to alter their behavior or even
reinforce any positive behavior. This process should be made as easy as possible.
When using a more directed approach, the instructor generally knows the subject well and has experience
in that area, whereas the students are likely to have significantly less experience or knowledge of the
subjects being taught. Facilitating works best when both parties know the subject and have the experience,
particularly when discussing aspects concerning behavior. In fact, very competent facilitators are quite
capable of being effective without knowing the subject or having any experience of it. In many respects this
can be a useful pointer to know when to be more of a facilitator. If you are certain that only you have the
relevant knowledge and the student would find it difficult to work it out in the time available, then another
approach is probably more appropriate.
Unfortunately, the relationship between instructor and student when instructing can all too often be
perceived as being top down, in that the instructor knows more than the student, whereas when
facilitating it must be apparently equal. A common mistake by inexperienced instructors when facilitating is
to create the impression that they are in some way superior, by implying they know more or have a
better attitude.
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The agenda when facilitating must be set by both parties if the process of buy-in is to get the right start.
Agreeing what you are going to talk about and how you will go about it is an important first step. The
instructor can greatly assist the learning outcome of the session by summarizing and giving meaning to the
students discussions. It is still the trainer's responsibility to ensure that all the training requirements are
included in the facilitative session.
One of the best measures of identifying which instructional technique is in use is to note who is doing most
of the talking. When facilitating, students need to be clear in their own minds and be able to self-assess
what they are doing and the benefits of changing. It is difficult to do this whilst trying to listen to a trainer
passing multiple messages.
The time taken to cover a subject when lecturing for instance tends to be finite and consistent, whereas
with facilitation the timescale is indefinite. This does not mean that it necessarily takes longer; but that the
process of facilitation must be given sufficient time to achieve its aim. The facilitator should not be worried
about longer debrief or exercise times, because the students concentration period is much longer when
they are actively involved in the thinking and discussion rather than passively listening. In a limited time
period such as in a debrief, the self reflective process may need to continue afterwards. Conversely, if the
aim is achieved in a few minutes, the job is done and there is no point dragging out the discussion.
The focus when managing the learning event is often on the task and the instructor: how well they are
doing, did they get things in order, are they being clear, is the equipment working, are they on time? With
facilitation the focus must be solely on the students, their attitudes and behavior, and whether they are
learning and are comfortable with the process that is being used. The focus should also be on the students
demonstrating an understanding and willingness to change, if the results could be improved upon.
Because each student is different and it is difficult to read peoples minds, the workload whilst facilitating is
intense, and even more so when there is more than one recipient such as in a crew or group situation. The
instructor in this respect is having several conversations simultaneously, both verbally and non-verbally,
and having to think quickly in reaction to what is being said. Conversely, with directed instruction, the
workload is high in preparation and initial delivery, but then reduces over time as the instructor becomes
more familiar with the material.
Although the trainers observations and training objectives are inevitably judgmental, in order to prompt a
students self-analysis, the attitude of the trainer when facilitating a debrief should be non-judgmental. In
other words, he/she must be prepared to accept that the opinion of the student is valid and not necessarily
wrong, even though the trainers own experience dictates otherwise. This attitude is the most difficult to
genuinely achieve, particularly for trainers who have spent many years ensuring things are right.
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4.4 FACILITATION SKILLS
The various skills required to use facilitation as an effective instructional technique are as follows:
4.4.1 Questioning
Asking the right questions at the right time is a fundamental skill of facilitation and these are examples:
Type Purpose Response Example

Open To get a more accurate and Unknown but they will say What, when, why,
fuller response. more than a few words. where, who, how
Closed To check understanding Can be Yes, No or Did you, were you, had
and to control the specific data. you
discussion.
Probing/building To obtain further More in depth response. Tell me more, why was
information that, explain
Summarizing To confirm agreement Yes Is what you mean, have
you agreed?
Things to avoid in questioning:
Leading, e.g. Would you not agree that?
Multiple, e.g. What did you say next and what was displayed on the radar...?
Rhetorical, e.g. You will remember what I am saying, wont you...?
Ambiguous, e.g. How long was it before the leak started...?
4.4.2 Active listening
It has often been said that hearing is done with the ears whereas listening is done with the mind. The term
active listening means that a person concentrates carefully on what is being said, in order to fully
understand the other person. LISTEN, the following mnemonic, helps to capture key points:
1. Look interested
2. Inquire with questions
3. Stay on target
4. Test understanding
5. Evaluate the message
6. Neutralize your thoughts, feelings and opinions
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4.4.3 Body language
Reading body language and managing ones own body language are essential skills when facilitating. A
trainer should know when a student is uncomfortable, confused, interested, distracted or bored.
Furthermore it is important that a trainer is able to manage his or her own body language so that it is
congruent with what they are saying and so that the messages being transmitted are accurate
and consistent.
4.4.4 Observation of behavior
The ability to observe and discuss behavior and attitudes rather than technical issues is an important skill
that trainers need to develop to become effective at facilitation. It is not unusual for instructors who are not
used to facilitation to feel a certain amount of embarrassment when first attempting this. As attitudes (as
exhibited by behaviors) are a less precise competency to measure, there is no better way of demonstrating
appropriate behavior than role-modeling. This is because the student can observe what this behavior is and
experience the positive effects on themselves. Furthermore, in order to maintain credibility as a trainer, it is
important that appropriate behavior is demonstrated as a form of role modeling.
4.4.5 Giving and receiving criticism
There may be occasions when it is appropriate and constructive to give students direct criticism and this
should be carefully handled. Similarly, a trainer should be able to receive criticism well in order to develop.
4.4.6 Continuous development
In order to ensure continuous improvement in facilitation skills, the recommended method is to seek
feedback from trainees. This must be done genuinely otherwise nothing useful may be gained. A measure
of whether an instructor is doing this well is whether in fact any feedback is given.
4.4.7 Some advice for effective facilitation in a debrief
4.4.7.1 Do:
Give an introduction
Encourage self-analysis (research indicates that it is the best form of learning)
State that participation from the trainees is needed
Allow pilots to set the agenda order by asking:
o Which parts of the session they want to discuss
o What went well
Use open questions (who, where, when, what, why, how)
Deepen the discussion with supplementary questions let them analyze.
Ask what happened / why it happened / what could we improve on?
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Listen and encourage
Use names, nods, smiles, eye contact
Sit forward to show interest
Use silence/pauses (sit back and allow them time to think for several seconds)
Mix instruction with facilitation for issues on which the trainees do not have the knowledge
Summarize the discussion to meet training aims
4.4.7.2 Dont:
Miss the introduction it is the most common way to spoil facilitative training
Lecture
Use your chronological agenda
Short change high performing crews with a quick debrief
Interrupt
Answer your own questions (if they dont reply, instead reword the question)
Just use question and answer
Do the thinking for them
4.4.7.3 Self-check:
Who is talking most you or them?
Have you used at least 2 questions per issue (to deepen discussion)?
Are the pilots doing the analysis themselves?
Are the training points being covered?
Have the pilots spoken to each other?
Has positive behavior been reinforced?
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4.5 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF EBT INSTRUCTOR TRAINING
Instructors should undergo suitable training in order to adapt to the needs of training within an EBT
program. Training should provide the framework for existing instructors to develop their competence to
undertake EBT training and assessment.
The training programs for the instructors role should focus on the development of competence in the
following specific areas:
1. the competency system, in particular the measuring of behaviors observed according to the defined
grading system;
2. making assessments by observing behaviors; gathering objective evidence according to the

competency behavioral indicators;
3. correlating between observed behavior and potential outcome in observed or similar situations;
4. development of effective instructional and facilitation skills;
5. recognizing and highlighting good performance;
6. determining root causes for deviations below the standards of performance; and
7. identifying situations that could result in unacceptable reductions in safety margins.
4.5.1 Assessment
Crew assessment techniques are an essential part of instructors training and should be based on the
collection of reliable data. The IRR analysis tools (discussed in Section 3 and as part of the abbreviated
course in Appendix B for an EBT instructor) are designed to increase that reliability. Computer-based IRR
analysis tools can be used to inform one or a group of instructors on how they are rating crew performance
in relation to the other raters. The IRR analysis tools focus on rater standardization by addressing
agreement, congruency, and consistency. Agreement allows instructors to determine how close the ratings
are for each item being rated. Congruency helps individual raters understand how their use of the rating
scale compares with the total group of raters, and consistency shows how individual raters correlate with
the group. Crew assessment is discussed in Section 3, dealing with the competencies and behavioral
indicators. A crew assessment is based on clear standards and the on-going process of collecting reliable
crew performance data.
4.5.2 Standardizing EBT training and assessment
There are clear benefits derived from a standardized EBT training and assessment process. EBT is
intended to enable instructors to focus training in key areas of the operation and allow the instructor-
evaluators to concentrate on underlying aspects of performance according to the complete competency
framework. This promotes a standard training and assessment environment. One complaint about CRM
training has been the lack of objective standards leading to a range of performance and, ultimately, to
substantial variability in the effectiveness of CRM. The implementation of EBT needs to address this
problem by enabling the development of unambiguous behavioral indicators for the assessment of crew
performance.
35
A complaint about CRM assessment has been that instructors are provided with insufficient training and
given too high a workload during FSTD-based LOFT or line oriented evaluation (LOE) sessions. EBT
training should ensure that instructors are given ample practice to build up their skills in standardizing the
assessment process. This can be done initially during the final part of the basic instructor training, and
should be done on a regular basis thereafter under some form of standardization training. With the
standard and focused approach that EBT gives to the assessment process, instructors are able to manage
their workload by concentrating on the essential elements rather than trying to assess against ambiguous
and variable outcomes.
4.5.3 Expanding practice
Once EBT is implemented, the flight crews are provided with focused opportunities to practice procedures
under normal, non-normal and training conditions. Crews, through normal procedures, are provided with
the opportunity to practice specific behaviors every time they fly. This frequent practice of learned
behaviors promotes the development of competencies that an operator has identified as essential to good
performance within its operational environment. In addition, crews are provided with the opportunity to
practice good behaviors under emergency and abnormal conditions when undergoing EBT training in
an FSTD.
4.5.4 Debriefing
The debriefing should comprise a fair and unbiased review based on observed actions and facts. A
debriefing is successful if the trainees have a clear understanding of their performance, particularly in areas
that can be improved.
4.5.5 Methodology of debriefing
The debriefing should commence with a statement of the outcome, so that the crew members know
immediately whether the module has been completed successfully, or if additional training is required. The
instructor should state the reason for additional training required and the effect on licenses or ratings held.
Where appropriate and once the outcome has been announced the debriefing should usually consist of a
facilitated discussion during which trainees are encouraged to critique their performance. Trainers should
provide feedback to the crew to encourage changes needed and also to provide specific recommendations
to improve individual crew members performance.
Animated playback systems and video can be used to target and to develop competencies and understand
individual and crew performance. Once debriefing is complete, the video or playback system data should
be deleted unless the participants agree to the contrary.
36
SECTION 5
5 PILOT UNDERSTANDING OF EBT AND TRAINING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
EBT represents a significant departure from typical recurrent training programs and, without appropriate
education of the pilot workforce; it is likely to be viewed with some suspicion. In particular, the concept of a
proficiency assessment being conducted as the first item on the first day of an EBT module of recurrent
training may raise concerns, both in individual pilots and pilot representative bodies. Appropriate education
and information flow will assist in buy-in and allay concerns. This section provides guidance on the nature
of information that should be communicated during the process of EBT development within an
operators workplace.
5.2 PHILOSOPHY OF EBT HISTORY
It should be quite clear to all stakeholders that commercial aviation is a safety-critical industry. Safety is of
paramount importance for the protection of passengers and crew members as well as for the health of this
multi-billion dollar sector of the worlds economy. Despite this level of awareness, airline training has
changed relatively little over recent decades.
Analysis of airline accidents and serious incident operational data over the past 30 years has led airlines,
manufacturers and regulatory bodies to conclude that between 70% and 80% of accidents and serious
incidents have a contributing human factor element. Various research programs have demonstrated that
these types of occurrences have many common characteristics. One of the most compelling observations
of these programs is that often the problems encountered by flight crews are associated with poor group
decision-making, ineffective communication, inadequate leadership, and poor flight deck management.
Most traditional training programs emphasize the technical aspects of flying almost exclusively, and do not
deal effectively with various types of crew management strategies, techniques and broader human factors
that are also essential for safe flight path management.
Crew resource management (CRM) training is often cited as a milestone in airline training progress.
Although it was a watershed at the time, it is just one example of a practical application of human factors.
Early CRM training set it apart as something discreet from technical training, but lessons learned over
several generations of development of CRM have produced some conventional wisdom in terms of training
integration. Although training can be approached in many different ways, there are some essential features.
The training should focus on the functioning of the flight crew as an efficient team, not simply as a
collection of technically competent individuals; it should provide opportunities for crew members to practice
their skills together in the roles they normally perform in flight. Programs should teach crew members how
to use their own personal and leadership styles in ways that foster crew effectiveness. A program should
also teach crew members that their behavior during normal, routine circumstances could have a powerful
impact on how well the crew as a whole functions during high-workload, stressful situations. During critical
emergency situations, rather basic skills and knowledge often become paramount, and it is unlikely that
any crew member will be able to take the time to reflect upon his or her CRM training to determine how to
act. Similar situations experienced in training increase the probability that a crew will handle actual stressful
situations more competently.
Research studies from the behavioral sciences strongly suggest that behavioral change in any environment
cannot be accomplished in a short period of time, even if the training is very well designed. Trainees need
time, awareness, practice and feedback, and continual reinforcement to learn lessons that will long endure.
To be effective, training must be consistent and continuously reinforced.
37
Line oriented flight training (LOFT) has been a stepping-stone in this process where FSTD-based exercises
are designed specifically to put knowledge, skills and attitudes into practice and improve pilot performance.
Many operators now have CRM and LOFT programs to supplement technical training. Data from the
Data Report for Evidence-based Training suggest that CRM has improved, probably as a result of some of
these activities.
All training must be evaluated for effectiveness and to this end LOE was developed following the success
of LOFT, being a logical extension. Much of the early LOE implementation was flawed. Whilst the metrics
for technical skills were defined by performance standards such as speed, altitude and tracking accuracy,
there was no common taxonomy or performance standard for the so-called nontechnical skills. A
tendency developed to look for technical outcomes as a metric of competence in nontechnical skills.
Assumptions were sometimes made on performance in areas such as communication, assertiveness and
decision-making based on the premise that they must have been adequate if the technical outcomes were
satisfactory. Possibly the relative novelty of CRM and LOFT programs and the absence of well-defined and
widely-accepted standards of CRM and LOFT performance mitigated against the development of training
standards. Despite inroads made in certain countries, on a worldwide basis the selection and training of
instructors of CRM and LOFT is also a significant variable. Variations in the breadth and depth of training
knowledge and skill indicate a strong need for standardization of the instructor team, with the provision of
unambiguous guidelines for the conduct of assessments.
5.3 RECURRENT EBT PROGRAMS
At present, a typical recurrent training period currently comprises 2 or possibly 3 sessions of training in an
FSTD qualified for the purpose, every 4 to 6 months. Typically the first session involves the practice of
various scripted maneuvers by each pilot. Repeats of these or similar maneuvers are then assessed during
a formal check during the next session, usually the following day, and involves license or rating renewal. If
an individual does not meet the performance standard for one or more of the mandatory maneuvers, he or
she is usually permitted to repeat the item. This session may or may not follow a LOE format; in some
cases a LOFT or LOE session will follow as a third session. Whilst the airline usually collects and stores
results of the assessment sessions, this is usually done at an individual level rather than a company or fleet
level. Also the performance of the individual is not indicative of line performance, but is performance after
practice in the previous session. Therefore it is not really possible for the airline to extract data on areas,
which may be more generally problematical, in terms of performance across crews.
The FAAs Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and EASAs Alternative Training and Qualification
Program (ATQP) have attempted to address issues at both individual and broader levels within an airline
but are still limited by existing mandatory items to be met. EBT takes the concepts of these programs
further by structuring recurrent assessment and training according to evidence-based priorities based on a
comprehensive analysis of safety and training data from a wide variety of sources. A module of EBT
recurrent training generally comprises three phases: an evaluation phase, a maneuvers training phase and
a scenario-based training phase for event management. The emphasis will be on training to achieve
competence rather than on evaluation, although competence in all areas must be achieved by the end of
the period of recurrent EBT.
The evaluation phase is conducted as the first session. This way baseline performance is measured, i.e.,
actual crew performance is captured in terms of day-to-day competence. This phase consists of scenarios
developed to be representative of the operators environment. If a crew member does not meet the
predetermined standard in a particular area, then a maneuver may be repeated or if necessary re-trained in
this or the subsequent session(s). Importantly, any common problem areas will become apparent to airline
management, which will allow further refinement of training in these areas.
38
The subsequent phase in a module of EBT recurrent training will comprise a maneuver proficiency training
session where the emphasis will be on technique. This phase consists of maneuvers, which place
significant demand on a proficient flight crew. Maneuvers in this context mean a sequence of deliberate
actions to achieve a prescribed flight path or to perform a prescribed event to a specific outcome. Flight
path control may be accomplished by a variety of means including manual aircraft control and the use of
auto flight systems. Lists of maneuvers will be specified, according to aircraft generation with indications of
the required frequency of the maneuver in an EBT program. Instructors will assist individuals in achieving
competence and developing proficiency in challenging areas as well as in those areas where their
performance in the evaluation session indicated that further practice was desirable.
Either separately or combined with the maneuver proficiency session, scenario-based training for event
management will also be conducted in the scenario-based training phase. This will be conducted through a
number of un-briefed scenarios. This phase forms the largest phase in the EBT program and is designed to
focus on the development of competency, whilst training to mitigate the most critical risks identified for the
aircraft generation. The phase will include the management of specific threats and errors in a real-time line
orientated environment. The scenarios will include critical systemic and environmental threats, in addition
to building effective crew interaction to identify and correct errors. A portion of the phase will also be
directed towards the management of critical aircraft system malfunctions. It is important to recognize that
these predetermined scenarios are simply a means to develop competency and not an end in themselves.
This phase requires flight crew members to effectively apply their knowledge, skills and attitudes in a
process of guided self-discovery in solving problems that may only be partially reliant on standard operating
procedures (SOPs), as opposed to merely training the SOPs themselves. They must understand both the
learning objectives and the process under which these objectives are most likely to be achieved, insofar as
these are different from other forms of training.
Overall, during the period of EBT recurrent training, the appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes will be
reinforced. The crew members will be challenged and emerge confident in their abilities to deal with known
as well as previously unknown issues.
39
SECTION 6
6 TRAINING METRICS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to determine the effectiveness of EBT, it is necessary to assess systematically the competencies
of flight crew members. This is essential if performances that address major threats to safety are to be
maintained and improved. However, if implemented inappropriately, assessment could be potentially
damaging to increased safety in the long term. Instructors may be reluctant to explore some competency
issues, and therefore need clear guidance and effective tools to make balanced and effective assessments.
In particular, some methods exist for assessment of both technical and non-technical skills, but EBT takes
this a step further with the total system approach to competency.
Prior to the introduction of EBT in the operators training program, a detailed description of the training and
assessment methodology (including standard terminology to be used) acceptable to the CAA should be
published in the Operations Manual. This methodology should include procedures to be applied in the
event that crew members do not achieve the defined level of competence over the EBT module.
Research into means of assessment has determined that acquired competencies are reflected in
recognizable behaviors, whose characteristics can be identified by simple evaluative statements.
The need for a clear and simple system focusing on general concepts and their application is fundamental,
as is the need for the training of the users of the system.
Appendix A contains the example competency system developed for EBT. This system reflects the ICAO
Doc 9995, the Manual of Evidence-based Training. A number of airlines have developed their own
behavioral marker systems, and provided that these systems can be expanded to meet the needs of EBT,
and demonstrate a similar level of robustness, there should be no reason why these existing systems
should not be utilized.
Instructors should be familiar with the competency system in use by the operator in order to enable
constructive assessments, give guidance to crews to improve future performance and to make
recommendations for additional training where this is necessary. However, they should not use these
indicators as a checklist when making assessments. EBT assessment should not be conducted as an
activity survey for each phase of flight, but should be carried out within the overall assessment of
the module.
Key to the use of any performance measurement system is the training and standardization of the
instructors within the company. Regular re-standardization is necessary, as it has been shown that
instructors skills are degradable, and require regular re-evaluation and sharpening.
6.2 PROCESS
Grading systems are the cornerstone of any assessment of competency. It is extremely important that the
means by which a system is selected and developed is both thorough and consultative, including all parties
involved in the EBT program. The process for selecting an optimum grading system should follow a logical
path. Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 cover the development of a system, which should be considered as an
example only, for the purpose of showing a methodology. The process is applied in order to create an
example system, which is detailed in paragraph 5.
40
6.3 GENERATION OF CRITERIA
The first step is to engage with all key stakeholders, pilots, trainers and program developers, to identify
expectations and objectives and to set in place a time line for the system development. The output from
this is circulated for comment. At a defined point the local CAA should be involved to understand the
process being followed, and to ascertain any expectations and objectives. This process should result in an
exhaustive list of criteria, against which any system could be measured.
6.4 GROUPING OF CRITERIA
The second step is to consolidate the defined criteria into groups under logical titles, to enable a more
efficient analysis. It is important to ensure that the criteria groups are distinct, minimizing duplication. This
in turn will avoid unnecessary bias in any final weighting.
Whilst a necessary assumption is the effective training of all instructors, one criterion should address the
risk of the grading system being poorly implemented.
The criteria groups used in our example are as follows with explanatory notes containing the criteria
generated from the initial brainstorming session and other comments received during the development
work:
1. Fairness and accuracy
The grading system should allow the evaluation to be objective, fair, and relevant. It should be reliable,
accurate, consistent and resistant to abuse, halo effects, instructor-evaluator laziness, box ticking and
bias, both positive and negative. Finally, it should ensure that pilots who are unable to fulfill
competency performance expectations are not released to line service.
2. Clarity
The grading system should allow assessments to be transparent, clear, complete, unambiguous, and
not subject to interpretation or confusion. It must also address the occasions where pilots do not have
the opportunity to demonstrate a particular competency.
3. Usability
The grading system should be simple, easy to use, understandable, practical, manageable, accessible,
uncomplicated, and resistant to unintentional errors. It should not dominate any debrief and should be
compatible with facilitation. Finally it should be compatible with any media to be used, electronic or
otherwise.
4. Ease of compliance
The grading system should comply with both operator and CAA requirements. It should meet high-level
regulations, allow auditing, and be traceable, explainable and long lasting. It should also ensure that
any assessment is less liable to legal action.
41
5. Continuous improvement
The grading system should provide evidence to enable improvements in both the training system and
trainee performance, for the purpose of enhancing safety. It should be meaningful, deliver useful data,
identify trends, aid analysis and address existing, future or potential problems in order to improve the
training system. It should enable trainees to provide feedback on their assessment in order to help
improve grading consistency and the grading system. It should also enable the continuous
development of the trainees performance.
6. Motivating
The grading system should be motivating, trustworthy, respectful, and easy to sell, so that both
trainers and trainees enjoy the experience without creating fear. It should also recognize exemplary
performance and promote commitment by both trainers and trainees to the assessment process.
7. Technical data management
The grading system should provide a manageable quantity of good data, be media compatible, easy to
record and produce electronic data, compatible with analysis and presentation tools. It should also
maintain data protection and assure controlled access.
8. Adaptability
The grading system should be adaptable, flexible and able to tailor to all facets of the operation, aircraft
types and training objectives.
9. Implementation risk
The grading system should provide robust defenses against the risks of ineffective implementation. The
system should be comprehensible for trainers, enable efficient trainer standardization, strong inter-rater
reliability, and facilitate the identification of trainer divergence. It should be familiar to all users, cost
efficient and resistant to drift and mutation.
Ranking of criteria
To enable recognition of relative importance, the criteria groups should be ranked using a score of 1 10,
where 10 is considered the most important and then each is scored relative to this benchmark and each
other. The following scores represent the importance of each group, and the resulting weighting is used in
Figure 6.2:
Criteria group Weighting

