Vehicle and Engine

Technology
Second Edition
List of Chapters:

Preface to the first edition 4 Automatic transmission

Preface to the second edition 4.1 Hydrokinetic fluid coupling
4.2 Hydrokinetic torque converter-
1 Vehicle body and chassis layout coupling
1.1 The motor car 4.3 Sprag-type free-wheel one-way clutch
1.2 Commercial vehicles 4.4 Torque converter lock-up clutch
1.3 Chassis construction 4.5 Epicycle gear train
1.4 Vehicle components and their 4.6 Four-speed and reverse transaxle
methods of attachment and location automatic transmission mechanical
1.5 Comparison of major component power flow (Nissan Primera)
layouts 4.7 Hydraulic automatic gear change
1.6 Seat location and securing control system
1.7 Seat-belt location, fitting points and 4.8 A four-speed and reverse simplified
operation hydraulic control system
1.8 Jacks and jacking points
5 Propeller shafts, universal joints
2 The friction clutch and constant velocity joints
2.1 The purpose of a clutch 5.1 Propeller shaft
2.2 Description and operation of a multi- 5.2 Hookes universal joint
coil spring clutch unit 5.3 Universal-joint needle-bearing
2.3 Cushioned driven-plate with torsional lubrication
vibration damper 5.4 Propeller-shaft slip-joint
2.4 Clutch operating linkage 5.5 Series-coupled universal joints
2.5 Clutch faults, causes and remedies 5.6 Propeller-shaft vibration
5.7 Divided propeller shafts and their
3 Gearbox construction and support
operation 5.8 Universal- and slip-joint alignment
3.1 The purpose of the gearbox 5.9 Constant velocity joints
3.2 Four-speed sliding-mesh and 5.10 Rubber universal couplings
constant-mesh gearboxes
3.3 Rod-and-fork gear selectors 6 The final drive and four-wheel drive
3.4 Spring-loaded ball or plunger and 6.1 The purpose of the final-drive gears
selector-rod grooves 6.2 Types of final-drive gearing
3.5 The need for a gear interlocking 6.3 The need for final-drive differential
device gearing
3.6 Positive baulk-ring synchromesh unit 6.4 Rear-axle half-shaft and hub
3.7 Gearbox lubrication arrangements
3.8 Gearbox oil-leakage prevention 6.5 Differential lock
6.6 Four-wheel drive
Vehicle and Engine Technology, Second Edition

7 Suspension, road-wheels and tyres 9.8 Disc and pad brakes

7.1 Semi-elliptic leaf springs 9.9 Brake master-cylinders
7.2 Rigid-axle-beam suspension 9.10 Brake bleeding
7.3 Independent front suspension 9.11 Vacuum-assisted brake servo-unit
7.4 Benefits and limitations of independent 9.12 Antilocking brake system (ABS)
front suspension (Alfred-Teves)
7.5 Construction and action of independent 9.13 Air-operated power brakes
front suspension 9.14 Foundation brake and single-diaphragm
7.6 Antiroll bars wheel brake actuator
7.7 Telescopic-shock-absorber damper 9.15 Exhaust compression brake retarder
7.8 Rear suspension
7.9 Axle beam non-drive rear suspension 10 Piston-engine cycles of operation
7.10 Rear independent suspension 10.1 The internal-combustion engine
7.11 Tandem axle leaf spring suspension 10.2 The two-stroke-cycle petrol engine
7.12 Rubber spring mounted on a balance- 10.3 Four-stroke-cycle-compression-ignition
beam with leading and trailing torque- (diesel) engine
rod suspension 10.4 Two-stroke-cycle diesel engine
7.13 Air spring suspension 10.5 Comparison of spark-ignition and
7.14 Road-wheels compression-ignition engines
7.15 Pneumatic-tyre construction 10.6 Engine-performance terminology
7.16 Legal and technical requirements when 10.7 Compression-ratio
using cross- and radial-ply tyres
7.17 Tyre sizes and designations 11 Multi-cylinder engine arrangements
7.18 Tyre valves 11.1 The need for more than one cylinder
7.19 Safety precautions in tyre maintenance 11.2 Cyclic torque and speed fluctuation
7.20 Tyre inflation pressure 11.3 Merits and limitations of single- and
7.21 Wheel balance multi-cylinder engines
11.4 Cylinder firing orders
8 Steering systems 11.5 Single-cylinder arrangement
8.1 Steering linkage arrangements 11.6 In-line side-by-side twin-cylinder
8.2 The Ackermann principle as applied to arrangement
steering linkage 11.7 In-line 180-out-of-phase twin-cylinder
8.3 The need for front-wheel alignment arrangement
8.4 Front-wheel toe-in or toe-out 11.8 Horizontally opposed twin-cylinder
8.5 Track alignment and adjustment arrangement
8.6 Rack-and-pinion steering assembly 11.9 In-line three-cylinder arrangement
8.7 Steering gearbox 11.10 In-line four-cylinder arrangement
8.8 Front-wheel bearing-hub assembly 11.11 Horizontally opposed flat four-cylinder
8.9 Independent suspension front-wheel arrangement
drive hub and swivel-pin carrier 11.12 In-line five-cylinder arrangement
assembly 11.13 In-line six-cylinder arrangement
8.10 Power-assisted steering 11.14 Horizontally opposed flat six-cylinder
arrangement
9 Brake systems 11.15 In-line straight eight-cylinder
9.1 Single-line hydraulic braking system arrangement
9.2 Leading-and-trailing-shoe layout 11.16 90 V twin-cylinder arrangement
9.3 Cam-operated drum-brakes 11.17 60 V four-cylinder arrangement
9.4 Wheel-cylinder shoe-expanders 11.18 60 V six-cylinder arrangement
9.5 Wedge-operated shoe-expander units 11.19 90 V-eight with single-plane crankshaft
9.6 Shoe-adjusters 11.20 90 V-eight with two-plane or cruciform
9.7 Hand-brake linkage and mechanisms crankshaft
Vehicle and Engine Technology, Second Edition

