Syllabus: NATIONAL ENTRANCE SCREENING TEST 2017

SYLLABUS FOR NEST2017

General Section:
There is no specific syllabus for the General section. The aim is to test candidate's aptitude for a career
in science. Questions are designed to test the candidates familiarity with (and not a detailed
understanding of) major historical milestones in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy,
computer science and environment. There will be some questions designed to test the grasp of
mathematics up to 10th standard and application capabilities of the same to simple problems. Some
questions in this section aim to test the candidates general ability to comprehend qualitative and
quantitative aspects of a given scientific passage. This is done by giving a passage on some scientific
topic and questions based on the concepts elaborated in the passage will be asked. Some questions
aim to find whether the candidates can interpret graphical representation of information.

Biology
Cell Biology
Cell theory and cells as unit of life. Basic concepts of biomolecules Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Nucleic acids. Tools and techniques of cell studies use of microscope and calibration (microscopy),
elements of microscope. Biomembranes transport mechanism, cellular respiration. Cell organelles
structure and functions. Discovery and structure of DNA, processes of replication, transcription, genetic
code and translation. Principles of the basic techniques in molecular biology. Enzymes catalysis,
kinetics, activation energy, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

Genetics and Evolution

Fundamentals of genetics and evolution. Evidences and theories of organic evolution. Organization of
the heredity material in chromosomes. Equational division. Reduction division. Mitosis and meiosis
compared and contrasted. Significance of meiosis. Mendel's laws of inheritance. Discovery of linkage,
sexlinked inheritance. Crossingover, stage at which crossingover occurs. Neurospora genetics.
Mutation discovery, types of Mutation and Mutations in diploids. Role of mutations in evolution.
Elaboration of Mendel's laws of inheritance. Monohybrid or Dihybrid crosses. Human genetics human
chromosomes, sexdetermination, sexlinked inheritance.

Ecology
Physical and biological factors influencing organisms. Food chains, pyramids of numbers and biomass.
Biological equilibrium. Interspecific associations. Biodiversity. Flora and fauna. Basics of microbial
systems, Ecosystems.

Humans and Environment

Soil, rainfall and temperature with reference to natural resources. Our natural resources their uses
and abuses. Environmental pollution and preventive measures. Biodiversity and conservation.

Biotechnology
Principles of recombinant DNA technology. Applications of biotechnology.

Biology of Animal systems

Digestive System Modes of nutrition. Different vitamin compounds and their deficiencies. Structure of
alimentary canal and associated glands, digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones. Absorption
of products of digestion, peristalsis, balanced diet.

Respiratory System Gaseous exchange in animals. Structure of respiratory organs, mechanism of

breathing, gaseous transport, tissue respiration.

Circulatory System Open and closed systems. Functions of blood and 1ymph. Microscopic structure
of blood and blood vessels. Structures and working of heart. Distribution of arteries and veins.
Circulation of blood coagulation. Blood groups.

Excretory System Elimination of nitrogenous waste. Osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Structure

and function of kidney tubules. Arrangement of excretory organs.

Nervous System General account of brain, spinal cord and nerves. Reflex actions (simple and
conditioned). Sense organs (eye and ear).

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Reproductive System Sexual and asexual reproduction. General arrangement and functions of
reproductive organs.

Developmental Biology Basic features of development in animals. Types of eggs, fertilization,

cleavage, blastula. Stem cells definition, types, uses, advantages and disadvantages, induced
pluripotent stem cells. Different hormones and their roles.
Diversity of Animal Life Principles of classification, binomial nomenclature. General classification of
animal phyla up to classes (invertebrates) and upto subclasses / order (vertebrates), General
characters of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Immunology Basics of immune mechanisms and diseases active and passive immunity, T and B cell
responses, antigen presentation, principles of vaccination, monoclonal antibodies and their uses,
immunology of AIDS.