Fairness and accuracy 10
Usability 10
Clarity 9
Continuous improvement 8
Implementation risk 7
Data management 6
Adaptability 6
Ease of compliance 5
Motivation 5
Figure 6.1 Weighting of criteria groups
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6.5 DEVELOPMENT OF GRADING OPTIONS
The next step is the development of appropriate grading system options measuring them against the
defined criteria and their ranking. Prior to this stage it is important that widespread agreement is obtained
on the criteria and their relative importance. The grading system that will be finally selected will be the one
that best meets the agreed criteria.
Figure 6.2 is a summary of grading system comparisons created during a process to select the most
appropriate one for use by an operator or ATO. The left hand vertical column contains the criteria described
above, and the column adjoining allocates the weighting of the criteria. The uppermost horizontal axis lists
abbreviated headings for each type of grading system. For this the 10 options chosen were:
1. Each competency to be graded in each scenario element of maneuver.
2. Each competency to be graded on the session.
3. Each competency to be graded on the session, in addition to the scenario element and maneuver
where there is a deviation below the norm.
4. Each competency to be graded on the session, in addition to each task where there is a deviation
below the norm.
5. Each task to be graded according to outcome, each competency to be graded in each scenario
element or maneuver.
6. Each task to be graded according to outcome, only the critical competencies to be graded against
tasks where there is deviation below the norm.
7. Each task to be graded according to outcome.
8. Each scenario element or maneuver to be graded according to outcome.
9. Each competency to be graded according to each task.
10. Each critical competency to be graded according to each task.
43
Grading System 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
Competent/Not yet competent
Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module
statement
Outcome grading Each task Each task
Each competency Each competency

is graded on the is graded on the
session session
Only the critical
Each competency Each competency All
competencies Only the critical
is graded in each Each competency is graded in each competencies
and on the graded against the competencies
Competency grading scenario/ is graded on the scenario/ are graded
scenario/ tasks with graded against
maneouvers session maneouvers against each
maneouvers and on the tasks deviation below the each task
training training task
training with the with deviation norm
deviation below the below the norm
norm (relevant
competency)
Free Text Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fairness & accuracy 10 90 90 100 100 57 60 42 47

Usability 10 60 88 88 60 33 32 13 23
Clarity 9 81 81 79 63 80 68 21 21
Weighting
Adaptability 6 48 59 48 42 32 26 28 36
Implementation risk 7 41 56 49 48 23 35 14 21
Continuous improvement 8 80 57 67 68 73 49 32 40
Compliance 5 35 40 43 44 49 43 20 20
Motivating 5 44 42 44 33 18 20 12 15
Data management 6 60 50 51 38 36 31 30 35
539 562 569 495 402 364 212 258
Figure 6.2 the 8 grading systems evaluated with scores
Grading Scales Version A B C D E F G H I J K L M
System unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional Bidirectional Bidirectional Graphic Band Plain Text
weight
numbers (below beeing more than 6

competent + above) 1+1 1+2 1+3 1+4 1+5 2+2 2+3 2+4 grades 3 5 NIL NIL
Fairness & accuracy 10 4 6 7 9 10 5 9 10 7 4 6 7 2
Usability 10 10 5 6 9 7 5 8 7 9 4 5 8 1
Clarity 9 5 4 6 10 9 7 8 7 8 4 5 8 2
Adaptability 6 9 6 7 8 8 7 7 7 5 4 3 10 8
Implementation risk 7 8 5 9 10 9 5 8 7 6 2 2 6 1
Continuous improvement 8 1 3 6 9 10 4 7 8 10 2 4 7 5
Compliance 5 6 6 7 10 10 6 9 9 8 5 5 2 4
Motivating 5 2 4 6 9 10 3 6 7 8 2 5 7 6
Data mgt 6 3 4 6 7 8 6 8 9 10 3 3 4 1
361 315 438 597 590 353 519 522 524 223 287 449 199
Figure 6.3 Example of option scoring in grading system development
Based on this analysis the decision was made to use 1 grade for unsatisfactory performance, and 4 grades
detailing levels of successful performance. Grading is conducted during the Evaluation Phase, and also at
the conclusion of each session, grades being allocated to each of the 8 competencies. Narrative remarks
are required to detail unacceptable performance, attributing observed behaviors and circumstances.
Exemplary performance should also be annotated in this way.
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6.6 TECHNIQUES TO BE APPLIED IN GRADING
Assessment is a continuous process throughout all training phases. It is the process of observing,
recording, analyzing and determining crew performance against defined expectations in the context of
overall performance. It includes the concept of self-critique and feedback, which can be given during
training, or in summary thereafter.
Assessment should be accomplished by relating the observed crew behavior to the competencies by using
the behavioral indicators. The behavioral indicators are not intended to be used as a checklist. The
determination of crew competence should be made solely with reference to defined expectations. By this
the instructor should be able to continuously assess performance, highlighting both exemplary performance
and that which falls below expectations.
Instructors and trainees should be knowledgeable of the competencies in order to allow valid assessments
and constructive debriefings. A successful assessment includes giving guidance to crews to improve future
performance, and also making recommendations for additional training where this is necessary.
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SECTION 7
7 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Appendices 2 to 6 in the Manual of Evidence-based Training (ICAO Doc 9995) form the basis for the
construction of EBT recurrent assessment and training programs. They are also listed here in Appendices
G to L. Each appendix is related to an aeroplane generation as described in paragraph 3 of the
Background section of this document. In order to address all assessment and training topics at the defined
frequency, a training program of 48 FSTD hours over a 3-year cycle for each flight crew member has been
assumed. This EBT recurrent assessment and training should be conducted in an FSTD qualified for
the purpose.
Each appendix comprises information from which a recurrent assessment and training program should be
developed. For each aircraft generation, this information data is extracted from a comprehensive
assessment and training matrix described in paragraph 3 and contained in the respective Appendix to
ICAO Doc 9995.
The ICAO Manual of Evidence-Based Training is not intended to cover areas of recurrent flight crew
training outside the normal scope of training conducted in an FSTD qualified for the purpose, nor is this
manual intended to include additional areas of ground and refresher training. There are some threats or
errors that cannot be addressed in an FSTD-based program, but these may and should become the focus
of other additional types of recurrent training in order to adequately manage them.
The competency map columns in the assessment and training matrix reflect the training principle behind
EBT and are linked to the competencies described in Appendix A; the defined scenarios serve as tools to
assess and develop those competencies. It should be remembered that this map is simply intended as a
tool for program development, to assist in evaluating the balance of a program in respect of each of the 8
competencies in Appendix A.
Data referred to in this manual has been analyzed and is contained within 2 source files, the Evidence
Table and the EBT Accident and Incident Study. The Evidence Table consists of data from multiple sources
and has the capability to corroborate analytical results leading to the development of assessment and
training topics. It represents a robust set of evidence and it is the primary tool used in determining results.
The EBT Accident and Incident Study has a substantial number of events in the analysis, and is an
extremely useful tool in developing prioritization of results as well as discriminating by aircraft generation.
Depending on the case, the assessment and training topics are drawn from both sources, the Evidence
Table alone or the Accident and Incident Study alone.
Note. The Evidence Table and the EBT Accident and Incident Study are contained in the Data Report for
Evidence-Based Training published by IATA.
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7.2 BACKGROUND FROM THE ANALYSIS
By using analysis as a tool, assumptions are made that the results will have strong predictive validity even
though the environment is constantly changing. These challenges were accepted because data results
have proven to be very successful. Results from data analysis should always be applied in the context of
professional experience and expertise. For the creation of the EBT program defined in this manual, a
cautious approach was taken, and the proposed frequency of training is always more than that suggested
by the data analysis, unless the corroborating data is very strong. An example of this could be illustrated in
the EBT Accident and Incident Study where the data imply different training frequency in adjacent
generations. If the data is quite supportive of a higher training frequency in a generation, the training
category in the adjacent generation will be upgraded.
Operational and training data from multiple sources indicate that pilots operating the more modern
generation aircraft take less time to achieve competence in the performance of certain maneuvers. Modern
generation aircraft are also more complex, and pilots have more to learn for achieving a defined level of
competency to operate. The number of assessment and training topics is slightly fewer in early aircraft
generations; the training time in the FTSD should be largely the same.
7.3 EBT RECURRENT ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING MATRIX
Appendices G to L contain generation-specific assessment and training matrices. This paragraph describes the
component elements in the column headings of the matrix as follows.
Assessment and training topic
A topic or grouping derived from threats, errors or findings from data analysis, to be considered for
assessment and mitigation by training. Topics marked with ISI are those considered only as part of a
defined in-seat instruction exercise.
Frequency
This is the frequency of the topic to be included in an EBT program, determined according to evidence.
There are three levels of frequency:
A assessment and training topic to be included with defined scenario elements during every EBT
module;
B assessment and training topic to be included with defined scenario elements during alternate EBT
modules (i.e., every other module in a series); and
C assessment and training topic to be included with defined scenario elements at least once in the
3-year cycle of the EBT program.
Flight phase for activation
This is the flight phase for the realization of the critical threat or error in the assessment and training
scenario. This simply means the flight phase of the EBT program session where the topic is considered
most relevant. In brackets in the abbreviation column is the flight phase(s) related to the training criticality
survey from Figure 8.1.
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Abbreviation Flight Phase Description

ALL All Any or all phases of flight
(Phase )
GND Flight planning, Ground phases up to when the crew increases thrust for the purpose
(Phases 1 pre-flight, engine of taking-off.
and 8) start and taxi-out From the speed that permits the aircraft to be maneuvered by means
Taxi-in, engine of taxiing for the purpose of arriving at a parking area until the crew
shut-down, post- completes post-flight and flight closing duties.
flight and flight
closing
TO Take-off This phase begins when the crew increases the thrust for the purpose
(Phase 2) of taking-off.
It ends after the speed and configuration are established at a defined
maneuvering altitude or to continue the climb for the purpose of cruise.
CLB Climb This phase begins when the crew establishes the aircraft at a defined
(Phase 3) speed and configuration enabling the aircraft to increase altitude for
the purpose of cruise. It ends with the aircraft established at a
predetermined constant initial cruise altitude at a defined speed.
CRZ Cruise The cruise phase begins when the crew establishes the aircraft at a
(Phase 4) defined speed and predetermined constant initial cruise altitude and
proceeds in the direction of a destination. It ends with the beginning of
descent for the purpose of an approach.
DES Descent This phase begins when the crew departs the cruise altitude for the
(Phase 5) purpose of an approach at a particular destination. It ends when the
crew initiates changes in aircraft configuration and/or speed to
facilitate a landing on a particular runway.
APP Approach This phase begins when the crew initiates changes in aircraft
(Phase 6) configuration and/or speeds enabling the aircraft to man oeuvre for the
purpose of landing on a particular runway. It ends when the aircraft is
in the landing configuration and the crew is dedicated to land on a
specific runway. It also includes go-around where the crew aborts the
descent to the planned landing runway during the approach phase.
Go-around ends after speed and configuration are established at a
defined maneuvering altitude or to continue the climb for the purpose
of cruise.
LDG Landing This phase begins when the aircraft is in the landing configuration and
(Phase 7) the crew is dedicated to touchdown on a specific runway. It ends when
the speed permits the aircraft to be maneuvered by means of taxiing
for the purpose of arriving at a parking area.
Description (includes type of topic, being threat, error or focus)
A description of the training topic, which can be a particular event, e.g. Go-around, or a more general
focus area, e.g. Manual aircraft control.
48
Desired outcome (includes performance criteria or training outcome)
The statements are simple and evaluative, or based upon behavioral indicators, according to the type of
training topic. This is intended to guide program developers to ensure the desired outcomes are possible
according to design.
Example scenario elements
This is a list of example scenarios, which can address the training topic. This list is by no means exhaustive
and contains only key elements of sample scenarios; operators are encouraged to develop alternative
scenarios.
Competency map
Competencies marked are those considered critical in managing the scenario. They were determined
according to the following:
a. those competencies considered most critical to the successful management of the defined threat or
error; or
b. those competencies most likely to be linked to the root cause of poor performance, in the case of
unsuccessful management of a defined threat or error.
The competency map can also be used to determine which scenarios or combinations of scenarios may be
used in developing particular competencies.
Assessment and training topic map
The assessment and training topics that are not greyed out are grouped by weighting (refer to paragraphs
Assessment and training topic and Frequency above for details), e.g. Topic map Group B. They
constitute a series of columns, one per topic. These columns allow a mapping of where a scenario listed is
also considered to be relevant to another assessment and training topic.
A summary process for end users wishing to implement the baseline EBT program is contained in the
summary flowchart for users at the end of this chapter.
7.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF A BASELINE EBT PROGRAM
7.4.1 General
The purpose of the EBT program is to use events defined to be most critical, as a means of developing and
assessing competencies. It is important to note that, when adapting material in these appendices to
specific operators needs, it is never the intention that all possible events or scenarios be programmed
within the EBT recurrent cycle. Operators should select the scenarios most useful to their needs, but
ensure that the frequency of defined topics is maintained, to minimize competence decay over time.
7.4.2 Construction of EBT modules
7.4.2.1 Evaluation phase selection of assessment topics and scenarios
The purpose of the evaluation phase is to assess competence, determine training system effectiveness
and indicate individual training needs. On completion of the evaluation phase any areas that do not meet
the minimum competency standard will become the focus of subsequent training. If, at the conclusion of
49
this training, competency has not been achieved in all areas, the pilot should be removed from line flying
duty and should only resume line flying after additional training and assessment confirming that minimum
competency standards have been achieved. Any area of competence assessed not to meet the required
standard shall also be associated with an observable behavior that could lead to an unacceptable reduction
in safety margin. Any subsequent retraining and assessment needs to focus on the root cause of the
deficiency and not simply be the repetition of a maneuver.
The ideal balance in a 3-year EBT program cycle is to balance assessment of the competencies, e.g. out of
the 8 competencies ensure that there are topics and scenarios, which require particular demonstration of
each competency over the period. The application of this will be subject to the frequency of evaluations to
meet both licensing and operator requirements. When designing the evaluation phase, developers should
endeavor to balance the focus of evaluations (typically 6 over a 3-year period) to each competency.
The first scenario in the evaluation phase may commence with a normal aircraft pre-flight set up with full
operational flight plan information provided to the crew. This helps to build realism and allows the crew time
to assimilate their environment. There are other possible commencement points for the evaluation phase,
but great care should be exercise to ensure the crew is given time to fully prepare and assimilate the
environment before the evaluation begins. It is intended that only one or two topics be selected as the
assessment vehicle and that the scenario devised for each pilot should be conducted in real time.
Consideration may also be given to the benefit of scenarios that are time constrained, especially when the
focus is on competencies workload management and leadership and teamwork. Where aircraft
malfunctions are considered for this phase, they should be drawn from a traditional determined list of the
aircraft manufacturer and not from unforeseen scenarios.
7.4.2.2 Maneuvers training phase
The critical elements of each maneuver are described in the matrix of the Appendices 2 to 6 to the ICAO
Manual of Evidence-based Training (Doc 9995) and of Appendices G to L to this manual. This is not real-
time training, but allows crews the time to practice and improve performance in largely psychomotor skill-
based exercises. It is important to maintain the focus on skill, and not to turn this into LOFT-style training.
Once the pilot has completed the critical part of the maneuver successfully, the aim has been achieved.
Repositioning of the flight simulation to focus training on the intended maneuvers will be a commonly used
FSTD feature for this phase. Every effort should be made to provide a relaxed environment free from the
normal LOFT style considerations, wherein the crew can practice skills with coaching where necessary.
7.4.2.3 Scenario-based training phase
The purpose of the scenario-based training phase is to maximize exposure to a variety of situations
according to the priorities determined through analysis, for the purpose of enabling learning and developing
competence and resilience. All topics should be included except those already completed in the evaluation
phase, and the program developer should look carefully to minimize repositioning, maintain consistency of
the environment, avoid confusion and ensure that training is as realistic as possible. Care should be taken
in providing for realism, and maintaining focus on the given topic. Topics will necessarily be combined and
run sequentially over the course of a scenario, which may be a short A to B flight, or a descent from cruise
altitude followed by approach and landing or go-around.
Many of the topics can clearly be distinguished and described within the program, but some are necessarily
considered across the spectrum of the EBT module, embedded as part of the development. In particular
three embedded topics, surprise, compliance and monitoring, are described below:
50
Surprise
The data analyzed during the development of this manual and of the EBT concept indicated substantial
difficulties encountered by crews when faced with a threat or error that was a surprise or an unforeseen
event. The element of surprise is difficult to achieve in an FSTD-based training program and should be
distinguished from what is sometimes referred to as the startle factor, the latter being a physiological
reaction. Wherever possible, consideration should be given towards variations in the types of scenario,
times of occurrences and types of occurrence, so that pilots do not become overly familiar with repetitions
of the same scenarios. Variations should be the focus of EBT program design, but not left to the discretion
of individual instructors in order to preserve program integrity and fairness.
Compliance
The data analyzed also indicated a strong link between intentional crew non-compliance and the
occurrence of more serious errors resulting in incidents and accidents. Compliance is considered as a
training topic, spanning all aspects of the EBT program. This means that instructors should ensure that
observed non-compliances are taken as learning opportunities throughout the program. In all modules of
the program, the FSTD should as far as possible be treated like an aircraft, and non-compliances should
not be accepted unless clearly necessary in the particular circumstances to maintain or achieve a higher
level of safety.
Monitoring
The pilot monitoring (PM) plays a vital role in operational safety. One of the objectives of the EBT program
is to devote special attention to the development and enhancement of that role. The PM is considered to
provide the following functions:
a. plays an active role;
b. maintains situation awareness, particularly regarding the tasks of other crew members;
c. supports the PF by providing input to the tactical (short term) and strategic (long term) plan for the flight;
d. monitors parameters not immediately apparent to the PF;
e. monitors activities of the PF;
f. provides back-up to the PF (ensures redundancy; takes over control when the PF does not respond to
cues or fails to ensure safety);
g. makes call-outs of deviations from SOPs and/or limitations; and
h. performs tasks as defined by SOPs.
Instructors should balance their attention to both PF and PM roles and maximize learning opportunities,
which are often revealed when both crew members are busy with particular tasks, sometimes to the
exclusion of effective flight path monitoring.
51
7.4.2.4 In-seat instruction (ISI)
For the purpose of this document, in-seat instruction should follow a predetermined scripted scenario. It
can be achieved by:
a. the response of one pilot to simple instructions provided confidentially by the instructor. This should be
limited to the simulation of pilot incapacitation; or
b. by the instructor occupying a pilot seat and performing pre-determined exercises acting as the PF or
PM for the purposes of demonstration and of intervention by the other pilot.
In-seat instruction should normally only be used in the scenario-based training phase. Where a pilot is
instructed to play a role, there should be no assessment of this function. Where a pilot is expected to
respond to an error induced during ISI, the response should be according to behavior expected in line
operations, and additionally there should be no negative consequences to any assessment of performance
for the duration of ISI. Once ISI has ceased and/or control is transferred, subsequent performance may be
assessed in the normal way.
Topics marked ISI are intended to be the focus of instructor ISI. In these cases topics should be
combined together to create an ISI scenario to be used at the determined frequency. The following training
topics are considered for instructor ISI:
a. monitoring, crosschecking, error detection, mismanaged aircraft state; and
b. upset management.
7.4.2.5 Focusing on airline-critical procedures
The enhanced EBT development process is operator specific. Operators have different missions,
philosophies and SOPs, and EBT development helps an airline to best adapt to meet unique operational
needs. This operational focus should be used to involve training and flight operations in the process of
developing competency. By addressing procedures and fundamental issues of crew performance,
enhanced EBT extends involvement to the entire spectrum of flight operations, involving personnel in flight
standards, training, and operations.
Guidelines for identifying own operators needs
The identification of competency problem areas is an on-going activity, and to ensure the long-term
success of the EBT program, an airline should identify a few operationally significant competency problems
at the beginning of the EBT development process.
An airline that does not have detailed crew performance data should use the Data Report for Evidence-
Based Training to identify general problem areas, and then the airline should use specific aircraft accident
and incident reports to obtain the details.
When existing airline data or reports do not point to clear competency issues, the development team
should consider surveys or structured interviews as possible tools for data collection.
52
The needs survey should be designed primarily for instructors and should investigate at least two areas:
a. performance problems by phase or sub-phase of flight; and
b. performance problems by EBT topic.
The EBT development team should be aware of the benefits and possible liabilities of each scenario it
plans to add. The team's mandate is to create an immersive training program, minimizing repositioning and
maximizing realism, and the team should thus be cognizant with the need to create manageable workload
and effective learning.
7.4.2.6 Summary process for end users wishing to implement the baseline EBT program
The following table is intended as a simplified guide, summarizing key steps to be followed during the
implementation of a recurrent assessment and training program derived from the EBT principles and data
described in this manual. Some activities are sequential, and some can run in parallel enabling the most
efficient implementation of EBT. The table is not intended to be fully comprehensive detailing all possible
options, but more as a ready guide towards the key steps, with appropriate references to chapters of the
Manual of Evidence-based Training (ICAO Doc 9995).
Note. Items marked with * are considered steps with no interdependency and can therefore be completed
in isolation and before any formal implementation process. They are simply presented at the necessary
point in the sequence. Items marked with ** are those with limited interdependency and this is referenced in
the text.
53
Step Doc 9995 Description Parties involved