15.10 Connecting-rod design, construction and

12 Balancing of reciprocating materials
components 15.11 Connecting-rod shell liner bearings
12.1 Reciprocating motion 15.12 Plain journal bearings
12.2 Four-cylinder chain drive parallel twin
countershaft secondary force balancer 16 Crankshaft construction
12.3 Torsional crankshaft vibration 16.1 Crankshaft nomenclature
12.4 Force imposed on the piston 16.2 Crankshaft proportions
12.5 Journal bearing load considerations 16.3 Counterbalance weights
12.6 Engine and gearbox mountings 16.4 Crankshaft oil-hole drillings
16.5 Fan-belt pulley-to-crankshaft attachment
13 Cylinder block and head construction 16.6 Front and rear crankshaft oil-seals
13.1 The cylinder block 16.7 Flywheel-to-crankshaft attachment
13.2 The crankcase 16.8 Crankshaft materials and heat
13.3 Camshaft location and support treatments
13.4 Cylinder-block materials 16.9 Crankshaft main-journal bearings
13.5 The cylinder head
13.6 Cylinder-head materials 17 Valve timing diagrams, cam design
13.7 Stud and set-screw threaded cylinder- and camshaft drives
block holes 17.1 Inlet and exhaust valve opening and
13.8 The tightening-down of cylinder heads closing periods
13.9 Cylinder-head gaskets 17.2 Cam profile phases and valve opening
13.10 Crankcase sump and baffle plates and closing periods
13.11 Cylinder-bore liners 17.3 Variable valve lift and timing control
13.12 Dry cylinder liners 17.4 Camshaft chain-belt and gear train
13.13 Wet cylinder liners drives
13.14 Removal and replacement of press-fit
liners 18 Poppet-valve operating mechanisms
18.1 The function of the valves and their
14 Combustion and combustion chamber arrangements
design 18.2 Side camshaft with push-rod and
14.1 Spark ignition combustion process rockers
14.2 Compression ignition (diesel) 18.3 Tappet clearance adjustment for push-
combustion process rod mechanisms
18.4 Overhead camshaft (OHC)
15 Piston and connecting-rod assemblies 18.5 Tappet adjustment for direct-acting
15.1 Friction and heat distribution of the mechanisms
piston assembly 18.6 Valve-actuating-gear requirements and
15.2 Piston materials considerations
15.3 Piston nomenclature and design 18.7 Advantages and disadvantages of the
considerations various valve mechanisms
15.4 Bi-metal strut position 18.8 The poppet-valve
15.5 Piston-ring nomenclature 18.9 Poppet-valve operating conditions
15.6 Piston-ring action 18.10 Poppet-valve materials
15.7 Piston-ring materials and methods of 18.11 Valve guides
manufacture 18.12 Valve-seat insert rings
15.8 Piston and piston-ring working 18.13 Valve-spring retention
clearances 18.14 Valve-rotators and spring retention
15.9 Piston and connecting-rod gudgeon-pin 18.15 Valve compression return-springs
joints 18.16 Automatic tappet clearance adjustment
via a hydraulic element
Vehicle and Engine Technology, Second Edition