Biology of Plant systems

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants Meristems. Plant growth and development. Internal and external
regulators of growth and development in plant. Plant reproduction. Internal structure of root, stem,
secondary growth and leaves. Xylem and Phloem their cell elements and functions. Internal structure
of dicot and monocot leaves. Photosynthesis history, importance, factors and mechanism, stomatal
mechanism, transpiration and respiration. Comparative study of dicot and monocot anatomy.
Absorption and cellwater relations, transport of water and minerals, tropic and turgor movements.
Significance of lifecycles with special reference to alternation of generations as exemplified in
Funaria, Selaginella and Pinus (no structural details). Plant hormones.

Systematics Principles of classical and new systematics. Binomial nomenclature. Familiarity with taxa.
Plant breeding and tissue culture.

Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Measurements in chemistry: SI units for fundamental quantities, significant figures in calculations.

Mole concept: Avogadro number and mole concept, molar masses, mole fraction, molarity, molality,
percent composition, stoichiometry. Equivalent weight and normality. Calculations based on mole
concept and stoichiometry of different reactions. Oxidationreduction reactions.

Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature. Gas laws, ideal gas equation, real gases
and deviation from ideality, liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation. Kinetic theory of gases;
average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature. Law of
partial pressures. Vapour pressure. Diffusion of gases.

Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers.
Wave particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis. Uncertainty principle. Orbitals and quantum numbers;
shapes and energy of s, p and d orbitals. Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number
36), filling of orbitals Aufbau principle. Paulis exclusion principle and Hunds rule. Hybridization
involving s, p and d orbitals. Atomic orbital overlap and chemical bonds; ionic, covalent and
coordinate bonds; bond parameters. Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species.
Lewis structures. Hydrogen bond. Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects). VSEPR
theory and shapes of molecules. Valence Bond Theory. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear
diatomic molecules (qualitative idea).

Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic states. First law of thermodynamics. Internal energy, work and heat,
pressurevolume work. Enthalpy and enthalpy change, Hesss law, heat of reaction, fusion and
vapourization. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy, free energy, criterion of spontaneity.

Chemical equilibrium: Laws of chemical Equilibrium, law of mass action. Equilibrium constant factors
affecting equilibrium constant and its applications. Le Chatelier's principle effect of concentration,
temperature and pressure. Significance of G and Go in chemical equilibrium. Relationship of K and
G. Ionic equilibrium. Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts), salts. Ka, Kb, Kw, degree of
dissociation, pH and their relationships. Solubility product, common ion effect. Hydrolysis of salts. Buffer
solutions.

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Electrochemistry: Redox reactions and electrode potential, Electrochemical cells, Galvanic cells and
cell reactions. Standard electrode potential. Nernst equation and its relation to G and K.
Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells. Electrolysis and Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Electrolytic
conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law. Concentration cells.
Batteries (primary and secondary), fuel cells, corrosion.

Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions. Order of reaction, rate constant. First order and pseudo
first order reactions. Factors affecting rate of reaction concentration, temperature (Arrhenius
equation), catalyst.

Solid state: Classification of solids, amorphous and crystalline solids, crystalline state, crystal lattice and
unit cells; seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, , , )), close packed structure of solids
(cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices. Packing efficiency, nearest neighbours, ionic radii. Simple
ionic compounds, Imperfection in solids, point defects. Electrical and magnetic properties, band theory
of metals.

Solutions: Solution of solid and gas in liquid. Concentration of solution. Ideal and nonideal solutions.
Colligative properties. Vapour pressure of solution, Raoult's law. Molecular weight determination from
lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Abnormal
molecular mass, vant Hoff factor. Osmosis Osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis.

Surface chemistry:
(a) Adsorption Physisorption and chemisorptions. Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids.
Adsorption isotherm. Catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, Activity and selectivity. Enzyme
catalysis.
(b) Colloidal state Types, preparation and properties of colloids. Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,
electrophoresis, coagulation. Application of colloids. Micelles.