Reference
1 Definition of an 4.1.2 of Part I Once a decision has been taken by the operator or ATO CAA, operator/ATO
implementation and to implement EBT, a consultative document should be
Chapter 2 of Part II
operations plan. created in cooperation with the CAA, defining the
objectives, time lines and any limitations based upon
existing rules and the risk management processes
defined in Appendix 7. This can be agreed according to
the options described within the manual, for staged or
total implementation, fleet-wide or operation-wide or as a
program that runs in parallel to components of existing
training. It is impossible to be precise about all options
available, and this relies on an effective partnership
between operator and CAA, described in Appendix 7.
Agreement in principle should be reached before detailed
program planning commences. Successful
implementation of EBT depends on an effective
partnership between the applicant and the CAA, in
addition to the buy-in of all staff involved in the
development and delivery of training and of the pilot
population.
1A Implementation 4.2 of Part I Training and assessment according to EBT CAA, operator/ATO
strategy, principles.
consideration of
This means the conduct of training and assessment
options.
according to EBT principles without changing existing
program syllabus elements. Instructors and pilots should
be trained in the methodologies according to Chapter 6.
The development and application of defined performance
criteria to training events and scenarios, to which the
operators standard can be applied, will enable more
effective application using existing program syllabus
elements.
1B 4.2 of Part I Mixed implementation. CAA, operator/ATO

Implementation of a mixed EBT program means that
some portion of a recurrent assessment and training is
dedicated to the application of EBT. This is a means of
achieving a phased implementation where, for example,
CAA rules permit such a program as part of the
operators specific training and assessment, but preclude
such a program for the revalidation or renewal of pilot
licenses. This phased implementation recognizes the
potential for such an EBT program to be developed and
implemented in advance of any future enabling rule
changes, which may then permit total implementation.
2* Instructor training 4.1.1 and Instructors should undergo suitable training in order to Operator/ATO
and adapt to the needs of training within an EBT program.
6.3 of Part I
standardization. Training should provide the framework for existing
instructors to develop their competence to undertake
EBT assessment and training. This should be considered
at the earliest possible opportunity and can be created in
advance of any planned implementation of EBT.
54

Reference
3* 4.1.2 of Part I Existing training metrics and measurement parameters Operator/ATO

Review of training
should be considered. Where possible it is desirable to
effectiveness upon
establish a baseline for training system performance prior
receipt of sufficient
to the implementation of EBT, so that system
training system
performance in areas of focus can be effectively
data.
measured.
4* Development of a 4.1.1 of Part I This should be considered at the earliest possible Operator/ATO, pilot
competency opportunity and can be created in advance of any representation, CAA
framework, planned implementation of EBT. as appropriate
standards and a
grading system.
5 Malfunction This should be undertaken in consultation with the Operator/ATO, OEM,

clustering. aircraft OEM, and is a highly desirable, though not CAA as appropriate
essential component of the design process.
6 Approach type This should be conducted with reference to the types of Operator/ATO
clustering. approaches flown within the operation, with less attention
being given to approaches which are typically flown
frequently within the normal operation
7 Selection and 4.1.2 of Part I This involves a process of selecting scenarios and CAA, operator/ATO
adaptation of the priorities according to the methods described in the
scenarios defined Appendix preamble, combining with any additional local
in Appendices 1 to needs or requirements, and the development of the
6 according to the evaluation and training event frequency.
generation of
Once determined this should then be used as the
aircraft (fleet) and
framework within which to place and adapt the scenarios
type of operation
listed, according to type and operation specific needs.
for the operator.
Special attention should be given to the material created
for the guidance of instructors, in addition to ensuring that
pilots are provided with any necessary information with
which to prepare for training, and that all necessary
databases, charts, operational flight plan, etc. information
is provided in the normal way.
7A Program design. EBT program design. Program design team

The program should be designed according to the
guidance and priorities within this manual. All modules
and lesson plans should be fully tested prior to use, to
ensure that anticipated timings and FSTD fidelity provide
for the training outcomes defined.
8 Adaptation of 4.1.2 of Part I This may highlight areas for particular focus during the Operator/ATO, pilot
training program adaptation of the EBT baseline program for use. Care representation
according to the should be exercised if deviations from the recommended
training system priorities or frequency are made. Data analyzed during
feedback. the creation of EBT was very substantial and
encompassed a wide range of types of operation. The
priorities indicated in the appendices have been created
with a careful analysis and should only be adjusted when
there is compelling data indicating the need for
a deviation.
55

Reference
9** Instructor training 4.1.1 and Instructor EBT program standardization, which should be CAA, operator/ATO
and a formalized approach to ensure a consistent and
6.3 of Part I
standardization. standardized approach to the EBT program prior to
implementation, including practical training reinforcing
application of the assessment and grading system and
maximizing inter-rater reliability.
10 Instructor 6.3 of Part I Prior to conducting instruction and assessment within an CAA, operator/ATO
competency EBT program, all designated EBT instructors should
assessment. successfully complete a formal competency assessment.
The competency assessment should be made during a
practical training supervised by a person nominated by
the operator or the ATO.
11 Information to 4.1.1 and Pilots should be briefed about the principles and CAA, operator/ATO,
pilots. methodology of EBT, competencies and performance pilot representation
6.1.2 of Part I
criteria and the assessment methods and the grading
system. It is considered essential that pilots who will be
trained and assessed according to EBT principles
understand all the processes involved and are given time
to adjust to the new performance requirements.
12 Implementation (an 4.1.2 of Part I Precise scope and limitation will be agreed in partnership Operator/ATO, CAA
initial limited trial with the CAA. The training and logistical difficulties of
Chapter 2 of Part II
phase may be only fleet-wide versus operator-wide trials should be
considered by the considered. A better solution may be to apply EBT to a
CAA). proportion of the operators assessment and training
program.
13 Review of training 4.1.2 of Part I Once implemented, training metrics should be analyzed Operator/ATO
effectiveness upon at a predetermined frequency, to establish system
receipt of sufficient effectiveness and where necessary, make corrections to
training system the program.
data.
It is also vital that a subjective feedback system be
established, enabling both pilots under assessment and
training, and the instructors to provide feedback. This
process is part of the buy-in considered essential for
safety improvement and the partnership between all
parties.
14 Measurement of 4.1.1 of Part I Where a system for the measurement of training system Operator/ATO, pilot
training system performance exists it should be utilized and if necessary representation
performance. adapted to meet the demands of EBT, for example in
measuring performance throughout the range of
competencies. Any adapted or new system should be
tested and adjusted before live implementation as part of
the EBT program.
56
SECTION 8
8 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Whilst the EBT data analysis is substantial and supportive of the programs described in this manual, this does
not mean that it is sufficient over a long period of time. There is a clear need for regular and where
necessary, substantial update and expansion. New data will be acquired and analyzed according to the key
principles established in this manual. New sources will provide a continuing and expanded review of
operations, training and safety events. The training criticality survey will be developed in order to provide
corroboration and correlation across multisource data results and most importantly, continual access to
professional expertise. Data analyses undertaken with the rigor and spirit of the EBT data study are a key
foundation to improve safety by better training.
EBT requires a new training process, which evolves as a result of continuous feedback and the
incorporation of new evidence as it becomes available. It is recommended that an operator schedule a
periodic formal review of its EBT program at regular scheduled intervals, e.g. annually.
8.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASELINE PROGRAM
In order to develop the EBT concept, data should continue to be collected from the following sources:
1. operators;
2. original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of aircraft;
3. accident investigation authorities;
4. international aviation organizations; and
5. Civil Aviation Authorities.
Data listed below will continue to be acquired and analyzed:
1. LOSA;
2. EBT study of accidents and incidents;
3. flight data analysis studies;
4. training data studies;
5. airline pilot surveys on training effectiveness;
6. scientific reports; and
7. training criticality survey.
This data analysis will improve the reliability and continuously update the training priorities identified in
the Data Report for Evidence-Based Training, with a view to improving and updating the baseline
EBT program.
57
8.3 ENHANCED EBT PROGRAM
The enhanced EBT development methodology takes into account individual operational considerations and
has the greatest potential for improving pilot training and ultimately aviation safety.
8.3.1 Operational data monitoring
The difference between the baseline EBT program and an enhanced EBT program is optimization. Data
analysis makes the bridge between the baseline EBT program and the enhanced EBT training program
using the operators own and/or the general fleet or operation-specific data. An enhanced program should
typically result in improved effectiveness and efficiency, but requires a sufficient base of specific data. The
purpose of data collection and analysis is to provide the source from which adjustments to the training
program can be made with confidence that the result is indeed an improvement compared with the
baseline program.
Data collection should provide for a detailed analysis of existing threats and identify potential weaknesses
in the level of the airlines operational safety. This may also be indicated by flight crew performance. The
data collection should comprise the following:
a. Flight data with an analysis of recent trends across the operators own or similar fleets, if required, in
conjunction with the Data Report for Evidence-Based Training, to identify and quantify differences and
specific areas of threat or interest;
b. Training data with an analysis of recent trends across all fleets of the operator, in conjunction with the
Data Report for Evidence-Based Training, to identify and quantify differences and specific areas of
threat or interest; this requires the development of a training measurement system;
c. Operators SMS data, including safety reports with an analysis of the operators safety data from all
sources with specific identification of those risks that can be mitigated by pilot training; and
d. World fleet data with an analysis of available safety data from operations with similar aircraft types and
similar operations; this should include OEM data.
8.3.2 Operational characteristics
In order to develop the enhanced program, it is important to first analyze the operational characteristics of
the operator. This includes aircraft types, route structure and typical sector lengths, special operations,
destinations requiring special attention, pilot experience levels and culture. It is very important to focus on
the most critical operational risks provided that training can demonstrably mitigate these. There should be a
close correlation between training and operations.
8.3.3 Competency framework
An identical competency framework is applied to both baseline and enhanced EBT programs. It is
advantageous to develop, train and assess competencies utilizing scenarios that are relevant to operations.
Scenarios can sometimes be identified through the data collection and analysis process. In some cases the
data may highlight certain competencies considered critical to the management of a specified threat or
error in the operation, which may lead to a focus on specific areas as part of the training program. By
continuing to focus on the complete set of identified competencies, the operators EBT program will
continue to prepare flight crews for both known and unforeseen threats and errors.
58
8.3.4 Safety Management Systems (SMS) and EBT
The data collection and analysis generally need to cover various types of data, both from within the training
activity (inner loop) and from both flight operations and the operators SMS (outer loop). Data analysis can
be as simple as analyzing the operators mission and making sure that operator-specific threats are
accounted for in the training program. Alternatively, the analysis may be carried out using sophisticated
flight data analysis software
8.3.5 Reporting Systems
Safety reporting programs are a classic source of safety information. These programs can be mandatory,
voluntary, confidential and, in some cases, anonymous. Successful reporting programs are built on the
principle of an open reporting culture, where the focus is on safety improvement and not on the assignment
of blame. The content of a safety report typically consists of a narrative and various descriptors for
classifying the event. Managing a large quantity of reports and distilling useful information from them
usually requires a tailored software application. An in-depth study of training-related issues may require an
analysis of the narrative parts of the reports, which makes the task more challenging. A functional and
effective reporting system is a rich source of information, highlighting:
a. operational threats and their approximate frequencies and characteristics;
b. specificities of routes, destinations and other operational factors;
c. capability of the crew to cope with various real life situations; and
d. errors experienced in operations.
Note: The most effective reporting systems are considered to be confidential and non-punitive to ensure
honest, uninhibited reporting.
8.3.6 Flight data analysis (FDA)
Flight data analysis is a powerful data collection tool that allows quick access to the results. A limitation is
that FDA can only detect pre-defined events based on predetermined technical cues. For example, FDA
detects unstable approaches, as the stable approach criteria can be pre-programmed as a defined set of
quantitative parameters. However, lateral or vertical navigation errors e.g. altitude busts cannot be
detected as the specifically cleared routes and altitudes vary throughout a flight and therefore cannot be
pre-defined. Also, prevailing environmental conditions (e.g. runway condition or weather) or
communications (e.g. intra-cockpit or with ATC) cannot be recorded on current equipment. In summary,
FDA information is useful for examining what has occurred in the operation, but not why an event occurred
or how the situation was managed after the event did occur. However, FDA can be very powerful in
highlighting important operational trends, for example:
a. the rate of unstable approaches and corresponding rate of resultant go-arounds versus landings;
b. the frequency of some threats and events, e.g. ACAS alerts, rejected take-offs;
c. operation and route specificities, including those of destinations, and other operational factors; and
d. issues that relate directly to training, e.g. hard landings or rotation technique.
59
FDA is most effective as a trending tool to measure improvement or degradation in operational

performance in terms of the risk events defined in the specific FDA program. From the trends, adjustments
can be made in the training program to mitigate the risk shown by the FDA analysis. As the trending
continues, the effectiveness of the adjustments can be measured and validated in a quality loop process.
There are several ways to further enhance the use of FDA for the operator. One method is to share data
with other operators in existing data sharing groups enabling lessons learnt to be transferred across their
membership. Another way is by benchmarking the flight data analysis risk events with other operators
using the same software with the same event set. The process can be anonymous while providing further
insight into training needs.
8.3.7 Flight deck observation
Flight deck observation is intended to mean monitoring of normal operations by an observer, such as LOSA
and other similar methods. The philosophy is a non-intrusive observation of the flight crew activity. The
focus is on threats and errors and on their management. The results are not correlated to the individual
pilots but are interpreted at the level of the whole operation. LOSA is performed on a time-limited
(snapshot) basis but other variations of normal operations monitoring can occur on a more
continuous basis.
The power of flight deck observation is in its capability to combine the advantages of safety reporting
systems and flight data analysis. All threats and errors seen by the observer are captured as opposed to
only the ones that the pilot elects to report. Also, and very importantly, all contextual factors (e.g. weather,
time pressure) are captured, and the whys and hows missed by FDA are also observed. The principal
disadvantage is a relatively high human resource requirement.
For the purpose of training enhancement, flight deck observation may produce the single most valuable
source of information.
8.3.8 Training Data
8.3.8.1 Training metrics
The inner loop within the training function is a valuable source of data. Taking full advantage of such data
requires robust and well-calibrated training metrics. Typical outputs include:
a. differences in success rates between aircraft types and training topics;
b. distribution of errors for various training scenarios and aircraft types;
c. skill retention capability versus skill type;
d. trainees feedback, which provides a different perspective as to the quality and effectiveness of the
training product; and
e. instructor tracking system: this system is important to measure the effectiveness of the instructor
calibration process. However, it is essential to impress that the purpose of this system is not to spy on
instructors or to pressure individuals to change their grading.
Training metrics are an invaluable component in supporting an EBT training program but they must be
placed in the context of operational data, because only the latter can justify the importance of a specific skill
within the real operation.
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8.3.8.2 Training criticality survey
An element of the EBT methodology is based on a training criticality survey, identifying potential threats
and errors in each phase of flight. See the Data Report for Evidence-based Training for an example. Pilots
experienced in operations and training completed the analysis, and an operator wishing to develop an
enhanced EBT program can replicate this model.
Pilots should be asked to assess threats and errors by phase of flight according to their experiences and
projections based on experience. In the original survey there are 161 3-part questions asked. Each survey
included 40 threats and errors over all phases of flight. The respondents should be the largest possible
number of volunteers within the operation. It is important to have sizeable samples from each fleet.
The threats and errors used in the survey were defined specific to flight phases by the EBT Project Group.
In addition, potential threats and errors occurring in most if not all flight phases are listed separately in a
distinct phase: Phase . Figure 8.1 describes the phases used.
TCS Flight Phase Definitions

Numerical Order of
Flight Phase Definition
Flight Phase
Potential threats/errors in any or all phases of flight Phase
All Phase
(1-8)
Pre-flight and taxi - flight preparation to completion of line-
Pre-flight/taxi Phase 1
up
From the application of take-off thrust until the completion
Take-off Phase 2
of flap and slat retraction
From the completion of flap and slat retraction until the top
Climb Phase 3
of climb
Cruise Phase 4 From top of climb until top of descent
From top of descent until the earlier of first slat/flap
Descent Phase 5
extension or crossing the initial approach fix
From the earlier of first slat/flap extension or crossing the
Approach Phase 6 initial approach fix until 15 m (50 ft) AAL, including go-
around
Landing Phase 7 From 15 m (50 ft) AAL until reaching taxi speed
Taxi/post-flight Phase 8 From reaching taxi speed until engine shutdown
Figure 8.1 Training Criticality Survey Flight Phases
The defined threats and errors can be surveyed on a scale of 1 to 5 in 3 dimensions (likelihood, severity
and training benefit), as follows:
61
Likelihood describes the probability that over the course of a defined period in time a pilot will experience
a threat, requiring intervention. Five levels of likelihood were used:
1. Rare once in a career or less;
2. Unlikely a few times in a career;
3. Moderately likely once every 3-5 years;
4. Likely probably once a year; and
5. Almost certain more than once a year.
Severity describes the most likely outcome based on the assumption that the pilot has not received
training to manage the defined event in five levels as follows:
1. Negligible insignificant effect not compromising safety;
2. Minor reduction in safety margin (but not considered a significant reduction);
3. Moderate safety compromised or significant reduction in safety margin;
4. Major aircraft damage and/or personal injury; and
5. Catastrophic significant damage or fatalities.
Training Benefit describes the effect of training to reduce the severity in b) by at least one level, and is
assessed in a five level scale as follows:
1. Unimportant training does not reduce severity;
2. Minor enhances performance in managing an event;
3. Moderate having no training compromises safety;
4. Significant safe outcome is unlikely without effective training; and
5. Critical essential to understanding the event and coping with it.
For the purpose of this survey, risk is defined as the product of likelihood x severity and is calculated for all
threats and errors by phase of flight for each aircraft.
Originally when the survey was sorted by threats and errors according to aircraft generation, all the factors
in phase went to the bottom of the sort. This is because the factors in this phase were only assessed
once even though they appear in multiple phases, hence their cumulative scoring was artificially small.
Since risk is a weighted probability and all the phases of flight are mutually exclusive, the risk of any given
flight is the sum of the risks for each individual phase. This makes it important to assess a threat or error
each time it appears. To compensate for the way the problem in the survey was structured in not always
asking the questions in the same way ( phase issue), a rule was made that multiplied the risk value times
the number of phases where the risk was relevant in the sense that it could be a factor in an accident.
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There were two other problems in the survey that needed to be corrected:
Questions unanswered by the respondents. An unanswered question automatically assigns an

unwanted 0 risk. In order to correct this we calculated the average risk per factor per phase of flight and
used this value to fill in for unanswered questions.
Outliers. An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample
from a population. This definition provides discretion for the analyst to determine the distance.
Trimming of the outliers was done only on the high side of the mean because the multiplicative effect of the
risk formula exaggerated the effects of outliers. All outliers were trimmed 1.6 standard deviations greater
than the mean. Trimming was done at the finest level (risk per factor per phase per generation). This is
because risk varies per factor with the phase of flight; that is another reason why questions regarding each
factor should be asked for each phase. Had the correlations been done using the corrected average risk
per factor per generation, the results would be the same. The methodology yields the following values:
1. Average risk for each threat or error per each phase of flight per generation on a scale of 1-25
2. Cumulative risk scoring for each threat or error for a given flight per generation
3. Corrected (for unanswered questions and outliers) average risk for each threat and error in each phase
of flight per generation on a scale of 1-25
4. Corrected cumulative risk scoring per threat and error by generation leading to ranking
5. Training Criticality in the same format as risk values above
6. Distribution of the risk by factor per phase
7. Distribution of the risk by factor per phase by generation
8. Standard Deviation of risk (generation factor and phase)
8.3.9 Participation in data sharing groups
There are opportunities to share relevant operational and training data between operators. The relevance
of data from other operators depends on the similarity of aircraft types, destinations, training programs and
other factors. While some of such data may be valuable, care must be taken not to drive the training
program too extensively on the basis of such external data.
Aircraft manufacturers share information on fleet-wide trends and individual events of concern. Such
information may be very useful to the operators of the aircraft type/family in question. Training and
operational conferences organized by the manufacturers are an important opportunity to access such data.
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8.3.10 Integration of analysis
Any data system used has its own strengths, weaknesses and bias. In order to overcome shortcomings of
individual data analysis, whether it is FDA, flight deck monitoring or safety reporting systems, analysis
methods should be used in an integrated manner. For example, FDA could well identify problems without
providing the reason as to why they have occurred while flight deck monitoring and/or a confidential
reporting system could well shed light on the root causes and help define the most effective remedies.
With the exception of training data, all relevant data usually resides within the safety department, as does
the expertise for analysis. Collecting all the necessary operational data and analyzing it in combination with
training data requires a close liaison between the safety and the training departments.
8.3.11 Conclusions and recommendations
It is not the intention of this manual to fully describe the means, by which an operator will combine analyses
and determine variations from the EBT baseline program, but the following are indications of methods by
which programs should be adjusted.
The existence of high quality robust operational data is a powerful tool with which to adjust priorities in
training, in particular to provide justification for reductions in frequency of certain topics, in order to provide
capacity in the training program to address operator identified issues and risks. Effectiveness of these
remedies depends also on clear unbiased and effective reporting from the training system, including initial
operator experience and line checks. Training data can determine the effectiveness of any remediation and
validate that desired improvements and mitigations have been achieved.
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APPENDIX A
Competencies and Behavioral Indicators
Note: Demonstration of the competencies can be assessed using the behavioral indicators, which should
meet the required level of performance, as established by the operator for its specific operation.
Competency Competency Description Behavioral indicator