19 Engine lubrication system 21.6 Constant-pressure or vacuum

19.1 Wet-sump lubrication system variable-choke carburettor
19.2 The mechanics of friction and lubrication 21.7 Attitude of the choke tube
19.3 High-pressure oil-pumps 21.8 Induction and exhaust manifolds
19.4 Pressure-relief-valve control 21.9 Multi-carburettors
19.5 Oil filtration 21.10 Air-intake silencers and cleaners
19.6 Engine oil-leakage prevention
19.7 Dry sump lubrication system with liquid- 22 Petrol engine fuel injection systems
to-liquid oil cooler 22.1 Comparison of the various fuel supply
19.8 Crankcase emission control systems
19.9 Low oil pressure switch and warning 22.2 Bosch KE-Jetronic multipoint petrol
light circuit injection system
19.10 Properties and selection of engine 22.3 Multipoint electronic petrol injection
lubricants 22.4 Single-point electronic petrol injection
19.11 Correct maintenance of oil level system
19.12 Oil contamination and replacement 22.5 An introduction to the electronic control
intervals unit

20 Cooling systems 23 Diesel-engine fuel injection systems

20.1 Engine heat distribution and the 23.1 Layout of a diesel-engine fuel system
necessity for a cooling system 23.2 Plunger-type fuel lift pump
20.2 Types of cooling systems 23.3 In-line injection pump (CAV Minimec)
20.3 Heat transfer in an indirect liquid-cooled 23.4 Distributor-type injection pump
engine system (CAV DPA)
20.4 Comparison of air- and liquid-cooling 23.5 Injector unit
systems 23.6 Electronically controlled unit pump-
20.5 Thermostat-controlled cooling systems injector diesel fuel injection system
20.6 Pressure radiator caps 23.7 Electronically controlled unit pump diesel
20.7 Cooling systems incorporating an injection system
expansion tank 23.8 Electronically controlled unit common-
20.8 Antifreeze coolant solutions rail diesel injection system
20.9 Engine core plugs 23.9 Cold start starting aids
20.10 Maintenance requirements of the cooling 23.10 Diesel-fuel filtration
system and components 23.11 Air-intake silencers and cleaners
20.11 Cross-flow cooling system with liquid-to-
liquid oil cooler 24 Induction/exhaust manifold-exhaust
20.12 Air temperature sensing viscous fan silencer and emission control
coupling 24.1 Induction wave ram cylinder charging
20.13 Cooling fan relay and thermal switch 24.2 Supercharging
circuit 24.3 Exhaust manifold configurations
20.14 Interior heating and ventilating system 24.4 Exhaust gas emission control
20.15 Air conditioning 24.5 Exhaust gas silencers (mufflers)
24.6 Fuel tank evaporation control
21 Petrol-engine carburation fuel system 24.7 Air intake temperature control
21.1 Layout of a petrol-engine fuel system 24.8 Exhaust gas recirculation
21.2 Petrol feed pumps 24.9 Air injected exhaust system
21.3 Carburation
21.4 Constant choke single-barrel carburettor
21.5 Compound-barrel differentially operated
carburettor
Vehicle and Engine Technology, Second Edition

25 Electrical wiring and lighting 27 Batteries, generators and starter

25.1 Electron theory motors
25.2 Electrical units 27.1 The lead-acid battery
25.3 Basic vehicle wiring circuits 27.2 Generators
25.4 Cables 27.3 Alternators
25.5 Cable colour code 27.4 Voltage regulator
25.6 Cable connectors 27.5 Dynamos
25.7 Printed circuits 27.6 Starter motors
25.8 Fuses
25.9 Light-bulb fundamentals 28 Electrical auxiliary equipment
25.10 Headlight reflectors 28.1 Instrument panel gauges and transmitter
25.11 Headlight arrangements senders
25.12 Headlight cover lens 28.2 Direction indicators
25.13 Classification of light-bulbs 28.3 Windscreen wiper systems
25.14 Tungsten-halogen light-bulbs 28.4 Power window winders
25.15 Light-bulb location and attachments 28.5 Central door locking
25.16 Four-headlight system
25.17 Headlight settings Index

26 Coil ignition system

26.1 Ignition considerations
26.2 Ignition-system equipment
26.3 Fundamental electromagnetism
definitions
26.4 Ignition-coil construction
26.5 Capacitor function and operation
26.6 Distributor contact-breaker construction
26.7 Mechanical centrifugal advance device
26.8 Manifold vacuum advance device
26.9 Ignition timing
26.10 Spark-plug function
26.11 Transistors
26.12 Electronic ignition control