Inorganic Chemistry
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Modern periodic table, classification of
elements, periodic trends in properties of elements valence, oxidation state, atomic/ionic radius,
ionization energy, electron gain energy, electronegativity, valency, chemical reactivity. Diagonal
relationship. Anomalous behaviours of Li, Be, B, C.

Hydrogen: Isotopes, preparation, isolation, properties and uses. Hydrides ionic, covalent and
interstitial. Properties of water and heavy water. Hydrogen peroxide Preparation, structure, reactions,
uses. Hydrogen as fuel cell.

s Block elements (Alkali and alkaline earth elements) General characteristics and trends in properties.
(a) Group 1: Preparation, properties and reactions of alkali metals with emphasis on chemistry of Na
and K and their compounds oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulphates. Uses.
(b) Group 2: Preparation, properties and reactions alkaline earth metals with emphasis on the chemistry
of Mg and Ca and their compounds oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates,
chlorides and sulphates. Uses.

p Block elements: General characteristics and trends in properties.

(a)Group 13: Chemistry of Boron and its compounds borax, boric acid and diborane.
(b) Group 14, 15 and 16: Chemistry of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus. Allotropy. Chemistry
of oxides and oxyacids of these elements. Phosphines, phosphorus chlorides, ammonia, peroxide and
ozone; silicones, silicon tetrachloride and silicates.
(c) Group 17: Chemistry of halogens, chemistry of chlorine in detail. Interhalogen compounds. HX and
oxyacids of halogens.
(d) Group 18: Isolation, properties and reactions of inert gases with emphasis on chemistry of Xenon.

dBlock elements: (Mainly 3d elements) General characteristics and trends in properties. Variable
oxidation states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and
calculation of spinonly magnetic moment. Catalytic properties. Interstitial compounds, alloy
formation. Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and permanganate.

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f Block elements: (mainly lanthanides) General characteristics and trends in properties. Variable
oxidation states. Lanthanide contraction and its consequences.

Coordination compounds: Nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Isomerism.

Hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds. Magnetic properties.
Werners theory, VBT, CFT.

Metals and metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. General methods of extraction involving chemical
principles thermodynamic, electrochemical and redox principles. General operation stages involved
in metallurgical operation. Metallurgy of pblock element (emphasis on Al). Metallurgy of Fetriad
(more emphasis on Fe metallurgy). Metallurgy of coinage metals (Cu, Ag with more emphasis on Cu).
Refining.

Organic Chemistry
Basic concepts: Representation of organic compounds. Hybridisations of carbon. Sigma and pibonds.
Shapes of simple organic molecules. Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance effect,
hyperconjugation. Ketoenol tautomerism. Determination of empirical and molecular formulae (only
combustion method). Hydrogen bond definition and effect on physical properties of alcohols and
carboxylic acids. Acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases. Methods of purification of
compounds.

Reactive intermediates: Homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages. Formation, structure and stability
of carbocation, carbanion and free radical.

Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism. Geometrical isomerism. Chirality. Enantiomers. Optical

isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R, S and E, Z nomenclature
excluded). Racemic mixture. Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections).

Nomenclature: IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono

functional and bifunctional compounds), including benzene derivatives. .

Alkanes: Preparation, properties and reactions. Idea of homologous series Combustion and
halogenation of alkanes. Mechanism of photohalogenation. Wurtz reaction.

Alkenes and Alkynes: Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes. Isomerization.
Acidity of alkynes. Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry),
Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4, sulphuric acid. Reduction of alkenes and alkynes. Preparation of
alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions (excluding stereochemistry). Electrophilic addition
reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen). Makownikoff rule. Peroxide effect.
Polymerization of alkenes. Addition reactions of alkynes. Metal acetylides. Ozonolysis

Aromatic compounds: Aromaticity. Huckel theory of aromaticity. Structure of benzene. Isomerism in

substituted benzenes. Electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene General mechanism. Orientating
influence of substituents in electrophilic substitution reaction of monosubstituted benzenes.
Electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and substituted benzenes halogenation, nitration,
sulphonation, FriedelCrafts alkylation and acylation (No mechanism).

Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides): Preparation from alkanes, alcohols, olefins. Grignard reagents and their
reaction with aldehydes/ketones/esters/nitriles. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides with
different nucleophilic species. SN1 and SN2 reactions with mechanism. Halogen exchange reaction.
Polyhalogen compounds.

Haloarenes: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding

Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).

Alcohols: Preparation from olefins, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, aldehydes/ketones. Hydroboration
reaction. Dehydration, oxidation to aldehydes and ketones. Reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides,
ZnCl2/ HX, H2SO4. Identification of p, sec and tert alcohols. Uses of methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Preparation of phenol from halobenzene, cumene and benzene sulphonic acid. Acidity.
Reactions of phenols halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, with Zn. ReimerTieman reaction, Kolbe
reaction.

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Ethers: Preparation by Williamson's Synthesis, dehydration of alcohols. Reaction with H2O, HX.

Aldehydes and Ketones Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from Alcohols, olefins, acid chlorides,
arylalkanes, nitriles, esters, FriedelCrafts reaction. Reactions with Alcohols, HCN, NaHSO3. Reactions
oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation. Aldol condensation, Perkin reaction. Cannizzaro
reaction. Haloform reaction. Tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic acids Acidity and structureacidity relationship. Preparation of acids. Preparation of

amides, acid chlorides, esters and anhydrides, ester hydrolysis. Reactions of acids with thionyl
chloride, Phalides, ammonia, alkalis, metals, halogens, reducing agents. Decarboxylation.
Halogenation.

Amines Basicity and structurebasicity relationship. Identification of p, sec and tertamines.

Preparation of amines from nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, haloalkanes/aromatic compounds.
Reaction with Acids, alkylating agents, acylating agents, nitrous acid. Diazotization of aromatic
primary amines Reactions of aromatic diazonium salts azo coupling reaction, Sandmeyer and
related reactions. Carbylamine reaction of pamines.

Carbohydrate: Classification of carbohydrates. mono and di saccharides (glucose and sucrose).

Characteristic tests. Structure of glucose. Reactions of glucose Oxidation, reduction, hydroxylamine,
HI, acetic anhydride. Cyclic structure of glucose. Structures of Sucrose, maltose, starch and cellulose
. Glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.

Amino acids and proteins: amino acids. General structure of peptides and proteins. Peptide bond.
Characteristic tests. Separation of amino acids using physical properties. Denaturation of proteins.
Enzymes.

Polymers: Classification. Homo and copolymers, Addition and condensation polymerizations.

Polythene, nylons, polyesters, Bakelite, melamineformaldehyde, rubber natural and synthetic.

Mathematics
Algebra
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of
modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.

Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of
quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.

Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums
of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of
the first n natural numbers.

Logarithms and their properties.

Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for positive integral index, properties of binomial
coefficients. Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition,
multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square
matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix
operations, diagonal, symmetric and skewsymmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of
simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.

Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem, independence
of events, computation of probability of events using permutations and combinations.

Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae
involving multiple and submultiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations.

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Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, halfangle formula and the area
of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only).

Analytical geometry
Two dimensions Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin.
Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line.
Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between
two lines, concurrency of lines. Centroid, orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a triangle.

Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord. Parametric equations of
a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of a circle through the points of
intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line.

Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity,
parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal. Locus Problems.

Three dimensions Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation
of a plane, distance of a point from a plane.

Differential calculus
Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and onetoone functions, sum, difference, product
and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions.

Limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of
two functions, LHospital rule for evaluation of limits of functions.

Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate value
property of continuous functions. Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product
and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation of the

derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum values
of a function, Rolles Theorem and Lagranges Mean Value Theorem.

Integral calculus
Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite
integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.

Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of
definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves.

Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations,

separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.

Vectors
Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple products and their
geometrical interpretations.