Application of Identifies and applies Identifies the source of operating instructions
Procedures procedures in accordance Follows SOPs unless a higher degree of safety dictates an appropriate deviation
with published operating Identifies and follows all operating instructions in a timely manner
instructions and applicable Correctly operates aircraft systems and associated equipment
regulations, using the Complies with applicable regulations.
appropriate knowledge. Applies relevant procedural knowledge
Communication Demonstrates effective oral, Ensures the recipient is ready and able to receive the information
non-verbal and written Selects appropriately what, when, how and with whom to communicate
communications, in normal Conveys messages clearly, accurately and concisely
and non-normal situations. Confirms that the recipient correctly understands important information
Listens actively and demonstrates understanding when receiving information
Asks relevant and effective questions
Adheres to standard radiotelephone phraseology and procedures
Accurately reads and interprets required company and flight documentation
Accurately reads, interprets, constructs and responds to datalink messages in English
Completes accurate reports as required by operating procedures
Correctly interprets non-verbal communication
Uses eye contact, body movement and gestures that are consistent with and support
verbal messages
Aircraft Flight Controls the aircraft flight Controls the aircraft using automation with accuracy and smoothness as appropriate
Path path through automation, to the situation
Management, including appropriate use of Detects deviations from the desired aircraft trajectory and takes appropriate action
automation flight management Contains the aircraft within the normal flight envelope
system(s) and guidance. Manages the flight path to achieve optimum operational performance
Maintains the desired flight path during flight using automation whilst managing other
tasks and distractions
Selects appropriate level and mode of automation in a timely manner considering
phase of flight and workload
Effectively monitors automation, including engagement and automatic mode
transitions
Aircraft Flight Controls the aircraft flight Controls the aircraft manually with accuracy and smoothness as appropriate to the
Path path through manual flight, situation
Management, including appropriate use of Detects deviations from the desired aircraft trajectory and takes appropriate action
manual control flight management Contains the aircraft within the normal flight envelope
system(s) and flight Controls the aircraft safely using only the relationship between aircraft attitude, speed
guidance systems. and thrust
Manages the flight path to achieve optimum operational performance
Maintains the desired flight path during manual flight whilst managing other tasks and
distractions
Selects appropriate level and mode of flight guidance systems in a timely manner
considering phase of flight and workload
Effectively monitors flight guidance systems including engagement and automatic
mode transitions
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Competency Competency Description Behavioral indicator

Leadership and Demonstrates effective Understands and agrees with the crews roles and objectives.
Teamwork leadership and team Creates an atmosphere of open communication and encourages team participation
working. Uses initiative and gives directions when required
Admits mistakes and takes responsibility
Anticipates and responds appropriately to other crew members needs
Carries out instructions when directed
Communicates relevant concerns and intentions
Gives and receives feedback constructively
Confidently intervenes when important for safety
Demonstrates empathy and shows respect and tolerance for other people.
Engages others in planning and allocates activities fairly and appropriately according
to abilities
Addresses and resolves conflicts and disagreements in a constructive manner
Projects self-control in all situations
Problem Solving Accurately identifies risks Seeks accurate and adequate information from appropriate sources
and Decision and resolves problems. Identifies and verifies what and why things have gone wrong
Making Uses the appropriate Employ(s) proper problem-solving strategies
decision-making processes. Perseveres in working through problems without reducing safety
Uses appropriate and timely decision-making processes
Sets priorities appropriately
Identifies and considers options effectively.
Monitors, reviews, and adapts decisions as required
Identifies and manages risks effectively
Improvises when faced with unforeseeable circumstances to achieve the safest
outcome
Situation Perceives and Identifies and assesses accurately the state of the aircraft and its systems
Awareness comprehends all of the Identifies and assesses accurately the aircrafts vertical and lateral position, and its
relevant information anticipated flight path.
available and anticipates Identifies and assesses accurately the general environment as it may affect the
what could happen that may operation
affect the operation. Keeps track of time and fuel
Maintains awareness of the people involved in or affected by the operation and their
capacity to perform as expected
Anticipates accurately what could happen, plans and stays ahead of the situation
Develops effective contingency plans based upon potential threats
Identifies and manages threats to the safety of the aircraft and people.
Recognizes and effectively responds to indications of reduced situation awareness.
Workload Manages available Maintains self-control in all situations
Management resources efficiently to Plans, prioritizes and schedules tasks effectively
prioritize and perform tasks Manages time efficiently when carrying out tasks
in a timely manner under all Offers and accepts assistance, delegates when necessary and asks for help early
circumstances. Reviews, monitors and cross-checks actions conscientiously
Verifies that tasks are completed to the expected outcome
Manages and recovers from interruptions, distractions, variations and failures
effectively
In the context of Threat and Error Management (TEM), competencies serve as countermeasures.
(Appendix C)
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APPENDIX B
Instructor Training
The following is intended as an example of the integration of EBT focused training within an ab initio
instructor training program. The example describes only the relevant objectives and focus areas. It is
assumed that any ab-initio training course will develop the competencies described in ICAO Doc 9868
PANS-TRG Chapter 61.
General
The objective is to develop the ability to train aviation based knowledge and skills and attitudes, including
human factors.
By the end of the course instructor trainees will be able:
To learn how to make adequate preparation for the conduct of training.

To use different training techniques.
To learn how to develop effective relationships with trainees.
To clearly define the objectives of a training session.
To understand trainees needs & how they want to be trained.
To transfer information and key messages effectively and efficiently.
To manage a training session appropriately.
To understand the subject of human factors and behavior.
To learn how to manage CRM issues on training sessions.
To be able to manage difficult situations and people effectively.
To assess a trainees performance against a defined standard.
To recognize the importance of making accurate and timely progress reports.
To know how to continuously develop their own training skills.
To understand the knowledge, skills and attitudes of an effective trainer.
To understand learning processes and styles.
The course is intended to develop a clear but practical understanding of the learning process and the
critical importance of the role of an instructor in providing an effective environment, in addition to root cause
analysis, the use of facilitation techniques, and the assessment of outcomes using video role play and
live debriefing.
1
This refers to provisions introduced in amendment 2 of ICAO Doc 9868, PANS-TRG.
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Outline Footprint
Day 1 Day 2
Learning processes and styles Understanding behavior
Theory on how people learn, the process they go Understanding principles of behavior and why
through and the different ways that people prefer people behave in various situations.
to learn. Managing behavior
Training experiences Developing skills for managing difficult situations
Identifying the knowledge, skills and attitudes and people.
required of a trainer. Training preparation
Elements of effective training Learning what to consider and how to prepare for
Identifying and prioritizing what is important for training.
effective training. Body language
Communication Understanding the importance of body language
Recognizing the difficulty of communications, and and techniques for improving your capability in
developing skills for effective communications. this subject.
Day 3 Day 4
Human factors Facilitation
Understanding what human factors are and how Understanding the importance of facilitation and
they can be categorized. when the technique should be used.
Crew resources management Questioning
Introduction to EBT competencies and learning Understanding different types of questions and
how to assess a crew. when to use them.
Instruction Developing facilitation skills
Developing instructional skills. Exercises in facilitation.
Receiving and giving feedback.
Developing skills in how to receive and give
feedback.
Day 5
Issues specific to flight instruction
Identifying the issues specific to flight instruction
and how to manage them.
Common errors and problems
Being prepared for common errors and problems
associated with trainees and how to manage
them.
Report writing and data capture
Learning how to write adequate training reports.
Practical training exercises
Exercises to utilize all tools learnt during the
course including briefing, demonstration and
training, and debriefing.
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The following abbreviated course is intended as an example for instructors already qualified, prior to the
introduction of EBT. It is assumed that the instructor is already qualified and has been assessed as
competent according to ICAO Doc 9868 PANS-TRG Chapter 6.
Day 1 Day 2
Review of instructional techniques course Review of training techniques
Measure of understanding and refresher on Review of the differences between directed
learning from initial course. instruction and facilitation.
Trainee learning styles Situational training
Identifying the different trainee learning styles and Understanding how to adapt training to different
how to adapt. training situations.
Instructional skills Competency assessment and debriefing.
Developing instructional and briefing skills. Practice in competency assessment and
EBT Competencies debriefing using facilitation of real crew activities.
Full understanding of competencies, how they are
assessed and the grading process.
Competency assessment
Practice in assessing competencies.
Day 3
Competency assessment and debriefing.
Continued practice in competency assessment
and debriefing using facilitation.
Final exercises
Briefing, instruction and developing debriefing
skills including assessment of competencies.
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APPENDIX C
Threat and Error Management (TEM)
Introduction
Threat and error management (TEM) is a framework that practically integrates Human Factors into aviation
operations. It is not a revolutionary concept but it evolved gradually, as a consequence of the constant
drive to improve the margins of safety in aviation operations, through the practical integration of Human
Factors knowledge.
TEM developed as a product of the collective industry experience. This experience fostered the recognition
that past studies and operational consideration of human performance in aviation had largely overlooked
the most important factor influencing human performance in dynamic work environments. That is the
interaction between people and the operational context (i.e., organizational, regulatory and environmental
factors) within which people discharge their operational duties.
The recognition of the influence of the operational context in human performance further led to the
conclusion that study and consideration of human performance in aviation operations must not be an end in
itself. In regard to the improvement of margins of safety in aviation operations, the study and consideration
of human performance without context address only part of a larger issue. TEM therefore aims to provide a
principled approach to the broad examination of the dynamic and challenging complexities of the
operational context in human performance, for it is the influence of these complexities that generates
consequences directly affecting safety. TEM training is now embedded in ICAO SARPs as an intrinsic part
of Flight Crew Licensing requirements.
The TEM framework
TEM is a framework that assists in understanding, from an operational perspective, the inter-relationship
between safety and human performance in dynamic and challenging operational contexts.
The TEM framework focuses simultaneously on the operational context and the people undertaking
operational duties in such context. The framework is descriptive, practical and diagnostic of both human
and system performance. It is descriptive because it captures human and system performance in the
normal operational context, resulting in realistic descriptions. It is practical as pilots may use it intuitively
and is diagnostic because it allows quantifying the complexities of the operational context in relation to the
description of human performance in that context, and vice-versa.
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Threat
Threat Management Threat Linked

Inconsequential
(Diagnosis / Recovery) Incident / Accident
Threat Linked Spontaneous

Crew Error Crew Error
Error Management Additional

Inconsequential
(Diagnosis / Recovery) Crew Error
Crew error linked

Undesired Aircraft State
Undesired Aircraft State

Inconsequential Management
(Diagnosis / Recovery)
Crew Error Linked

Incident / Accident
The TEM framework can be used in several ways. As a safety analysis tool, the framework can focus on a
single event, as is the case with accident/incident analysis; or it can be used to understand systemic
patterns within a large set of events, as is the case with operational audits. It can be used as a licensing
tool, helping clarify human performance needs, strengths and vulnerabilities, allowing the definition of
competencies from a broader safety management perspective. Importantly the TEM framework can be
used as a training and assessment tool, both at an individual and systemic level. It can help an
organization improve the effectiveness of its training interventions, and consequently of its
organizational safeguards.
The components of the TEM framework
There are three basic components in the TEM framework from the perspective of flight crews. These are
threats, errors and undesired aircraft states. The framework proposes that threats and errors are part of
everyday aviation operations that must be managed by flight crews, since both threats and errors carry the
potential to generate undesired aircraft states. Flight crews must also manage undesired aircraft states,
since they carry the potential for unsafe outcomes. Undesired state management is an essential
component of the TEM framework, as important as threat and error management. Undesired aircraft state
management largely represents the last opportunity to avoid an unsafe outcome and thus maintain safety
margins in flight operations.
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a. Threats
Threats are defined as events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase
operational complexity, and which must be managed to maintain the margins of safety. During typical
flight operations, flight crews have to manage various contextual complexities. Such complexities would
include, for example, dealing with adverse meteorological conditions, airports surrounded by high
mountains, congested airspace, aircraft malfunctions, errors committed by other people outside of the
cockpit, such as air traffic controllers, flight attendants or maintenance workers, and so forth. The TEM
framework considers these complexities as threats because they all have the potential to negatively
affect flight operations by reducing margins of safety.
Some threats can be anticipated, since they are expected or known to the flight crew. For example,
flight crews can anticipate the consequences of a thunderstorm by briefing their actions in advance, or
prepare for a congested airport by ensuring that they keep a watchful eye for other aircraft during the
approach. Some threats can occur unexpectedly, such as an in-flight aircraft malfunction that happens
suddenly and without warning. In this case, flight crews must apply skills and knowledge acquired
through training and operational experience. Lastly, some threats may not be directly obvious to, or
observable by, flight crews immersed in the operational context, although they may be uncovered by
safety analyses. These are considered latent threats. Examples of latent threats include equipment
design issues, optical illusions, or shortened turn-around schedules.
Regardless of whether threats are expected, unexpected, or latent, one measure of the effectiveness of
a flight crews ability to manage threats is whether threats are detected with the necessary anticipation
to enable the flight crew to respond to them through deployment of appropriate countermeasures.
Threat management is a building block to error management and undesired aircraft state management.
The threat-error linkage is not necessarily straightforward and it is not possible to establish a linear
relationship, or one-to-one mapping between threats, errors and undesired states. However, archival
data demonstrates that mismanaged threats are normally linked to flight crew errors, which in turn are
oftentimes linked to undesired aircraft states. Threat management provides a highly proactive strategy
to maintain safety margins in flight operations by mitigating safety-compromising situations. As threat
managers, flight crews are the last line of defense to keep threats from impacting flight operations.
Table C-1 presents examples of threats, grouped under two basic categories derived from the TEM
framework. Environmental threats occur due to the environment in which flight operations take place.
Some environmental threats can be planned for and some will arise spontaneously, but they all have to
be managed by flight crews in real time. Organizational threats, on the other hand, can be controlled
(i.e., removed or, at least, minimized) at source by aviation organizations. Organizational threats are
usually latent in nature. Flight crews still remain the last line of defense, but there are earlier
opportunities for these threats to be mitigated by aviation organizations themselves.
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Environmental threats Organizational threats

Weather: thunderstorms, turbulence, icing, Operational pressure: delays, late
wind shear, cross/tailwind, very low/high arrivals, equipment changes.
temperatures.
Aircraft: aircraft malfunction, automation
ATC: traffic congestion, TCAS RA/TA, ATC event/anomaly, MEL/CDL.
command, ATC error, ATC language difficulty,
ATC non-standard phraseology, ATC runway Cabin: flight attendant error, cabin event
change, ATIS communication, units of distraction, interruption, cabin door
measurement (QFE/meters). security.
Airport: contaminated/short runway; Maintenance: maintenance event/error.

contaminated taxiway, lack of/confusing/ faded
signage/markings, birds, inoperative aids, Ground: ground handling event, de-icing,
complex surface navigation procedures, airport and ground crew error.
constructions.
Dispatch: dispatch paperwork event/error.
Terrain: High ground, slope, lack of
references, black hole. Documentation: manual error, chart error.
Other: similar call-signs. Other: crew scheduling event
Table C-1. Examples of threats
b. Errors
Errors are defined actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organizational or
flight crew intentions or expectations. Unmanaged and/or mismanaged errors frequently lead to
undesired aircraft states. Errors in the operational context reduce the margins of safety and increase
the probability of adverse events. They can be errors of commission or omission.
Errors can be linked to threats or be spontaneous (i.e., without direct linkage to specific, obvious
threats). They can also form part of an error chain. Examples of errors would include lapses in
handling, executing a wrong automation mode, failing to give a required callout, or misinterpreting an
ATC clearance. Regardless of the type of error, the effect on safety depends on whether the flight crew
detects and responds to the error before it leads to an undesired aircraft state and to a potential unsafe
outcome. This is why one of the objectives of TEM is to understand error management (i.e., detection
and response), rather than solely focusing on error causality (i.e., causation and commission). From
the safety perspective, operational errors that are detected, promptly responded to (i.e., properly
managed) and do not reduce margins of safety in flight operations become operationally
inconsequential. In addition to its safety value, proper error management represents an example of
successful human performance, presenting both learning and training value.
Capturing how errors are managed is more than capturing the prevalence of different types of error. It
is important to capture if and when errors are detected and by whom, the response(s) upon detecting
errors, and the outcome of errors. Some errors are quickly detected and resolved, thus becoming
operationally inconsequential, while others go undetected or are mismanaged. A mismanaged error is
defined as an error that is linked to or induces an additional error or undesired aircraft state.
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Table C-2 presents examples of errors, grouped under three basic categories derived from the TEM
framework. In the TEM concept, errors have to be observable and therefore, the TEM framework
uses the primary interaction as the point of reference for defining the error categories.
The TEM framework classifies errors based upon the primary interaction of the pilot or flight crew at the
moment the error is committed. Thus, in order to be classified as aircraft handling error, the pilot or
flight crew member must be interacting with the aircraft (e.g. through its controls, automation or
systems). In order to be classified as procedural error, the pilot or flight crew member must be
interacting with a procedure (e.g. checklists, SOPs, etc.). In order to be classified as communication
error, the pilot or flight crew member must be interacting with people (air traffic controller, ground crew,
other crew members, etc.).
Aircraft handling errors, procedural errors and communication errors may be unintentional or involve
intentional non-compliance. Similarly, proficiency considerations (i.e., skill or knowledge deficiencies,
training system deficiencies) may underlie all three categories of error. In order to keep the approach
simple and avoid confusion, the TEM framework does not consider intentional non-compliance and
proficiency as separate categories of error, but rather as sub-sets of the three major categories of error.
Manual handling/flight controls: vertical/lateral and/or speed

Aircraft handling errors
deviations, incorrect flaps/speedbrakes, thrust reverser or power
settings.
Automation: incorrect altitude, speed, heading, autothrottle
settings, incorrect mode executed, or incorrect entries.
Systems/radio/instruments: incorrect packs, incorrect anti-icing,
incorrect altimeter, incorrect fuel switches settings, incorrect speed
bug, incorrect radio frequency selected.
Ground navigation: attempting to turn down wrong taxiway/runway,
taxi too fast, failure to hold short, missed taxiway/runway.
SOPs: failure to cross-verify automation inputs.
Procedural errors
Checklists: wrong challenge and response; items missed, checklist
performed late or at the wrong time.
Callouts: omitted/incorrect callouts
Briefings: omitted briefings; items missed.
Documentation: wrong weight and balance, fuel information, ATIS,
or clearance information recorded, misinterpreted items on
paperwork; incorrect logbook entries, incorrect application of MEL
procedures.
Crew to external: missed calls, misinterpretations of instructions,
Communication errors
incorrect read-back, wrong clearance, taxiway, gate or runway
communicated.
Pilot to pilot: within crew miscommunication or misinterpretation
Table C-2. Examples of errors
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c. Undesired Aircraft States

Undesired aircraft states are defined as flight crew-induced aircraft position or speed deviations,
misapplication of flight controls, or incorrect systems configuration, associated with a reduction in
margins of safety. Undesired aircraft states that result from ineffective threat and/or error management
may lead to compromising situations and reduce margins of safety in flight operations. Often
considered at the cusp of becoming an incident or accident, undesired aircraft states must be managed
by flight crews.
Examples of undesired aircraft states would include lining up for the incorrect runway during approach
to landing, exceeding ATC speed restrictions during an approach, or landing long on a short landing
distance limited runway. Events such as equipment malfunctions or ATC controller errors can also
reduce margins of safety in flight operations, but these would be considered threats.
Undesired states can be managed effectively, restoring margins of safety, or flight crew response(s)
can induce an additional error, incident, or accident.
Table C-3 presents examples of undesired aircraft states, grouped under three basic categories
derived from the TEM framework.
Aircraft control (attitude).

Aircraft handling
Vertical, lateral or speed deviations.
Unnecessary weather penetration.
Unauthorized airspace penetration.
Operation outside aircraft limitations.
Unstable approach.
Continued landing after unstable approach.
Long, floated, firm or off-centerline landing.
Proceeding towards wrong taxiway/runway.
Ground navigation
Wrong taxiway, ramp, gate or hold spot
Incorrect systems configuration.

Incorrect aircraft configurations
Incorrect flight controls configuration.
Incorrect automation configuration.
Incorrect engine configuration.
Incorrect weight and balance configuration.
Table C-3. Examples of undesired aircraft states
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An important training point for flight crews is the timely switching from error management to undesired
aircraft state management. An example would be as follows: a flight crew selects a wrong approach in
the Flight Management Computer (FMC). The flight crew subsequently identifies the error during a
crosscheck prior to the Final Approach Fix (FAF). However, instead of reverting to a basic mode (e.g.
heading) or manually flying the desired track, both flight crew become involved in attempting to
reprogram the correct approach prior to reaching the FAF. As a result, the aircraft flies through the
localizer, descends late, and the approach becomes unstable. This would be an example of the flight
crew getting locked in to error management, rather than switching to undesired aircraft state
management. The use of the TEM framework assists in educating flight crews that, when the aircraft is
in an undesired state, the basic task of the flight crew is undesired aircraft state management instead of
error management. It also illustrates how easy it is to get locked in to the error management phase.
Also from a training perspective, it is important to establish a clear differentiation between undesired
aircraft states and outcomes. Undesired aircraft states are transitional states between a normal
operational state (i.e., a stabilized approach) and an outcome. Outcomes, on the other hand, are end
states, most notably, reportable occurrences (i.e., incidents and accidents). An example would be as
follows: a stabilized approach (normal operational state) turns into an unstable approach (undesired
aircraft state) that results in a runway excursion (outcome).
The training and remedial implications of this differentiation are of significance. While at the undesired
aircraft state stage, the flight crew has the possibility, through appropriate TEM, of recovering the
situation, returning to a normal operational state, thus restoring margins of safety. Once the undesired
aircraft state becomes an outcome, recovery of the situation, return to a normal operational state, and
restoration of margins of safety is not possible.
Countermeasures
Flight crews must, as part of their normal operational duties, employ countermeasures to keep threats,
errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing margins of safety in flight operations. Examples of
countermeasures would include checklists, briefings, call-outs and SOPs, as well as personal strategies
and tactics. Flight crews dedicate significant amounts of time and energies to the application of
countermeasures to ensure margins of safety during flight operations. Empirical observations during
training and checking suggest that, as much as 70% of flight crew activities may be countermeasures-
related activities.
All countermeasures are necessarily flight crew actions. However, some countermeasures to threats, errors
and undesired aircraft states that flight crews employ builds upon hard resources provided by the aviation
system. These resources are already in place in the system before flight crews report for duty, and are
therefore considered as systemic-based countermeasures. The following would be examples of hard
resources that flight crews employ as systemic-based countermeasures:
Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS);
Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS),
Standard operation procedures (SOPs);
Checklists;
Briefings;
Training.
76
Other countermeasures are more directly related to the human contribution to the safety of flight operations.
These are personal strategies and tactics, individual and team countermeasures, that typically include
canvassed skills, knowledge and attitudes developed by human performance training, most notably, by
Crew Resource Management (CRM) training. There are basically three categories of individual and team
countermeasures:
Planning countermeasures: essential for managing anticipated and unexpected threats;
Execution countermeasures: essential for error detection and error response;
Review countermeasures: essential for managing the changing conditions of a flight.
Enhanced TEM is the product of the combined use of systemic-based and individual and team
countermeasures, such as the behavioral indicators listed in Appendix A. Table C-4 expands the 3
categories of countermeasures.
SOP Briefing The required briefing was interactive and operationally thorough
Plans stated Operational plans and decisions were communicated and
acknowledged
Workload assignment Roles and responsibilities were defined for normal and non-normal
situations
Contingency management Crew members developed effective strategies to manage threats to
safety
Monitor / cross-check Crew members actively monitored and cross-checked systems and
other crew members
Workload management Operational tasks were prioritized and properly managed to handle
primary flight duties
Automation management Automation was properly managed to balance situational and/or
workload requirements
Evaluation/modification of plans Existing plans were reviewed and modified when necessary
Inquiry Crew members asked questions to investigate and/or clarify current
plans of action
Assertiveness Crew members stated critical information and/or solutions with
appropriate persistence
Table C-4. Examples of individual and team countermeasures
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APPENDIX D
Example EBT Module
This Appendix contains an example EBT module. The following abbreviations are used exclusively in this
example and are in addition to the list of abbreviations in the glossary of terms. The abbreviations used in
METARs are not listed below.
AFS Auto flight system

ALT Altitude
AP Autopilot
ATH Autothrottle
BLW Below
BRK Break
Btw Between
CB Cumulonimbus
CFM/IAE (CFM or IAE engines)
CL Centre line
C-P Cockpit preparation
CRZ Cruise
DH Decision height
EFATO Engine failure at take-off
Eng Engine
EVAL Evaluation
FD Flight director
FOB Fuel on board
GP Glide Path
GW Gross weight
ILS Instrument landing system
LHS Left hand seat
LO PR Low pressure
OEI One engine inoperative
P-B Push-back
PROB Problem
RHS Right hand seat
RTO Rejected take-off
R-V Radar Vector
SBT Scenario-based training
SCM Senior cabin crew member
T/L Thrust levers
T/O, T-O Take-off
TOD Top of Descent
TURB Turbulence
TXI Taxi
VIS Visual (approach)
Vstall Stall speed
WV weather
YYYY36 (designates an aerodrome and runway)
ZFW Zero fuel weight
78
79
80
DISPATCH WITH MEL ITEM (MEL DISPATCH)

Description:
(TODO) Description of DISPATCH WITH MEL ITEM
References:
(TODO) References of DISPATCH WITH MEL ITEM
Competencies:
Application of procedures
***
HIGH ALTITUDE UPSET (HIGH ALT UPSET)

Description:
(TODO) Description of HIGH ALTITUDE UPSET
References:
(TODO) References of HIGH ALTITUDE UPSET
Competencies:
Communication
Flight path management, manual control
Situation awareness
***
GO-AROUND
Description:
Go-around, all engines operative
References:
(TODO) References of GO-AROUND
Competencies:
***
TYRE BURST/DEFLATION ABOVE 100KT (TYRE PROB >100KT)

Description:
(TODO) Description of TYRE BURST/DEFLATION ABOVE 100KT
References:
(TODO) References of TYRE BURST/DEFLATION ABOVE 100KT
Competencies:
Situation awareness
Workload management
***
81
FUEL LEAK
Description:
(TODO) Description of FUEL LEAK
References:
(TODO) References of FUEL LEAK
Competencies:
Leadership and teamwork
Situation awareness
***
REJECTED TAKEOFF HIGH SPEED (HIGH SPEED RTO)

Description:
From initiation of take-off to complete stop (or as applicable to procedure)
References:
(TODO) References of REJECTED TAKEOFF HIGH SPEED
Competencies:
***
FAILURE OF CRITICAL ENGINE BETWEEN V1 & V2 (EFATO)

Description:
Failure of a critical engine from V1 and before reaching V2 in lowest CAT I visibility conditions
The maneuver is considered to be complete at a point when aircraft is stabilized at normal engine-out climb
speed with the correct pitch and lateral control, in trim condition and, as applicable, autopilot engagement
References:
(TODO) References of FAILURE OF CRITICAL ENGINE BETWEEN V1 & V2
Competencies:
Maintains correct pitch after take-off
***
ENGINE-OUT ILS APPROACH (OEI ILS APP)

Description:
With a critical engine failed, manually flown normal precision approach to DA without visual reference
References:
(TODO) References of ENGINE-OUT ILS APPROACH
Competencies:
***
82
ENGINE OUT GO-AROUND (OEI GA)

Description:
With a critical engine failed, manually flown go-around, the whole maneuver to be flown without visual
reference
The maneuver is considered to be complete at a point when aircraft is stabilized at normal engine-out climb
speed with the correct pitch and lateral control, in trim condition and, as applicable, autopilot engagement*
(describe generally critical part of maneuver)
References:
(TODO) References of ENGINE OUT GO-AROUND
Competences:
***
ENGINE-OUT LANDING (OEI LDG)

Description:
With a critical engine failed, normal landing
References:
(TODO) References of ENGINE-OUT LANDING
Competences:
***
GO AROUND HIGH ENERGY (GA HIGH ENERGY)
Description:
High energy, initiation during the approach at 150 to 300 m (500 to 1000 ft) below the missed approach
level off altitude
References:
(TODO) References of GO AROUND HIGH ENERGY
Competencies:
***
GO-AROUND AT MINIMA (GA AT DH)
Description:
(TODO) Description of GO-AROUND AT MINIMA
References:
(TODO) References of GO-AROUND AT MINIMA
Competencies:
***
83
VISUAL APPROACH
Description:
(TODO) Description of VISUAL APPROACH
References:
(TODO) References of VISUAL APPROACH
Competences:
***
84
85
86
Trainee Signature: Instructor Signature:

Trainee_1 (Captain) Name: Date:
Instructor Name:
Assessment Level: Session Phase / Competency

VISUAL APPROACH
1 2 3 4 5
Communication
1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5
Situation awareness
1 2 3 4 5
Workload management
1 2 3 4 5
EBT MANOEUVERS
1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5
87
Trainee Signature: Instructor Signature:

Trainee_2 (First Officer) Name: Date:
Instructor Name:

VISUAL APPROACH
1 2 3 4 5
Communication
1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5
Situation awareness
1 2 3 4 5
Workload management
1 2 3 4 5
88
89
IN SEAT INSTRUCTION (ISI)
Description:
Instructor as PF flies short SID and radar vectored ILS app. Instructor to fly according to a precise scripted
scenario which introduces certain errors, e.g.
- T/O removes hand from T/L at 100kts instead of V1
- Noise abatement dep calls for flap at thrust reduction altitude
- Fails to obviously take action to avoid CB ahead
- During radar vectors does not take up new heading
- Calls for flap above limiting speed
- Late capture of CL on approach with resulting over bank
- Flies marginal stable approach
- Deviations from CL and GP
- Speed excursions on approach
- High pitch during flare
References:
(TODO) References of NEW EXERCISE
***
LOW ALTITUDE STALL RECOVERY IN DEGRADED FLIGHT CONTROL LAW (STALL

RECOVERY)
Description:
EXERCISE DESCRIPTION
STANDARD VISUAL CIRCUIT
- Autothrottle disarmed and and envelope protections de-activated:
- Establish the aircraft in a visual pattern, in downwind, abeam the runway in the first slat/flap setting to
commence the standard visual circuit as per operating instructions
- Perform a visual pattern and configure the aircraft in accordance with the Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP).
APPROACH TO STALL / STALL

- When commencing the base turn, request the trainee to reduce thrust to idle, maintain the current
altitude and continue the approach visually.
- Continue to configure the aircraft in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).
STALL RECOVERY
- As soon as any stall indications are recognized (e.g. stick shaker, buffet, etc.) the trainee must apply
the actions as stated in operating instructions
- After recovery from the stall, stop the exercise.
- Both trainees should practice the given exercise as PF
Note: observe FSTD limitations and unless certified, avoid flight below Vstall
References:
(TODO) References of NEW EXERCISE
90
91
92
Trainee_1 (Captain) Name: Date:

Instructor Name:

EBT SBT
1 2 3 4 5
Communication
1 2 3 4 5
Flight path management, automation

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5
Workload management
1 2 3 4 5
Trainee Signature: ________________________________
Instructor Signature: ______________________________
93
APPENDIX E
Malfunction Clustering
Example Analyses for malfunction clustering
There are 2 examples in this Appendix demonstrating the outcome of the process described in Section 2,
paragraph 3: the first for the Boeing 747-400 and the second for the Airbus A330-200. The examples are
for reference and demonstration only, and not to be used. Operators should consult with their respective
aircraft OEMs to determine lists to be used for their fleets.
94
B747-4
Loss of Instruments
DegradesAircraft
Management of
Consequences
Complexity
Immediacy
Control
ATA Chapter Non-Normal Checklist
0 Ditching X
1 Automatic Unlock X
1 Door Aft Cargo X
1 Door Bulk Cargo X
1 Door Elec Main, Ctr X
1 Door Entry L, R 1,2,3,4,5 X
1 Door F/D Ovhd X
1 Door Fwd Cargo X
1 Door, L,R Upper Deck X
1 Door Nose Cargo X
1 Door Side Cargo X
1 Door U/D Flt Lk X
1 Doors Elec X
1 Doors Entry L, R X
1 Doors UPR Deck X
1 Lock Fail
1 Passenger Oxygen On
1 Window Damage X X
2 Cabin Altitude Warning or Rapid Depressurization X X
2 Bleed Duct Leak L,C,R X X
2 Bld 1,2,3,4 OVHT/PRV X
2 Bleed 1,2,3,4 X
2 Cabin Altitude Auto X X
2 Equipment Cooling X X
2 Landing Alt
2 Outflow VLV L,R
2 Pack 1,2,3
2 Pack Control X
2 Press Relief
2 Temp Cargo Heat X
2 Temp Zone
3 Heat L,R, AOA X
3 Heat L, R TAT X
3 Heat P/S Capt, F/O X
3 Heat P/S L,R Aux
3 Heat Window L, R
3 NAI Valve 1,2,3,4 X
3 WAI Valve Left, Right X
4 Autopilot Disc
4 Autothrottle Disc
4 No Autoland
4 No Land 3
5 Radio Transmit Continuous (Stuck Microphone)
6 Elec AC Bus 1,2,3,4 X X X
6 Elec Drive 1,2,3,4
6 Elec Gen Off 1,2,3,4
6 Elec Util bus L, R
7 Aborted Engine Start X
95
Examples of malfunction characteristics analysis, Airbus A330-200
1 EBT SYSTEM MALFUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS
EWD WARNING COLOR
Specific A/C Standard

or specific equipment
WARNING LVL (1/2/3)
or No EWD Warning)
(Select: R/A/G/C/W
,M/L,SD page
Sound,Voice
AIRCRAFT CONTROL
INSTRUMENTATION
DEGRADATION OF
MANAGEMENT OF
CONSEQUENCES
NEW REVISION
(Select: R/N/_)
COMPLEXITY
IMMEDIACY
LOSS OF
ID FWC REF - Date ATA WARNING TITLE
A330 FWC Std T3 CRC WARN

1 _ ATA 24 - ELECTRICAL POWER ELEC EMER CONFIG R 3 Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09 ELEC A
A330 FWC Std T3

2 _ ATA 26 - FIRE PROTECTION SMOKE AVNCS VENT SMOKE R 3 CRC WARN Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

3 _ ATA 34 - NAVIGATION NAV IR 1+2 FAULT A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

6 _ ATA 34 - NAVIGATION NAV IR DISAGREE A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

7 _ ATA 34 - NAVIGATION NAV ADR 1+2+3 FAULT R 3 CRC WARN Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

8 _ ATA 34 - NAVIGATION NAV ADR DISAGREE A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09

9 _ ATA 70 - POWER PLANT ENG ALL ENG FLAME OUT R 3 Y Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09 ENG
SC CAUT
A330 FWC Std T3 ATA 30 - ICE AND RAIN
10 _ A.ICE ALL PITOT HEAT A 2 N Y Y Y Y
Nov 01/09 PROTECTION
A330 FWC Std T3

11 _ ATA 34 - NAVIGATION NAV ADR 1+2 FAULT A 2 SC CAUT Y N Y Y Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3 SC CAUT

14 _ ATA 24 - ELECTRICAL POWER ELEC DC ESS BUS FAULT A 2 N Y N Y Y
Nov 01/09 ELEC DC

15 _ A.ICE CAPT+F/O PITOT HEAT A 2 SC CAUT N Y N Y Y

16 _ A.ICE CAPT+STBY PITOT HEAT A 2 SC CAUT N Y N Y Y

17 _ A.ICE F/O+STBY PITOT HEAT A 2 SC CAUT N Y N Y Y

18 _ ATA 24 - ELECTRICAL POWER ELEC DC ESS BUS SHED (OPER) A 2 N N N Y Y
Nov 01/09 ELEC DC

19 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL L ELEV FAULT A 2 Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09 F/CTL

20 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL R ELEV FAULT A 2 Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09 F/CTL

21 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL L+R ELEV FAULT R 3 Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09 F/CTL

22 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL STAB CTL FAULT A 2 Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09 F/CTL
A330 FWC Std T3

23 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL FLAPS FAULT A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

24 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL SLATS FAULT A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09
A330 FWC Std T3

25 _ ATA 27 - FLIGHT CONTROLS F/CTL DIRECT LAW A 2 SC CAUT Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09

26 _ ATA 29 - HYDRAULIC POWER HYD G + Y SYS LO PR R 3 Y Y Y N Y
Nov 01/09 HYD
96
EBT System Malfunction Characteristics
Total
1 2 3 4
Number
System
738 255 125 41 9
Failures
Abnormal
19 15 13 6 0
Procedures
Results of the Airbus A330-200 analysis listing malfunctions with 1, 2, 3 and 4 characteristics
Characteristic Total Number

Management of Consequences 229
Immediacy 107
Complexity 68
Degradation of Controls 29
Loss of Instrumentation 18
Airbus A330-200 total numbers of malfunctions with defined EBT characteristics
97
APPENDIX F
Baseline Program Priorities
Background Prioritization
Prioritization of the training topics is probably the most important result from the EBT data analysis. It is a
key part in the process for translating data into useful events and scenarios to assess and develop pilot
performance in recurrent training programs. This result is the first rigorous attempt to rank parameters such
as threats, errors and competencies, along with factors affecting accidents and serious incidents, from
multiple data sources systematically to formulate a recurrent training program.
The exercise shows the feasibility of collecting an adequate set of operational and training data; developing
the necessary methods to analyze that data, while corroborating results to produce a criticality ranking of
training topics. The prioritization process occurs for each of the 6 generations of aircraft by ordering critical
parameters so as to highlight differences and commonality. There is sufficient flexibility in the process to
allow enhancement according to mission, culture and type of aircraft. The data in the process are also used
as material to build scenarios for use in recurrent assessment and training conducted in an FSTD qualified
for the purpose according to the Manual of Criteria for the Qualification of Flight Simulation Training
Devices (Doc 9625), Volume I Aeroplanes.
The process used is transparent and repeatable and results in a unique prioritization, according to aircraft
generation. Three levels of priority A, B and C were used to determine the frequency of pilot exposure to
the defined training topics within a 3-year rolling recurrent training program (see Section 7, paragraph 3).
Most of the data referred to in this report has been analyzed and are contained within the Evidence Table,
and the EBT Accident and Incident Study. The Evidence Table consists of data from multiple sources and
has the capability to sort as well as corroborate analytical results. It represents a robust set of evidence and
it is a primary tool used in determining results. The EBT Accident and Incident Study has 3045 reports
feeding the analysis, making it comprehensive as well as sensitive in developing prioritization of results and
discriminating by aircraft generation. Prioritization of training topics by generation uses both of these tools.
In some cases, depending on the data, the assessment and training topics are drawn from both sources, or
from the Evidence Table alone or from the Accident and Incident Study alone. While the prioritization itself
results from an algorithmic process, all analytical results were provided to the EBT Project Group
comprising training experts and professionals in training scenario creation. Their utilization of the results
served as an experiential validation.
Any set of historical data is necessarily finite. Using these data assumes a large set of experience will have
strong predictive validity even though the environment is constantly changing. These challenges were
accepted because statistical and quality control principles were adhered to and, more importantly, the
results from data analysis were applied in the context of professional experience and expertise.
For the creation of the EBT recurrent training program defined in this manual, a cautious approach was
taken, and the suggested frequency of training is higher than the results indicate unless the corroborating
data is very strong. An example of this could be illustrated in the EBT Accident and Incident Study where
the data imply different training frequency in adjacent generations. If the data are quite strong in the
generation that demands more training, the training category in the adjacent generation is upgraded.
98
Operational and training data from multiple sources indicate that pilots operating the more modern
generation aircraft take less time to achieve competence in the performance of certain maneuvers. Modern
generation aircraft are also more complex, and pilots have more to learn for achieving a defined level of
competency to operate. While the number of assessment and training topics is slightly fewer in early
aircraft generations, the training time in the FTSD should be largely the same.
Summary of training topics
The following table represents the lists of training topics derived from data analysis, to which have been
added topics that, despite not being indicated by significant data, were considered to be an important facet
of a recurrent assessment and training program. These are highlighted in grey.
Generation 4 Jets
Adverse weather Adverse wind ATC

Automation management Aircraft system malfunction Engine failure
Competencies non-technical (CRM) Aircraft System management Fire and smoke management
Gen4 Jet Training Topics
Compliance Approach, visibility close to minimum Loss of communications

Error management Landing Managing loading, fuel, performance errors
Go-Around management Runway or taxiway condition Navigation
A Manual aircraft control B Surprise C Operations or type specific

Mismanaged aircraft state Terrain Pilot incapcitation
Monitoring & cross-checking Workload, distraction, pressure Traffic
Unstable approach Upset recovery
Windshear recovery
Generation 3 Jets
Adverse weather Adverse wind ATC

Automation management Aircraft system malfunction Engine failure
Competencies non-technical (CRM) Aircraft system management Fire and smoke management
Compliance Approach, visibility close to minimum Loss of communications

Error management Landing Managing loading, fuel, performance errors
Go-Around management Surprise Navigation
A Manual aircraft control B Windshear recovery C Operations or type specific

Mismanaged aircraft state Workload, distraction, pressure Pilot incapcitation
Monitoring & cross-checking Runway or taxiway condition
Unstable approach Terrain
Traffic
Upset recovery
99
Generation 3 Turboprops
Adverse weather Aircraft system malfunctions Adverse wind

Automation management Aircraft system management Engine Failure
Gen3 Turboprop Training Topics
Competencies non-technical (CRM) Approach, visibility close to minimum Fire and smoke management
Compliance Landing Loss of communications
Error management Surprise Managing loading, fuel, performance errors
Go-Around management Terrain Navigation
A Manual aircraft control B Upset recovery C Operations or type specific

Unstable approach Traffic
Windshear recovery
Generation 2 Jets
Adverse weather Adverse wind Loss of communications

Approach, visibility close to minimum Aircraft system malfunction Managing loading, fuel, performance errors
Automation management Compliance Navigation
Competencies non-technical (CRM) Engine Failure Operations or type specific

Error management Fire and smoke management Pilot incapcitation
Go-Around management Landing Runway or taxiway condition
A Manual aircraft control B Mismanaged aircraft state C Terrain

Monitoring & cross-checking Surprise Traffic
Unstable approach Windshear recovery Upset recovery
Generation 2 Turboprops
Adverse weather Aircraft system malfunctions Adverse wind

Automation management Aircraft system management Engine Failure
Gen3 Turboprop Training Topics
Competencies non-technical (CRM) Approach, visibility close to minimum Fire and smoke management
Compliance Landing Loss of communications
Error management Surprise Managing loading, fuel, performance errors
Go-Around management Terrain Navigation
A Manual aircraft control B Upset recovery C Operations or type specific