Physics
General: Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis, least count, significant figures. Methods of
measurement (Direct, Indirect, Null) and measurement of length, time, mass, temperature, potential
difference, current and resistance.

Design of some simple experiments, such as: i) Searle's method to determine Young's modulus, ii)
determination of 'g' by simple pendulum, iii) speed of sound using resonance tube, iv) coefficient of
friction using angle of repose, v) determination of focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph
between 'u' and 'v', vi) refractive index of material of prism using the method of minimum deviation, vii)
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verification of Ohm's law, viii) resistance of galvanometer using half deflection method, ix) specific heat
of a liquid using calorimeter, x) IV characteristic curve for pn junction in forward and reverse bias.

Graphical representation and interpretation of data. Errors in the measurements and error analysis.

Mechanics: Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles. Uniform
circular motion. Relative velocity. Newtons laws of motion. Inertial and uniformly accelerated (linear
only) frames of reference. Static and dynamic friction. Kinetic and potential energy. Linear and circular
simple harmonic motion. Work and power. Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy.

Systems of particles. Centre of mass and its motion. Centre of gravity. Impulse. Elastic and inelastic
collisions.

Law of gravitation. Centripetal acceleration and centrifugal force. Gravitational potential and field.
Acceleration due to gravity. Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits. Escape velocity.

Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform
bodies with simple geometrical shapes. Angular momentum, Torque. Conservation of angular
momentum. Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation. Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders
and spheres. Equilibrium of rigid bodies. Collision of point masses with rigid bodies.

Hookes law and stress strain relations. Elastic limit, plastic deformation. Youngs modulus, bulk and
shear moduli.

Pressure in a fluid. Pascals law. Buoyancy. Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise. Viscosity
Stokes and Poiseuilles law, Terminal velocity. Qualitative understanding of turbulence. Reynolds
number. Streamline flow, equation of continuity. Bernoullis theorem.

Sound and mechanical waves: Plane wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition
of waves. Progressive and stationary waves. Vibration of strings and air columns. Resonance (qualitative
understanding). Beats. Speed of sound in gases. Doppler effect.

Thermal physics: Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Calorimetry, latent heat. Heat
conduction in one dimension. Elementary concepts of convection and radiation. Newtons law of
cooling. Ideal gas laws. Specific heats (CV and CP for monoatomic and diatomic gases). Isothermal
and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases. Equivalence of heat and work. First and second law
of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases). Entropy. Blackbody radiation absorptive
and emissive powers. Kirchhoffs law. Wiens displacement law, Stefans law.

Electricity and magnetism: Coulombs law. Electric field and potential. Electrical potential energy of a
system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines. Flux
of electric field. Gausss law and its application in simple cases, such as to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire. uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Capacitance Calculation of capacitance with and without dielectrics. Capacitors in series and
parallel. Energy stored in a capacitor.

Electric current. Ohms law. Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells. Kirchhoffs laws
and simple applications; Heating effect of current.

BiotSavarts law and Amperes law. Magnetic field near a current carrying straight wire, along the axis
of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid. Force on a moving charge and on a current
carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Magnetic moment of a current loop. Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop. Moving coil
galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions.

Electromagnetic induction Faradays law, Lenzs law. Self and mutual inductance. RC, LR and LC
circuits with and A.C. Sources.

Optics: Rectilinear propagation of light. Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces,

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Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism. Thin lenses. Combination of mirrors and thin lenses.
Magnification. Wave nature of light Huygens principle, interference limited to Youngs double slit
experiment. Elementary idea of diffraction Rayleigh criterion. Elementary idea of polarization
Brewsters law and the law of Malus.

Modern physics: Atomic nucleus. Alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Law of radioactive decay.
Decay constant. Halflife and mean life. Binding energy and its calculation. Fission and fusion processes.
Energy calculation in these processes.

Photoelectric effect. Bohrs theory of hydrogen like atoms. Characteristic and continuous Xrays,
Moseleys law. de Broglie wavelength of matter waves. Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.

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