Unstable approach Traffic
Windshear recovery
For a full explanation of how this information was derived please see the Data Report for Evidence-Based
Training on the ITQI website: www.iata.org/itqi.
100
APPENDIX G
Training Program Development Guidance Generation 4 (Jet)
1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides the recurrent assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the fourth
generation. A list of such aeroplanes is in the Background section sub-paragraph 3. Aircraft Generations
Using the data of the matrix, operators can develop recurrent training programs based on the EBT concept.
It is imperative that the guidance in this manual be well understood by developers of an EBT program.
2 ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING MATRIX
The assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the fourth generation is contained in the
remaining pages of this Appendix.
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Generation 4 Jet - Recurrent Assessment and Training Matrix Competency map
Engine failure after the application of take- From initiation of take-off to complete stop (or as
Rejected take-Off A TO
off thrust and before reaching V1, applicable to procedure)
x x
The manoeuvre is considered to be complete at a point
Failure of a critical engine from V1 and
Failure of critical engine when aircraft is stabilised at normal engine-out climb
between V1 & V2 A TO before reaching V2 in lowest CAT I
speed with the correct pitch and lateral control, in trim
x x
visibility conditions
condition and, as applicable, autopilot engagement
Failure of a critical engine from V1 and The manoeuvre is considered to be complete at a point
Manoeuvres Training Phase
Failure of critical engine

between V1 & V2 B TO before reaching V2 in lowest CAT I when aircraft is stabilised in a clean configuration with x x
visibility conditions Demonstrates manual aircraft control skills engine-out procedures completed
with smoothness and accuracy as The manoeuvre is considered to be completed once the
Initiation of emergency descent from
Emergency descent C CRZ
normal cruise altitude
appropriate to the situation aircraft is stabilised in emergency descent configuration x x x
Detects deviations through instrument (and profile)
scanning This manoeuvre should be flown from intercept to
With a critical engine failed, manually flown Maintains spare mental capacity during centreline until acceleration after go-around. The
normal precision approach to DA, followed manual aircraft control manoeuvre is considered to be complete at a point when
Engine-out approach & go-
around A APP by manually flown go-around, the whole Maintains the aircraft within the flight aircraft is stabilised at normal engine-out climb speed with x x
manoeuvre to be flown without visual envelope the correct pitch and lateral control, in trim condition and,
reference Applies knowledge of the relationship as applicable, autopilot engagement* (describe generally
between aircraft attitude, speed and thrust critical part of manoeuvre)
High energy, initiation during the approach at 150 to 300 m
Go-around A APP Go-around, all engines operative (500 to 1000 ft) below the missed approach level off x x x
altitude
Go-around, all engines operative followed Initiation of go-around from DA followed by visual circuit
Go-around A APP
by visual circuit, manually flown and landing
x x x
Go-around A APP Go-around, all engines operative During flare/rejected landing x x x

Initiation in a stablilised engine-out configuration from not
Engine-out landing A LDG With a critical engine failed, normal landing
less than 3 nm final approach, until completion of roll out
x x
Predictive windshear warning before take-off, as

GND
applicable
x x x
Evaluation & Scenario Based Training Phases
Adverse weather scenario, e.g. thunderstorm activity,

TO
precipitation, icing
x x x x
TO Windshear encounter during take-off, not predictive x x x
TO Predictive windshear warning during take-off x x x x
TO Crosswinds with or without strong gusts on take-off x x
CRZ Windshear encounter scenario during cruise x x x x x
Anticipate adverse weather
Thunderstorm, heavy rain, turbulence, ice
APP
build up to include de-icing issues, as well
Prepare for suspected adverse weather Reactive windshear warning during approach or go-around x x x x
Recognise adverse weather
Adverse Weather A APP
as high temperature conditions.
Take appropriate action
Predictive windshear warning during approach or go-
x x x x
The proper use of use of anti-ice and de- around
Apply appropriate procedure correctly
icing systems should be included generally Thunderstorm encounter during approach or on missed
APP Assure aircraft control x x x
in appropriate scenarios. approach
APP Increasing tailwind on final (not reported) x x x x
Approach and landing in demanding weather conditions,
APP e.g. turbulence, up and downdrafts, gusts and crosswinds x x x
incl. shifting wind directions
Non-precision approach in cold temperature conditions,
APP requiring altitude compensation for temperature, as x x x
applicable to type
APP, Crosswinds with or without strong gusts on approach, final

LDG and landing (within and beyond limits)
x x x
Reduced visibility even after acquiring the necessary

APP
visual reference during approach, due to rain or fog
x x x
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ACAS warning, recovery and subsequent engagement of
ALL
automation
x x
FMS tactical programming issues, e.g. step climb, runway

ALL changes, late clearances, destination re-programming, x x
executing diversion
Recoveries from TAWS, management of energy state to
ALL
restore automated flight
x x x
Knows how and when to use flight
management system(s), guidance and Amendments to ATC cleared levels during altitude
ALL automation capture modes, to force mode awareness and intervention
x x x
Demonstrates correct methods for
Late ATC clearance to an altitude below acceleration
TO The purpose of this topic is to encourage engagement and disengagement of auto x x x
and develop effective flight path flight system(s) altitude
TO, management through proficient and Demonstrates appropriate use of flight
APP appropriate use of flight management guidance, auto thrust and other automation Engine-out special terrain procedures x x x
system(s), guidance and automation systems Forcing AP disconnect followed by re engagement,
CRZ including transitions between Maintains mode awareness of auto flight recovery from low or high speed events in cruise
x x x x
modes, monitoring, mode awareness and system(s), including engagement and
Automation Engine failure in cruise to onset of descent using
A CRZ vigilance and flexibility needed to change automatic transitions x x
management from one mode to another. Included in this Reverts to different modes when automation
topic is the means of mitigating errors appropriate
CRZ Emergency descent x x
described as: Detects deviations from the desired aircraft
DES, mishandled auto flight systems, state (flight path, speed, attitude, thrust, Managing high energy descent capturing descent path
APP inappropriate mode selection, flight from above (correlation with unstable app training)
x x x
etc.) and takes appropriate action.
management system(s) and autopilot No ATC clearance received prior to commencement of
APP
usage. Anticipate mishandled auto flight system approach or final descent
x x x
Recognise mishandled auto flight system. Reactive windshear and recovery from the consequent
APP Take appropriate action if necessary high energy state
x x x
Restore correct auto flight state
Non precision or infrequently flown approaches using the

APP Identify and manage consequences
maximum available level of automation
x x
APP Gear malfunction during approach x x x

ATC clearances to waypoints beyond programmed
descent point for a coded final descent point during an
APP
approach utilising a final descent that is commanded by
x x x
the flight management system.
Communication:
Demonstrates effective use of language,
responsiveness to feedback and that plans
are stated and ambiguities resolved.
Leadership and teamwork:
Uses appropriate authority to ensure focus
This encapsulates communication; on the task. Supports others in completing GPS failure prior to commencement of approach
APP
leadership and teamwork; problem solving tasks. associated with position drift and a terrain alert
x x x
and decision making; situation awareness; Problem solving & decision making:
Competencies workload management. Detects deviations from the desired state,
evaluates problems, identifies risk,
non-technical A Emphasis should be placed on the considers alternatives and selects the best
(CRM) development of leadership, shown by EBT course of action. Continuously reviews
data sources to be a highly effective progress and adjust plans.
competency in mitigating risk and Situation awareness:
improving safety through pilot performance Has an awareness of the aircraft state in its
environment; projects and anticipates
Cabin crew report of water noise below the forward galley
changes.
DESC
Workload management:
indicating a possible toilet pipe leak, with consequent x x x
avionics failures
Prioritises, delegates and receives
Smoke removal but combined with a diversion until landing
CRZ assistance to maximise focus on the task.
completed.
x x x x x
Continuously monitors the flight progress.
ACAS warning immediately following a go-around, with a
CRZ
descent manoeuvre required.
x x x x x
Compliance failure. Consequences of not Recognise that a compliance failure has The following are examples of potential compliance
complying with operating instructions (e.g. occurred failures, and not intended to be developed as scenarios
SOP). Make a verbal announcement as part of an EBT Module:
This is not intended to list scenarios, but Take appropriate action if necessary
instructors should ensure that observed Restore safe flightpath if necessary 1. Requesting flap beyond limit speed
non-compliances are taken as learning Manage consequences 2. Flaps or slats in the wrong position for phase of flight or
opportunities throughout the programme. approach
In all modules of the programme, the 3. Omitting an action as part of a procedure Intentionally blank
Compliance A ALL FSTD should as far as possible be treated 4. Failing to initiate or complete a checklist
like an aircraft, and non-compliances 5. Using the wrong checklist for the situation
should not be accepted simply for
expediency.
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Adverse weather scenario leading to a reactive windshear
APP
warning during approach
x x x x
Adverse weather scenario leading to a predictive

APP Any threat or error which can result in
windshear warning during approach or go-around
x x x x
circumstances which require a decision to
go-around, in addition to the execution of Adverse weather scenario, e.g. thunderstorm activity,
APP the go-around. Go-around scenarios heavy precipitation or icing forcing decision at or close to x x x x
should be fully developed to encourage DA/MDA
effective leadership and teamwork, in DA with visual reference in heavy precipitation with doubt
APP addition to problem solving and decision about runway surface braking capability
x x x x
making, plus execution using manual
Adverse wind scenario resulting in increasing tailwind
APP aircraft control or flight management x x x
Go-around system(s) and automation as applicable.
below DA (not reported)
A Adverse wind scenario including strong gusts and/or
management APP Design should include the element of
crosswind out of limits below DA (not reported)
x x x
surprise and scenario-based go-arounds
should not be predictable and anticipated. Adverse wind scenario including strong gusts and/or
APP
crosswind out of limits below 15 m (50 ft) (not reported)
x x x
This topic is completely distinct from the
go-around manoeuvre listed in the Lost of difficult communications resulting in no approach
APP manoeuvres training section that is clearance prior to commencement of approach or final x x x
intended only to practice psychomotor skill descent
and a simple application of the procedures. Birds, large flocks of birds below DA once visual
APP
reference has been established
x x x
System malfunction, landing gear malfunction during the
APP
approach
Flight with unreliable airspeed, which may be recoverable
ALL
or not recoverable
x x x
Alternate flight control modes according to malfunction

ALL
characteristics
x x x
ALL ACAS RA to descend or ATC immediate descent x x x

TAWS warning when deviating from planned descent
DES
routing, requiring immediate response
x x x
Scenario immediately after take-off which requires an

TO
immediate and overweight landing
x x x x
Adverse wind, crosswinds with or without strong gusts on
TO
take-off
x x
Adverse weather, windshear, windshear encounter during

TO
take-off, with or without reactive warnings
x x x
Engine failure during initial climb, typically 30-60 m (100-

TO
200 ft)
x x x x
Windshear encounter scenario during cruise, significant
CRZ
Desired competency outcome:
and rapid change in windspeed or down/updrafts, without x x x x x
windshear warning
Demonstrates manual aircraft control skills
with smoothness and accuracy as
Adverse weather, windshear, windshear encounter with or
APP appropriate to the situation
without warning during approach
x x x x
The competency description is "Maintains Detects deviations through instrument
Manual aircraft control of the aircraft in order to assure the scanning Adverse weather, deterioration in visibility or cloud base,
A APP successful outcome of a procedure or Maintains spare mental capacity during
x x x x x x x
control manoeuvre." manual aircraft control
or adverse wind, requiring a go-around from visual circling
approach, during the visual segment
Maintains the aircraft within the flight
APP, envelope Adverse wind, crosswinds with or without strong gusts on
LDG Applies knowledge of the relationship approach, final and landing (within and beyond limits)
x x x
between aircraft attitude, speed and thrust
Adverse weather, adverse wind, approach and landing in
APP, demanding weather conditions, e.g. turbulence, up and
LDG downdrafts, gusts and crosswinds incl. shifting wind
x x x
directions
Circling approach at night in minimum in-flight visibility to

APP,
ensure ground reference, minimum environmental lighting
LDG
and no glide slope guidance lights
Runway incursion during approach, which can be triggered

APP,
LDG
by ATC at various altitudes or by visual contact during the x x x
landing phase
Adverse wind, visibility, type specific, special

LDG consideration for long bodied aircraft, landing in minimum x x x x
visibility for visual reference, with crosswind
System malfunction, auto flight failure at DA during a low

LDG visibility approach requiring a go-around flown manually. x x x x
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Instructor role-play
ALL Deviations from the flight path, in pitch attitude, speed, x x
altitude, bank angle
Developed scripted role-play scenarios
encompassing the need to monitor flight Instructor role-play:
path excursions from the instructor pilot Simple automation errors (e.g.
(PF), detect errors and make appropriate incorrect mode selection, attempted engagement without
ISI ALL interventions, either verbally or by taking the necessary conditions, entering wrong altitude or x x
speed, failure to execute the desired mode) culminating in
Monitoring, cross control as applicable. The scenarios Recognise mismanaged aircraft state.
a need for direct intervention from the PM, and where
should be realistic and relevant, and are for Take appropriate action if necessary
checking, error the purpose of demonstration and Restore desired aircraft state necessary taking control.
A
management, reinforcement of effective flight path Identify and manage consequences Instructor role-play
monitoring. Demonstrated role-play should
mismanaged APP Unstable approach or speed/path/vertical rate not x x x x
contain realistic and not gross errors, congruent with required state for given flight condition
aircraft state leading at times to a mismanaged aircraft
state, which can also be combined with Instructor role-play
upset management training. Demonstration exercise - recovery from bounced landing,
LDG adverse wind, strong gusts during landing phase, resulting x x x
in a bounce and necessitating recovery action from the
PM
ATC or terrain related environment creating a high energy

DES,
APP
descent with the need to capture the optimum profile to x x x
complete the approach in a stabilised configuration
DES,
APP
Reinforce stabilised approach philosophy descent leading to unstable conditions and requiring a go- x x x
and adherence to defined parameters. around
Unstable Encourage go-arounds when crews are Approach and landing in demanding weather conditions,
A APP outside these parameters. Develop and e.g. turbulence, up and downdrafts, gusts and crosswinds x x x
approach sustain competencies related to the incl. shifting wind directions
management of high energy situations
x x x
TO Take-off with different crosswind/tailwind/gust conditions x x
TO Take-off with unreported tailwind x x

APP Recognise adverse wind conditions e.g. turbulence, up and downdrafts, gusts and crosswind x x x
Adverse wind/crosswind. This includes Observe limitations incl. shifting wind directions
B tailwind but not ATC miss-reporting of the Apply appropriate procedures
Adverse wind actual wind Maintain directional control and safe flight Adverse wind scenario resulting in increasing tailwind
APP
x x x
path
Adverse wind scenario including strong gusts and/or

APP
x x x

APP
x x x
APP, Crosswind with or without strong gusts on approach, final

x x x
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For full details see the Malfunction Clustering

methodology and results. At least one malfunction with
ALL
each characteristic should be included every year.
Combining characteristics should not reduce the number
of malfunctions below 4 for each crewmember every year
according to the EBT module cycle. See Part I 3.8.3
System malfunctions requiring immediate and urgent crew

intervention or decision, e.g. fire, smoke, loss of
pressurisation at high altitude, failures during take-off,
ALL Example:
Fire
System malfunctions requiring complex procedures, e.g.
multiple hydraulic system failures, smoke and fumes
procedures
Example:
ALL Major dual system electrical or hydraulic failure
Intentionally blank
Recognise system malfunction System malfunctions resulting in significant degradation of
Take appropriate action including correct flight controls in combination with abnormal handling
Any internal failure(s) apparent or not characteristics, e.g. jammed flight controls, certain
stop/go decision
apparent to the crew degradation of FBW control
Maintain aircraft control Examples:
Any item cleared by the MEL but having an Jammed horizontal stabiliser
Manage consequences
impact upon flight operations. E.g. thrust Flaps and/or slats locked
ALL
reverser locked
Aircraft system Applies crew operating procedure where Malfunctions resulting in degraded flight controls
necessary. System failures that require monitoring and management
malfunctions, Malfunctions to be considered should have
Responds appropriately to additional of the flight path using degraded or alternative displays
one or more of the following
including B characteristics:
system abnormals associated with MEL Unreliable primary flight path information, unreliable
dispatch airspeed
operations under Immediacy Example:
Complexity
MEL Degradation of aircraft control
Immediacy Flight with unreliable airspeed
Complexity Example:
ALL Loss of primary instrumentation
Degradation of aircraft control Fuel leak
Management of consequences
Loss of primary instrumentation
ALL Management of consequences
MEL items with crew operating procedures applicable

TO
during take-off
x
Response to an additional factor that is affected by MEL
TO
item (e.g. system failure, runway state)
x x x
Malfunction during pre-flight preparation and prior to
GRD
departure
x x x
GRD Malfunction after departure x x x
Malfunctions requiring immediate attention (e.g. bleed fault
GRD
during engine start, hydraulic failure during taxi)
TO Take-off high speed below V1 x x x

TO Take-off high speed above V1 x x
TO Initial climb x x
APP On approach x x x
APP Go-around x x x
LDG During landing x x x x x
See "compliance" above. There are no defined scenarios,
This is not considered as a stand alone but the instructor should focus on learning opportunities
topic. It links with the topic "compliance" when system management non-compliances manifest
Aircraft system Normal system operation according to
B defined instructions.
Where a system is not managed according themselves during other scenarios. Underpinning Intentionally blank
management to normal or defined procedures, this is knowldege of systems and their interactions should be
determined as a non-compliance develpped and challenged, and not merely the application
of normal procedures.
APP Recognise actual conditions Approach in poor visibility x x x x

Observe aircraft and/or procedural
Approach, limitations Approach in poor visibility with deteriorations necessitating
APP Any situation where visibility becomes a
Apply appropriate procedure if applicable x x x
visibility close to B threat
Maintain directional control and safe flight
a decision to go-around
minimum LDG path Landing in poor visibility x x x
Pilots should have opportunities to practice

landings in demanding situations at the
defined frequency. Data oindicates that
landing problems have their roots in a
This topc should be combined with Adverse Weather,
variety of factors, including appropriate Landing in demanding envornmental
Landing B LDG
decision manking, in addition to manual conditions, with malfunctions as appropriate
Aircraft System Malfunctions or any topic that can provide Intentionally blank
exposure to a landing in demanding conditions
aircraft control skills if difficult
environmental conditions. The purpose of
this item is toi ensure pilots are exposed to
this during the programme
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Planned anticipated hazardous conditions with dispatch
TO information provided to facilitate planning and execution of x
appropriate procedures
Recognise hazardous runway condition
Contamination or surface quality of the Observe limitations Unanticipated hazardous conditions, e.g. unexpected
Runway or B TO
runway, taxiway, or tarmac including foreign Take appropriate action heavy rain resulting in flooded runway surface
x x x
taxiway condition objects Apply appropriate procedure correctly
Assure aircraft control
TO Stop / Go decision in hazardous conditions x x x
The data analysed during the development

of this manual and of the EBT concept
indicated substantial difficulties
encountered by crews when faced with a
threat or error, which was a surprise, or an
unexpected event. The element of
surprise should be distinguished from what
is sometimes referred to as the startle
factor, the latter being a physiological Exposure to an unexpected event or
reaction. Wherever possible,
Surprise B ALL
consideration should be given towards
sequence of events at the defined Intentionally blank Intentionally blank
frequency
variations in the types of scenario, times of
occurrences and types of occurrence, so
that pilots do not become overly familiar
with repetitions of the same scenarios.
Variations should be the focus of EBT
programme design, and not left to the
discretion of individual instructors, in order
to preserve programme integrity and
fairness.
ALL ATC clearance giving insufficient terrain clearance x x x

Anticipate terrain threats
ALL Prepare for terrain threats Demonstration of terrain avoidance warning systems x x x
Recognise unsafe terrain clearance
TO, Take appropriate action Engine failure where performance is marginal leading to
Terrain B CLB
Alert, warning, or conflict
Apply appropriate procedure correctly TAWS warning
x x x
Maintain aircraft control
"Virtual mountain" meaning the surprise element of an

Restore safe flight path
unexpected warning. Care should be exercised in
Manage consequences
DES creating a level of realism, so this can best be achieved by x x x
an unusual and unexpected change of route during the
descent
This is not considered a topic for specific

attention on it's own, more as a reminder to
Workload, programme develpers to ensure that pilots
Managing available resources efficiently to
are exposed to immmerisive trainig
distraction, B ALL
scenarios which expose them to
prioritize and perform tasks in a timely Intentionally blank Intentionally blank
manner under all circumstances
pressure managable high workload and distractions
during the course of the EBT programme,
at the defined frequency
ATC role-play: the instructor provides scripted

instructions, as a distraction to the crew
x x x
Controller error, provided by the instructor according to a

defined scripted scenario
x x x x
ATC error. Omission, mis-communication,
Respond to communications appropriately
garbled, poor quality transmission. All of Frequency congestion, with multiple aircraft using the
Recognise, clarify and resolve any
these act as distractions to be managed by same frequency
x
ambiguities.
ALL the crew. The scenarios should be
ATC C combined where possible with others of
Refuse or question unsafe instructions.
Use standard phraseology whenever
the same or higher weighting, the principle
possible
reason being to create distractions.
Poor quality transmissions x
TO Take-off low speed x x x x

TO Any engine failure or malfunction, which Take-off high speed below V1 x x x x
causes loss or degradation of thrust that
TO Recognise engine failure Take-off above V1 x x x x
impacts performance. This is distinct from
TO the engine-out manoeuvres described in
Initial climb x x x
Engine failure C the manoeuvres training section above,
APP which are intended only for the practice of Engine malfunction x x x
Manage consequences
CRZ psychomotor skill and reinforcement of Engine failure in cruise
procedures in managing engine failures.
LDG On landing x
GRD Fire in cargo or cabin/cockpit at gate x x x x
GRD Fire during taxi x x x x
GRD Fire with no cockpit indication x x x x
TO Recognise fire, smoke or fumes Take-off high speed below V1 x x x x
Fire and smoke C TO This includes engine, electric, pneumatic,
Take-off high speed above V1 x x x
cargo fire, smoke or fumes.
management TO Maintain aircraft control Initial climb x x x
Manage consequences
CRZ Cargo fire x x x
APP Engine fire in approach (extinguishable) x x
APP Engine fire in approach (non-extinguishable) x x x
APP Flight deck or cabin fire x x x
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GRD Recognise loss of communications Loss of communications during ground manoeuvring x x
Lost or difficult communications. Either Take appropriate action
Loss of through pilot miss-selection or a failure Execute appropriate procedure as
C TO
external to the aircraft. This could be for a applicable
Loss of communications after take-off x x
communications few seconds or a total loss. Use alternative ways of communications Loss of communications during approach phase, including
APP Manage consequences go-around
x x x x
This can be a demonstrated error, in that the crew may be

Anticipate the potential for errors in
asked to deliberately insert incorrect data, for example to
load/fuel/performance data
Managing loading, A calculation error by one or more pilots, or take-off from an intersection with full length performance
Recognise inconsistencies
someone involved with the process, or the information. The crew will be asked to intervene when
fuel, performance C process itself, e.g. incorrect information on
Manage/avoid distractions
acceleration is sensed to be lower than normal, and may
x x x
Make changes to paperwork/aircraft
errors the load sheet.
system(s) to eliminate error
be part of the operator procedures, especially when
operating mixed fleets with considerable variations in
Identify and manage consequences
MTOM.
Recognise a NAV degradation. External failure or a combination of external failures

GRD
degrading aircraft navigation performance
x x x x
External NAV failure.
Execute appropriate procedure as
Navigation C TO, Loss of GPS satellite, ANP exceedance of
applicable
CLB, RNP, loss of external NAV source(s), External failure or a combination of external failures
APP,
Use alternative NAV guidance
x x x x
Manage consequences
LDG
Operations or type
C Intentionally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank
specific
Recognise incapacitation
Take appropriate action including correct
Pilot During take-off x x x x
Consequences for the non-incapacitated stop/go decision
C TO
pilot. Apply appropriate procedure correctly
incapacitation Maintain aircraft control
Manage consequences
During approach x x x
Anticipate potential loss of separation
Recognise loss of separation
CLB, Traffic conflict. ACAS RA or TA, or visual
Traffic C CRZ, observation of conflict, which requires
ACAS warning requiring crew intervention x x x x
DES evasive manoeuvring
Manage consequences
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Upset recognition:
Demonstration of the defined normal flight envelope and
any associated changes in flight instruments, flight director
ALL
systems, and protection systems. This should take the
x x x x
form of an instructor led exercise to show the crew the
points beyond which an upset condition could exist.
Upset recognition and recovery
TO,
APP
Severe windshear or wake turbulence during take-off or x x x x
approach
Upset recognition and recovery - as applicable and
CLB, relevant to aircraft type, demonstration
DES at a suitable intermediate level, with turbulenece as x x
appropriate, practice steep turns and note the relationship
between bank angle, pitch and stalling speed
An airplane upset is defined as an airplane at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
in flight unintentionally exceeding the x x x x
Upset recovery C CRZ weight, turbulence to trigger overspeed conditions (If
Recognise upset condition

parameters normally experienced in line FSTD capability exists, consider use of vertical wind
operations or training. component to add realism)
1. Pitch attitude greater than 25 nose up. Upset recognition and recovery
Maintain or restore a safe flight path
2. Pitch attitude greater than 10 nose at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
Assess consequential issues
CRZ down. weight, turbulence and significant temperature rise to x x x
Manage outcomes
3. Bank angle greater than 45. trigger low speed conditions (If FSTD capability exists,
4. Within pitch and bank angle normal consider use of vertical wind component to add realism)
parameters, but flying at airspeeds
inappropriate for the conditions. Upset recognition and recovery - demonstration
at a normal cruising altitude, set conditions and disable
CRZ
aircraft systems as necessary to enable trainee to
x x x
complete stall recovery according to OEM instructions
Upset recognition and recovery - demonstration
at an intermediate altitude during early stages of the
APP approach, set conditions and disable aircraft systems as x x x
necessary to enable trainee to complete stall recovery
according to OEM instructions
Recovery:
Demonstration, in-seat instruction: The instructor should
position the aircraft within but close to the edge of the
ISI CLB, normal flight envelope before handing control to the
DES
x x
Upset recovery trainee to demonstrate the restoration of normal flight.
Careful consideration should be given to flying within the
normal flight envelope.
TO Predictive windshear warning during take-off x x

Anticipate potential for windshear
TO Avoid known windshear or prepare for Windshear encounter during take-off x x x
suspected windshear
Recognise windshear encounter
TO With or without warnings including Windshear encounter after rotation x x
Windshear predictive. A windshear scenario is ideally
C combined into an adverse weather
recovery TO scenario containing other elements.
Assure aircraft control Predictive windshear after rotation x x
Recognise out of windshear condition
APP Assess consequential issues and manage Predictive windshear during approach x x x
outcomes
APP Windshear encounter during approach x x x
109
APPENDIX H
1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides the recurrent assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the third
The assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the third generation is contained in the
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x x
x x

altitude
Go-around A APP
x x x

x x

GND
applicable
x x x

TO
x x x x
APP
x x x x
applicable to type

x x x

APP
x x x
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ALL
automation
x x

executing diversion
ALL
x x x
x x x
x x x x

x x x
APP
approach or final descent
x x x
usage. Anticipate mishandled auto flight system
x x x
x x

APP
x x x
Communication:
APP
x x x
Competencies, workload management. Detects deviations from the desired state,
changes.
DESC
avionics failures
completed.
x x x x x
CRZ
x x x x x
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Compliance failure. Consequences of not

complying with operating instructions (e.g. The following are examples of potential compliance
SOP). failures, and not intended to be developed as scenarios
This is not intended to list scenarios, but Recognise that a compliance failure has as part of an EBT Module:
instructors should ensure that observed occurred
non-compliances are taken as learning Make a verbal announcement 1. Requesting flap beyond limit speed Intentionally blank
Compliance A ALL opportunities throughout the programme. Take appropriate action if necessary 2. Flaps or slats in the wrong position for phase of flight or
In all modules of the programme, the Restore safe flightpath if necessary approach
FSTD should as far as possible be treated Manage consequences 3. Omitting an action as part of a procedure
like an aircraft, and non-compliances 4. Failing to initiate or complete a checklist
should not be accepted simply for 5. Using the wrong checklist for the situation
expediency.

APP
x x x x
APP
Any threat or error which can result in windshear warning during approach or go-around
x x x x
circumstances which require a decision to Adverse weather scenario, e.g. thunderstorm activity,
APP go-around, in addition to the execution of heavy precipitation or icing forcing decision at or close to x x x x
the go-around. Go-around scenarios DA/MDA
should be fully developed to encourage
APP
about runway surface braking capability
x x x x
addition to problem solving and decision
making, plus execution using manual Adverse wind scenario resulting in increasing tailwind
APP
aircraft control or flight management below DA (not reported)
x x x
A APP
x x x
management Design should include the element of crosswind out of limits below DA (not reported)
surprise and scenario-based go-arounds Adverse wind scenario including strong gusts and/or
APP should not be predictable and anticipated. crosswind out of limits below 15 m (50 ft) (not reported)
x x x
Lost of difficult communications resulting in no approach
go-around manoeuvre listed in the
APP clearance prior to commencement of approach or final x x x
manoeuvres training section that is
descent
intended only to practice psychomotor skill

Birds, large flocks of birds below DA once visual
APP and a simple application of the procedures.
x x x
APP
approach
ALL
or not recoverable
x x x
ALL
characteristics
x x x

DES
x x x

TO
x x x x
TO
take-off
x x

TO
x x x

TO
200 ft)
x x x x
CRZ
windshear warning
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
directions

APP,
LDG

APP,
LDG
landing phase


113
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Frequency
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team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
In-seat instruction:
Developed scripted role-play scenarios Simple automation errors (e.g.
encompassing the need to monitor flight incorrect mode selection, attempted engagement without
ALL path excursions from the instructor pilot the necessary conditions, entering wrong altitude or x x
(PF), detect errors and make appropriate speed, failure to execute the desired mode) culminating in
ISI interventions, either verbally or by taking a need for direct intervention from the PM, and where
necessary taking control.
checking, error the purpose of demonstration and Restore desired aircraft state
A
management, reinforcement of effective flight path Identify and manage consequences In-seat instruction:
APP monitoring. Demonstrated role-play should Unstable approach or speed/path/vertical rate not x x x x
mismanaged contain realistic and not gross errors, congruent with required state for given flight condition
state, which can also be combined with
upset management training.
Demonstration exercise - recovery from bounced landing,

PM

DES,
APP
DES,
APP
x x x
TO Adverse wind/crosswind. This includes Recognise adverse wind conditions Take-off with different crosswind/tailwind/gust conditions x x
tailwind but not ATC miss-reporting of the Observe limitations
actual wind

APP e.g. turbulence, up and downdrafts, gusts and crosswind x x x
B
Adverse wind Adverse wind scenario resulting in increasing tailwind
APP
x x x

APP
x x x

APP
x x x

x x x
114
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Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Recognise system malfunction
Any internal failure(s) apparent or not Take appropriate action including correct
apparent to the crew stop/go decision
Apply appropriate procedure correctly For full details see the Malfunction Clustering
Any item cleared by the MEL but having an Maintain aircraft control methodology and results. At least one malfunction with
impact upon flight operations. E.g. thrust Manage consequences each characteristic should be included every year.
ALL
reverser locked Combining characteristics should not reduce the number
Applies crew operating procedure where of malfunctions below 4 for each crewmember every year
Malfunctions to be considered should have necessary. according to the EBT module cycle. See Part I 3.8.3
one or more of the following Responds appropriately to additional
characteristics: system abnormals associated with MEL
Immediacy dispatch
Complexity
Degradation of aircraft control
ALL Management of consequences Immediacy
Example:
Fire
ALL Combining characteristics should not reduce the number

Intentionally blank
Example:
ALL Fire
procedures
Aircraft system Example:
Major dual system electrical or hydraulic failure
malfunctions, System malfunctions resulting in significant degradation of
including B Take appropriate action including correct
flight controls in combination with abnormal handling
ALL characteristics, e.g. jammed flight controls, certain
operations under stop/go decision degradation of FBW control
MEL Maintain aircraft control
Examples:
Jammed horizontal stabiliser
Manage consequences Flaps and/or slats locked
Malfunctions resulting in degraded flight controls
Applies crew operating procedure where System failures that require monitoring and management
necessary. of the flight path using degraded or alternative displays
Responds appropriately to additional Unreliable primary flight path information, unreliable
ALL system abnormals associated with MEL airspeed
dispatch Example:
Flight with unreliable airspeed
Immediacy Example:
Complexity Fuel leak
Loss of primary instrumentation MEL items with crew operating procedures applicable
TO Loss of primary instrumentation during take-off
x
TO
x x x
GRD
departure
x x x
GRD

APP Go-around x x x
This is not considered as a stand alone See "compliance" above. There are no defined scenarios,
topic. It links with the topic "compliance" but the instructor should focus on learning opportunities
Where a system is not managed according when system management non-compliances manifest Intentionally blank
management to normal or defined procedures, this is themselves during other scenarios.
determined as a non-compliance
Recognise actual conditions

APP Any situation where visibility becomes a Observe aircraft and/or procedural Approach in poor visibility x x x x
Approach, B threat limitations
Apply appropriate procedure if applicable Approach in poor visibility with deteriorations necessitating
visibility close to APP
Maintain directional control and safe flight a decision to go-around
x x x
minimum path
LDG Landing in poor visibility x x x
115
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team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig

defined frequency. Data indicates that
Landing B LDG
this item is to ensure pilots are exposed to

Surprise B consideration should be given towards
frequency
fairness.
suspected windshear
B combined into an adverse weather
outcomes

distraction, B scenarios which expose them to
ATC role-play: the instructor provides scripted

instructions, as a distraction to the crew
x x x
Controller error, provided by the instructor according to a

defined scripted scenario
x x x x
ATC error. Omission, mis-communication,
Respond to communications appropriately
garbled, poor quality transmission. All of Frequency congestion, with multiple aircraft using the
Recognise, clarify and resolve any
these act as distractions to be managed by same frequency
x
ambiguities.
ALL the crew. The scenarios should be
ATC C combined where possible with others of
Refuse or question unsafe instructions.
Use standard phraseology whenever
the same or higher weighting, the principle
possible
reason being to create distractions.
Poor quality transmissions x

Initial climb x x x
Manage consequences
LDG On landing x
116
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Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Manage consequences

C TO
x x x x

Managing loading, A calculation error by one or more pilots, or
take-off from an intersection with full length performance
x x x

MTOM.

GRD
x x x x
applicable
APP,
x x x x
Manage consequences
LDG
Operations or type
C InIntentioanally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank
specific
C TO
Manage consequences
Runway or C TO
x x x

Terrain C CLB
x x x
Manage consequences
descent
Manage consequences
117
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Frequency
gem
team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Upset recognition:
ALL
x x x x
TO,
APP
approach

relevant to aircraft type, demonstration
CLB,
DES
at a suitable intermediate level, with turbulenece as x x
An airplane upset is defined as an airplane
at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
in flight unintentionally exceeding the
Upset recovery CRZ
parameters normally experienced in line
Recognise upset condition weight, turbulence to trigger overspeed conditions (If x x x x
Take appropriate action FSTD capability exists, consider use of vertical wind
operations or training.
Assure aircraft control component to add realism)
1. Pitch attitude greater than 25 nose up.
Maintain or restore a safe flight path Upset recognition and recovery
C 2. Pitch attitude greater than 10 nose
Assess consequential issues at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
down.
CRZ Manage outcomes weight, turbulence and significant temperature rise to x x x
3. Bank angle greater than 45.
trigger low speed conditions (If FSTD capability exists,
4. Within pitch and bank angle normal
consider use of vertical wind component to add realism)
CRZ
x x x
Recovery:
DES
x x
118
APPENDIX I
Training Program Development Guidance Generation 3 (Turboprop)
1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides the recurrent assessment and training matrix for turbo-propeller aeroplanes of the
third generation. A list of such aeroplanes is in the Background section sub-paragraph 3. Aircraft
Generations
The assessment and training matrix for turbo-propeller aeroplanes of the third generation is contained in
the remaining pages of this Appendix.
119
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on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
x x
x x

altitude
Go-around A APP
x x x

x x

GND
applicable
x x x

TO
x x x x
APP
x x x x
applicable to type

x x x

APP
x x x
120
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Frequency
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gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
automation
x x

executing diversion
ALL
x x x
x x x
x x x x

x x x
APP
x x x
x x x
x x

APP
x x x
Communication:
APP
x x x
changes.
DESC
avionics failures
completed.
x x x x x
CRZ
x x x x x
121
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gem
team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig

expediency.

APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x
A APP
x x x
x x x
descent
x x x
APP
approach
122
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auto
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anu
s
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nes
Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
or not recoverable
x x x
ALL
characteristics
x x x

DES
x x x

TO
x x x x
TO
take-off
x x

TO x x x

TO
200 ft)
x x x x
CRZ
windshear warning
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
directions

APP,
LDG

APP,
LDG
landing phase


123
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Frequency
gem
team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
A
PM

DES,
APP
DES,
APP
x x x
124
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Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
Immediacy dispatch
Complexity
Example:
Fire


Intentionally blank
Example:
ALL Fire
procedures
Examples:
dispatch Example:
Immediacy Example:
x
TO
x x x
GRD
departure
x x x
GRD

APP Go-around x x x
125
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anu
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Frequency
gem
team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Recognise actual conditions

APP Any situation where visibility becomes a Observe aircraft and/or procedural Approach in poor visibility x x x x
Approach, B threat limitations
Apply appropriate procedure if applicable Approach in poor visibility with deteriorations necessitating
visibility close to APP
Maintain directional control and safe flight a decision to go-around
x x x
minimum path
LDG Landing in poor visibility x x x


Landing B LDG

frequency
fairness.

Terrain C CLB
x x x
Manage consequences
descent
126
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nes
Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Upset recognition:
ALL
x x x x
TO,
APP
approach
CLB,
DES
An airplane upset is defined as an airplane

at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
in flight unintentionally exceeding the
Upset recovery CRZ
parameters normally experienced in line
Recognise upset condition weight, turbulence to trigger overspeed conditions (If x x x x
Take appropriate action FSTD capability exists, consider use of vertical wind
operations or training.
Assure aircraft control component to add realism)
1. Pitch attitude greater than 25 nose up.
Maintain or restore a safe flight path Upset recognition and recovery
down.
CRZ Manage outcomes weight, turbulence and significant temperature rise to x x x
3. Bank angle greater than 45.
trigger low speed conditions (If FSTD capability exists,
4. Within pitch and bank angle normal
consider use of vertical wind component to add realism)
CRZ
x x x
Recovery:
DES
x x

127
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Frequency
gem
team
nt, a
on
ecis
t, m
aren
roce
icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
TO Adverse wind/crosswind. This includes Recognise adverse wind conditions Take-off with different crosswind/tailwind/gust conditions x x
tailwind but not ATC miss-reporting of the Observe limitations
actual wind

APP e.g. turbulence, up and downdrafts, gusts and crosswind x x x
C
Adverse wind Adverse wind scenario resulting in increasing tailwind
APP
x x x

APP
x x x

APP
x x x

x x x

Initial climb x x x
Manage consequences
LDG On landing x
Manage consequences

C TO
x x x x

x x x
MTOM.
128
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Frequency
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gem
team
on
t, m
roce
ent,
dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
GRD
x x x x
applicable
APP,
x x x x
Manage consequences
LDG
Operations or type
specific
During take-off x x x x
Pilot Consequences for the non-incapacitated stop/go decision

C TO
Manage consequences
Runway or C TO
x x x

Manage consequences

suspected windshear
outcomes
129
APPENDIX J
1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides the recurrent assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the second
The assessment and training matrix for turbo-jet aeroplanes of the second generation is contained in the
130
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ess
w
Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
ren
roce
ent,
dec
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
x x
x x

altitude
Go-around A APP
x x x

x x

GND
applicable
x x x

TO
x x x x
x x x
TO Windshear encounter during take-off, not predictive

CRZ
Anticipate adverse weather Windshear encounter scenario during cruise x x x x x
Prepare for suspected adverse weather
APP build up to include de-icing issues, as well Reactive windshear warning during approach or go-around x x x x
Adverse Weather A as high temperature conditions.
Take appropriate action Predictive windshear warning during approach or go-
APP The proper use of use of anti-ice and de- x x x x
Apply appropriate procedure correctly around
icing systems should be included generally
in appropriate scenarios. Thunderstorm encounter during approach or on missed
APP
approach
x x x
applicable to type

x x x

APP
x x x

A APP Any situation where visibility becomes a
visibility close to threat
131
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Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
t, m
aren
roce
ent,
dec
icati
Assessment and
ana
men
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
a n
rklo
ders
man
th m
lica
solv
Situ
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
automation
x x

executing diversion
ALL
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
APP
x x x
x x x
x x


APP
x x x
Communication:
Uses appropriate authority to ensure focus GPS failure prior to commencement of approach
APP
associated with position drift and a terrain alert
x x x
This encapsulates communication; on the task. Supports others in completing
leadership and teamwork; problem solving tasks.
improving safety through pilot performance Has an awareness of the aircraft state in its Cabin crew report of water noise below the forward galley
DESC environment; projects and anticipates indicating a possible toilet pipe leak, with consequent x x x
changes. avionics failures
Prioritises, delegates and receives Smoke removal but combined with a diversion until landing
CRZ
assistance to maximise focus on the task. completed.
x x x x x

CRZ
x x x x x

APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x
A APP
x x x
x x x
descent
x x x
APP
approach
132
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Assessment and
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a
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and
of p
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mu n
and
training topic
ad m
age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
or not recoverable
x x x
ALL
characteristics
x x x

DES
x x x

TO
x x x x
TO
take-off
x x

TO
x x x

TO
200 ft)
x x x x
CRZ and rapid change in windspeed or down/updrafts, without x x x x x
Desired competency outcome: windshear warning
x x x x
A
control APP successful outcome of a procedure or Maintains spare mental capacity during or adverse wind, requiring a go-around from visual circling x x x x x x x
manoeuvre." manual aircraft control approach, during the visual segment
x x x
x x x
directions

APP,
LDG

APP,
LDG
landing phase


Developed scripted role-play scenarios
encompassing the need to monitor flight In-seat instruction:
path excursions from the instructor pilot Simple automation errors (e.g.
(PF), detect errors and make appropriate incorrect mode selection, attempted engagement without
ISI ALL interventions, either verbally or by taking the necessary conditions, entering wrong altitude or x x
speed, failure to execute the desired mode) culminating in
a need for direct intervention from the PM, and where
checking, error the purpose of demonstration and Restore desired aircraft state necessary taking control.
A
management, reinforcement of effective flight path Identify and manage consequences
monitoring. Demonstrated role-play should
mismanaged APP contain realistic and not gross errors, Unstable approach or speed/path/vertical rate not x x x x
congruent with required state for given flight condition
PM
133
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Assessment and
ana
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and
of p
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mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
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tion
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Com
ing
a n
rklo
ders
man
th m
lica
solv
Situ
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
DES,
APP
DES,
APP

x x x

B tailwind but not ATC miss-reporting of the Apply appropriate procedures
APP
path below DA (not reported)
x x x

APP
x x x

APP
x x x

x x x
134
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Assessment and
ana
a
men
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and
of p
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mu n
and
training topic
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a
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Com
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man
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ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig

ALL
Combining characteristics should not reduce the number

ALL Example:
Fire
procedures
Example:
ALL Major dual system electrical or hydraulic failure
Intentionally blank
Recognise system malfunction System malfunctions resulting in significant degradation of
Take appropriate action including correct flight controls in combination with abnormal handling
stop/go decision characteristics, e.g. jammed flight controls, certain
Any internal failure(s) apparent or not Apply appropriate procedure correctly degradation of FBW control
apparent to the crew Maintain aircraft control Examples:
Manage consequences Jammed horizontal stabiliser
Any item cleared by the MEL but having an Flaps and/or slats locked
ALL impact upon flight operations. E.g. thrust Applies crew operating procedure where Malfunctions resulting in degraded flight controls
reverser locked necessary.
Aircraft system Responds appropriately to additional
System failures that require monitoring and management
of the flight path using degraded or alternative displays
malfunctions, Malfunctions to be considered should have system abnormals associated with MEL Unreliable primary flight path information, unreliable
B one or more of the following dispatch
including characteristics:
airspeed
Example:
operations under Immediacy Charactertistics of malfunctions to be Flight with unreliable airspeed
Complexity considered:
MEL Degradation of aircraft control
Example:
Fuel leak
ALL Loss of primary instrumentation Immediacy
Management of consequences Complexity
ALL
MEL items with crew operating procedures applicable

TO
during take-off
x
TO
x x x
GRD
departure
x x x
GRD

APP Go-around x x x
135
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dec
icati
Assessment and
ana
men
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
a n
rklo
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man
th m
lica
solv
Situ
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig

B non-compliances are taken as learning Make a verbal announcement 1. Requesting flap beyond limit speed Intentionally blank
Compliance ALL opportunities throughout the programme. Take appropriate action if necessary 2. Flaps or slats in the wrong position for phase of flight or
expediency.

B TO the engine-out manoeuvres described in
Initial climb x x x
Engine failure the manoeuvres training section above,
Manage consequences
LDG On landing x

Fire and smoke B TO This includes engine, electric, pneumatic,
Manage consequences

Landing B LDG

frequency
fairness.
136
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Assessment and
ana
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men
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and
of p
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mu n
and
training topic
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a
hip
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Com
ing
man
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ders
man
lica
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Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
suspected windshear
outcomes

C TO
x x x x

x x x
error the load sheet.

MTOM.

GRD
x x x x
applicable
APP,
x x x x
Manage consequences
LDG
Operations or type
C Intentionally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank Intentionally blank
specific
Pilot Consequences for the non-incapacitated stop/go decision
During take-off x x x x
C TO
Manage consequences
Runway or C TO
x x x

Terrain C CLB
x x x
Manage consequences
descent
137
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team
on
t, m
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ent,
dec
icati
Assessment and
ana
men
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
a n
rklo
ders
man
th m
lica
solv
Situ
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Manage consequences
Upset recognition:
ALL
x x x x

TO,
APP
approach
CLB, at a suitable intermediate level, with turbulenece as
DES appropriate, practice steep turns and note the relationship
x x
An airplane upset is defined as an airplane at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
Upset recovery CRZ in flight unintentionally exceeding the
weight, turbulence to trigger overspeed conditions (If x x x x
parameters normally experienced in line FSTD capability exists, consider use of vertical wind
operations or training. component to add realism)
1. Pitch attitude greater than 25 nose up. Upset recognition and recovery
CRZ down.
Manage outcomes weight, turbulence and significant temperature rise to x x x
3. Bank angle greater than 45. trigger low speed conditions (If FSTD capability exists,
4. Within pitch and bank angle normal consider use of vertical wind component to add realism)
inappropriate for the conditions.
CRZ
x x x
Recovery:
DES
x x
138
APPENDIX K
Training Program Development Guidance Generation 2 (Turboprop)
1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides the recurrent assessment and training matrix for turbo-propeller aeroplanes of the
second generation. A list of such aeroplanes is in the Background section sub-paragraph 3. Aircraft
Generations
The assessment and training matrix for turbo-propeller aeroplanes of the second generation is contained in
the remaining pages of this Appendix.
139
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on
ecis
t, m
aren
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icati
Assessment and
ana
e
men
d
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
age
training topic
ad m
age
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Generation 2 Turboprop - Recurrent Assessment and Training Matrix Competency map
x x
x x

altitude
Go-around A APP
x x x

x x

GND
applicable
x x x

TO
x x x x

APP
x x x x
applicable to type

x x x

APP
x x x
A defined instructions.
140
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team
on
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roce
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dec
re
icati
Assessment and
ana
a
men
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and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
ad m
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a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
automation
x x

executing diversion
ALL
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
APP
approach or final descent
x x x
usage. Anticipate mishandled auto flight system
x x x

x x

APP
x x x
Communication:
GPS failure prior to commencement of approach
APP This encapsulates communication; on the task. Supports others in completing
associated with position drift and a terrain alert
x x x
leadership and teamwork; problem solving tasks.
environment; projects and anticipates Cabin crew report of water noise below the forward galley
DESC changes. indicating a possible toilet pipe leak, with consequent x x x
Workload management: avionics failures
completed.
x x x x x
CRZ
x x x x x

expediency.
141
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Assessment and
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Com
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man
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Situ
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App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
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Flig
Pro
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APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x x
APP
x x x
A APP
x x x
x x x
descent
x x x
APP
approach
ALL
or not recoverable
x x x
x x x
ALL
characteristics

DES
x x x

TO
x x x x
TO
take-off
x x

TO
x x x

TO
200 ft)
x x x x
CRZ
windshear warning
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
directions

APP,
LDG

APP,
LDG
landing phase


142
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team
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Assessment and
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man
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Situ
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App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
A
PM

DES,
APP
DES,
APP
x x x
143
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Assessment and
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training topic
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Com
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man
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Situ
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App
Lea
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blem
ht p
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Flig
Pro
Flig
ALL
Immediacy dispatch
Complexity
Example:
Fire

Intentionally blank
Example:
ALL Fire

procedures
Examples:
dispatch Example:
Immediacy Example:
x
TO
x x x
GRD
departure
x x x
GRD

APP Go-around x x x
B TO the engine-out manoeuvres described in
Initial climb x x x
Engine failure the manoeuvres training section above,
Manage consequences
LDG On landing x
144
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team
on
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dec
re
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Assessment and
ana
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and
of p
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mu n
and
training topic
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hip
tion
atio
Com
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man
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ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig

Landing B LDG

frequency

fairness.

Terrain B CLB
x x x
Manage consequences
descent


C tailwind but not ATC miss-reporting of the Apply appropriate procedures
APP
x x x
path

APP
x x x

APP
x x x

x x x
145
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on
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t, m
aren
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Assessment and
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and
of p
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and
age
training topic
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hip
tion
atio
Com
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man
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man
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solv
Situ
ath
Wo
App
Lea
ath
blem
ht p
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Flig
Pro
Flig
C APP Any situation where visibility becomes a
visibility close to threat

Manage consequences

C TO
communications
few seconds or a total loss. Use alternative ways of communications Loss of communications during approach phase, including
x x x x

x x x
MTOM.

GRD
x x x x
applicable
APP,
x x x x
Manage consequences
LDG
Operations or type
specific
C TO
Manage consequences
Runway or C TO
x x x

Manage consequences
146
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Frequency
isio
gem
team
on
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ent,
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re
icati
Assessment and
ana
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men
gem
and
of p
n aw
mu n
and
training topic
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age
a
hip
tion
atio
Com
ing
man
rklo
ders
man
lica
solv
Situ
th
Wo
App
Lea
a
ath
blem
ht p
ht p
Flig
Pro
Flig
Upset recognition:
ALL
x x x x
TO,
APP
approach
CLB,
DES
An airplane upset is defined as an airplane Upset recognition and recovery
in flight unintentionally exceeding the at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
Upset recovery

CRZ parameters normally experienced in line weight, turbulence to trigger overspeed conditions (If x x x x
operations or training. FSTD capability exists, consider use of vertical wind
1. Pitch attitude greater than 25 nose up. component to add realism)
Assess consequential issues
down. at the maximum cruise flight level for current aircraft
Manage outcomes
CRZ 3. Bank angle greater than 45. weight, turbulence and significant temperature rise to x x x
4. Within pitch and bank angle normal trigger low speed conditions (If FSTD capability exists,
parameters, but flying at airspeeds consider use of vertical wind component to add realism)
CRZ
x x x
Recovery:
DES
x x

suspected windshear
C combined into an adverse weather
outcomes
147
APPENDIX L
1 GENERAL
This Appendix addresses the case of turbo-jet aeroplanes of the first generation. A list of such aeroplanes
is in the Background section sub-paragraph 3. Aircraft Generations.
Given the very small number of turbo-jet aeroplanes of the first generation in current use in commercial air
transport operations and the lack of appropriate FSTD for recurrent training, it has not been deemed
possible to provide an assessment and training matrix for those aeroplanes.
148
APPENDIX M
Example Grading Scales
Based upon the methodologies and criteria described in Chapter 6, the following grading option was
selected (i.e., the option that best met the criteria) and was used as basis for the further development:
A COMPETENT/NOT YET COMPETENT statement for the session
Grading the competency for each session (one grade per competency)
Textual comment highlighting exemplary and below-norm performance
It is assumed that for satisfactory performance to be achieved in an EBT program, procedures, and
maneuvers designed in the program will have been executed. Where this is not the case, any additional
training may require demonstration of the execution of any applicable procedure or maneuver.
Development of the Grading Scales
The next step is the development of the grading scales. Thirteen options were assessed against each
criterion. The assessments were then multiplied with their weighting of the criteria obtained.
A 5-point numerical grading scale was selected.
Development of The Word Pictures
Word pictures describe the various steps of the five level grading scale developed. They are a direct
function of the underlying behavioral indicator and were created using standardized elements, allowing
clearer comparability, easier instructor standardization and thus better inter-rater-reliability.
Each word picture is thus constructed, according to the VENN methodology of grading, combining the four
elements (A, B, C, D):
A= WHAT LEVEL (e.g. The pilot did not communicate effectively)
B= HOW OFTEN (e.g. by rarely demonstrating)
C= HOW MANY (e.g. any of the behavioral indicators when required)
D= OUTCOME (e.g. which resulted in an unsafe situation.)
149
Competency Grades
The following wording is used in the example 5-point system to describe performance according to
behavioral indicators, and in this example it is important to note that the minimum acceptable performance
level is 2.
Application of Procedures
1. The pilot did not apply procedures correctly, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral indicators
when required, which resulted in an unsafe situation.
2. The pilot applied procedures at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally demonstrating
some of the behavioral indicators when required, but which overall did not result in an unsafe situation.
3. The pilot applied procedures adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral indicators
when required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot applied procedures effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral indicators
when required, which enhanced safety.
5. The pilot applied procedures in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of the behavioral
indicators when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and efficiency.
Communication
1. The pilot did not communicate effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral indicators
2. The pilot communicated at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally demonstrating some of
the behavioral indicators when required, but which overall did not result in an unsafe situation.
3. The pilot communicated adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral indicators when
required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot communicated effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral indicators when
required, which enhanced safety.
5. The pilot communicated in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of the behavioral
150
Aircraft Flight Path Management, Automation
1. The pilot did not manage the automation effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral
indicators when required, which resulted in an unsafe situation.
2. The pilot managed the automation at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally
demonstrating some of the behavioral indicators when required, but which overall did not result in an
unsafe situation.
3. The pilot managed the automation adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral
indicators when required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot managed the automation effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral
indicators when required, which enhanced safety.
5. The pilot managed the automation in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of the
behavioral indicators when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and efficiency.
Aircraft Flight Path Management, Manual Control
1. The pilot did not control the aircraft effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral indicators
2. The pilot controlled the aircraft at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally demonstrating
3. The pilot controlled the aircraft adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral indicators
when required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot controlled the aircraft effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral indicators
5. The pilot controlled the aircraft in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of the behavioral
Leadership & Teamwork
1. The pilot did not lead or work as a team member effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the
behavioral indicators when required, which resulted in an unsafe situation.
2. The pilot led and worked as a team member at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally
unsafe situation.
3. The pilot led and worked as a team member adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the
behavioral indicators when required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot led and worked as a team member effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral
indicators when required, which enhanced safety.
5. The pilot led and worked as a team member in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of
the behavioral indicators when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and
efficiency.
151
Problem Solving & Decision Making
1. The pilot did not solve problems or make decisions effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the
behavioral indicators when required, which resulted in an unsafe situation.
2. The pilot solved problems and made decisions at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally
unsafe situation.
3. The pilot solved problems and made decisions adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the
behavioral indicators when required, which resulted in a safe operation.
4. The pilot solved problems and made decisions effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the
behavioral indicators when required, which enhanced safety.
5. The pilot solved problems and made decisions in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of
the behavioral indicators when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and
efficiency.
Situation Awareness
1. The pilots situation awareness was not adequate, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral
2. The pilots situation awareness was at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally
unsafe situation.
3. The pilots situation awareness was adequate, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral
4. The pilots situation awareness was good, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral indicators
5. The pilots situation awareness was exemplary; all behavioral indicators were always demonstrated
when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and efficiency.
Workload Management
1. The pilot did not manage the workload effectively, by rarely demonstrating any of the behavioral
2. The pilot managed the workload at the minimum acceptable level, by only occasionally demonstrating
3. The pilot managed the workload adequately, by regularly demonstrating most of the behavioral
4. The pilot managed the workload effectively, by regularly demonstrating all of the behavioral indicators
5. The pilot managed the workload in an exemplary manner, by always demonstrating all of the
behavioral indicators when required, which significantly enhanced safety, effectiveness and efficiency.
152
APPENDIX N
Frequently Asked Questions
Basic Questions
What is Evidence Based Training (EBT)?
EBT relates to a new assessment and training concept designed to develop competency to manage risks in
operations
What problems does EBT address?
The industry has never conducted a strategic review of airline pilot training. The design and reliability of
modern aircraft, a rapidly changing operational environment and the realization that not enough has been
done to address human factors issues, have prompted this review.
Will EBT be mandatory?
No, EBT is a voluntary program to be implemented by states, operators and ATOs
What are the benefits of EBT?
Maximizing the benefit from sophisticated training tools, in other words the FSTD qualified according to
ICAO Doc 9625, level VII. Making the best use of time available to develop resilience to potential risks, by
exposing pilots to these risks in a LEARNING environment.
What is the meaning of competent?
EBT uses the ICAO definition of competency, which is amplified into an example scheme including 8
separate areas. These should be the driver for all assessment and training activities, and the key
countermeasure in the TEM model.
What training does EBT apply to?
Recurrent licensing and operator assessment and training.
153
Questions about the regulatory environment
Where does EBT fit into regulations?
Once the applicability date comes into effect, EBT recurrent training will be enshrined into ICAO
procedures and guidance material as an accepted methodology to satisfy recurrent training requirements
for crews operating transport category aeroplanes. Each local CAA will then have to decide whether and
how to implement EBT.
What is the difference between EBT and AQP?
There are many synergies between EBT and AQP, and it is likely that AQP will fit within the structure and
recommendations for EBT. The difference is that EBT is not intended to be an alternative, and that it will be
utilized as widely as possible, benefitting from the use of global fleet and operational data to validate and
adapt training programs to fit different generations of aircraft.
Where does EBT fit into pilot licensing? Where does EBT fit with pilots type ratings?
Eventually EBT is intended to form the basis for type rating and license assessment and training.
How does MPL fit into EBT?
MPL is a defined competency-based approach to ab-initio pilot training. Although addressed separately in
ICAO documentation, the risk analysis, validated by real evidence gleaned by the EBT project team and
documented in the Data Report for Evidence-based Training, can be used to adapt MPL programs to more
accurately represent challenges in the operating environment.
What is the relationship between SMS and Evidence-based Training?
The reactive data assimilation part of SMS may reveal adverse safety trends, which have the potential for
mitigation in training. EBT programs can be easily adapted to reflect specific needs
Are the standards going to become regulatory?
There will be no standards at the level of ICAO, but there will be procedures established within ICAO Doc
9868 PANS-TRG
I am not EASA regulated. What will EBT mean for me?
Guidance material is being created at ICAO level, and a great deal of effort is also being made in
collaboration with many CAAs to facilitate adoption of the principles
How will the CAA oversee an evidence-based training program?
Substantial changes in regulatory oversight are not needed. The most effective means would be to look at
programs in a qualitative way sampling activity where possible.
154
Questions on concept and design of EBT
How are aircraft generations broken out?
According to data provided from hull loss insurers, which is the background to the hull loss comparison,
with some minor adaptations for coherence in levels of automation and FMS.
Where did the data evidence for EBT come from? What data are required to develop and change an
evidence-based training program?
A combination of LOSA, reviews of aircraft accidents and serious incidents, results and from AQP and
ATQP programs, FDA and air safety report data.
How is the data updated to keep EBT relevant/current?
A standing committee will be proposed at the conclusion of the initiative, to review trends and suggest
changes to the program framework.
Are there standards for how the data are analyzed and used?
There are processes relating to each type of available data, in terms of de-identification and usage. Each
data set requires a particular approach.
Is there a requirement for sharing the data with the regulator?
The results of the world fleet analysis will be made available to all interested parties in a de-identified form.
Where airlines choose to adapt programs to meet specific challenges indicated by their data, this will be a
matter between the airline and CAA.
Questions on implementation
Will EBT require additional instructor training?
Yes, additional training will be required as the conduct of the session and the evaluation technique will
differ from hitherto requirements.
Who will train the instructors?
Trainers knowledgeable of EBT and competency-based training will conduct instructor training. No changes
to existing CAA instructor approval processes is necessary.
Is competency-based training a prerequisite for EBT?
EBT is competency-based training and requires detailed and careful planning, instructor training, and
continual analysis of results in order to be successful
Where do I find information to develop and implement EBT?
In the EBT-related chapters of ICAO Doc 9868 PANS-TRG, ICAO Doc 9995 Manual on Evidence-based
Training and in the regulations of those CAAs which choose to adopt EBT.
155
Will EBT drive specific training device requirements?
EBT will focus the training content on a risk assessment. These will most probably expand the required
simulation scenarios and/or capabilities. Eventually EBT will in consequence also require a development of
the training devices.
What is the EBT airline adaptation process like?
This will depend on the regulatory framework, which governs the conduct of each specific airline
How much customization for the operator is possible/necessary?
Following the method of the EBT design in ICAO Doc 9868 PANS-TRG should have a maximum
of freedom to design their training and checking programs to their individual requirements i.e., risks
of operation.
How much time will it take to implement EBT?
There should be no additional time compared to traditional training programs except the data collection
within the airline to determine their specific risk matrix.
Does an airline have to follow the evidence-based training template precisely?
No, but it should follow the principles and philosophy of EBT according to the ICAO Manual, and the local
CAA rules.
Is there a template that can be followed to meet the minimum requirements for an evidence-based
training program?
The EBT Baseline Program was constructed based on 48 hrs time in an FSTD qualified for the purpose of
recurrent assessment (checking) and training, over a 3-year period. The Enhanced EBT Program is
designed to be specific to operator, and therefore there is no standard program.
Economic questions
Will EBT result in reduction of base training requirements?
No.
How much will it cost?
The central question posed at the commencement of work on EBT was whether more could be achieved
within the existing cost structure. EBT is not intended to add cost, though clearly there will be some cost in
program development and transitional arrangements.
How will the length of an evidence-based training program compare to current programs?
The length of the programs will generally be similar.
156
General questions
Who participated in ITQI to create EBT?
The industry, a combination of international organizations, aircraft OEMs, pilot representative bodies,
operators, training organizations and academic institutions.
How do FAA and EASA differ related to evidence-based training?
Both have been supportive, there are some synergies with ATQP in Europe and AQP in the US. The FAA
indicates that EBT will be used as a basis for improving existing AQP programs. EASA plan rulemaking
activity on EBT in 2014.
What is the role of aircraft manufacturers related to evidence-based training?
Aircraft OEMs provided considerable manpower support and data input during the development process
of EBT.
Who is sponsoring EBT?
The industry, a combination of international organizations, aircraft OEMs, pilot representative bodies,
operators, training organizations and academic institutions.
Which carriers will benefit from EBT?
All operators applying EBT assessment and training will benefit.
157
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Evidence-Based Training

International Air Transport Association

International Air Transport Association. All

Senior Vice President

Evidence-Based Training Implementation Guide

3.13 Guidelines for developing crew effectiveness modules ............................................................. 25

7.2 Background from the analysis ....................................................................................................47

Competency-based training. Training and assessment that are characterized by a performance

Factor. A reported condition affecting an accident or incident.

Inter-rater reliability. The consistency or stability of scores between different raters.

Phase of flight. A defined period within a flight.

Guenther Matschnigg Nancy Graham Don Wykoff

The contents will be useful to the following entities:

1. Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs)

Generation 4 Jet A318/A319/A320/A321 (including neo), A330, A340-200/300,

Generation 3 Jet A310/A300-600, B737-300/400/500,

Generation 2 Jet A300 (except A300-600), BAC111, B727, B737-100/200,

Generation 1 Jet DC8, B707

ICAO Annex 1 Personnel Licensing

Structure of the Manual

Updates to the manual

1.2 PILOT COMPETENCIES

1.4 OPERATORS EBT PROGRAMS

1.5 INSTRUCTORS AND EXAMINERS

a. development of a competency framework with associated assessment and grading system;

b. training of instructors including standardization and inter-rater reliability assurance. Specialized

d. on-going evaluation of the training system performance.

a. Definition of an implementation and operations plan;

e. Adaptation of training program according to the training system feedback.

2.2 STAGED IMPLEMENTATION

a. Training and assessment according to EBT principles.

2.3 BASELINE EBT PROGRAM

Practical training in the management of aircraft system malfunctions

Equivalent groups of aircraft system malfunctions can be determined by reference to malfunction

Malfunctions characteristics should be considered in isolation from any environmental or operational

Characteristic Description of required crew performance Examples

Immediacy System malfunctions requiring immediate Fire, smoke, loss of pressurization at

Complexity System malfunctions requiring complex Multiple hydraulic system failures,

Degradation of System malfunctions resulting in significant Jammed flight controls, certain

Management of System failures that require extensive Fuel leak

Equivalency of approach types

a. straight in/visual alignment/circling approaches;

c. precision/non precision approaches and approaches with vertical guidance;

f. special airport approach procedures (e.g. PRM, RNP-AR);

g. non-standard glide path angle; and

h. low visibility operations.

Documentation and records

2.4 ENHANCED EBT PROGRAMS

Collection and analysis of operations data

Operational characteristics of the operator

Data, methods and tools

Safety reporting systems

a. operational threats and their approximate frequencies and demographics;

b. specificities of routes, destinations and other operational factors;

c. capability of the crew to cope with various real-life situations; and

d. errors experienced in operations.

Flight data analysis (FDA)

FDA is most effective as a trending tool to measure improvement or degradation in operational

Data sharing groups